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Documente Cultură
RIPv1
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CaracteristiciRIPv1
ProtocolDistanceVector
Numruldehopuri(HopCount)reprezintmetrica
ometricmaimarestrictca15facecarutasfieunreachable
Mesajeledenotificare
sunttransmisentrevecinisubformdebroadcast
sunttrimiselafiecare30desecunde
sunttransmisepesteUDP,port520
Nusemaifolosetenreallife!
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FormatulmesajelorRIPv1
1=Request
2=Reply
Command
1=RIPv1
2=RIPv2
Version
Content
Date
2=IP
AddressFamilyIdentifier
IPAddress
Metric
0=Requestpentrutoattabelade
rutare
Adresadestinaie(dereea,
subnetsauhost)
Hopcount,ntre1i16
CmpurilemesajelordeupdatefolositedeprotocolulRIPv1sempart
ndouseciuni:
RIP header care include cmpurile command, n care se specific
tipul mesajului (Request sau Reply), version care poate s aib
valoarea 1 pentru RIPv1, respectiv valoarea 2 pentru RIPv2 i cmpul
must be zero, cmp ce ofer spaiu pentru o dezvoltare ulterioar a
protocolului
RouteEntry estedescrisdecmpurile:AddressFamilyIdentifier,
care poate conine dou valori, 2 pentru IP i 0 dac ruterul solicit
ntreaga tabel de rutare; IP Address, n care este specificat adresa
destinaie;icmpulmetric,ncareestemenionatmetricaspecific
protocoluluiRIPv1,ianumenumruldehopuri
UnupdateRIPpoateconinemaxim25deintrri,dimensiuneamaxim
acadruluifiind504bytes,fraincludeanteteleIPsauUDP.
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Procesuldecerere/rspuns
Rutareclassless/classful
RIPv1nutrimitemascadereeanupdate
sefolosetedemascapuspeinterfee
sefolosetedeclase
ClasaA
255
Network
ClasaB
255
Network
0
Host
0
Host
255
Network
0
Host
0
Host
0
Host
ClasaC
255
Network
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
255
Network
255
Network
0
Host
5
SpaiulIPv4estempritntreiclaseprincipale:A,BiC.Fiecareclas
areatribuit o masc dereeaimplicit:clasaAaremasca/8,clasaB,
/16,iarclasaC,/24.
RIPv1 este un protocol de rutare classful. Acest lucru nseamn c
reelele direct conectate vor fi anunate n pachetele de update fr
mascaloraferent.Aadar,unrutervainstalarutaprimitcumascade
reeaconfiguratpeinterfaalocal,doardacreeauaanunatface
parte din aceeai clas major cu IPul configurat pe interfaa
respectiv.Altfel,sevasalvacumascadereeaspecificclaseidincare
face parte IPul rutei. Datorit acestei limitri, adresarea reelelor
configurate folosind RIPv1 nu poate fi discontinu i nici nu poate
suportamtidereeadelungimevariabil(VLSM).
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Distanaadministrativ
RIPareAD=120
maipuinpreferatfadeISIS,IGRP,OSPF,EIGRP
Router# show ip route
Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,
C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
* - candidate default route, IA - OSPF inter area route,
i - IS-IS derived, ia - IS-IS, U - per-user static route,
o - on-demand routing, M - mobile, P - periodic downloaded static route,
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, E1 - OSPF external type 1 route,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route
Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0
R
R
R
R
Distanaadministrativreprezintovaloarecuprinsntre0i255care
desemneaz un grad de ncredere sau preferin pentru anumite
rute, n detrimentul altora. O rut cu o distan administrativ mai
mic va fi ntotdeauna preferat de ruter i instalat n tabela de
rutare.
RIP are distana administrativ 120. Comparat cu alte protocoale
interne de rutare, RIP este cel mai puin preferat protocol, n special
datoritlimitrilornprivinaperformaneiiascalabilitii.Ulteriorau
fost dezvoltate i alte protocoale mai complexe cum sunt ISIS, OSPF,
IGRP i EIGRP. Datorit tehnologiilor implementate, acestea au o
distanadministrativmaimicdectRIP.
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Interfeepasive
InterfeeconfiguratenRIP,pecarenusetransmitupdateuri
Avantaj fa de scoaterea definitiv a adresei interfeei din
protocol
adresainterfeeiestepropagatncontinuarederuter
Folositepentruanuconsumabandwidthitimpdeprocesarecu
updateurinedorite
Updateurilenedoritepotcreagurinsecuritate
Boundaryrouter
Interconecteaz
H2
10.0.2.0/24
doureelediscontinue
Boundary
router
10.0.3.0/24
R2
192.168.2.0/24
H1
H3
R1
10.0.1.0/24
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
R3
192.168.1.0/24
8
Fiindunprotocolderutareclassful,RIPv1vasumarizaautomatreelele
conformadresriiclassful.nfigur,seobservcR2esteconectatla
mai multe reele classful, din aceast cauz ruterul R2 este considerat
un ruter de tip boundary router.
DeoareceboundaryruterulR2vasumarizasubreeleleRIPlaoclas
major, updateurile pentru reelele 10.0.1.0/24, 10.0.2.0/24 i
10.0.3.0/24 vor anuna reeauaclassful 10.0.0.0/8 pe interfaa serial
ctre R3. Aadar, ruterul R3 va instala o singur rut n tabela de
rutare,sumarizndtoatecele3subreele.
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Regulideprocesareaupdateurilor (1)
Reeauadestinaie dinupdateaparineaceleiaiclasemajore cu
interfaapecareavenitupdateul
mascainterfeeipecaresaprimitupdateulvacoincidecumascarutein
tabeladerutare
Reeauadestinaiedinupdatenuaparineaceleiaiclasemajore
cuinterfaapecareavenitupdateul
rutaadugatntabeladerutareestesumarizatautomatlaclasamajor
dincarefaceparte
Regulideprocesareaupdateurilor (2)
R1vaavea3subneturin
tabeladerutarepentrureeaua
H2
10.0.2.0/24
10.0.0.0
R3vatidoarrutapentru
reeaua10.0.0.0
R2
10.0.3.0/24
11.0.3.0/24
H1
H3
10.0.1.0/24
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
R1
R3
192.168.1.0/24
10
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Avantajelesumarizriiautomate
La limita dintre dou clase diferite sunt trimise updateuri
sumarizate,careconsumpuinlimedeband
Tabeladerutareestemic,aadarcutrilesuntrapide
Pentruexemplulanterior,tabelaruteruluiR3aratastfel:
R3#show ip route
R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.3.2, 0:01:00, Serial0/0
11.0.3.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C
11.0.3.3 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
11
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Dezavantajelesumarizriiautomate (1)
LipsasuportuluipentruVLSMipierdereaconectivitii
10.0.2.128/25
H2
H1
R1
11.0.0.0/24
10.0.1.0/24
R2
10.0.2.128/25
R1#show ip route
C
C
10.0.0.0/24
10.0.1.0
11.0.0.0/24
11.0.0.0
is
is
is
is
subnetted, 1 subnets
directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
subnetted, 1 subnets
directly connected, Loopback0
12
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Dezavantajelesumarizriiautomate (2)
H2
Lipsasuportuluipentru
11.0.0.0/24
reelediscontinue
R2vaavearutpentru
10.0.0.0/8iprinR1,i
prinR3 sepierdpachete
R2
H1
H3
10.0.1.0/24
R1
R3
10.0.2.0/24
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ConfigurareRIP
ActivareRIP
(config)#router rip
Moduldeconfigurarealprotocolului
R1(config-router)#
DezactivareRIP
(config)#no router rip
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Comandanetwork
ActiveazRIPpetoateinterfeelespecificate
trimiteupdateuripeinterfaarespectiv
ascultupdateuridepeinterfaarespectiv
Anunreeleleconfiguratenupdateuriletrimisevecinilor
Comandaesteprindefiniieclassful
Sintaxa
(config-router)#network
direct-conectat]
[adres-de-reea-classful-
15
naintecaprotocolulspoatefectivfunciona,ruterultrebuiestie
ce interfee vor fi folosite pentru a comunica cu ruterele vecine i ce
reele vor fi anunate n protocolul de rutare. Comanda network
specific aceste informaii prin introducerea adresei classful a uneia
sau mai multor reele direct conectate. Fiind o comand cu un
comportamentclassful,ncazcadministratorulspecificunsubnetal
unei reele classful ca parametru al comenzii network, sistemul de
operare va converti respectiva reea la clasa major din care face
parte.
Comanda network activeaz RIP pe toate interfeele care se
ncadreaz n adresa de reea specificat ca parametru, i adaug
reeleledincareacesteafacpartenupdateurileRIP.
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Specificarea reelelornRIP
Deisepotspecificaadresedehostcucomandanetwork,IOSul
corecteazinputul
R(config)#router rip
R(config-router)#network 172.16.0.1
R(config-router)#network 12.0.0.2
R#show running-config
!
router rip
network 12.0.0.0
network 172.16.0.0
!
16
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Verificareaconfigurrii
Verificareacprotocolulestefuncionalpeointerfa
# show ip interface brief
Verificareaparametrilorprotocolului
# show ip protocols
Diagnosticareaprotocolului
# debug ip rip
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naintedeconfigurareaoricruiprotocolderutare,trebuiesexisteo
configuraie IP a cel puin unei interfee active. Informaii sumare
despre fiecare interfa a unui ruter pot fi obinute prin folosirea
comenziishow ip interface brief.
Rutele propagate prin RIP pot fi vizualizate n tabela de rutare prin
comanda show ip route. Pentru vizualizarea informaiilor
generale despre toate protocoalele de rutare care ruleaz la un
moment dat, exist comanda show ip protocols. Comanda
afieaz interfeele active din fiecare protocol de rutare, comenzile
network introduse i vecinii cu care se realizeaz schimbul de
informaii.
Pentruoexaminaremaiamnunitauneiproblemedeconectivitate
aprute ntro reea configuratcu RIP, se folosete comanda debug
ip rip careafieazunoutputalctuitdintoateproceselegenerate
deprotocolulRIP.
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Comandashowipprotocols (1)
1. Protocoalelederutareactive
R2#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip
***output omitted***
2. Timerelefolositeivalorilelor
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 24 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
18
Comandashowipprotocols (2)
3. FiltraredeupdateuriiredistribuirenumaicuRIP
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
***output omitted***
4. InterfeelepecareRIPesteactivativersiuneadeRIPacceptat
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Default version control:
Interface
Ethernet0/0
Serial1/0
Loopback0
Loopback1
***output omitted***
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
19
ProtocolulderutareRIPoferposibilitateafiltrriianumitorupdateuri
n funcie de o serie de criterii bine stabilite, dar i posibilitatea
redistribuiriianumitorrutencadruldomeniuluiderutare.Unscenariu
des ntlnit este acela n care crem pe un boundaryrouter o rut
default ctre exterior i o redistribuim n tot protocolul de rutare
pentru ca astfel pachetele cu destinaie necunoscut s fie dirijate
ctreacesta.
n continuare, n outputul comenzii show ip protocols sunt
incluse informaii legate de versiunea protocolului, dar i interfeele
careparticiplaprocesuldetrimiteresiprimireaupdateurilor.
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Comandashowipprotocols (3)
5. Sumarizare automat, la clasa adresei i equal cost load
balancing
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
***output omitted***
6. ReeleleclassfulconfiguratecuRIP
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
***output omitted***
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noutputesteprecizatfaptulcsumarizareaautomatesteactivatn
cadrul protocolului de rutare prin mesajul: Automatic network
summarization is in effect. Astfel, dac RIPv1 identific mai multe
subneturiaparinndaceleiaireelemajoreicareutilizeazaceeai
caledeieire,vareduceruteleindividualelaosingurrutclassful.
ncazcprotocolulRIPv1vainstalantabeladerutaremaimulterute
ctreaceeaidestinaieavndaceeaimetric,numrulmaximdeci
pecareRIPv1poaterealizaequalcostloadbalancing esteegalcu4.
Reelele classful configurate cu ajutorul comenzii network sunt
afiate n continuare n output. Aceste reele vor fi incluse n update
urileRIPv1ivorfitrimisemaidepartevecinilordincadruldomeniului
derutare.
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Comandashowipprotocols (4)
7. Adreselevecinilorcucarecomunicprinupdateuri
includeADvecin,cndsaprimitultimulupdatedelavecin
ultimalinieafieazaADulruterului
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
10.0.0.1
120
12.0.0.1
120
Distance: (default is 120)
***output omitted***
Last Update
00:00:11
00:00:24
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Vecinii RIP sunt afiai sub forma unui tabel n care sunt incluse
urmtoareledetalii:
Gatewayul adresaIPavecinuluicaretrimiteupdateuri
Distance distanaadministrativfolositpentruupdateuriletrimise
devecin
Last Update contorizeaz secundele scurse de la ultimul update
primitdelavecin
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Interfeepasive
Configurarepentruanutrimiteupdateuripeinterfa
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#passive-interface fastEthernet 0/0
Interfaa Fa0/0 face parte din reeaua 10.0.0.0 pentru care RIP
ncruteaz
R1#show ip protocols
Interface
Send Recv Triggered RIP
Serial1/0
1
1 2
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
Passive Interface(s):
FastEthernet0/0
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
Key-chain
22
PropagareauneirutedefaultnRIP (1)
Ruterul pe care este pus ruta default trebuie configurat cu
comanda
(config-router)#default-information originate
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial 0/0
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#default-information originate
R1#debug ip rip
*Mar 1 00:34:43.343: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255
via FastEthernet0/0 (10.0.1.1)
*Mar
*Mar
*Mar
23
PropagareauneirutedefaultnRIP (2)
Celelalteruterevoraveaurmtoareaintrarentabeladerutaren
urmaprocesriiupdateurilor
R2#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is 10.0.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
C
C
R
R*
24
Aadar,orutdefaultvafiinstalatpetoaterutereledindomeniulde
rutareRIP,putndfivizualizatntabeladerutareaacestora.Aceasta
este identificat prin caracterul R deoarece este nvat prin
protocolul de rutare RIP, alturi de caracterul *, indicnd o rut
default.
Ruterulcareorigineazrutadefaultsevaanunapesinecafiindnext
hop al acesteia, fiind astfel folosit de ctre toi vecinii ca destinaie
pentrunouarutinstalatntabeladerutare.
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Rezumat
DistanceVector
FormatulmesajelorRIPv1
Cerere/rspunsRIPv1
Regulideprocesareaupdateurilor
Avantaje/dezavantajesumarizareautomat
Propagarearuteidefault
Interfeepasive
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