Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Prezentarea Generala A Cursului (Original in Traducere)
Prezentarea Generala A Cursului (Original in Traducere)
Rotondo, MD,
FACS Medical Director of Trauma Program: John Fildes, MD,
FACS
ATLS Committee Chair: Karen J. Brasel, MD, MPH, FACS
ATLS Program Manager: Will Chapleau, EMT-P, RN, TNS
Project Manager: Claire Merrick
Development Editor: Nancy Peterson
Production Services: Anne Seitz and Laura Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing
Services Media Services: Steve Kidd and Alex Menendez, Delve Productions
Designer: Terri Wright Design
Artist: Dragonfly Media Group
Book Layout and Composition: Greg Johnson/Textbook Perfect
Ninth Edition
Ediții anterioare cu dreptul de autor în 1980, 1982, 1984, 1993, 1997, 2004, and
2008 de Colegiului American al Chirurgilor
CHAPTER 3 Shock 62
APPENDICES 309
INDEX 355
v
A
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h
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e
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e
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C O
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A
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e
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P
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i
o
f
G
r
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J
o
T
r
P
r
U
n
L
a
U
n
Co
mm
itte
e
on
Adv
anc
ed
Tra
um
a
Life
Sup
port
of
the
Am
eric
r
s
U
n
C
a
C
a
S
a
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D
i
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Ass
ocia
te
Me
mb
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to
the
Co
mm
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e
on
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anc
ed
Tra
um
a
Life
Sup
port
of
the
Am
eric
an
Coll
ege
of
Sur
geo
ns
Co
mm
itte
e
on
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um
a
I
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a
D
i
A
s
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n
W
i
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e
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s
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y
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o
U
n
G
u
A
T
J
e
B
u
A
r
Spe
cial
Me
mbe
rs
to
the
Co
mmi
ttee
on
Adv
anc
ed
Tra
uma
Life
Sup
port
of
the
Am
eric
an
Coll
ege
of
G
e
T
o
C
a
C
h
M
e
F
o
M
o
U
n
A
r
P
r
C
o
A
f
N
e
A
Liai
son
to
the
Co
mmi
ttee
on
Adv
anc
ed
Tra
uma
Life
Sup
port
of
the
Am
eric
an
Coll
ege
of
Sur
geo
ns
Co
mmi
ttee
on
Tra
uma
Coll
ege
of
Sur
geo
ns
Co
mmi
ttee
on
Trau
ma
R
o
E
x
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a
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R
o
P
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U
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C
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U
n
xiv PREFACE
xv
xvi Recunoaștere
Emmanuel Chrysos, MD, PhD,
Mark W. Bowyer, MD, FACS, DMCC Jacqueline Bustraan, MSc FACS
Col (Ret), USAF, MC Educational Consultant and Researcher Associate Professor of Surgery
Professor of Surgery PLATO, Centre for Research and Department of General Surgery,
Chief, Division of Trauma and Combat Development of Education and University Hospital of Crete
Surger
y Training, Leiden University Heraklion, Crete
Director of Surgical Simulation Leiden Greece
The Norman M. Rich Dept of Surgery Netherlands
Uniformed Services University Raul Coimbra, MD, PhD, FACS
Chief of Trauma/Burn/Surgical
Bethesda, Maryland Vilma Cabading Critical
United States ATLS National Coordinator, Saudi Care Division
Arabia Department of Surgery
Mary-Margaret Brandt, MD, FACS Academic Affairs Department University of California, San Diego
Assistant Professor King Abdulaziz Medical City-NGHA Medical Center
General Surgery, Division of Trauma, Riyadh San Diego, California
Burn and Emergency Surgery Kingdom of Saudi Arabia United States
University of Michigan
Francisco Collet e Silva, MD,
Ann Arbor, Michigan Carlos Carvajal Hafemann, MD, FACS,
United States FACS PhD (med)
Chairperson, Chile Committee on
Trauma Medical Doctor-Emergency Surgical
Frank J. Branicki, MBBS, DM, FRCS, Professor of Surgery Services
Hospital das Clinicas of the University
FRACS, FCS(HK), FHKAM(Surg) Director of Surgery of the East Campus of
Professor and Chair of Surgery Universidad de Chile São Paulo
UAE University, Al-Ain Faculty of Santiago São Paulo
Medicine & Health Services Chile Brazil
Al-Ain
United Arab Emirates Gustavo H. Castagneto, MD, FACS Arthur Cooper, MD, MS, FACS,
Professor of Surgery FAAP, FCCM
Karen Brasel, MPH, MD, FACS Buenos Aires British Hospital, Professor of Surgery
ATLS Committee, Chair Department of Surgery Columbia University Medical Center
Professor Trauma Surgery & Critical Buenos Aires Affiliation at Harlem Hospital
Care Argentina New York, New York
Froedtert Hospital & Medical College of United States
Wisconsin, Trauma Surgery Division Candice L. Castro, MD, FACS
Milwaukee, Wisconsin COL, MC, USA Jaime Cortes Ojeda, MD
United States ATLS Course Director Chief, General Surgery
San Antonio, Texas National Children’s Hospital
George Brighton, MD United States Professor
Core Surgical Trainee University of Costa Rica
Trauma and Orthopaedics Zafar Ullah Chaudhry, MD, FRCS, San Jose
North Devon District Hospital FCPS, FACS Costa Rica
Barnstaple Professor of Surgery
United Kingdom National Hospital and Medical Center Clay Cothren Burlew MD, FACS
Director, Surgical Intensive Care
President Unit
James Brown, MA College of Physicians and Surgeons Program Director, Trauma and Acute
ATLS Educator Pakistan Care Surgery Fellowship
Maryland Institute for Emergency Karachi Denver Health Medical Center
Medical Services System Pakistan Denver, Colorado
Baltimore, Maryland United States
United States Peggy Chehardy, EdD, CHES
New Orleans, Louisiana Diane Chetty
Laura Bruna, RN United States ATLS Coordinator
Italian National Coordinator Tawam Hospital
Regina Sutton Chennault, MD,
Assitrauma FACS Al Ain, Abu Dhabi
Torino Trauma Medical Director United Arab Emirates
Italy Alaska Regional Hospital
Anchorage, Alaska Kimberly A. Davis, MD, FACS
Reginald A. Burton MD, FACS United States Trauma Medical Director
Director, Trauma and Surgical Critical Surgical Director, Quality and
Care Wei Chong CHUA, MD Performance Improvement
Bryan LGH Medical Center Chief Army Medical Officer Yale-New Haven Hospital
Lincoln, Nebraska Singapore Armed Forces New Haven, Connecticut
United States Singapore City United States
Singapore
Recunoaștere xvii
Cristiane de Alencar Domingues, Oscar D. Guillamondegu, MD,
RN Abdelhakim Talaat Elkholy, MBBCh FACS
Associate Professor of Surgery,
Coordenadora Nacional ATLS/PHTLS/ ATLS Program Director Division
ATOM Cairo of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care
Diretora Nacional ATCN Egypt Vanderbilt University Medical Center
University of São Paulo Nashville, Tennessee
São Paulo Claus Falck Larsen, MD, dr.med., United States
Brazil MPA, FACS
Chief, Committee on Trauma Region
15 Enrique A. Guzman Cottallat, MD,
Mauricio Di Silvio-Lopez, MD, FACS Medical Director FACS
Chair, Mexico Committee on Trauma The Abdominal Centre, University of Chair, Ecuador Committee on
TraumaDiplomat in Public
Hospital Regional 20 de Noviembre, Copenhagen, Rigshopitalet Denmark Health
ISSSTE Mexico City, Districto Federal Copenhagen Director, Neurosurgery Services
Mexico Denmark Guayaquil Hospital
Guayaquil, Guayas
Jay J. Doucet, MD, FACS Froilan A. Fernandez, MD Ecuador
Director, Surgical Intensive Care Unit ATLS Program Director
Betty Jean Hancock, MD,
University of California, San Diego Medical Director Emergency Service FACS
Section Head, Pediatric General
Medical Center Hospital del Trabajador Surgery
San Diego, California Santiago University of Manitoba
United States Chile Winnipeg, Manitoba
Canada
Hermanus Jacobus Christoffel Esteban Foianini, MD, FACS
Du Plessis, MB, ChB, MMed(Surg), General Surgeon Richard Henn, RN, BSN, M.ED
FCS(SA), FACS Director Director, Education Department
Chief Surgeon, Colonel Foianini Clinic Northern Arizona Healthcare
SAMHS (South African Military Health Santa Cruz Flagstaff, Arizona
Services) Bolivia United States
Head of the Department of Surgery
and
Intensive Care Joan Foerster Walter Henny, MD
Formerly of Erasmus Medical
1 Military Hospital ATLS Coordinator Center
Adjunct Professor of Surgery UBC Health Sciences Hospital Rotterdam
University of Pretoria Vancouver, British Columbia Netherlands
Pretoria Canada
South Africa Sharon M. Henry, MD, FACS
Heidi Frankel, MD, FACS Anne Scalea Professor of Trauma
Julie A. Dunn, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery University of Maryland School of
Medical Director- Research and University of Maryland Medical Center Medicine
Director Wound Healing and
Education Baltimore, Maryland Metabolism
Trauma and Acute Care Surgical
Services United States Service
Poudre Valley Health System R A Cowley Shock Trauma Center
Loveland, Colorado Subash C. Gautam, MD, MBBS, Baltimore, Maryland
United States FRCS, FACS United States
ATLS Program Director
Ruth Dyson, BA (hons) Senior Consultant and Head of Grace Herrera-Fernandez
External Programmes Coordinator - Department of Surgery ATLS Coordinator
Education Department The Royal Fujairah Hospital College of Physicians and Surgeons of
College of Surgeons of England Fujairah Costa Rica
London United Arab Emirates San Jose
United Kingdom Costa Rica
Gerardo A. Gomez, MD, FACS
Martin Eason MD, JD Medical Director Michael Hollands, MB BS, FRACS,
Assistant Professor IU/Wishard Level I Trauma Center FACS
Head of Hepatobiliary and
East Tennessee State University Indianapolis, Indiana Gastro-
Johnson City, Tennessee United States oesophageal Surgery
United States Westmead Hospital
Hugo Alfredo Gomez Fernandez, Sydney, New South Wales
A. Brent Eastman, MD, FACS MD, FACS Australia
President, American College of
Surgeons ATLS Program Director
Roxolana Horbowyj, MD,
Chief Medical Officer Sociedad Paraguaya de Cirugía FACS
N. Paul Whittier Chair of Trauma, Asuncion ATLS Instructor
Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla Paraguay Holmes, Pennsylvania
Scripps Health United States
San Diego, California
United States
xviii Recunoaștere
Daniel B. Michael, MD, PhD,
Christopher M. Hults, MD, FACS Chong-Jeh Lo, MD, FACS FACS
CDR, USN Associate Dean for Student Affairs Chief, Neurotrauma and Critical Care
Trauma and Surgical Critical Care National Chen Kung University College Beaumont Hospital
University of South Florida of Medicine Royal Oak, Michigan
Tampa, Florida Tainan United States
United States Taiwan
Mahesh C. Misra, MD, FACS
Randeep S. Jawa, MD, FACS Sarvesh Logsetty, MD, FACS ATLS Program Director
All India Institute of Medical
Assistant Professor of Surgery Director of Manitoba Firefighters Burn Sciences,
University of Nebraska Medical Center Unit New Delhi
Omaha, Nebraska Associate Professor India
United States Department of Surgery and Children’s
Health Forrest O. Moore, MD, FACS
Jose María Jover Navalon, MD,
FACS University of Manitoba Trauma Surgeon
St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical
ATLS Program Director Winnipeg, Manitoba Center
Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Canada Phoenix, Arizona
Department of General Surgery United States
Madrid Ka Ka Lui
Spain ATLS Coordinator Newton Djin Mori, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Queen General Surgeon
Gregory J. Jurkovich MD, FACS Mary Hospital Emergency Surgical Services,
Hospital das Clinicas Universidad de
Professor of Surgery Hong Kong São
Harborview Medical Center China Paulo
Seattle, Washington São Paulo
United States Siew-Kheong Lum Brazil
ATLS Program Director
Christoph R. Kaufmann, MD, FACS Sungai Buloh Hospital Charles E. Morrow, Jr, MD, FACS
Medical Director, Trauma Services Kuala Lumpur Program Director, General Surgery
Forbes Regional Hospital Malaysia Medical Director, Trauma Surgery
Monroeville, Pennsylvania Department of Trauma, Spartanburg
United States Douglas W. Lundy, MD, FACS Regional Medical Center
Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery Spartanburg, South Carolina
Peggy Knudson, MD, FACS Resurgens Orthopaedics United States
Professor of Surgery Marietta, Georgia
University of California, San Francisco United States Stephen G. Murphy, MD
General Hospital, Department of Division of Pediatric General Surgery
Surger
y Fernando Machado, MD Wilmington, Delaware
San Francisco, California Universidad de la Republica United States
United States Montevideo
Uruguay Kimberly K. Nagy, MD, FACS
John B. Kortbeek, MD, FRCSC, Vice-Chairman, Department of
FACS Trauma
ATLS Committee, International Course Patrizio Mao, MD, FACS Cook County Trauma Unit
Directo
r Responsabile Urgenze Chirurgiche Chicago, Illinois
Chirurgia Generale Universitaria,
Professor Departments of Surgery and A.S.O. United States
Critical Care San Luigi Gonzaga di Orbassano
University of Calgary and Calgary
Health Torino Nicolaos Nicolau, MD, FACS
Region Italy ATLS Instructor
Calgary, Alberta Larnaca
Canada Khalid Masood Gondal Cyprus
ATLS Instructor
Roman Kosir, MD Lahore Han Boon Oh
ATLS Program Director Pakistan ATLS Instructor
Assistant of Surgery Singapore City
University Clinical Center Maribor, R. Todd Maxson, MD, FACS Singapore
Department of Traumatology Chief, Trauma Program
Maribor Dell Children’s Medical Center Osama Ali Omari, MD
Slovenia Little Rock, Arkansas ATLS Instructor
United States Saudi ARAMCO Medical Services
Eric J. Kuncir, MD, FACS Organization
University of California, San Diego Chad McIntyre, NREMT-P, FP-C Dhahran
San Diego, California ATLS Coordinator Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
United States Shands Jacksonville Medical Center
Jacksonville, Florida Hock Soo Ong, MD, FACS
Roslyn Ladner United States Senior Consultant in General Surgery
ATLS Coordinator Singapore General Hospital
British Columbia Singapore City
Canada Singapore
Recunoaștere xix
Martin A. Schreiber, MD,
Giorgio Olivero, MD, FACS Cristina Quintana FACS
Professor of Surgery ATLS Coordinator Professor of Surgery
University of Torino, Department of Sociedad Paraguaya de Cirugía Director, Trauma Service
Oregon Health & Science
Medicine and Surgery, St. John the Asuncion University,
Baptist Hospital Paraguay Trauma & Critical Care Section
Torino Portland, Oregon
Italy Tarek S. A. Razek, MD, FACS United States
Director, Trauma Unit
Rattaplee Pak-Art, MD Montreal General Hospital Estrellita C. Serafico
ATLS Program Director Montreal, Quebec ATLS Coordinator
Bangkok Canada King Abdulaziz Medical City
Thailand Riyadh
Rosalind Roden, FFAEM Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Neil G. Parry, MD, FRCSC, FACS Chair, ATLS Steering Group
Juan Carlos Serrano, MD,
Associate Professor The Royal College of Surgeons FACS
Victoria Hospital London ATLS Course Director
London, Ontario United Kingdom Director, Department of Trauma
Canada Hospital Santa Inés
Jakob Roed, MD Cuenca
BiPinchandra R. Patel, MD, FACS ATLS Program Director Ecuador
ATLS Course Director Copenhagen
Vestal, New York Denmark Brian Siegel, MD, FACS
United States ATLS Course Director
Martha Romero Staff Physician
Jasmeet S. Paul, MD ATLS Coordinator Department of Surgery
ATLS Instructor Centro Medico Morristown Memorial Hospital
Medical College of Wisconsin Calle Chuquisaca, Clínica Foianini Morristown, New Jersey
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Santa Cruz United States
United States Bolivia
Preecha Siritongtaworn, MD,
FACS
Pedro Moniz Pereira, MD Michael F. Rotondo, MD, FACS Chief, Division of Trauma Surgery
Department of Surgery, Faculty
ATLS Program Director Committee on Trauma, Chair of
Professor of Surgery, Chair of Medicine Siriraj Hospital,
General Surgeon Department Mahidol
Lisboa Portugal of Surgery, East Carolina University University
Chief of Surgery, Director of Center of Bangkok
Renato Sergio Poggetti, MD, FACS Excellence for Trauma and Surgical Thailand
Chief, COT Region 14 Critical Care
Director of Emergency Surgical Service Pitt County Memorial Hospital, Univer Diana Skaff
Hospital das Clinicas Universidad de sity Health Systems of Eastern
São Carolina ATLS Coordinator
Paulo Greenville, North Carolina American University of Beirut Medical
Brazil United States Centre
Beirut
Alex Poole, MD, FACS Majid Sabahi, MD Lebanon
ATLS Course Director ATLS Instructor
R. Stephen Smith, MD, RDMS,
Nelson, British Columbia Tehran FACS
System Chief, Acute Care
Canada Iran Surgery
West Penn Allegheny Health
System
Marcelo Recalde Hidrobo, MD,
FACS Nicole Schaapveld, RN Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
ATLS Course Director Managing Director / National United States
Universidad San Francisco de Quito Coordinator ATLS NL
Quito Advanced Life Support Group–NL Anne Sorvari
Ecuador Riel ATLS Coordinator
The Netherlands St. Michael’s Hospital
Raymond R. Price, MD, FACS Toronto, Ontario
Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor Inger B. Schipper, MD, PhD, FACS Canada
University of Utah Program Director, ATLS Netherlands
Murray, Utah Head, Department of Trauma surgery Paul-Martin Sutter, MD
Department of Surgery,
United States Leiden University Medical Center Spitalzentrum
Leiden The Netherlands Biel
Sonia Primeau Switzerland
ATLS Coordinator Patrick Schoettker, MD, M.E.R.
Montreal General Hospital ATLS Instructor John Sutyak, MD, FACS
Responsable Anesthésie
Montreal, Quebec Neurochirurgicale, Associate Director
Canada ORL et UrgenceService Southern Illinois Trauma Center
d’Anesthésiologie Springfield, Illinois
Lausanne United States
Switzerland
xx Recunoaștere
Lars Bo Svendsen, MD, DMSci Jeffrey Upperman, MD, FACS Richard L. Wigle, MD, FACS
Associate Professor Surgery Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Copenhagen University, Department Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles LSU Health Sciences Center
of Abdominal Surgery and Los Angeles, California Shreveport, Louisiana
Transplantation, Rigshospitalet United States United States
Copenhagen
Denmar Stephen Wilkinson, MBBS,
k Yvonne van den Ende MD,
Office Manager FRACS
Wa’el S. Taha, MD Stichting Advanced Life Support Group General Surgeon
Tasmania Antiobesity Surgery
Assistant Professor of Surgery Riel Centre
King Abdulaziz Medical City The Netherlands Hobart
National Guard Health Affairs Australia
Riyadh Allan Vennike
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ATLS National Educator Robert J. Winchell, MD, FACS
Næstved Head, Trauma and Burn Surgery
Kathryn Tchorz, MD, FACS Denmark Maine Medical Center
Associate Professor Portland, Maine
Wright State University School of
Medicine Tore Vikström, MD, PhD United States
Dayton, Ohio Director and Head Consultant, General
Surgery Professor of Disaster Robert Winter, FRCP, FRCA,
United States Medicine DM
Consultant in Critical Care
& Traumatology Medicine
Mid Trent Critical Care Network
Wei Ting Lee Centre for Teaching & Research in and
ATLS Instructor Disaster Medicine and Traumatology Nottingham University Hospitals
Singapore City University Hospital Nottingham
Singapore Linköping United Kingdom
Sweden
Gustavo Tisminetzky, MD, FACS, Jay A. Yelon, MD, FACS
MAAC Eric Voiglio, MD, PhD, FACS, FRCS Chairman, Department of Surgery
ATLS Program Director Senior Lecturer, Consultant Surgeon Lincoln Medical Center
Professor of Surgery Department of Emergency Surgery, Professor of Clinical Surgery
Universidad de Buenos Aires University Hospitals of Lyon Weill Cornell Medical College
Buenos Aires Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud Bronx, New York
Argentina Pierre-Bénite United States
France
Julio L. Trostchansky, MD, FACS Ahmad M. Zarour, MD, FACS
ATLS Program Director Leonard J. Weireter Jr., MD, FACS Department of Surgery
Sociedad de Cirugía del Uruguay Professor of Surgery Hamad General Hospital
Montevideo Eastern Virginia Medical School Doha
Uruguay Norfolk, Virginia Qatar
United States
Philip Truskett, MB BS, FRACS
The University of New South Wales Nicholas M. Wetjen, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick and
Cronulla, New South Wales Pediatrics
Australia Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
United States
Rolul de Onoare
De-a lungul ultimilor 30 de ani,
ATLS a crescut de la un curs local
de formare pentru medicii din
Nebraska, pentru ingrijirea
pacientilor cu trauma, la o familie
de traumatologi specialiști din
mai mult de 60 de țări care își
sacrifică timpul lor pentru a se
asigura că materialele noastre
reflectă cele mai actuale
cercetari și că cursul nostru este
proiectat pentru a imbunătăți
rezultatele pe pacient. A noua
ediție a ATLS reflectă eforturile
următoarelor persoane care au
contribuit la primele opt ediții, iar
noi îi onorăm aici.
Membrii de onoare
Sabas F. Abuabara, MD, FACS
Joe E. Acker, II, MS, MPH, EMT
Raymond H. Alexander, MD,
FACS Fatimah Albarracin, RN
Jameel Ali, MD, MMed Ed, FRCS (C),
FACS
Heri Aminuddin, MD
Charles Aprahamian, MD,
FACS Guillermo Arana, MD,
FACS Ana Luisa Argomedo
Manrique Ivar Austlid
Gonzalo Avilés
Richard Baillot, MD
Barbara A. Barlow, MA, MD,
FACS James Barone, MD, FACS
John Barrett, MD, FACS
Pierre Beaumont, MD
Margareta Behrbohm Fallsberg, PhD,
BSc Richard M. Bell, MD, FACS
Eugene E. Berg, MD,
FACS Richard Bergeron,
MD François Bertrand,
MD Renato Bessa de
Melo, MD Mike Betzner,
MD
Emidio Bianco, MD, JD
Ken Boffard, MB BCh, FRCS, FRCS (Ed),
FACS
Bertil Bouillon, MD
Don E. Boyle, MD,
FACS Marianne Brandt
Fred Brenneman, MD, FRCSC,
FACS Susan M. Briggs, MD, FACS
Åse Brinchmann-Hansen,
PhD Peter Brink, MD, PhD
Karim Brohi, MD
Rea Brown, MD, FACS
Allen F. Browne, MD,
FACS Gerry Bunting, MD
Andrew R. Burgess, MD, FACS
Richard E. Burney, MD,
FACS David Burris, MD,
FACS Sylvia Campbell, MD,
FACS C. James Carrico, MD,
FACS C. Gene Cayten, MD,
FACS June Sau-Hung Chan
Recunoaștere xxi
Robert A. Cherry, MD, FACS Scott Holmes
Chin-Hung Chung, MB BS, FACS David B. Hoyt, MD, FACS
David E. Clark, MD, FACS Arthur Hsieh, MA, NREMT-P
Paul E. Collicott, MD, FACS Irvene K. Hughes, RN
Arthur Cooper, MD, FACS Richard C. Hunt, MD, FACEP
Ronald D. Craig, MD John E. Hutton, Jr, MD, FACS
Doug Davey, MD Miles H. Irving, FRCS (Ed), FRCS (Eng)
Elizabeth de Solezio, PhD José María Jover Navalon, MD, FACS
Subrato J. Deb, MD Richard Judd, PhD, EMSI
Alejandro De Gracia, MD, FACS, MAAC Gregory J. Jurkovich, MD, FACS
Laura Lee Demmons, RN, MBA Aage W. Karlsen
Ronald Denis, MD Christoph R. Kaufmann, MD, FACS
Jesus Díaz Portocarrero, MD, FACS Howard B. Keith, MD, FACS
Frank X. Doto, MS James F. Kellam, MD, FRCS, FACS
Anne-Michéle Droux Steven J. Kilkenny, MD, FACS
Marguerite Dupré, MD Darren Kilroy, FRCSEd, FCEM, M.Ed
Candida Durão Lena Klarin, RN
Brent Eastman, MD, FACS Amy Koestner, RN, MSN
Frank E. Ehrlich, MD, FACS Radko Komadina , MD, PhD
Martin R. Eichelberger, MD, FACS Digna R. Kool, MD
David Eduardo Eskenazi, MD, FACS John B. Kortbeek, MD, FACS
Vagn Norgaard Eskesen, MD Brent Krantz, MD, FACS
Denis Evoy, MCH, FRCSI Jon R. Krohmer, MD, FACEP
William F. Fallon, Jr, MD, FACS Ada Lai Yin Kwok
David V. Feliciano, MD, FACS Maria Lampi, BSc, RN
Froilan Fernandez, MD Katherine Lane, PhD
Carlos Fernandez-Bueno, MD Francis G. Lapiana, MD, FACS
John Fildes, MD, FACS Pedro Larios Aznar
Ronald P. Fischer, MD, FACS Anna M. Ledgerwood, MD, FACS
Stevenson Flanigan, MD, FACS Dennis G. Leland, MD, FACS
Lewis M. Flint, Jr, MD, FACS Frank Lewis, MD, FACS
Cornelia Rita Maria Getruda Fluit, MD, Wilson Li, MD
MEdSci Helen Livanios, RN
Jorge E. Foianini, MD, FACS Nur Rachmat Lubis, MD
Susanne Fristeen, RN Edward B. Lucci, MD, FACEP
Knut Fredriksen, MD, PhD Eduardo Luck, MD, FACS
Richard Fuehling, MD Thomas G. Luerssen, MD, FACS
Christine Gaarder, MD J.S.K. Luitse, MD
Sylvain Gagnon, MD Arnold Luterman, MD, FACS
Richard Gamelli, MD, FACS LAM Suk-Ching, BN, MHM
Paul Gebhard LEO Pien Ming, MBBS, MRCS (Edin),
James A. Geiling, MD, FCCP M.Med (Orthopaedics)
Thomas A. Gennarelli, MD, FACS Jaime Manzano, MD, FACS
Fernando Magallanes Negrete,
John H. George, MD MD
Aggelos Geranios, MD Donald W. Marion, MD, FACS
Michael Gerazounis, MD Michael R. Marohn, DO, FACS
Roger Gilbertson, MD Barry D. Martin, MD
Salvador Martín Mandujano, MD,
Robert W. Gillespie, MD, FACS FACS
Marc Giroux, MD Kimball I. Maull, MD, FACS
Javier González-Uriarte, MD, PhD, Mary C. McCarthy, MD, FACS
EBSQ, FSpCS Gerald McCullough, MD, FACS
John Greenwood John E. McDermott, MD, FACS
Russell L. Gruen, MBBS, PhD, FRACS James A. McGehee, DVM, MS
Niels Gudmundsen-Vestre William F. McManus, MD, FACS
J. Alex Haller, Jr., MD, FACS Norman E. McSwain, Jr., MD, FACS
Burton H. Harris, MD, FACS Philip S. Metz, MD, FACS
Michael L. Hawkins, MD, FACS Cynthia L. Meyer, MD
Ian Haywood, FRCS (Eng), MRCS, LRCP Salvijus Milasˇius, MD
James D. Heckman, MD, FACS Frank B. Miller, MD, FACS
June E. Heilman, MD, FACS Sidney F. Miller, MD, FACS
David M. Heimbach, MD, FACS Soledad Monton, MD
David N. Herndon, MD, FACS Ernest E. Moore, MD, FACS
Fergal Hickey, FRCS, FRCS Ed.(A&E), Johanne Morin, MD
DA(UK), FCEM David Mulder, MD, FACS
Erwin F. Hirsch, MD, FACS Raj K. Narayan, MD, FACS
Francisco Holguin, MD James B. Nichols, DVM, MS
xxii Recunoaștere
Aceste costuri sunt mult mai mari în cazul în de la momentul traumei. Pe parcursul acestei
care se iau în considerare salariile pierdute, perioade timpurii, decesul rezultă în general
cheltuieli medicale, costurile de administrare de apnee din cauza leziunii severe a creierului
de asigurare, pagube materiale, pierderi de sau a măduvei spinării sau de ruptura a inimii,
incendiu, costurile angajatorului, precum și aortă sau alte vase sanguine mari. Foarte
pierderi indirecte din accidente legate de puțini dintre acești pacienți pot fi salvați din
muncă. cauza gravității leziunilor lor. Numai prevenirea
În ciuda acestor costuri amețitoare, mai puțin poate reduce în mod semnificativ acest peak
de 4 centi din fiecare dolar federal de de decese legate de traumă.
cercetare din Statele Unite sunt cheltuite Al doilea peak apare la minute până la ore de
pentru cercetarea traumelor. La fel de la traumă. Decesele ce apar în această
monumentala ca aceste date sunt, costul real perioadă de obicei apar în urma hematoamelor
poate fi măsurat numai în cazul în care se sub- sau epidurale, hemopneumotorax,
realizează că trauma afectează cei mai tineri ruptură de splină, lacerația ficatului, fracturile
și potențial cei mai productivi membri ai unei de bazin, și/sau multiple alte leziuni asociate
societăți. Datorită cheltuielilor pentru cu hemoragii masive. Îngrijirea după principiul
cercetare bolilor transmisibile, cum ar fi orei de aur după traumă este caracterizat prin
poliomielita și difteria au eliminat aproape necesitatea unei asistențe rapide și
resuscitare, care sunt principii fundamentale
incidența acestor boli în Statele Unite. Din
a ATLS.
păcate, maladia traumatică nu a captat
Al treilea peak, care apare de la zile până
atenția publicului în același mod.
la săptămâni după trauma inițială este cel mai
Trauma este o boală. Ea are o gazdă
frecvent datorită sepsisului și disfuncției
(pacientul) și un vector de trasmitere (mijloc
multiple sisteme de organe. Îngrijirea medicală
de transport, armă, e.t.c). Multe schimbări acordată în timpul fiecăreia dintre perioadele
semnificative au îmbunătățit îngrijirea precedente are impact asupra rezultatelor pe
pacientului traumatizat de la prima ediție a parcursul acestei etape. Prima și fiecare
Programului ATLS, ce a apărut în 1980. Nevoia persoană care urmează să aibă grijă de acești
de acest program și de eforturi susținute, pacienți are un efect direct asupra rezultatului
agresive, pentru a preveni leziunile este la fel pe termen lung.
de mare acum, așa cum nu a fost vreodată.
350
Pentru prima dată descrisă în 1982, distribuția
trimodală a deceselor implică faptul că decesul 300
din cauza unei traume are loc într-una din cele 250
trei perioade, sau peak-uri (Figura 3). Primul
peak are loc în câteva secunde până la minute 200
decese decese decese
Nu
imedia traumaţilor în ..prima oră” în USA şi în întreaga
te precoce tardive
150 lume. Un chirurg ortoped conducînd propriul
100 avion a suferit un accident în Nebraska căzând
pe un lan de porumb. Chirurgul a suferit
50
traumatisme ample, trei copii ai lui s-au ales
cu traumatisme critice şi unul cu traumatisme
0 0 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5
săptămî minore. Soţia lui a decedat pe loc. Ingrijirea
ore ni primită a fost insuficientă dupa standardele
Timp după traumă
perioadei date. Chirurgul recunoaşte cît de
FIGURA 3 Distribuția trimodală a deceselor
inadecvat au fost trataţi, spunînd: ,, Dacă pot
Distribuția temporală a deceselor reflectă acorda o asistenţă mai bună pe un lan de
capacitățile sistemelor de asistență a traumei porumb fiind limitat in resurse decît am primit
locale. Dezvoltarea training-urilor la punctul traumatologic, atunci sistemul nu
standardizate în traume, o mai bună ingrijire este în regulă şi trebuie schimbat.
prespitalicească, precum și dezvoltarea unor Un grup de chirurgi şi doctori din
centre de traumă cu echipe dedicate și Nebraska, Lincoln Medical Education
protocoalelor stabilite pentru ingrijirea acestor Foundation, şi Lincoln Mobile Heart Team
pacienți ar modifica imaginea. Nurses, cu susţinerea University of Nebraska
Medical Center, the Nebraska State Committee
on Trauma (COT) of the American College of
Surgeons (ACS), şi the Southeast Nebraska
Istoric Emergency Medical Services, au determinat
necesitatea implimentării suportului vital
Conduita traumatismelor în Statele Unite pînă
avansat. Un format educațional combinat
în 1980 a fost slab dezvoltată. O tragedie din
dintre teorie si practică a servit ca un model
luna Februarie 1976 a schimbat ingrijirea
pilot pentru cursul de support vital avansat.
xxvi Prezentarea generală a cursului ultimii ani s-a înregistrat în comunitatea
internaţională şi acest grup la moment
reprezintă mai mult de jumătate din întreaga
O nouă abordare a îngrijirii individuale activitate a ALTS.
pentru pacienții cu traumatisme majore a Textul cursului este revizuit aproximativ o
servit la formarea primului curs de ATLS în dată la 4 ani cînd se mai includ metode noi de
1978. Acest curs pilot a fost testat în evaluare şi tratament care au fost deja
Southeast Nebraska Emergency Medical acceptate pentru a lupta cu traumatismele.
Services Un an mai tîrziu ACS şi COT Revizia cursurilor include sugestiile membrilor
recunoscînd traumatisele ca afecţiuni subcomitetului pe ATLS; membrii ACS COT;
chirurgicale, au implimentat cursul în membrii internaționali ai familiei ATLS; şi
programul educaţional în colegiu. instructorii de curs, coordonatorii, educatorii şi
Cursul dat demonstra că acordarea participanții. Schimbările adoptate reflectă
suportului în timpi cît mai scurţi poate da metodele acceptate, verificate şi în nici un caz
rezultate bune la pacienţii traumatizaţi. nu presupun metode experimentale. Natura
Obiectivul de bază a programului de ATLS a programului este una internațională ce
fost de a antrena doctorii în rezolvarea zilnică presupune cursuri adaptabile la varietățile
a pacienţilor gravi. Astăzi ATLS este un geografice, economice, sociale şi de situații
standard în acordarea asistenţei în ,,prima practice. Pentru a fi la curent cu ultimile
oră” de la traumatism chiar dacă pacientul
modificări în programul ALTS, e necesar de a
este într-o zonă rurală.
consulta ultimile ediții a materialului.
Un curs paralel a programului ALTS este
Dezvoltarea şi răspîndirea cursului Suportul Vital în traumatisme la nivelul de pre-
spital (PHTLS), care este sponsorizat de către
Cursul de ATLS a fost implimentat pentru Tehnicienii Asociației Naționale de Urgențe
prima dată la nivel naţional sub ghidajul the Medicale (NAEMT). Cursul PHTLS , dezvoltat in
American College of Surgeons în Ianuarie cooperare cu ACS COT, este bazat pe
1980. Implimentarea la nivel internaţional a conceptele programului ACS ATL pentru
început în 1980.
doctori şi serveşte pentru doctorii pe urgențe
Programul a crescut în fiecare an atît cu
şi asistenți medicale care lucrează la îngrijirea
numărul de participaţi cît şi de cursuri. Până
în etapa pre-spitalicească. Alte cursuri au fost
acum, programul dat a instruit mai mult de 1,5
dezvoltate după concepte similare. Ca
milioane de participanţi în peste 75,000
cursuri în întreaga lume. La moment un numar exemplu, Societatea asistenților in
de 50,000 de doctori sunt instruiţi anual în traumatologie ofera ALTS pentru asistenți
cele 3,000 cursuri. Cea mai mare creştere din (ATCN), care la fel este dezvoltată în
cooperare cu ACS COT. Cursul ATCN şi ATLS 20. Grenada (Society of Surgeons of
sunt duse în paralel atît pentru doctori cît şi Trinidad and Tobago)
pentru asistenți. Beneficiul cunoaşterii ambelor
21. Hong Kong (ACS Chapter and
cursuri este înțelegerea dintre doctori şi Committee on Trauma)
asistenți vorbindu-se în acelaşi limbaj. 22. Ungaria (Hungarian Trauma Society)
23. India (Association for Trauma Care of
Diseminarea Internațională India)
Fiind un proiect pilot, programul ALTS a fost 24. Indonesia (Indonesian Surgeons
exportat în afara Americii de Nord în 1986 în Association)
Republica Trinidad şi Tobago. În 1987 s-a
permis implimentarea programului ALTS în 25. Iran (Persian Orthopedic and
alte țări. Programul ATLS poate fi cerut de a fi Trauma Association)
implementat de către organizații chirurgicale 26. Ireland (Royal College of Surgeons in
recunoscute. La momentul publicării, 63 de Ireland)
țări folosesc programul ALTS. Aceste țări sunt:
27. Israel (Israel Surgical Society)
1. Argentina (ACS Chapter and
Committee on Trauma) 28. Italia (ACS Chapter and Committee on
Trauma)
2. Australia (Royal
Australasian College of Surgeons) 29. Jamaica (ACS Chapter and
Committee on Trauma)
3. Bahrain (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ACS Chapter and Committee on Trauma) 30. Arabia Saudită (ACS Chapter and Com-
mittee on Trauma)
4. Bolivia (Bolivian Surgeons Society)
31. Kuwait (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ACS
5.Brazilia (ACS Chapter and Chapter and Committee on Trauma)
Committee on Trauma)
32. Lebanon (Lebanese Chapter of the
6.Canada (ACS Chapters and American Col-lege of Surgeons)
Provincial Commit-tees on Trauma)
33. Lituania (Lithuanian Society of
7. Chile (ACS Chapter and Committee Traumatology and Orthopaedics)
on Trauma)
34. Malaysia (College of Surgeons, Malaysia)
8. Columbia (ACS Chapter and 35. Mexico (ACS Chapter and Committee on
Committee on Trauma) Trauma)
36. Olanda (Dutch Trauma Society)
9. Costa Rica (College of Physicians 37. Noua Zealandă (Royal Australasian
and Surgeons of Costa Rica) College of Surgeons)
10. Cipru (ACS Chapter and Committee on
38. Nigeria (Nigerian Orthopaedic Association)
Trauma, Greece)
11. Cehia (Czech Trauma Society) 39. Norvegia (Norwegian Surgical Society)
12. Denemarca (Danish Trauma Society) 40. Oman (Oman Surgical Society)
13. Ecuador (ACS Chapter and 41. Pakistan (College of Physicians and
Committee on Trauma) Surgeons Pakistan)
14. Egipt (Egyptian Society of Plastic and 42. Panama (ACS Chapter and
Recon-structive Surgeons) Committee on Trauma)
15. Fiji şi națiunile Pacificului de Sud-Vest 43. Papua Noua Guinea (Royal Australasian
(Royal Australasian College of Surgeons) College of Surgeons)
Contents
Foreword vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xv
Course Overview xxiii
CHAPTER 1
Initial Assessment and Management 2 Skill II-E: Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) and
Intubating LMA (ILMA) Insertion 53
Preparation 4
Skill II-F: Laryngeal Tube Airway (LTA) Insertion 55
Triage 6
Skill II-G: Infant Endotracheal Intubation 55
Primary Survey 6
Skill II-H: Pulse Oximetry Monitoring 56
Resuscitation 10
Skill II-I: Carbon Dioxide Detection 57
Adjuncts to Primary Survey and Resuscitation 11
Consider Need for Patient Transfer 13 SKILL STATION III: Cricothyroidotomy 58
Secondary Survey 13 Skill III-A: Needle Cricothyroidotomy 59
Adjuncts to the Secondary Survey 18 Skill III-B: Surgical Cricothyroidotomy 60
Reevaluation 19
Definitive Care 19 CHAPTER 3
Disaster 20
Shock 62
Records and Legal Considerations 20
Teamwork 20 Shock Pathophysiology 64
CHAPTER SUMMARY 22 Initial Patient Assessment 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY 22 Hemorrhagic Shock 68
Initial Management of Hemorrhagic Shock 70
SKILL STATION I: Initial Assessment and
Evaluation of Fluid Resuscitation and
Management 23
Organ Perfusion 73
Skill I-A: Primary Survey Resuscitation 24 Therapeutic Decisions Based on Response to
Skill I-B: Secondary Survey and Management 25 Initial Fluid Resuscitation 73
Skill I-C: Patient Reevaluation 28 Blood Replacement 74
Skill I-D: Transfer to Definitive Care 28 Special Considerations 76
Skill I-E: After-Action Review 28 Reassessing Patient Response and
Avoiding Complications 77
CHAPTER SUMMARY 79
CHAPTER 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY 80
Airway and Ventilatory Management 30 SKILL STATION IV: Shock Assessment and
Airway 32 Management 82
Ventilation 34 Scenarios 83
Airway Management 34 Skill IV-A: Peripheral Venous Access 85
Management of Oxygenation 46 Skill IV-B: Femoral Venipuncture: Seldinger Technique 85
Management of Ventilation 46 Skill IV-C: Subclavian Venipuncture: Infraclavicular
CHAPTER SUMMARY 47 Approach 87
BIBLIOGRAPHY 48 Skill IV-D: Internal Jugular Venipuncture: Middle or
SKILL STATION II: Airway and Ventilatory Central Route 88
Management 50 Skill IV-E: Intraosseous Puncture/Infusion: Proximal
Tibial Route 88
Scenarios 51
Skill IV-F: Identification and Management of
Skill II-A: Oropharyngeal Airway insertion 51
Pelvic Fractures: Application of Pelvic Binder 90
Skill II-B: Nasopharyngeal Airway Insertion 52
Skill II-C: Bag-Mask Ventilation: Two Person Technique 52 SKILL STATION V: Venous Cutdown
Skill II-D: Adult Orotracheal Intubation 52 (Optional Station) 92
Skill V-A: Venous Cutdown 93
xxxi CONTENTS