INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

CALCULATOARE CU
ARHITECTURA
VON NEUMANN
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

1. CALCULATOARE PERSONALE
1.1 Arhitectura funcional
1.2 Configuraia unui sistem de calcul
1.3 Componente i caracteristici
tehnico funcionale
1.3.1 Placa de baz
1.3.2 Memoria intern
1.3.3 Microprocesorul
1.3.4 Echipamente periferice
1.3.5 Controlere, porturi, magistrale, chipset
1.4 Alegerea ofertei optime pe baza unui model de decizie
multicriterial
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

UNITATE
DE
INTRARE

MEMORIA INTERN
PROCESOR

UNITATE
DE
MEM EXTERN
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UNITATE
DE
IEIRE

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

DESKTOP
tehnic

Specifica ie

INTEL Xenon Core i7, 2.66GHz, 20MB cache L2

CPU Socket FCLGA2011, Chipset: C600 , 1333 MHz, 2*PCI
16 Gen 3, 2*PCI Gen 3 Wired
16 GB DDR3 SDRAM
2000 GB HDD SATA/3Gb/s, 7200 Rpm, shock absorber
Graphics Card NVIDIA, 2GB VRAM
Display 14.1 LED-backlit WXGA+ 1440900
Standard I/O ports 1*PS2, 1*Serial : 5*USB 2.0, 1*USB 3.0, a
memory card reader, RJ-45 LAN slot, headphone and mic
jacks.
DVI and HDMI output ports
CD/DVD Burner
Metal top and bottom panel fingerprint proof top
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

LAPTOP Specifica ie
tehnic

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MB Socket FCBGA1224: LGA 1155, Chipset: 2820QM , 1333

MHz, 1*PCIex16/3*PCI
INTEL Core i7, 2.66GHz, 8 MB cache cpu, 32, 45 W
16 GB DDR3 SDRAM 1333 MHz
512 GB HDD SSD SATA /3Gb/s, 7200Rpm, shock
absorber
Graphics Card NVIDIA Quadro 2GB VRAM
Display 15.6 LCD 19201080 pixelli
Standard I/O ports, 3*USB 3.0, 3*USB 2.0, Wireless WLAN,
memory card reader, RJ145 LAN slot, headphone and mic
jacks.
DVI and HDMI output ports, Bluetooth
CD/DVD Burner
Metal top and bottom panel fingerprint proof top

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Configuraia general a unui PC

Webcam

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

PLACA DE BAZA - componente principale

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Chipset
BIOS
Ceas in timp real
Socket (Slot) microprocesor
Sloturi pentru memorie intern
Sloturi pentru placi de control
Conector alimentare
Conectori I/O
Magistrale de comunicaie

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

PLACA DE BAZA - schema general

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC
Micropro Socket

Memory Slot:

Motherboard

DIMM1, DIMM2
ATX Power
Supply

I/O Ports
DVD

Chipset North
Bridge

IDE1 Primary
IDE2 Primary

Award BIOS

Slot AGP 4x

Fast Ethernet
Controller

CMOS battery

10/100 MB/s

Speaker

Slot PCI1, PCI2,

PCI3

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Chipset South
Bridge

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

CPU SOCKET pentru conectarea Microprocesorului

MEMORY SLOT - pentru conectarea integratelor de memorie
SLOT PCI - Peripheral Component Interconect, pentru
conectarea placilor audio viddeo, placi de reea
SLOT AGP Accelerated Graphic Port, conectare placa video
SLOT IDE Integrated Drive Electronics, conectare hard disk
North Bridge /South Bridge CHIPSET
I/O Ports conectare tastatura, mouse, printer, USB
BIOS memorie ROM pentru Basic Input/Output System
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC
Input/Output PORTS
Plugg IN
PS/2 port
Keyboard port
Serial port

Parallel port

NET port

Video port on board

USB ports
Microphone
Line OUT
Line IN

Audio
HIFI
RGB Port
SVideo out
TV
DVI port

TV
tunner
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USB ports

Front
Speaker
Subwofer
Back
Speakers

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Caracteristici MATHERBOARD

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

M E M O R I A

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INTERN

1. Reprezentarea binar a datelor

2. Caracteristici tehnice generale
- capacitate
- viteza de lucru
3. Tipuri funcionale
- RAM
- ROM
- CACHE
- CMOS
- VRAM
4. Formate fizice i formate logice

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

C o d i f i c a r e a

binar

A : 1011 0001
a : 1101 0001
5 : 0000 0101
b i t = binary digit

Sistemul de
codificare
ASCII
UNICODE

Byte 1B = 8
b
Megabyte 1MB = 1024 KB
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Gigabyte
bytes

1GB = 1000 MB

10 6 bytes
10 9

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

RAM

Random Access Memory

Volatil
Memorie operativ de lucru
Dup principiul de stocare:
integratele RAM se clasific n:
integrate DRAM dynamic RAM
integrate SRAM static RAM
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

INTEGRAT DE MEMORIE DRAM

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Integrat de memorie

Memorie Class Latency 2.5, 512 MB, DDR3 400 Mhz

Memorie Laptop
Kingmax 1 GB DDR 3
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

RAM

Caracteristici tehnice

CAPACITATE - 8 GB - 16 TB
FRECVENA DE LUCRU - 1500 MHz
RATA DE TRANSFER la 800 MHz = 6.4 Gbii / sec
O CELULA DE MEMORIE ARE CAPACITATEA
DE 1 BIT b - este formata dintr-un
condensator si un tranzistor
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Caracteristici ale memoriei RAM

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

R O M

Read Only Memory

Numai pentru citire

PROM programabile ROM
EPROM eraseble PROM
EEPROM enhanced EPROM
FlushROM FRAM upgradabil prin Internet
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

R O M B I O S
Conine informaii indispensabile pentru
- sistemul de operare
- decodificarea instructiunilor microprocesorului

Capacitate 8 MB
Rutina POST : Power On Self Test

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

M e m o r i a

C A C H E

Memorie intermediar ntre RAM i

CPU - de tip SDRAM
- instruction cache / data cache /

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Cache-ul de date:
- Level 1 - built in processor: 128 KB
- Level 2 - on mainboard
: 1 MB
- Level 3 : 64 MB
- Level 4 : 64 MB
Algoritm statistic de anticipare a
datelor (cache hit / cache missed)
Nu poate fi upgradat

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

MEMORIA CACHE

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Caracteristici ale memoriei CACHE

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

M e m o r i a C M O S
1. Este de tip RAM
2. Alimentat de la o baterie
3. Se actualizeaz prin SETUP
4. Pstreaza: setri echipamente,
data, ora, parole
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

M e m o r i a

V R A M

Este memoria RAM de pe plac

grafic
Capacitatea a evoluat
de la 128 KB la 4 GB PC comercial

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

M e m o r i a

V R A M

Este memoria RAM de pe plac

grafic
Capacitatea a evoluat
de la 128 KB la 4 GB PC comercial

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Formate FIZICE
SIMM - 72

pins ies din pia

DIMM - 128 pins

Tehnologie pe 60 / 70 nanometrii

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Formate LOGICE
ASINCRONE
- FPM / EDO / BEDO 70 50 ns
SINCRONE (SDRAM)
- PC100/PC400 - PC3200 - out
- SDRAM / RDRAM / MDRAM out
- DDR Double Data RAM 12 ns

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Integrate RAM DDR 4

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Frecvena.................... 2133 MHz

Rata de Transfer ........ 3,2 Gbps
Funcionare................. 1,2 V

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

M I C R O PR O C E S O R U L

Structur funcional
Registrul componenta de baz
Ciclul de execuie a unei instruciuni
Unitatea Aritmetico Logic
Unitatea de Comand i Control
Tehnologia de fabricaie
Caracteristici tehnice
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

STRUCTURA

FUNCIONAL

UCC

Interfa

Buffere
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Registre

UAL

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

REGISTRUL COMPONENT DE
BAZ A PROCESORULUI

Memoreaz i prelucreaz un ir de bii

Capacitate:

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4 bii
8 bii
16 bii
32 bii
64 bii

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Unitatea Aritmetico Logic

1. Componenta pentru aritmetic zecimal
2. Componenta pentru aritmetic
n virgul mobil
REGITII - sumator
- multiplicator
- complementare
- deplasare

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Unitatea de Comand i Control

Setul de instruciuni
- platforma CISC
- platforma RISC
- subsetul multimedia MMX / SSE

Unitatea de ceas Clock

Procedee de accelerare a vitezei
Suprascalare
Overclocking
Overdrive
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

UCC
Decoding

UAL
Execution
E - cycle

I - cycle

Machine Cycle

Instructions
RAM Memory
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

CONECTARE MICROPROCESOR

1. PGA - PIN GRID ARRAY, Socket 7

- procesoare AMD ATHLON
- pinii sunt pe microprocesor

2. LGA - Land Gray Array, Intel

- microproceorul are orificii
- pinii sunt pe socket
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3. Conexiune CPU-FSB-MCH-DMI-ICH-PCH

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Procesor Core 2 Duo cu Front Side Bus

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Intel Core i7 cu DMI - Direct Media Interface

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Caracteristici MICROPROCESOR

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

ECHIPAMENTE PERIFERICE
DE INTRARE
TASTATURA
MAUSE
SCANNER
DE IEIRE
MONITOR
IMPRIMANTE

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

Caracteristici placa VIDEO

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

ECHIPAMENTE PERIFERICE DE MEMORARE SI MULTIMEDIA

MEMORARE EXTERN
FLOPPY DISK
HARD DISK
CD / DVD
MULTIMEDIA
WEB CAM
AUDIO KIT

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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

MONITOR
TEHNOLOGIE DE FABRICAIE
CRT CATHOD RAY TUBE
LCD LIQUID CRISTAL DEVICES
OLED ORGANIC LIGHT EMITING
DEVICES
EPD ELECTRONIC PAPER
DISPLAY
REZOLUIE MATRICE DE PIXELLI
DIAGONAL
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CONTROLLER VGA SVGA XVGA

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

IMPRIMANTE
TEHNOLOGIE
MATRICIALE
INK JET
LASER
TERMICE
REZOLUIE
VITEZ - CPS LPM PPM

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ATENTIE LA
CONSUMABILE

INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

HARD DISK
1. CAPACITATE - 2 TB
2. VITEZ 7200 rpm 8,4 milisec / rot
15000 rpm 2 ns / rot
3. Access Time = Seek Time + Latency Time
4. INTERFA
IDE, ATA, SATA
SCSI
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INFORMATIC ECONOMIC

MODEL DE DECIZIE
MULTICRITERIAL
PENTRU ALEGEREA OFERTEI OPTIME

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exemplu