Lecia 7: Timpurile verbale: prezentul simplu si continuu

Este foarte important sa intelegem utilizarea si sensul timpurilor in limba engleza. Multe dintre aceste forme verbale nu au corespondent in limba romana. Mai mult, sensul exprimat de formele verbale in limba engleza nu corespunde intotdeauna cu cel utilizat in limba romana.

7.1. Clasificarea timpurilor verbale

7.1.1. in functie de timp:
Prezentul: 1. Prezentul simplu 2. Prezentul continuu 3. Prezent perfect 4. Prezent perfect continuu Trecutul: 5. recut simplu !. recut continuu ". recut perfect #. recut perfect continuu Viitorul: $. %iitorul simplu 1&. %iitorul continuu 11. %iitorul perfect 12. %iitorul perfect continuu

1. PREZENT ! "#$P!
1.1. %orma Prezentul simplu are forma de baza a verbului 'write, work(. )a persoana a ***+a sg., forma de baza + -s 'he writes, she works(. Ex., I play, you play, we play, they play He plays, she plays, it plays -orma negativa se formeaza cu auxiliarul do, Ex., I do not drink tea. She/he does not play football. -orma interogativa, Ex., Do you work here? Does she/he sing beautifully?

-orma prezentului simplu pentru you, persoana a **+a singular si plural, este identica.

Persoana a ***+a singular a prezentului simplu adauga -s la sfarsit.

1.&. %unctii: /ctiuni obisnuite, care se intampla in prezent sau in mod regulat, dar nu neaparat in momentul exact al vorbirii, Ex., Mina plays tennis every weekend. The ost offi!e opens at "#$%. /devaruri sau realitati general acceptate, Ex., So&e vegetarians eat fish but they do not eat &eat. 'inds !arry weather balloons around the earth at the height of ($ kilo&eters. Expresia opiniilor, Ex., I think Spain is beautiful. They believe everything they read. Expresie a preferintelor, Ex., )isette likes !ats and dogs, but she prefers !ats. *i& prefers &aths to languages. 0e foloseste pentru a exprima asa numitul prezent istoric, facand astfel referire la actiuni care s+au intamplat de fapt in trecut. Ex., 'e were wat!hing the ba!k door when, all of a sudden, in walks Dierdre. Dierdre tells &e that she took her brother to the dentist. Prezentul simplu poate avea valenta de viitor mai ales cu verbe ca, arrive, !o&e, leave care sugereaza evenimente planuite sau programate, Ex., The train fro& +oston arrives this afternoon at two o,!lo!k. High tide is at -#.% p.&. The Super +owl starts at /#.% p.&. Expresii care semnaleaza frecvent actiunile obisnuite exprimate prin prezentul simplu, all the ti&e, always, every !lasse, every day, every holiday, every hour, every &onth, every se&ester, every week, every year, &ost of the ti&e, never, often, rarely, so&eti&es, usually 1.'. Con(u)are sin)ular plural sin)ular plural * 1al2 1e 1al2 * sleep 1e sleep 3ou 1al2 3ou 1al2 3ou sleep 3ou sleep 4e5s4e5it 1al2s t4e3 1al2 4e5s4e5it sleeps t4e3 sleep

sin)ular plural

* am 1e are

3ou are 3ou are

4e5s4e5it is t4e3 are

Exemple, I walk to work every day. The 0hi!ago +ulls so&eti&es practice in this gy&nasiu&. Dr. 1spino2a operates a!!ording to her own s!hedule. 0oa!h 0alhoun recruits fro& !ountries outside the 3.S.4.

&. PREZENT ! C*NT#N

&.1. %orma /cest timp se formeaza cu a6utorul verbului auxiliar to be la prezent 7 forma de baza a verbului 7 5ing 'participiu prezent(. Ex., I am buying all &y fa&ily,s 0hrist&as gifts early this year. She is working through the holiday break. -orma negativa + se adauga not dupa forma de prezent simplu a auxiliarului to be. Ex., It is not raining. -orma interogativa se obtine prin inversiunea auxiliarului to be cu subiectul, Ex., /re t4e3 pla3ing8 *s 4e eating8 &.&. %unctii Prezentul continuu indica, o actiune care se afla in plina desfasurare in momentul vorbirii. Ex., The phone is ringing. I !an,t answer it. I,& washing &y hair. It,s raining so they have to stop the ga&e. 9 actiune care se afla in desfasurare in perioada prezenta, dar care poate nu se intampla concomitent cu momentul vorbirii. Ex., They are writing a new book. She,s studying 1nglish at the )anguage 0enter. :escrie o tendinta sau actiune care a debutat recent, Ex., More and &ore people are starting to play golf in Malaysia. Pentru a desemna o actiune care este planificata pentru viitor, Ex., To &eet the de&and for 1nglish language !ourses, they are planning to e6pand. Mohan is leaving for )ondon ne6t week. &.'. Verbele dinamice si statice *n general, numai anumite verbe pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu si acestea se numesc verbe dinamice. /spectul continuu al unui verb arata ca o actiune este, era sau va fi in desfasurare. -ormele verbale progresive 'aspectul continuu( se folosesc numai in cazul verbelor dinamice, de miscare, care exprima calitati capabile de sc4imbare.

;u se spune <He is being tall< sau <He is rese&bling his &other< sau <I a& wanting spaghetti for dinner<, ci vom spune, <He is tall<, <He rese&bles his &other<, <I want spaghetti<. abelul urmator descrie in detaliu diferentele dintre verbele statice si cele dinamice, VERBE DINAMI E Verbe care e+prima o activitate: abandon, ask, beg, !all, drink, eat, help, learn, listen, look at, play, rain, read, say, sli!e, throw, whisper, work, write Ex., I a& begging you. I was learning 7ren!h. They will be playing upstairs. 0ensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple, Ex., I beg you. I learned 7ren!h. They will play upstairs. Verbe care e+prima procese: !hange, deteriorate, grow&ature, slow down, widen Ex., The !orn is growing rapidly. Traffi! is slowing down. 0ensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple, Ex., The !orn grows rapidly. Traffi! slows down. Verbe de perceptii senzoriale: a!he, feel, hurt, it!h Ex., <I feel bad< si <I a& feeling bad< au acelasi sens in acest caz. Verbe care e+prima actiuni tranzitive: arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose -ormele continue indica inceputul actiunii pe cand formele temporale simple, din contra. Ex., She was falling out of bed 8when I !aught her9. She falls out of bed every night. Verbe e+primand actiuni momentane: hit, :u&p, ki!k, kno!k, nod, tap -ormele continue indica durata scurta si sugereaza repetitia. Ex., She is hitting her brother. He is :u&ping around the house. VERBE !"A"I E Verbe de perceptie# sen$atie# acti%itate mentala& abhor, adore, astonish, believe, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, feel, forgive, guess, hate, hear, i&agine, i&press, intend, know, like, love, &ean, &ind, per!eive, please, prefer, presuppose, reali2e, re!all, re!ogni2e, regard, re&e&ber, satisfy, see, s&ell, suppose, taste, think, understand, want, wish Ex., I detest rudabaga, si nu I a& detesting rudabaga. I prefer !inna&on toast, si nu I a& preferring !inna&on toast. Verbe de relatie si posesie: be, belong to, !on!ern, !onsist of, !ontain, !ost, depend on, deserve, e;ual, fit, have, in!lude, involve, la!k, &atter, need, owe, own, possess, re;uire, rese&ble, see&, sound

Ex., I a& si!k, si nu I a& being si!k. I own ten a!res of land, si nu I a& owning ten a!res. My brother owes &e ten dollars si nu My brother is owing &e ten dollars.

*maginati+va diferenta de inteles dintre verbele statice si cele dinamice prin prisma intentiei, cele statice exprimand calitati neintentionate, pe cand cele dinamice calitati intentionate, Two plus two e'uals four. *ane is lea%ing for +u!harest. 1;uals este un verb static si nu poate lua o forma continua= nu exista optiune sau intentie in acest caz. :oi plus doi a fost si va fi intotdeauna egal cu patru. Is leaving exprima optiunea si intentia subiectului de a efectua actiunea respectiva.

%erbul to 4ave nu se foloseste niciodata in aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de <a suferi de<, I (a%e flu. He (as a fever. 0e foloseste la aspectul continuu atunci cand are intelesul de <a anga6a pe cineva pentru o actiune<, I)m (a%ing &y hair done on 'ednesday. They)re (a%ing the house painted. >ave se foloseste la aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de <experienta<, I)m (a%ing a lot of proble&s with this task. They)re (a%ing trouble selling their house.

&.,. Con(u)are sin)ular plural sin)ular plural * am 1al2ing 3ou are 1al2ing 4e5s4e5it is 1al2ing t4e3 are 1al2ing 4e5s4e5it is sleeping t4e3 are

1e are 1al2ing 3ou are 1al2ing * am sleeping 1e are 3ou are sleeping 3ou are

sleeping sin)ular plural * am being 1e are being

sleeping 3ou are being 3ou are being

sleeping 4e5s4e5it is being t4e3 are being

Exemple, The su&&er is passing too ;ui!kly. <aoul is a!ting like his father. So&e football players are not being good role &odels for youngsters. Is he being good to you?

0crie 1& propozitii cu lucruri iti plac si inca zece cu cele care iti displac.

Exemplu, I like tea. In the &orning I prefer !offee.