4 februarie 2014 21:24

Enki (sumerian: DEN.KI(G)) este zeul apelor i al !n"elep#iunii !n panteonul sumerian. $ai t%rziu a fost #unos#ut !n &abilon sub numele Ea' zeul babilonian al !n"elep#iunii i #unoa terii' #reatorul primilor oameni' or(anizatorul i binef#torul omenirii' zeu al apelor' patron al abisului a#)ati# i al iz)oarelor' prote#torul tuturor !n*eletni#irilor artizanale i al *es#%nte#elor' fiin* #onsi*erat i )r+itor' *eoare#e mesopotamienii #re*eau # omul a fost #reat *e el *in ar(il. ,ultul zeului Ea a fost re#ompus *up mo*elul zeului sumerian En-i' *ar uneori era #onfun*at #u Nu*immu* sau #.iar #u /annes. Ima(inat #u u)ite *e ap' "% nin* *in umeri' este a*esea reprezentat antropomorfi#. 0n 1siria *e)ine un zeu pseu*oi.tiomorf' semn%n* #u un pe te *espi#at' #are !l !nf oar #a o manta #u (lu(a peste trupul *e aspe#t omenes#' *e i emblema #ea mai fre#)ent era 2#apra3pe te2 3 o #apra #u #oa* *e pe te. Era lo#uitor al 2marelui abis2' pe #are asiro3babilonienii !l numeau apsu. 4m%ntul era pentru ei un platou rotun*' *easupra #ruia sttea bolta #ereas#' pe #are ei o #re*eau soli*. De#i omul trai sub o semisfer (oala i !ntre(ul sistem plutea pe apele marelui abis. 0n panteonul babilonian t%rziu' Ea (!n"elep#iunea ma5im: eautu) !mpreun #u 1nu (puterea le(islati): anutu) i Enlil (autoritatea e5e#uti): ellilutu) #onstituiau tria*a *i)in. 0n"elep#iunea lui Ea este refle#tat i !n mintea !n"elep"ilor *e *inainte *e potop' #are sunt #onsulta"i ori *e #%te ori uni)ersul este !n impas. 0n ipostaza sa *e prote#tor al !n*eletni#irilor artizanale' Ea este a+utat *e trei mae tri *i)ini: Ninil*u (marele *ul(.er)' Gus.-inban*a (#el #u m%inile #urate) i Nini(al. Dup reforma re(elui babilonian 6ammurabi' Ea !n#epe s fie #onsi*erat tatl noului zeu suprem $ar*u-. ,onform unui mit *e ori(ine sumerian' !n #alitatea sa #omple5 *e patron al apelor' !n"elep#iunii' me te u(arilor i al omenirii !ntre(i' era a*orat #a or(anizator multilateral al )ie"ii i al a#ti)it"ii terestre. Numrul su sa#ru era 40. ,onform anumitor surse' )e#.ii mesopotamieni' mai #ore#t sumerieni' !l #onsi*erau pe En-i o fiin" non3uman' nu un zeu !n !n"elesul pe #are !l are termenul astzi. 0mpreun #u fratele su Enlil' En-i #on*u#ea o #omunitate enorm *e asemenea fiin"e non3umane' *enumite (eneri# 2annuna-i2. 1#este fiin"e erau pe pm%nt #u peste 100000 *e mii *e ani !naintea omului' pe #are l3au #reat prin muta"ii su##esi)e suferite *e o 2maimu"2' probabil 6omo ere#tus (#are tria *e peste 1 milion *e ani pe 4ma%nt inaintea )enirii annuna-i). 1u transformat animalul 6omo ere#tus !ntr3o fiin" ra"ional ini"ial #u s#opul *e a o utiliza #a animal *e po)ar !n minele lor i au e5ploatat3o fr mil ze#i *e mii *e ani.7necesit citare8
Pasted from <http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki>

Pasted from <http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki>

9 februarie 2014 0::0;

1r(.< =irst off: e)ent> No. It?s .appene* multiple times: mito#.on*ria an* #.loroplasts for plants' for e5ample. @ome al(ae a#tuallA en(ulfe* ot.er eu-arAoti# al(ae' an* so t.eir 2#.loroplasts2 a#tuallA .a)e little *e(enerate nu#lei boun* into t.em. /t.er obs#ure or(anisms .a)e t.eir oBn' o** or(anelles. @e#on* off' in terms of mass' number' an* importan#e' t.e Borl* belon(s to pro-arAotes. Cou?)e (ot more pro-arAoti# #ells in Aour bo*A t.an Aou *o eu-arAoti# #ells' an* B.en Aou a** up all t.e ba#teria in t.e o#eans an* (oin( *oBn at least tBo miles into t.e Eart.?s #rust (if not fi)e miles)' t.e mass of t.e little bu((ers *Barfs t.e mass of eu-arAoti# life. 4ro-arAotes also run manA important nutrient #A#les' most notablA t.e nitro(en #A#le. Dntil .umans fi(ure* out .oB to turn nitro(en (as into ammonia' t.e onlA or(anisms on t.e planet t.at #oul* *o t.e tri#Bere ba#teria t.at Bere eit.er free3li)in( or #o**le* bA plants. Eo Fuote @.G. Goul*' Be?re still in t.e 1(e of &a#teria' +ust as Be .a)e been for t.e last four billion Aears. E.ir* off' t.ere are effe#ti)elA no multi#ellular anaerobi# or(anisms. E.e reason is t.at' of t.e *ozens of forms of respiration t.at pro-arAoti# 2ba#teria2 .a)e e5plore* (basi#allA .oo-in( up ele#tron *onors an* ele#tron re#eptors an* ma-in( t.e #ell Bor- off t.e )olta(e *ifferential)' aerobi# respiration is bA far t.e best. It pro)i*es enou(. e5tra ener(A to run multi#ellular eu-arAoti# or(anisms (an* t.ere are uni#ellular anaerobi# eu-arAotes' t.ou(. not manA). $ito#.on*ria *o aerobi# respiration' but t.eA #oul* onlA *o it after free3li)in( #.loroplasts' e5#use me' #Aanoba#teria' .a* spent 1.9 billion Aears (1'900'000'000 Aears) o5A(enatin( t.e planet in t.e ba*lA misname* 2Great /5A(enation E)ent.2 E.e ot.er t.in( is t.at t.is isn?t neBs: a lot of -i*s learn about t.e serial en*osAmbiosis t.eorA for t.e ori(in of #ellular or(anelles in .i(. s#.ool biolo(A. I -noB I *i*' manA *e#a*es a(o. E.e late' (reat' HAnn $ar(ulis spent .er #areer Bor-in( out t.e ramifi#ations of t.at t.eorA' startin(

in t.e 1I:0s' an* s.e Bas inspire* bA spe#ulations *atin( ba#- to t.e 1I20s an* 1IJ0s about t.e nature of mito#.on*ria an* #.loroplasts. NoB' if Aou reallA Bant to (et Aour min* bloBn' (o *i( out Gan @app?s Evolution By Association' an* rea* about B.A it too- o)er ;0 Aears for Bestern s#ientists to ta-e seriouslA t.e i*ea t.at sAmbiosis is as important in t.e natural Borl* as it is' *espite e)i*en#e starin( at t.em from e)erA #ell t.eA e5amine*. E.e sa* ansBer is t.at too manA people (from s#ientists to fun*in( a(en#ies) t.ou(.t t.at sAmbiosis Bas a #ommunist plot' B.ereas #ompetition Bas B.at un*erlaA #apitalism' an* Bas t.erefore B.at Bas important in nature. It?s a fas#inatin( e5ample of .oB i*eolo(A *ri)es s#ientifi# blin*ness' an* (i)en t.e #urrent frau(.t nature of our politi#s' it?s still a )erA timelA lesson. Eo*aA 9:29am
Pasted from <http://io9.com/the-most-important-moment-in-the-evolution-of-life-1 1!"9#$$#>