1.

SUBSTANTIVUL
SUBSTANTIVE
Masculine, Feminine
(+tarile,navele si
autovehiculele) Neutre &
!MUNE
Aceeasi forma pt ambele sexe
SUBSTANTIVE cu
F!"MA #IFE"ITA
LA SIN$ SI %L
Child
Cook
Teacher
Deer ( caprioara)
Sheep (oaie)
Fruit
Bo ! "irl
#usband ! $ife
Bull ! Co%
Do& ! Bich
'in&! (ueen
Brother !Ssister
Son ) Dou&hter
*ouce)*ice
Tooth ) Theeth
"oose ! "eese
Foot ! Feet (laba
piciorului)
+x ! +xen
,ouce ) ,ice
1.PLURALUL substantivelor
& S', & ', &S, &(, &! & !NS!ANA + ) & ! & !
+ ES +IES + S + !ES
E*ce+tii
Churches
Bu--es
Classes
Bushes (cutie)
Benches (banca)
$itches
Compan !
Companies
Bab ! Babies
Factor ! Factories
Cit ! Cities
subst mai noi
Subst precedate de vocala
si terminate in O
Soprano ! Sopranos
.iano ! .ianos
*os/uito ! *os/uitos
0adio ) 0adios
Studio ) Studios
Tabacco ! Tabaccos
'an&aroo ) kan&aroos
Auto ) Autos
.hoto ) .hotos
.ro ) .ros
Tattoo ) Tattoos
1oo ) 1oos
2ideo ) 2ideos
Solo ) Solos
.imento ) .imentos (cuisoare)
la cuv de origina straina
Nu este vocala regulata
#ero ! #ero e s
.otato ! .otato e s
Tomato ! Tomato e s
3e&ro ! 3e&ro e s
4cho ) 4cho e s
'ilo )'ilo e s
Buffalo 5 buffalos 6
buffaloes
Car&o 5 car&os 6
car&oes(incarcatura)
#alo 5halos 6 haloes
*os/uito 5 mos/uitos 6
mos/uitoes
*otto 5 mottos 6 mottoes
3o 5 nos 6 noes
Tornado 5 tornados 6
tornadoes
2olcano 5 volcanos 6
volcanoes
1ero 5 -eros 6 -eroes
& F , & FE & F , & FE & ) +rece-at -e . c.ns.ana
+ VES + S
e*ce+tii
Se trans/.rma in 0 IE
+ IES
,ife ! ,i1es
,eaf ! ,ea1es
#alf ! #al1es
Self ! Sel1es (identic)
Shelf ! Shel1es
Thief ! Thie1es
Calf ! Cal1es
$olf ! $ol1es
0oof ! 0oofs
Brief ! Briefs
(re-umat)
Chief ! Chiefs (cap)
.roof ! .roofs
(control)
0eef ! 0eefs (stanca)
Belief ! Beliefs
Famil ! Families
Contr ! Countries
Fl ) Flies (musca)
Berr ! Berries
Cand ! Candies
Dair ! Dairies
4nem ! 4nemies
Firefl ! Fireflies
Cherr !Cherries
Countr ! countries
Discover ! Discoveries
Frenchfries
"aller ! "alleries
7ell ! 7ellies
.art ! .arties
.upp ! .upies
$ife ! $i1es
'nife ! 'ni1es
Scarf ! Sca1es
$ife ) $i1es
4lf ! 4l1es
,oaf ! ,oa1es
(convin&ere)
#andkerchief !
#andkerchiefs
(batista)
#oof ) #oofs
Fr ! Fries
#obb ! #obbies
,ad ! ,adies
.on ! .onies
Bull ) Bullies
Sk ! Skies
Stor ! Stories
Tr ! Tries
Sp ! Spies
Stud ! Studies
SUBSTANTIVE cu
%LU"AL
NE"E$ULAT
SUBSTANTIE -e
.r2ine $"EAA
Sis 34 ses
SUBSTANTIVE cu
AEEASI F!"MA la sin2 si
+l
*an ! *en
.oliceman !.olicemen
+x ! +xen
Tooth !Teeth
"oos ! "eese
$oman ! $omen
Child ! Children
*ouce ! *ice
Foot ! Feet
Die ! Dice
,ouce ! ,ice
Apendix ! Appendices
3b8ve-i table subst
nere&ulate
Axis ! Axes
Crisis ! Crises
Basis ! Bases
Analsis ) Analses
Basis ! Bases
Thesis ! Theses
.henomenon !
.henomena
Criterium ! Criteria
*inum ! *inima
Bacterium ! Bacteria
Alumnus ! Alumni
Antenna ! Antennas
(antena de insecta)
Fish
Fruit
Sheep (oaie)
Deer (caprioara)
Solmon (somon)
Trout (pastrav)
"rouse (cocos de munte)
aparate tehnice
terminare in CRAFT
Aircraft
nume de nationalitate
care se termina in
ESE
7apanese

Su5stanti1ele c.m+use sunt substantive care sunt formate din dou9 sau mai multe cuvinte care pot fi
su5stanti1 +
su5stanti1
in2 /.rm ,
a-6ecti1e +
su5stanti1
su5stanti1 + in&la7 su5stanti1 +
a-1er5
su5stanti1 +
+articul8 a-1er5ial8
pluralul de obicei
se formea-9 prin
ad9u&area
terminaiei s/ -es
la finalul celui de
al doilea substantiv
bus driver
bus drivers
pluralul se forma-9
prin ad9u&area
termin:iei s/ -es la
finalul
substantivului
roc!ing"horse
roc!ing horses
dining room
dining rooms
dar!room
dar!rooms
pluralul se formea-9
prin ad9u&area
termina:iei -s la
fianlul
substantivului
brother"in"la#
brothers"in"la#
pluralul se formea-9
prin ad9u&area
termina:iei s la
finalul
substantivului
passer"b$
passers b$
pluralul se
formea-9prin
ad9u&area termina:iei
s la finalul
cuv%ntului
brea!do#n
brea!do#ns
A. SUBSTANTIVE NUMA"ABILE
sunt substantive pe care le putem num9ra; 4le au
forme de sin&ular <i de plural;
Apple apples &oman #omen Car cars
4le pot fi urmate de verbe la sin&ular sau la plural
The book is on the table
The books are on the table
,a sin&ular sunt =ntotdeauna =nso:ite de a , an , t9e
, m: etc.
' bought an umbrella
' bought umbrella
,a plural pot fi folosite sin&ure sau =mpreun9 cu
s.me, an:, man:, /e7
' love carrots
'(m going to bu$ some carrots
B. SUBSTANTIVE
NENUMA"ABILE
)a fel ca in limba romana* substantive de
tipul
)'C+',E
SO)',E
-ANCARE
NOT'.N' A/STRACTE
S./'ECTE ,E ST.,'.
)'-/')E
S0ORT.R'
/O)'
FENO-ENE NAT.RA)E
S./ST CO)ECT'1E sunt considerate
nenumarabile
Substantivele nenumrabile sunt
substantive care nu se pot num2ra3
Ele nu au form2 de plural 4i nu pot fi
5nsoiute de a, an, one, two* etc3
Ele se folosesc singure sau 5mpreun2 cu
some, any, much etc3
6ntotdeauna sunt folosite cu verbul la
singular3
Sugar is fattening3
+one$ comes from bees3
Not Se poate folosi a, an, one, two*
etc cu substantive cum ar fi coffee, tea*
etc3atunci c%nd comand2m ceva 5ntr"un
restaurant.
&e(ll have t#o coffees* please
Multe -in cu1intele care
-escriu mancarea
Flour 7oghurt
/utter Salt
-eat Cheese
Rice Sugar
Spaghetti etc
Lic9i-ele
coffee, %ater, tea, %ine,
oil, petrol, soda, lemonade, etc
Materialele
Crstal $ood
.lastic Silver
China (portelan)
"lass $ater
>ron .aper
Coal "ols
Cloth Stone
etc
Su5iectele -e stu-iu !
#istor Chemistr
Lim5ile 0
English* French* 8erman, etc;
S+.rturi
tennis* baseball, etc
B.li !
malaria* cold* flu* measless, etc
Fen.mene naturale
rain* fog* sno#* #ind
Su5stanti1e c.lecti1e !
luggage* baggage* furniture*
rubbish 9mofturi:* ;e#eller$*
croc!er$* cutler$9cutitarie:
machiner$, etc
Su5stanti1e a5stracte
!no#ledge* #isdom
9intelepciune:* love
;ustice* freedom* peace*
hapiiness* ;o$* etc
Alte cu1inte !
research* hair* #eather*
behaviour* advice* fun*
accommodation* information*
e<uipment* home#or!* trouble*
traffic* mone$*
ne#s* etc
.entru a ne referi la . anume cantitate -int&
un su5stanti1 nenum8ra5il se /.l.sesc
urm8t.arele cu1inte ce descriu cantitatea?
a +iece ./ cake 6 paper 6 ne%s 6 advice 6
information 6 furniture
a 2lass , 5.ttle ./ %ater6 lemonade 6 soda 6
milk 6
a 6ar ./ @am 6 hone (borcan)
a 6u2 ./ %ater 6 %ine 6 milk (cana)
a +ac;et ./ rice 6 tea 6 cereals 6 biscuits 6
crisps 6s%eets 6 butter 6
a l.a/ , slice ./ bread 6
a +.t ./ o&hurt 6 hone 6 tea
(cupa,oala,borcan)
a cu+ ./ tea 6 coffee 6
a ;il. ./ meat 6 cheese
a 5ar ./ chocolate 6 soap
a flash of li&htenin&
a tu5e ./ toothpaste 6 &lue 6
tomato puree
a can ./ soda 6 coke 6 lemonade
a cart.n ./ milk 6 fruit @uice 6
milk 6 ou&urt
a 5.7l ./ su&ar 6 soup (cupa)
a 5it ./ cheese
a -r.+ ./ %ater 6 li/uid
a lum+ ./ su&ar 6 coal (o bucata)
a +ile ./ rubbish 6 %ood (
a 6.int ./ meat (pulpa)
a 5a2 ./ flour, s%eets, su&ar,
rice, potatoes, shoppin&
a 5.* ./ chocolates, matches
a tin ./ tomatoes, soup, fruit
(cutie)
a 5.ttle ./ oil, %ater, %ine,
shampoo
9al/ a ;il. , a +.un- ./ carrots
9al/ a litre , a +int ./ milk
a slice , +iece ./ cake, meat,
bread, toast, cheese
a +late ./ food
a 5.7l ./ soup, cereal
a -is9 ./ ve&etables (o
farfurie)
a +.t ./ coffee, tea, @am,
Anele din substantivele de
mai sus se pot folosi de
asemenea cu substantive
num9rabile
a ;il. ./ lemons
a 5.7l ./ stra%berries
a +ile ./ books
etc
Folosim urm8t.arele c.nstruc<ii
a c.u+le ./
se1eral
(a)/e7
(t..) muc9,
(a)little
a 2reat -eal ./
a 2..- -eal ./
a l.t ./ , l.ts ./
(9ar-l:) an:
s.me
n.
man:
a(2..-, lar2e , 2reat) num5er ./
5.t9 + c.unta5le n.uns
A great number of children #ere pla$ing in
the par! $esterda$
a small am.unt ./
a lar2e am.unt ./
a small,lar2e =uantit: ./ +
unc.unta5le n.uns
7ou don(t need a large amount
of mone$ to bu$ a second"hand
motorc$cle
+lent: ./ + c.unta5le .r
unc.unta5le n.uns
There is no mil! in the ;ug
7ou need plent$ of onions to
ma!e French onion soup
Forme verbale la singular sau la plural
F!"MA 3 SIN$ULA"
VB la sin2ular
Substantivele
nenumarabile
4arth
.aradise
3ature
The present
Friendship
Advice
#elp
4xperience
>nformation
$ork
3e%s
Theor
,iterature
'no%led&e
0eadin&
Stren&th
putere forta)
Death
Beaut
#orror
Confusion
Dama&e
Ba&&a&e
,u&&a&e
Shoppin&
.arkin&
$eather
Substantivele unice
9uncountable nouns:
sunt intotdeauna la
singular => vor lua
un verb la singular.
The coffe is
cold;
The weather
was dreadful
).nele subst
CO)ECT'1E
-ulte dintre ele
terminate in -RY
7e%eller:
*achinar:
Crocker:
(faianta)
&arba&e
Furniture
,u&&a2e
#air
Nu sunt rece!ate !e
"/"N
0entru a e?prima o
unitate din acestea se
folosesc3
Se acorda cu verbul la
singular3
Nu admit numerale in
fata lor
The ne%s is 2..-;
Bour mone IS 9ere.
S.me
An:
A little
%iece ./
Slice ./
-ulte din subst3
.nice pot avea
si sensuri care
se pot numara*
astfel devenind
subst comune
si comportandu
se ca atare 9pot
avea
plural*primesc
a@an:
Their house is
made of woo!3
&e pic!nic!ed
in the woo!s3
Substantive la plural cCnd se vorbe<te despre un
am.unt ./ m.ne:,
a time +eri.-,
a -istance,
7ei29t, etc
A hun!re! thousan! !ollars was ai! for an AB
th

centur$ painting ! %e refer to the total of mone
#wo years is a long time to be unemplo$ed
F!"MA 3 SIN$ULA"
SENS 3 %LU"AL
F!"MA 3 %LU"AL
SENS 3 SIN$ULA"
F!"MA 3 %LU"AL
SENS 3 SIN$ULA"
VB LA %LU"AL VB STA LA %LU"AL VB STA LA SIN$ULA"
"> Subst3 $%&'$#()'
"at cand se face referire la
activitatea sau starea membrilor
grupului luati in parte3
.olice Staf
Band +rchestra
Compan Famil
Cre% Choir
Subst cu sens de 0EREC+E;
Scales(balanta)
Shorts
Trousers
Binoculars
"lasses
7eans
4arphones
Nume de !isciline terminate in
ics.
*atematics
.hsics
.olitics
,in&uitics
4conomics
Athletics
4lectronics
"overnment .eople
Class Cub
Audience Cattle(bovine)
"roup .art
7ur
The band "R' #"*(N+ their
instruments3
9formatia tocmai isi ia
instrumentele:
,aca se face referire la
TOTA)'TATEA 8R.0.).'
=> 1b sta la S'N83
The ,"N- (S .&"Y(N+ m$
fovorite song3
#ar n.i /.l.sim 1er5ul la +lural,
atunci c>n- c.nsi-er8m t.ate
+ers.anele care /ac +arte -in
2ru+;
-$ family is ver$ important to me !
%e mean the famil as a unit
-$ family are going away ne?t
#ee!end ! %e mean the individual
members of the famil
Folosim F+0*A D4 .,A0A,
,a substantivele +e.+le, +.lice,
cl.t9es <i stairs
The olice are looking for the ban!
robbers
Scissors
Ti&hs
.@amas
Shoes
"loves
Socks
4arrin&s
The trousers are on the bed;
Nb3 ,aca este vorba de un
singur obiect* se adauga A
0A'R OF3
A +air ./ 2lasses.
&here are m$ glassesC
' need a ne# air of glasses
"mnastics
*athematics (maths)
.olitics
/athematics is m$ favorite sub;ect
at school;
Nume !e boli
*umps
*easles
Flu
.neumonia
0neumonia is a ver$ serious illness
/easles is a childrenDs desease;
News si #he 0nite! States
#he news comes ne?t3
0nele 1ocuri = biliard* dominos*
darts
,iliar!s is pla$ed in pubs3
Anele su5stanti1e +.t /i /.l.site at>t ca num8ra5ile c>t ?i ca nenum8ra5ile , dar cu o diferen:9 de sens;
2lass
'(d li!e a glass of orange ;uice* please
The chandelier is made of glass
She too! off her glasses and rubbed her e$es !
spectacles ) ochelari
+a+er
' en;o$ reading the Sunda$ aer !ne%spaper
Can ' have a piece of aer from $our
noteboo!D ! %ritin& material
9air
The dog has left hairs all over the furniture
-$ son has got dar! bro#n hair
7..-
's this boo!case made of woo!C ! material
&e can go for a picnic in the woo!s tomorro#)
forest
c9.c.late
Eessie(s allergic to chocolate
&e gave -um a bo? of chocolates for her
birthda$
ir.n
' found a beautiful iron bed in an anti<ue shop
! material
's the iron hot $etD ! for ironin& clothes
time
&hat time did $ou sa$ the concerts startsC
'(ve been in )ondon on business four times this
$ear) occasions
e*+erience
' thin! #e should hire -rs3 /radle$3 She(s got a
lot of e2erience ! len&th of time of doin&
somethin&
't #as a great e2erience our visit to Ne# 7or!
last summer! event, somethin& that happen to
somebod
r..m
&e have boo!ed a room at the E?celsior for the
#ee!end
' thin! #e have enough room for five more
tables ) space
Too Enough
T.. are un sens ne&ativ; 4l indic9 c9 este mai
mult decCt =ndea@uns, necesar sau dorit dintr)un anume
lucru; Se folose<te =n urm9toarele expresii?
T.. + a-6ecti1e, a-1er5 E t.&in/initi1e
't is t.. cloud$ to sunbathe
T.. @ /.r s.me5.-: , s.met9in2
This sauce is t.. spic$ for me
T.. @ /.r s.me5.-: , s.met9in2 + t.&
in/initi1e
The #ater is t.. cold for them to s#im in
The river is t.. polluted for fish to live in
3oi folosim de asemenea t.. + muc9 cu
substantive nenum9rabile <i t.. + man: cu substantive
num9rabile la plural?
7ou put t.. much mil! in m$ coffee
There are t.. man$ chairs in this room
Dar =naintea ad@ectivelor care nu sunt urmate
de substantive sau =nainet de adverbe se folose<te t.. <i
nu t.. muc9
Tom is t.. $oung to ;oin the club
She al#a$s arrives at the airport t.. earl$
En.u29 are un =n:eles po-itiv, Arat9 c9 exist9 tot atCt
de mult c9t este necesar sau dorit din ceva; Se folose<te
=n urm9taorele expresii?
A-6ecti1e , a-1er5 + en.u29 + t.&in/initi1e
't is #arm en.u29 to go s#imming
N.t + a-6ecti1e , a-1er5 + en.u29 + t.
in/initi1e
't isn(t cold en.u29 to turn on the heating
En.u29 + n.un + t.&in/initi1e
&e(ve got en.u29 charcoal to have a barbecue
.ossessives with 3s, s4 an! of
.entru a indica posesia pentru oameni <i animale
Se adau&9 As la substantivele la sin&ular <i la cele la
plural care nu se termin9 =n s
-onicaBs dress The dogBs nose
The childrenBs school
Se poate folosi doar Cs f9r9 un substantiv
This isnFt m$ boo!3 'tFs m$ brotherCs
3u se folose<te =ntotdeauna Cs pentru persoane, mai ales
cCnd explica:ia este foarte lun&9
&hat is the name ./ the man #ho lent us the mone$C
De obicei se folose<te Cs sau ./... pentru o or&ani-a:ie
(un &rup de persoane)
The governmentCs decisions or the decision ./ the
governement
The compan$Cs success or the suceess ./ the compan$
Se poate de asemenea folosi Cs pentru locuri
the cit$Fs ne# theatre
the #orldFs popoiulation
'tal$Fs largest cit$
Se adau&9 doar apostroful A la substantivele la plural
care se termin9 =n s
,olphinsB brains
The sailorsB hats
.entru a indica posesia pentru lucruri
Se folose<te ./
The end ./ the road
The smell ./ coo!ing
The leader ./ the part$
.entru substantivele comune (house, car, school, table,
etc) ./ nu este necesar, <i po-i:ia cuvintelor se schimb9
Car !e$s
The !itchen door
A bus driver
*ereu se folose<te ./ cu cuvintele /r.nt, t.+, 5.tt.m,
en-
The bottom ./ the garden
The front ./ the house
.entru expresiiile de timp se folose<te As or sB
A fortnightBs holida$
T#o #ee!sB rest