Course 2

October 16, 2008

park [ p a: k ] – parc
in the park – în parc
grass [ g r a: s ] – iarbă

How is he/she dressed?

He/She is dressed in _____________ .

to be dressed [ d r e s t ] IN smth. – a fi îmbrăcat CU ceva

to dress [ d r e s ] – a îmbrăca

Clothes
jersey [ ΄gʒ ə: s i ] – jerseu
sweater [ ΄s w e t ə ] – jerseu
jacket [ ΄gʒ æ k i t ] – jachetă
dress [ d r e s ] – rochie
blouse [ b l au z ] – bluză
coat [ k əu t ] – haină, jachetă, sacou
overcoat [ ΄əu v ə k əu t ] – palton
skirt [ s k ə: t ] – fustă
shirt [  ə: t ] – cămaşă
T-shirt [ ΄t i:  ə: t ] – tricou (cămaşă în formă de T)
jeans [ gʒ i: n z ] – pantaloni (mai ales de pânză, pentru
lucru)
blue jeans [ b l u: gʒ i: n z ] – blugi
trousers [ t r au z ə z ] – pantaloni (mai ales de stofă)
shorts (short trousers) [  Ɔ: t s ] – şort
pullover [ p u l əu v ə ] – pulover
to pull over – a trage pe deasupra
hat [ h æ t ] – pălărie
cap [ k æ p ] – căciulă, şapcă
suit [ s u: t ] – costum T-shirt
tie [ t ai ] – cravată

pool [ p u: l ] – bazin, piscină

swimming pool – bazin de înot
school [ s k u: l ] – şcoală
at school – la şcoală
market [ m a: k i t ] – piaţă
 at the market – la piaţă
garage [ g ə: r a: ʒ ] – atelier auto, garaj
café [ k æ f ei ] – cafenea (local unde se serveşte cafea, dar şi băuturi, mâncare)

The Plural
→ pluralul majorităţii substantivelor se formează adăugând la forma de singular -(E)S
1. majoritatea substantivelor adaugă -S, care se pronunţă [s] sau [z]
bed – beds [s]
room – rooms [z]
girl – girls [z]
2. substantivele terminate in E adaugă -S care se pronunţă [s], [z] sau [iz]
lake – lakes [s]
line – lines [z]
face – faces [iz]
3. substantivele terminate în EE, IE, EA adaugă -S pronunţat [z]
bee – bees [z]
lie – lies [z]
sea – seas [z]
4.substantivele terminate în Y precedat de vocală adaugă -S pronunţat [z]
boy – boys [z]
play – plays [z]
5. substantivele terminate în Y precedat de consoană transformă Y în IE, deci se
termină în IES
baby – babies
lady – ladies
study – studies
cry – cries
6. unele substantive (mai vechi) terminate în O adaugă -ES, altele (mai noi) adaugă
-S, altele au forme duble de plural
hero – heroes
potato – potatoes
tomato – tomatoes
mosquito – mosquitoes
kilo – kilos
photo – photos
radio – radios

volcano – volcanoes/volcanos
7. substantivele terminate în OO adaugă -S pronunţat [z]
kangaroo – kangaroos
8. unele substantive (12) terminate în F, FF, FE fac pluralul în -VES
life – lives (viaţă)
 wife – wives (soţie)
leaf – leaves (frunză)
loaf – loaves (pâine întreagă)
wolf – wolves (lup)
knife – knives (cuţit)
shelf – shelves (raft)
self – selves (eu, sine)
thief – thieves (hoţ)
half – halves (jumătate)
calf – calves (viţel)
BUT: cliff – cliffs (stâncă)
roof – roofs (acoperiş)
chief – chiefs (şef)
9. substantivele terminate în S, SS, Z, ZZ, X, SH, CH, TCH adaugă -ES pronunţat [iz]
bus – buses
class – classes
buzz – buzzes
flash – flashes
match – matches
box – boxes

IRREGULAR PLURALS
man [ m æ n ] – men [ m e n ]
(om, bărbat) (oameni, bărbaţi)
woman [ w u m ə n ] – women [ w i m i n]
(femeie) (femei)

child [ t ai l d ] – children [ t i l d r ə n ]
(copil) (copii)
ox [ Ɔ k s ] – oxen [ Ɔ k s n ]
(bou) (boi)
brother [ b r ʌ ð ə ] – brothers (fraţi)
brethren [ b r e ð r ə n ]
(fraţi de cruce/întru credinţă)

mouse [ m au s] – mice [ m ai s ]
(şoarece) (şoareci)
louse [ l au z ] – lice [ l ai s ]
(păduche) (păduchi)
––– – dice [ d ai s ]
(zaruri)

tooth [ t u: θ ] – teeth [ t i: θ ]
 (dinte) (dinţi)
foot [ f u t ] – feet [ f i: t ]
(picior, laba piciorului)
goose [ g u: z ] – geese [ g i: z ]
(gâscă) (gâşte)

penny [ p e n i ] – pennies [ p e n i z ]
(peni = moneda subdivizionară britanică) (monede de 1 peni fiecare)
pence [ p e n s ]
(valoarea în peni)

What are these?

These are ___________ .

What are those?

Those are ___________ .

Singular Plural
THIS [ ð i s ] – acesta/aceasta THESE [ ð i: s ] – aceştia/acestea
THAT [ ð æ t ] – acela/aceea THOSE [ ð əu s ] – aceia/acelea

What colour are the….?

The ___________ are ____________ .

Where are the ___________ ?

The __________ are in/on/near/at/under the _________ .

How are the ___________ ?

The __________ are __________ .

Numerals
1 one [ w ʌ n ] 7 seven [ s e v n ]
2 two [ t u: ] 8 eight [ ei t ]
3 three [ r i: ] 9 nine [ n ai n ]
4 four [ f Ɔ: ] 10 ten [ t e n ]
5 five [ f ai v ] 11 eleven [ i ΄l e v n ]
6 six [ s i k s ] 12 twelve [ t w e l v ]

How many ___________ do you see?

 I see __________ __________ .
[Numeral] [Noun]

HOW MANY [ hau m æ n i ] – câţi/câte

to see [ s i: ] – a vedea
I see – eu văd
How many pens do you see?
I see three pens.
How many pictures do you see on the wall.
I see one picture on the wall.
here [ h iə ] – aici
there [ ð εə ] – acolo

PEOPLE + Verb (pl)

these
those
How many people do you see here?
I see four people.

The rooms of a house/ flat

flat [ f l æ t ] – apartament
house [ h au s ] – casă
living-room [ ΄l i v i ŋ r u m ] – cameră de zi
sitting-room [ ΄s i t i ŋ r u m ] – sufragerie
bedroom [ ΄b e d r u m ] – dormitor
kitchen [ k i t n ] – bucătărie
bathroom [ ΄b a: θ r u m ] – baie
dining-room [ ΄d ai n i ŋ r u m ] – sufragerie

horse [ h ɔ: s ] – cal
open [ əu p n ] – deschis
closed [ k l əu z d ] – închis
shut [  ʌ t ] – închis

What kind of ______________ is this?

It is a/an ____________ .

what kind of – ce fel de

kind [ k ai n d ] – fel, soi, tip
of [ ə v ] → prepoziţie
What kind of cup is this?
It is a cup of coffee.
a cup of coffee – o ceaşcă de cafea
coffee [ k Ɔ f i ] – cafea
TOO [ t u: ] → adverb care se foloseşte numai la sfârşitul propoziţiei şi se traduce prin
“şi” sau “de asemenea”

Is the __________ , too?

Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.

Is the car red, too?

Yes, it is.
Is the house big, too?
No, it isn’t.

THE FAMILY
family [ f æ m i l i ] – familie
father [ f a: ð ə ] – tată
mother [ m ʌ ð ə ] – mamă
son [ s ʌ n ] – fiu
daughter [ d Ɔ: t ə ] – fiică
brother [ b r ʌ ð ə ] – frate
sister [ s i s t ə ] – soră
husband [ h ʌ z b ə n d ] – soţ
wife [ w ai f ] – soţie
parent [ p æ r ə n t ] – părinte

lamp [ l æ m p ] – lampă, lustră

TV [ t i: v i: ] – televizor
couch [ k au t ] – canapea
work [ w ə: k ] – lucru, serviciu; lucrare; muncă
at work – la lucru, la serviciu
lake [ l ei k ] – lac
alone [ ə l əu n ] – singur
to be alone – a fi singur
WITH [ w i ð ] – cu
plane [ p l ei n ] – avion
 on the plane – în avion, la bordul avionului

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE/INDEFINITE

Do you see ____________ ?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
I see _______________ .
I go to school every day.
I see a picture on the wall.
I play tennis.
He comes to work at 9.
She eats a lot of sweets.
Affirmative
I learn we learn
you learn you learn
he/she/it learns they learn
Rules for adding -S in the 3rd person singular
There are a number of rules according to which we add -s:
1. Most verbs add -s, which is pronounced [s] or [z]:
to lock – he locks [s]
to turn – he turns [z]
2. The verbs ending in e add -s, which is pronounced [s], [z] or [iz], if the last
sound makes it impossible for us to pronounce [s] or [z]:
to make – he makes [s]
to come – he comes [z]
to rise – he rises [iz]
to age – he ages [iz]
3. The verbs ending in ee and ie add -s, which is pronounced [z]:
to see – he sees [z]
to lie – he lies [z]
4. The verbs ending in i add -s, pronounced [z]
to ski – he skis
5. The verbs ending in o add -es:
to do – he does [d ʌ z]
to go – he goes [g əu z]
6. The verbs ending in oo add -s, pronounced [z]
to boo – he boos [z]
7. The verbs ending in y preceded by a vowel add -s, pronounced [z]
to say – he says [s e z]
to play – he plays [z]
8. The verbs ending in y preceded by a consonant change y into ie:
 to reply – he replies [z]
to spy – he spies [z]
9. The verbs ending in s, ss, x, z, zz, sh, ch, tch add -es, pronounced [iz]:
to miss – he misses
to quiz – he quizes/quizzes
to buzz – he buzzes
to dash – he dashes
to mix – he mixes
to catch – he catches
Negative
In the negative all the verbs (except to be and the modal verbs) use the auxiliary to
do in the present tense and the negation not. The verb is in the infinitive and it does not
have an inflection in the third person singular:
Subject + Aux. DO + NOT + Verb
(Present Tense) (Infinitive)
I do not see – I don’t see
you do not see – you don’t see
he does not see – he doesn’t see
we do not see – we don’t see
you do not see – you don’t see
they do not see – they don’t see
to be
I am not – I’m not
(am + not cannot be shortened)
you are not – you’re not / you aren’t
he is not – he’s not / he isn’t
we are not – we’re not / we aren’t
you are not – you’re not / you aren’t
they are not – they’re not / they aren’t
Interrogative
The interrogative also uses the auxiliary to do, as well as inversion:
Aux. DO + Subject + Verb ?
(Present Tense) (Infinitive)
do I know? do we know?
do you know? do you know?
does he know? do they know?
(There are no short forms in the interrogative.)
to be
am I? are we?
are you? are you?
 is he? are they?

THE TIME
Ora se exprimă în general cu prepoziţia AT.
Nu se folosesc cifre după 12.
1-12 a.m. / P.M. (ante meridiem)
1-12 p.m. / P.M. (post meridiem)

AT 2 o’clock
2:30 – half past two / two thirty
3:15 – a quarter past three / fifteen (minutes) past 3 / three fifteen
4:20 – twenty (minutes) past four / four twenty
half [ h a: f ] – jumătate
quarter [ k w Ɔ t ə ] – sfert
What time is it?
It is __________ (o’clock).
Is it _________ ?
Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.

My day
I get up at 7.
I wash at 7:15.
I have breakfast at 7:30.
I dress at 8.
I go to work at 9.
I work for 8 hours.
I have lunch at 1 p.m.
I come back home at 5.
I have dinner/supper at 6.
I go to bed at 11.

The Meals of the Day

meal [ m i: l] – masă (a zilei)
breakfast [ b r e k f ə s t ] – micul
dejun (7-9 a.m.)
coffee break [ k ɔ f i: b r ei k ] – pauză
de cafea (11 a.m.)
lunch [ l ʌ n t ] – prânz (mai frugal, luat în
oraş, în special în pauza de prânz la
serviciu 12 a.m. - 2 p.m.)
 dinner [ d i n ə ] – masă de prânz (cu familia sau în oraş 2-3 p.m.)
tea [ t i: ] – ceai (5 p.m.)
dinner [ d i n ə ] – cină (pentru cei care iau lunch 6-7 p.m.)
supper [ s ʌ p ə ] – cină (pentru cei care iau dinner la prânz 6-7 p.m.); supeu (9 p.m.)
to have breakfast – a lua micul dejun
to have lunch
to have dinner
to have supper

to get up [ g e t ʌ p ] – a se scula
to dress [ d r e s ] – a se îmbrăca
to get dressed
to wash [ w ɔ  ] – a se spăla
to go to work – a se duce la serviciu
to go [ g əu ] – a merge, a se duce, a pleca

TO GO TO
to go to school – a se duce la şcoală
to go to Bucharest/ Paris/ London/ New York
to go to the seaside – a se duce la mare
to go to a friend – a se duce la un prieten
to go to bed – a se duce la culcare, a se culca
to go home – a se duce acasă
to have [ h æ v ] – a avea
TO HAVE
I have we have
you have you have
he/she/it has they have
to work [ w ə: k ] – a munci, a lucra
to come back – a se întoarce
to come [ k ʌ m ] – a veni

When do you ___________ ?

I ______________ at _____________ .

WHEN [ w e n ] – când
When do you get up?
I get up at 7 o’clock.
When do you have lunch?
I have lunch at 1 p.m.

Do you like _____________ ?

Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

to like [ l ai k ] – a-i plăcea

soup [ s u: p ] – supă, ciorbă
fried potatoes – cartofi prăjiţi
football [ f u: t b ɔ: l ] – fotbal
tennis [ t e n i s ] – tenis
swimming [ s w i m i ŋ ] – înot
chess [ t e s ] – şah
rose [ r əu z ] – trandafir
lily [ l i l i ] – crin
poppy [ p ɔ p i ] – mac
tulip [ t j u: l i p ] – lalea