Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Introducerenconcepte
derutare
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Obiective
Ceesteunruterice
funciindeplinete
Componentehardware
isoftwarealeruterului
Procesulderutare,tipuri
derute,principiii
implementrialerutrii
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Ceesteunruter?
Unruteresteuncomputercufunciispecializate
Constituiecentrul uneireele,dinpunctdevederelogic
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Cefunciioferunruter?
Interconecteazdousaumaimultereele
Aredoufunciiprincipale
determinareaciioptime
trimitereapachetelorctredestinaie,folosindcaleaoptimdeterminat
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Componente
hardware
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ComponenteHardware
Flash
CPU
ROM
Interfaces
NVRAM
RAM
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ComponenteHardware(1)
CPU
executinstruciunidelasistemuldeoperare
RAM(memorievolatil)
instanasistemuluideoperareiconfigurrilecurente
tabeladerutareitabelaARP
bufferdepachete
ROM(memorienonvolatilinealterabil)
programuldepornire(bootstrap)
utilitaredediagnosticareiunSOminimal
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ComponenteHardware(2)
Flash(memorienonvolatil)
conineimagineaunuiasauamaimultorsistemedeoperare
poateconineialtefiiere
NVRAM(memorienonvolatil)
stocheazfiieruldeconfigurarencrcatnRAMlapornire
Memoriaflash,deobiceincantitatede64/128MBconinenprincipal
imaginea sistemului de operare IOS i alte fiiere eseniale pentru
funcionarea acestuia. Similar cu un sistem de operare fullfledged,
se pot procesa i memora orice fiiere n cadrul memoriei flash. De
exemplu, n memoria Flash se pot memora mai multe versiuni ale
configuraieiiniialepentrudiversesituaiisauscenarii.
MemoriaNVRAMesteutilizatnprincipalpentrustocareafiieruluide
configurare ncrcat n RAM la pornirea ruterului (startup config).
Atunci cnd se execut modificri n fiierul runningconfig al unui
ruter, se recomand salvarea periodic a acestuia n fiierul startup
config (adic n NVRAM), pentru evitarea pierderii configuraiilor n
cazulrestartriiruterului.Deobicei,memoriaNVRAMestefoartemic
(aproximativ32Kb).
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ComponenteHardware(3)
Interfeedemanagement
portuldeconsol,portulAUX
Interfeededate
dispozitivefizicedetransmisieapachetelordedate
fiecareinterfaaparineuneireelediferite
interfeeLAN:Ethernet,FastEthernetetc.
interfeeWAN:Serial,ISDNetc.
Iniializarearuterului(1)
10
Procesuldebootarealunuiruterestealctuitdinpatrufazemajore:
POST (PowerOn Self Test): un proces folosit pentru a descoperi i a
testafuncionareacomponentelorhardwarealeunuiruter
Bootstrap:dupprocesuldePOSTprogramuldebootstrapestecopiat
dinmemoriaROMnmemoriaRAM,instruciunilespecificatedeacesta
fiind apoi executate de CPU; scopul principal al programului de
bootstrapestelocalizareaIOSuluiCiscoincrcareaacestuianRAM;
imaginea IOSului este de obicei stocat n memoria flash a ruterului
sau ntro locaie extern, de exemplu un server TFTP (Trivial File
TransferProtocol)
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Iniializarearuterului(2)
11
Internetworking
OperatingSystem
12
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IOS
SistemuldeoperareproprietarCisco
folositpemajoritatearutereloriswitchurilorCisco
Disponibilnmultipleversiuni
fiecareversiuneesteorientatpeunanumitsetdefaciliti
versiunilecumaimultefacilitivincuoimaginedemaimaridimensiuni,
launpre maimare
Modulprincipaldeinteraciune
prinintermediuluneiinterfeetextdetipterminal
sepoatefolosiiointerfaWebdeconfigurare
13
Procesulderutare
14
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Deceavemnevoiederutare?
Transmitereapachetelorntrereele
criteriideeficien
criteriidepoliticinternsauextern
?
15
Criteriiderutare
Informaiilecuprivirelareelelecunoscutesuntstocatentabela
derutare
sestocheazadreselereeleloriurmtorulhopctrefiecaredestinaie
ncazulconexiunilorpunctlapunctsepoatestocadirectinterfaadeieire
acelailucrusefaceautomatpentrureeleledirectconectate
Rutestatice
configuratedeadministrator
auprioritatenprocesulderutare
Rutedinamice
nvateprinintermediulunorprotocoalespecializate
algoritmiifolosesccriteriideeficiensaucriteriidepolitic
16
Fiecare ruter are o baz de date salvat n RAM care conine regulile
setatemanualsauautomatfolositepentruluareadeciziilorderutare;
aceastbazdedatesenumetetabelderutare.
Tabeladerutare aunuiruterstocheazinformaiimultiplecuprivirela
reeleleadiacenteunuiruterilacaleapecareunpachettrebuieso
urmeze pentru a ajunge n reeaua destinaie. Astfel, pentru o
destinaieoarecaretabeladerutarestocheaz:
mascadereea
metodaprincarecalearespectivafostaflat
adresaIPnexthopsauinterfaadeieireprincareaceastapoatefi
accesat
Rutelepotfinvatedeunruterprindoumetode:
Static, configurate de un administrator; acest tip de rut va fi
ntotdeaunapreferatfadeorutdinamic
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Dinamic,cuajutorulunuiprotocolderutarespecializat;nacestcazse
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folosescalgoritmiavansaipentrudeterminareaciioptime
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Rutarestaticvs.Rutaredinamic(1)
Rutarestatic
ofer control mult mai riguros administratorului asupra urmtorului hop
ales
estefoarteuordenvat
nuestedelocscalabil
17
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Rutarestaticvs.Rutaredinamic(2)
Rutaredinamic
necesitcunotinteavansatepentruoconfigurareeficient
utilizeazattunprocentdinbandwidthctiopartedinprocesor
caleaaleasdepachetenuecunoscutnmodclar
esteosoluiescalabilitolerantladefecte
exemple:RIP,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF,ISIS,BGP
18
ncazulprotocoalelorderutare dinamice,informaiadespreruteeste
propagatautomatnntreagareea,rutelefiinddistribuitecuajutorul
unui algoritm specific. Protocoalele de rutare dinamice ofer
scalabilitateiflexibilitatemritfademetodastatic,nsconsum
mai multe cicluri de procesor i utilizeaz o cantitate mai mare de
memorie RAM. Protocoalele de rutare dinamice sunt responsabile cu
pstrarea tabelei de rutare sincronizat peste toate ruterele din
domeniul de rutare n cazul unei modificri n topologie. Astfel,
informaiilecoreeaesteinvalidsauafectatdeanumiteprobleme
hardware se propag foarte rapid n toat reeaua, fr intervenia
administratorului. Exemple de protocoale de rutare dinamice sunt
RIPv1,RIPv2,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF,ISIS,RIPng,EIGRPIPv6siBGP.RIPv1
iIGRPnumaisuntutilizate,elefiindnlocuiteintegraldeversiunilelor
mbuntite RIPv2 i EIGRP. RIPng i EIGRP IPv6 sunt variantele
bazatepeIPv6aleprotocoalelorderutareasociateprindenumire.
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Metrici,determinareaciioptime
Metric
indicatordepreferinauneirutedupanumitecriterii
secalculeaznfunciedehopcount,delay,bandwidthetc.
ometricmaimicestemaibun
Determinareaciioptime
fiecarerutdintabelareatribuitometric
ruterulalegerutacumetricaceamaimic
19
Manipulareapachetelor
20
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RutareancadrulstiveiOSI
Aplicaie
Aplicaie
Prezentare
Prezentare
Sesiune
Sesiune
Transport
Transport
Reea
Reea
Reea
Reea
Reea
Legturdedate
Legturdedate
Legturdedate
Legturdedate
Legturdedate
Fizic
Fizic
Fizic
Fizic
Fizic
21
ncazultransmiteriidedatentredoustaii,pacheteleaflatentranzit
vor fi prelucrate de echipamentele terminale i intermediare folosind
protocoalele definite n cadrul fiecrui nivel al stivei OSI. Astfel, un
pachetvatreceprinmaimulteprocesedencapsulareidecapsulare.
La surs, PDUul (Packet Data Unit) va fi ncapsulat, la fiecare nivel
adugndusenoiinformaiispecifice.
ncazulrutrii,pachetulvafidecapsulatnfiecareruterprincaretrece
pn la nivelul 3, deoarece un ruter are nevoie doar de adresa IP
destinaie pentru a lua decizia de trimitere mai departe. Adresele IP
sursidestinaienusevorschimbaniciodatdealungultraseului.La
nivelul Legtur de date, fiecare hop va modifica adresa MAC surs,
respectivadresaMACdestinaie.Antetuldenivel2sevamodificadoar
la trecerea ntro alt reea, i nu la trecerea printrun switch sau alt
echipament de nivel 2. Cnd ajunge la destinaie, pachetul este
decapsulatiinformaiaconinutesteprezentatutilizatorului.
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Manipulareapachetelor(1)
AdreseMAC
adresedenivel2
folosite pentru identificarea fizic a dispozitivelor n cadrul unei reele
locale
semodificlatrecereadintroreeanalta
IEEE 802.3
7
Preamble
1
Start of
frame
delimiter
Destination
Address
Source
Address
2
Length
Type
46 to 1500
802.2 Header and
Data
4
Frame check
sequence
22
Manipulareapachetelor(2)
AdreseMAC
adresedenivel2
folosite pentru identificarea fizic a dispozitivelor n cadrul unei reele
locale
semodificlatrecereadintroreeanalta
IEEE 802.3
7
Preamble
1
Start of
frame
delimiter
6
Destination
Address
6
Source
Address
2
Length
Type
46 to 1500
802.2 Header and
Data
4
Frame check
sequence
23
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Manipulareapachetelor(3)
AdreseIPv4
adresedenivel3
folositepentruidentificareareeleloriastaiilordinreea
sepstreazneschimbatentimpulrutriintrereele
timetolivepoatefifolositpentruaopribuclelederutare
0
16
Version
Header Length
Service type
Identification
Time to live
31
Total length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment offset
Header checksum
Source address
Destination address
IPv4 options (if any)
Padding
Data
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
24
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Tabeladerutarei
principiilerutrii
25
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Tabeladerutare
Este folosit de ruter pentru a alege interfaa de ieire n
transmitereaunuipachet
EstestocatnRAM,decisepierdelafiecarerepornire
Conine informaii de tip reea interfa de ieire (sau reea
reeaintermediar)
reeledirectconectate,adugateimplicit
reeleladistan:rutestaticesaudinamice
26
Tabeladerutare aunuiruterreprezintostructurdedateierarhic,
unificat i organizat care stocheaz informaii despre destinaiile
cunoscute. Este stocat n RAM i nu se memoreaz la salvarea
configuraiei unui ruter ea se va reconstrui la fiecare repornire. Pe
baza informaiilor coninute n tabela de rutare ruterele iau decizii cu
privirelatransmitereaunuipachetpeoanumitinterfadeieire.
Tabeladerutarepoateconinemaimultetipuridereele:
Reele direct conectate: sunt introduse automat n tabela de rutare,
reprezentndreelelecareaparininterfeeloractivealeruterului;ele
nu pot fi terse sau modificate fr o schimbare a adresrii IP sau a
dezactivriiinterfeei
Reele remote: configurate cu ajutorul rutelor statice sau a
protocoalelordinamicederutare
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Tabeladerutare
Exemplu detabelderutare
Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,
C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
* - candidate default route, IA - OSPF inter area route,
i - IS-IS derived, ia - IS-IS, U - per-user static route,
o - on-demand routing, M - mobile, P - periodic downloaded static route,
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, E1 - OSPF external type 1 route,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route change change change
Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0
O 172.150.0.0 [160/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:01:00, Ethernet2
E 172.17.10.0 [200/128] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
27
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Principiilederutare
Fiecare ruter ia decizii baznduse doar pe propria tabel de
rutare
Nutoaterutereleauaceeaitabelderutare
Rutareasefaceasimetric
rutelestocatesereferdoarladrumulspreoreea,nuiinvers
pachetelepotfolosialtecilacomunicareansensinvers
28
Pentruasigurareauneifuncionrioptimeaprocesuluiderutare sunt
respectateurmtoarele3principii:
Ruterele iau decizii de rutare independent baznduse numai pe
informaiile din propria lor tabel de rutare; astfel, problemele de
rutare sunt mpiedicate de a se propaga n ntreaga topologie, iar
puterea de procesare pentru gsirea unei destinaii este mprit n
modegaltuturornodurilor
Tabela de rutare este unic pentru fiecare ruter deoarece aceasta
conine urmtorul hop pentru fiecare destinaie n parte; tabela de
rutare a unui ruter nu va descrie niciodat ntreaga cale pe care un
pachettrebuiesourmezepentruaajungeladestinaiacerut
Rutarea este asimetric deoarece tabela de rutare nu descrie un
nexthop valabilpentruundrumdusntors
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Clasificareareelelorlarutare
Conectate
reeledirectconectatelainterfeealeruterului
rutelesuntadugateautomatduppornireaiconfigurareainterfeei
Cunoscute
acelereelectrecaresuntdefiniterutestaticesaudinamice
Necunoscute
nuexistrutedefinitepentruacestereele
sefoloseterutadefault,dacedefinit,sausearuncpachetul
Rutimplicit
sedefinetestaticdectreadministratorsauestepropagatdinamic
seaplicpentrutoaterutelenecunoscute
29
Tabeladerutareaunuiruterpoatefipopulatdemaimultetipuride
reele:
Conectate reelelecareaparininterfeeloractivealeruterului,fiind
introduse automat n tabela de rutare alturi de interfeele de ieire
corespunztoare
Cunoscute reelele care au fost instalate n tabela de rutare prin
rutestaticesauprinprotocoalederutaredinamice
Necunoscute reelelepentrucarenuafostgsitniciunnexthop
sauointerfadeieirenurmaprocesuluideparcurgereatabeleide
rutare; n cazul definirii unei rute implicite, ruterul va folosi aceast
rutpentrutrimitereapachetelordestinaterespectivelorreele,altfel,
vorfiaruncate
Rut implicit este ruta spre care se trimit toate pachetele pentru
carenusecunoateodestinaiespecific
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Loadbalancing
Potexistamaimulterutecuaceeaimetricictreaceeaireea
n acest caz pachetele pot fi repartizate n mod egal ntre rutele
respective
seobineomaibunrepartizareatraficuluinreea
ProcesulsenumeteLoadbalancing
30
Existsituaiincaresuntintrodusentabeladerutaremaimulterute
ctreaceeaidestinaieavndaceeaivaloareametricii.nacestcaz,
ruterulvarepartizapacheteletrimisectredestinaienmodegalntre
rutelerespective.Astfel,tabeladerutarevaconinepentruoanumit
reeadestinaiemaimulteinterfeedeieire(sauadreseIPnexthop).
Utilizarea corect a procesului de load balancing poate mbuntii
eficienaiperformanareelei.ncazulncaretraficulestempritn
mod egal ntre rutele ctre destinaie, ruterul realizeaz procesul de
equalcostloadbalancing,darexistsituaiincarepachetelepotfi
trimisepecimultiplechiardacmetricanuareaceeaivaloare.Acest
proces este cunoscut sub numele de unequal cost load balancing i
poatefirealizatncadrulprotocoluluiderutareEIGRP.
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Configurarea
ruteruluiprinCLI
31
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ConfigurareprinCLI
Exist2moduridelucrunCLI
ModulUserExec
esteevideniatdepromptul>
modulimplicitncareavemaccesimediatdupautentificareaperuter
aredoar drepturi deinterogare aunor informaii,nuideconfigurare
ModulPrivilegedExec
esteevideniatdepromptul#
aredrepturideconfigurareasetrilorechipamentului
trecereadinmodul User nmodul Privileged sefacecucomandaenable
32
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Comandashow
Informaiigeneraledespreruter
#show version
Informaiigeneraledespreinterfeeleruterului
#show interfaces
Informaiidespreadresareainterfeelor
#show ip interface [ brief ] [ tip_interfa
numr_interfa ]
Afiareatabeleiderutare
#show ip route
Afiareaconfiguraieicurente
#show running-config
33
Configurridebaz(1)
Intrareanmoduldeconfigurare
#configure terminal
promptulseschimbdin# n(config)#
34
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Configurridebaz (2)
Setareauneiparolepentru accesul laconsol
(config)#line console 0
(config-line)#password <parola>
(config-line)#login
35
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Configurareauneiinterfee(1)
Intrareanmoduldeconfigurarealinterfeei
(config)#interface <tip_interfa> <numr_interfa>
promptulseschimbdin(config)# n(config-if)#
36
Configurareacaracteristiciloruneiinterfeeserealizeazdinmodulde
configurare al unei interfee semnalat de schimbarea promptului din
(config)# n (config-if)# la introducerea comenzii
interfaceurmatdenumeleinumrulinterfeei.
Dezactivarea unei interfee se efectueaz utiliznd comanda
shutdown. Pentru pornirea acesteia, se anuleaz comanda
shutdown prinnegare:no shutdown.
ngeneral,ointerfaestedenumitrespectndurmtorulformat:tip
interfa urmat de 3 numere separate prin /, spre exemplu
FastEthernet 0/1/1 unde prima valoare identific modulul, a doua
slotul,iarultima,portul.Primavaloareestemenionatdoarncazul
utilizriiruterelormodulare.
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Configurareauneiinterfee(2)
Setarea unei adrese IP peinterfa
(config-if)#description <descriere>
Configurareaparametruluiclock-rate peinterfeeleseriale
interfeele seriale necesit, pentru a putea funciona, configurarea vitezei de
comunicaie(clockrate)
(config-if)#clock rate <valoare>
37
Salvareasautergereaconfigurrilor
Reunete configurrile din memorie cu cele salvate n fiierul de
configurare(configurriledinmemorienusepierd!)
#copy startup-config running-config
Salvareaconfigurriicurentepentruafincrcatlarepornire
#copy running-config startup-config
tergereaconfigurriisalvate(startupconfig)
#erase startup-config
38
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Rezumat
Caracteristicileunuiruter
IOS
Procesulderutare
Rutarestatic
Rutaredinamic
Tabeladerutare
39
1.Caresuntceledoufunciiprincipalealeunuiruter?
2.CarerolulmemorieiRAM?
3.ncecazsuntpreferateruteledefinitestaticnloculrutelorobinute
dinamic?
4. n ce caz se modific adresele surs i destinaie de nivel 3 din
cmpurileunuipachetncadrulrutriintrotopologiedat?
5.CaresuntmotivelepentrucareseutilizeazcmpulTTLnantetulde
nivel3?
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40
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Capitolul2:
Rutare static
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Utilizare
Determinareauneicioptimepecareunpachetpoateajungeladestinaie
Trimitereapachetelorctredestinaie
Interconectareareelelor
nviaadezicuzitrimitereaunuipachetctreundestinatarsebazeaz
peanumiteservicii,fieelepotalesaudecurierat. Decele mai multe
ori se cunoate doar unde este localizat pachetul i unde trebuie s
ajung. De optimizarea timpului de trimitere i de gsirea drumului
optim se ocup serviciul de curierat. n cazul reelelor, de aceste
optimizriseocupruterele.Acesteaiaudeciziabazatpeinformaiile
adunatentabeladerutare.
Destinaia pachetelor de date este reprezentat de informaiile de la
nivelul3ianumedeadresaIPadestinatarului.Ruterulcautntabela
de rutare i dup ce a identificat ruta optim pe care va fi trimis
pachetulltransmitepeinterfaaasociatacesteia.ndrumulsuspre
destinaiepachetulpoatesparcurgmaimultereeleconectatentre
ele prin echipamente de nivel 3, fiecare avnd rolul s decapsuleze
pachetulpentruaaflaadresaIPdestinaieidealtrimitemaideparte.
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Conectori
WAN
portDB60suport5 standarde decablare:
EIA/TIA232,EIA/TIA449,V.35,X.21i
EIA/TIA530
LAN
conectorRJ45pentruUTP
pinii 1, 2, 3 i 6 se folosesc pentru
transmitere/recepie la unele tehnologii
FastEthernet
tipuridecabluri:straightthroughicrossover
T568A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Conectareainterfeeiseriale
RuterulesteDTE
ModemulsauCSU/DSUesteDCE
DCE
DCEasigursemnaluldeceas
DTE
CDP
CiscoDiscoveryProtocol
proprietarCisco
trimiteCDPadvertisementsechipamentelordirectconectate
opereazlaNivelul2
Cuajutorulsu,unruteraflinformaiidesprevecini:
tipuldeechipament (Ruter,Switch)
interfeeleruterelorcucareesteconectat
interfeelesalefolositepentruconexiunilecuvecinii
modelul echipamentelorvecine
CDP este una dintre cele mai puternice unelte puse la dispoziia unui
administrator de reea de ctre Cisco. Acesta este folosit pentru
monitorizareaidepanareareelelor.
Periodic,dispozitivele din reea trimit vecinilor lor mesaje care conin
informaii proprii, cum ar fi: tipul de dispozitiv (router, switch etc.),
modeluldispozitivuluisauinterfaaprincareseconecteazcuvecinul.
n funcie de sistemul de operare de pe un echipament i de tipul
acestuia,CDPmaipoatetrimiteinformaiidesprehostname,versiunea
deIOS,IPetc.AcestemesajesenumescCDPadvertisements.
EsteimportantdereinutfaptulcCDPlucreaznumailaNivelul2.n
funciedenivelullacareneraportm,conceptuldevecindifer.Astfel:
La Nivelul 3, dou dispozitive sunt vecine dac au aceeai adres de
reea
LaNivelul2,doudispozitivesuntvecinedacsuntdirectconectate
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CumopereazCDP
Porneteautomatdupceruterulbooteaz
Furnizeaz o serie de informaii (hardware i software) despre
veciniiechipamentuluicarefoloseteCDP:
identificatoriiechipamentelor(numele)
identificatoriiporturilor(localeiremote)
listacapabilitilor(tipuldeechipament)
platformahardware
ExempluCDP
R1#show cdp neighbors
R1#show cdp
neighbors
Capability
Codes:
R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
Capability Codes:
- Router,
- Trans
Source Route Bridge
S -R Switch,
H -T Host,
I -Bridge,
IGMP, rB -- Repeater
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater
Device ID
R2 Device ID
Sw R2
Sw
Sw
Local Intrfce
SerLocal
0/0 Intrfce
FasSer
0/00/0
Fas 0/0
Fa0/0 Fa0/0
R1
S0/0
Holdtme
Capability Platform Port ID
Holdtme R Capability
PlatformSerPort
129
S I
3640
1/0 ID
129
3640
133
S RI S I
WS-2950
FasSer
0/01/0
133
S I
WS-2950
Fas 0/0
S1/0
R2
S0/0
S1/0
R3
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Rolrutestatice
nreeleledetipstub:
Network
Rut default
Rut static
Stub Router
Stub Network
Oreeastubesteoreeacarepoatefiaccesatdoarprintrosingur
rut.Astfel,nexemplu,dachostulvreasaccesezeodestinaiedin
afarareeleisale,singurulmoddeafaceacestlucruesteprinrutaR1
R2.Deasemenea,dacunhostdinafarareeleistubvreasacceseze
undispozitivdininteriorulreelei,vaputeafaceacestlucrunumaiprin
intermediulruteiR2R1.
nastfeldesituaii,folosireaunuiprotocolderutarentreceledou
ruterearfiredundant,deoareceexistunsingurmodprincareR1
poatetrimitepachetenafarareeleistub.Aadar,sevaconfiguracte
orutstaticpefiecareruter:orutstaticimplicitdinreeauastub
spreruterulvecin,iarapoiorutstaticdeperuterulvecinspre
reeauastub.
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Principiiderutare
Fiecare ruter ia deciziile derutare independent,baznduse pe
informaiileaflatentabelasaderutare
Dacunruterareanumiteinformaiintabeladerutarenu
nseamncalterutereauaceeaiinformaie
Informaiilederutaredespreocalenutrebuiesfieaceleai
pentrucaleadentoarcere
10
Aplicareaprincipiilor (1)
H2
R3iR2aurutestatice
ctretoatereeleleremote
10.0.2.0/24
Reeauaesteconvergent?
R2
12.0.1.0/24
H1
R1
10.0.1.0/24
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
12.0.2.0/24
H3
R3
10.0.3.0/24
11
DacH2trimiteunpachetctreH1,acestavaajungeladestinaie
deoareceR2areconfiguraterutestaticectretoatereeleleremote.
PachetulvaajungelaR1care,fiinddirectconectatcuH1,vatisl
transmit.Totui,dacH1vreasirspundluiH2,pachetulvafi
aruncatfiindcR1nuareorutconfiguratctrereeaualuiH2.
Serespectaadarprincipiilederutare:dacR2iR3aurute
configuratectretoatereeleleremote,nunseamncR1tiedespre
acestea.Astfel,dacR2areorutctrereeaualuiR1nunseamnc
R1vatistransmitunrspunsctreR2.Aceeaiproblemeste
valabilincazulcomunicaieintredispozitiveleH2iH3.
n concluzie, nu exist conectivitate ntre oricare dou puncte ale
reelei,reeauanefiind convergent.Soluiaoptimpentrurezolvarea
problemei de conectivitate este configurarea unei rute statice pe
rutereleR1iR3cudestinaia10.0.2.0/24sauauneiruteimplicitespre
ruterulR2.
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R2#show ip route
***output omitted***
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
S
10.0.1.0 is directly connected,
C
10.0.2.0 is directly connected,
S
10.0.3.0 is directly connected,
12.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C
12.0.1.0 is directly connected,
C
12.0.2.0 is directly connected,
Serial1/0
FastEthernet0/0
Serial1/1
Serial1/0
Serial1/0
12
R3#show ip route
***output omitted***
10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
S
10.0.1.0 is directly connected,
S
10.0.2.0 is directly connected,
C
10.0.3.0 is directly connected,
12.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
S
12.0.1.0 is directly connected,
C
12.0.2.0 is directly connected,
Serial1/0
Serial1/0
FastEthernet0/0
Serial1/0
Serial1/0
13
Dinoutputulcomenziishow ip route,introdusperutereleR2i
R3, se observ faptul c acestea au configurate rute ctre toate
reelele din topologie, spre deosebire de R1 care cunoate numai
reeleledirectconectatecuacesta.
n momentul n care R1 trebuie s trimit un pachet drept rspuns la
conexiuneainiializatcuruterulR2,adresaIPdestinaievafaceparte
din reeaua 10.0.2.0/24. Analiznd tabela de rutare a ruterului R1, se
observcnuexistniciorutdefinitctreaceastreea.nabsena
configurrii unei rute implicite, pachetul va fi ignorat, deci nu exist
conectivitatentrereeaua10.0.1.0/24ialtereeleremote.
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Cutarerecursivntabeladerutare
Procesul arelocdoar lainstalarea rutei ntabeladerutare
Rutastaticestespecificatprinurmtorulhop
Secauturmtorulhopntabeladerutare
C
S
14
Pentrucaunpachetsfietrimismaidepartedectreunruter,acesta
trebuie, mai nti, s gseasc o cale a crei adres de reea s
corespundadreseiIPdestinaieapachetului.Dacunruterprimete
unpachetdestinatuneireelecarenuestedirectconectat,acestava
cutantabeladerutarereeauadestinaie,iarapoiinterfaapecare
trebuie s trimit pachetul. Cnd ruterul trebuie s desfoare mai
multe cutri n tabela de rutare nainte s trimit un pachet,
efectueazunprocescunoscutsubnumeledecutarerecursiv.
Eliminareaprocesuluidecutarerecursivsepoatefaceprindefinirea
uneirutestaticeprininterfaadeieirectredestinaie.Astfel,pentru
descoperireaciipecareunrutertrebuiestrimitunanumepachet
sevarealizadoarosingurcutarentabel.ncazuldefiniriiuneirute
cu adresa IP a urmtorului hop, ruterul va mai realiza o cutare n
tabelpentruadescoperiinterfaadeieireataatacestuia.
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Interfadeieireczut
Rutastaticestetearsdintabeladerutaredacinterfaade
ieirepentruaceastanufuncioneaz
15
Rutestatice
Un router care decide s trimit pachete la urmtorul hop
precizat ntro rut static trebuie s seteze adresa MAC
destinaieapachetului
Cautntabela
ARPMAC
destinaie
TrimiteARP
Request
Adaugn
tabelaARP
rspunsul
Trimitepachetul
ncapsulat
16
nsituaiancarentredourutereexistoconexiunedetipEthernet,
cadrulunuipachetvaincludecmpuripentruadresareaMAC.
Cndunrutertrebuiestrimitunpachetpeo interfa Ethernet, el
vacutaadresaMACcorespunztoareIPuluidestinaiesauaruterului
nexthop ntabelasaARP.Dacnuestegsitniciocoresponden,
ruterulvatrimiteunARPrequestpeinterfaaEthernet.Acestrequest
este, de fapt, un broadcast care cere adresa MAC a dispozitivului
destinaiesauanexthopului.RspunsulvafiunpachetdetipARP
reply ce conine adresa MAC cutat, informaie ce va fi introdus n
tabela ARP a dispozitivului care a solicitat requestul. Pachetul este
apoincapsulat,folosindadresaMACobinut,itrimismaideparte.
Reelele seriale (pointtopoint) conin numai dou dispozitive legate
ntreele,decinuvoraveanevoiedeoadresdenivel2nmomentuln
caresetrimiteunpachetpeointerfaserial.
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Rutadefault
Adugndorutdefaultpachetelenuvormaifiaruncate
oricepachetfacematchperutadefault
Cndsefolosete?
cndnicioalrutnudeciderutareaunuipachet
cndunruterareunsingurpunct deieiresprerestulreelei(stubrouter)
17
Comandashowinterfaces
Verificareaconfigurriiinterfeelor
#show interfaces [tip_interfa numr_interfa]
18
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Comanda showinterfaces(2)
Probleme Layer1
cablu deconectat
R1#show interface serial 1/0
Serial1/0 is down, line protocol is down
Probleme Layer2
interfaaserialnuprimetesemnaldeceas
R1#show interface serial 1/0
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is down
19
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Examinareainterfeelorseriale
VerificareaDCE/DTE
#show controllers [tip_interfa numr_interfa]
20
Configurareainterfeelorseriale
Configurareaparametruluiclock-rate peinterfeeleseriale
interfeeleserialenecesitconfigurareavitezeidecomunicaie(clockrate),
pentruaputeafunciona
echipamentulcaredtactuldeceastrebuiesafieDCE
(config-if)#clock rate <valoare>
21
Troubleshooting
Verificareaintroduceriirutelorntabeladerutare
#debug ip routing
R1#debug ip routing
IP routing debugging is on
R1#configure terminal
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#shutdown
RT: interface FastEthernet0/0 removed from routing table
RT: delete subnet route to 10.0.0.0/24
RT: NET-RED 10.0.0.0/24
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0,changed state to
administratively down
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
RT: interface FastEthernet0/0 added to routing table
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0,changed state
to up
22
ComenziCDP
Afiareavecinilor
R1#show cdp neighbors
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater
Device ID
R2
R2
Local Intrfce
Ser 1/0
Fas 0/0
Holdtme
129
178
Capability
R S I
R S I
Platform
3640
3640
Port ID
Ser 1/0
Eth 0/0
AfiareainformaiilordeLayer3iacapabilitilorvecinilor
R1#show cdp neighbors detail
------------------------Device ID: R2
Entry address(es):
IP address: 10.0.0.2
Platform: Cisco 3640, Capabilities: Router Switch IGMP
Interface: Serial1/0, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial1/0
Holdtime : 160 sec
Version :
Cisco IOS Software, 3600 Software (C3640-JS-M), Version 12.4(12)
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
23
ComenziCDP (2)
Pornirea protocolului peinterfa
(config-if)#cdp enable
24
Configurarearutelorstatice
Sintaxacomenziiip route
(config)#ip route adres-reea subnet-mask
{adres-ip | interfa-de-ieire}
Nusepune doarinterfaadeieirencazulreelelormultiacces,
trebuieobligatoriunexthop
25
Pentruaadugaoreearemotentabeladerutareaunuiruternmod
static,sevafolosicomandaip route. Aceastavaprimicaparametri
adresareeleiremote,mascaeidereea,iadresaiparuteruluinext
hop sauinterfaadeieire.
Sepoateverificaadugareanoiiruteprinactivareaprocesuluidebug
sauprinfolosireacomenziishow ip routedupadugarearutei.
n cazul unei reele stub este recomandat configurarea unei rute
default deoarece pachetele pot iei din reea doar pe o singur cale.
Rutadefaultvaaveaadresadereea0.0.0.0imasca/0.
ncazulreelelormultiaccesssevaconfigura adresa IP a urmtorului
hopdeoarecedoarprinconfigurareainterfeeideieire ruterul nu va
avea suficiente informaii pentru a determina dispozitivul nexthop.
Aadar, fr a cunoate ipul nexthopului, ruterul nu va ti ce
adresMACdestinaiesncapsulezencadrulEthernetdenivel2.
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RutestaticecuinterfeeEthernet
ReeauaEthernetestemultiacces
nusepoatespecificadoarinterfaadeieirepentrucpotexistamaimulte
destinaiipeaceeaiinterfa
trebuiessespecificenexthop
Configurarearutei
R1(config)#ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 fastEthernet 0/0 10.0.0.2
Afiarearutei
S
26
Rutelestaticentabeladerutare
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0
S
S
C
S
C
S*
27
Modificareauneirutestatice
Nusepoatemodificaorutstaticdejacreat
sevatergeisevacreaoalta
28
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Rutestaticesumarizate
Sesumarizeaz,acoloundeesteposibil,pentruaavea
tabelederutarecumaipuineintrri
rutele nesumarizate trebuie terse
29
Troubleshootingpentrurutestatice
Afiareatabeleiderutare
show ip route
Afiareastatusuluiinterfeelordeperouter
VerificareaconectivitiiLayer2cuvecinii
show cdp neighbors detail
Testareaaccesuluintresursidestinaie
ping
Testareatraseuluidelasursladestinaie
traceroute
30
Existmulteproblemecarepotapreantroreea,delacdereaunei
interfee pn la o comand greit introdus de administrator. n
aceste cazuri conectivitatea reelei poate fi uor compromis. Rolul
administratorului de reea este s rezolve astfel de poteniale situaii
aprute. n acest scop exist mai multe unelte care pot ajuta la
depanareareelei:
show ip route ofer informaii detaliate despre starea
interfeeloriaruteloractivedintabeladerutare
show ip interface brief afieazsumarstareainterfeelor
show cdp neighbours detail ofer informaii detaliate
despretoatedispozitiveledirectconectatecuechipamentullocal
ping testeazconectivitateadintredoudispozitive
traceroute identific locaia unde se poate bloca un pachet
ntresursidestinaie,afindadreseleparcursedepachet
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Mesaje delogging
Mesaje privind schimbrinconfiguraie,erori,alerte,etc.
Sincronizareaafiriilogurilorcupromptul
(config-line)#logging synchronous
31
Demulteori,sistemuldeoperareafieazdiversemesajeinformative
frafisolicitatedeadministrator(schimbareadescrieriiuneiinterfee
genereaz un mesaj). Aceste mesaje pot crea unui administrator de
reea posibile dificulti de vizualizare n momentul introducerii
diferitelor comenzi de configurare. Dei aceste mesaje nu afecteaz
comenzileutilizatoruluinniciunfel,elepotfiderutante,lucrupentru
care se obinuiete s se separe mesajele sistemului de operare de
comanda care este scris. Acest lucru se realizeaz automat dup
introducereacomenziilogging synchronous nmodulconfigline accesatprincomandaline console 0.
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Rezumat
Conectori
DTE/DCE
CDP
Rutestatice
Principiiderutare
Rutadefault
Cutarerecursivntabeladerutare
Sumarizarederute
32
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Capitolul3:
Introduceren
protocoalederutare
dinamice
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RIPv2
Update-uri
de rutare
metric
OSPF
BGP
EIGRP
RIPng
ISIS
Protocoalederutare soluii
Unprotocolderutareeficientiscalabiltrebuiesaducsoluiila
urmtoareleprobleme:
cumsepotmenineinformaiilemereuactualizatentabelelederutare?
cumsedeterminceamaibuncalespreodestinaie?
ctderepedepoatespropageprotocolulomodificareaprutnreea?
ctderepedepoatesgseascprotocolulocalealternativspreo
destinaie?
?
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
Principaleleproblemecaretrebuierezolvatedeprotocoaleledinamice
de rutare i care determin o anumit ierarhizare n privina
performaneloracestorasuntreprezentatede:
modul n care se pot menine informaiile mereu actualizate n
tabelelederutareprinschimbriperiodicedemesajesauprinprocese
declanatedemodificrintopologie
determinarea celei mai bune ci ctre destinaie prin utilizarea unui
algoritminternnfunciedeanumiiparametri
viteza de propagare a unei modificri aprute n reea i anume
diminuarea timpului necesar pentru a anuna o eventual schimbare
ctre celelalte rutere din topologie, dar totodat i viteza de
determinare a unei ci alternative spre destinaie n urma procesrii
datelorgeneratedemodificrileaprute ntopologie
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Protocoalederutare componente
Structuridedate
tabelesaubazededatesalvatenRAM
Algoritmulintern
folositpentruadeterminacaleaceamaibunspredestinaie
Mesajeleprotocoluluiderutare
interschimbatedevecini
folositepentru:
descoperireavecinilordirectconectai
transmitereadeupdateuricuinformaiiderutare
Recapitulare:Rutareastatic
Avantaje:
consumminimderesurse(CPU,memorie,limedeband)
uordeconfiguratidedepanat(nreelemici)
comportamentcompletprevizibil
Dezavantaje:
oricemodificareseexecutexclusivmanual(nu
scaleaz)
nudetecteaznicioschimbarenreea
Utilizrigenerale:
rutectrediversezonedereeaundenuruteaz
protocoalederutare
rutedefaultlamargineareelei
Rutelestaticesuntintrodusemanualdeadministrator,spredeosebire
deruteledinamicecaresuntgeneratedeunprotocolderutare.Orut
staticaparentabeladerutaredoardacinterfaadeieireasociat
acesteia este activ. Spre deosebire de rutarea dinamic, rutarea
static nu folosete resurse adiionale de lime de band, timp de
procesorsaumemorienecesarefuncionriiprotocoalelorderutare.
Un alt avantaj al rutrii statice este efortul redus necesar pentru
configurarea i administrarea reelelor de dimensiuni mici, n care
implementareaunuiprotocoldinamicderutarearnsemnaunconsum
inutilderesurse.
Dimensiunile reelelor actuale nu permit folosirea exclusiv a rutrii
statice,darsuntsituaiincarefolosirearutelorstaticeestenecesar,
cu scopul de a fi redistribuite apoi n protocoalele de rutare interne,
saudeaseasiguraconectivitateancazulreelelordetipstub.
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ClasificareanfunciedeASuri:
protocoaleIGP (InteriorGatewayProtocol)
ruteazdoarninteriorulunuiAS
RIPv2,ISIS,OSPF,EIGRP
protocoaleEGP (ExteriorGatewayProtocol)
ruteazinformaiintreASuri
BGP
IGP&EGP
DistinciantreIGPuriiEGPurisefacepebazascalabilitii
unruterceruleazBGPtrebuiessuportentreagatabelderutarea
Internetului(~300.000derute)
AS100
Exemple EGP:
BGP
AS999
AS200
Exemple IGP:
RIP
EIGRP
OSPF
ISIS
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
OcerinesenialpentruunprotocoldetipEGPesteputereasporit
deprocesareaunortabelesemnificativmaimaridectcelentlniten
interiorulunuiAS.OtabelderutarenInternet,careesteschimbat
ntre dou rutere de grani din sisteme autonome diferite, poate
cuprindeaproximativ180.000derute.
OaltcaracteristicaprotocoalelordetipEGPesteceadeflexibilitate,
BGPul folosind un algoritm complex de comparare a dou sau mai
multerute.
Pe de alt parte, cerinele de convergen pentru un EGP sunt destul
dereduse,datoritfaptuluiclegturiledenucleusuntfoartestabile.
Astfel, timpul de convergen pentru BGP este de ordinul orelor mai
degrabdectalminutelor.
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Distancevectori Linkstate
Distancevector:
rutelesuntdescriseprindistan idirecie
ruterelenuauovederecompletatopologiei
folosescupdateuriperiodice
updateurilenuincontdeinformaiiledejatrimiseanterior
setrimittabelelederutarentregi
Linkstate:
rutereledeinovederetopologiccompletareelei
ruterelevecinemeninadiacene
updateurilesunttrimisedoarcndenecesar
updateurilepotdescriedoarmodificrileaprutenreea
BGPeuncazspecial,consideratunprotocolpathvector
Clasificare (rezumat)
Classful vs classless
Protocoalederutareclassful
NUTRIMITmascadereeanupdateurilederutare
exemple:RIPv1,IGRP
cucemascvaintroduceruteruloastfelderutntabel?
Protocoalederutareclassless
TRIMITmascadereeanupdateurilederutare
exemple:RIPv2,EIGRP,OSPF,ISIS,BGP
ceavantajeprezintunastfeldecomportament?
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.1.8/29
Classful vs classless
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.12.0/30
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.1.0/28
10
Convergenlent:RIP,IGRP
Convergenrapid:OSPF,EIGRP,ISIS
11
Hopuri
192.68.1.0
Reea
Hopuri
Reea
Hopuri
192.68.1.0
192.68.1.0
12
Unprotocolderutarepoatesfurnizezedousaumaimulterutectre
aceeai destinaie i astfel este necesar specificarea unui mecanism
decompararearutelorntreele.nacestscopestefolositmetrica.
Metricauneirutereprezintunnumr,rezultatdinapreciereacalitii
unui drum spre o anumit destinaie conform unor criterii, specific
fiecrui protocol de rutare. Astfel, nu are sens compararea metricilor
unorruteobinuteprinprotocoalederutarediferite.
n funcie de algoritmul intern de determinare a cii optime
caracteristic fiecrui protocol, metrica este aleas depinznd de
parametrii mai mult sau mai puin compleci. RIP spre exemplu
folosete o metric simpl ce determin numrul de rutere pe care
rutarespectivleatraversatnaintedeaajungenpunctulcurent.Alte
protocoale mai avansate pot folosi metrici complexe care s includ:
limeadeband(bandwidth)sauncrcareauneilegturi(load).
__________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________
Tipuri demetrici
Protocoalelederutarefolosescdiferitevaloripentruamsura
rutele:
hopcount
bandwidth
cost
delay
load
reliability
diversecombinaiialeacestora
B
56kbps
16Mbps
A
4Mbps
DelaAlaB:
RIPalegelegturade56K
OSPFalegelegtura4M16M
13
O
R
C
O
14
showip route[address]
Comandashow ip route poateafiainformaiispecifice
pentrufiecarerut
Pentruaafiadoarruteleunuianumitprotocolsefolosete:
show ip route [protocol]
15
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__________________________________________________________
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Loadbalancing
Equalcostloadbalancing
abilitateaunuiruterdeafolosimultiplecispreaceeaidestinaie,dac
acesteaaumetriciegale
majoritateaprotocoalelorderutarepotintroducecimultiplentabelade
rutare
Unequalcostloadbalancing
rutelespredestinaiepotaveametricidiferite,darntruninterval
predefinit
Router#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R
16
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OSPFAD=110
EIGRPAD=90
17
Dousaumaimulteprotocoalederutarediferitepotsfurnizezecte
o cale ctre aceeai destinaie, cu aceeai adres i masc de reea
ataat. Criteriul principal de difereniere a rutelor generate este
reprezentatdedistanaadministrativ(AD).Rutacuvaloareadistanei
administrativemaimicestepreferatiintrodusntabeladerutare.
Aadar,distanaadministrativesteovaloarecereprezintgradul de
preferin pentru originea unei anumite rute. n practic, aceasta
determin o ierarhie bine definit a tuturor modurilor posibile prin
careorutpoatefidobndit.
n cadrul aceluiai protocol de rutare, diferenierea rutelor se va face
pe baza valorii metricii, ruta cu o valoare mai mic a acesteia fiind
introdusntabeladerutare.
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__________________________________________________________
D
D
C
C
C
18
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Valori ADstandard
Sursarutei
Distanaadministrativ
Directconectat
Static
RutsumarizatEIGRP
RutBGPextern
20
RutEIGRPintern
90
IGRP
100
OSPF
110
ISIS
115
RIP
120
RutEIGRPextern
170
RutBGPintern
200
Valorilestandardpotfimodificate doarlaCCNP
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
19
Distaneleadministrativepentrucelemaiutilizateprotocoalederutare
sunt precizate n tabelul alturat. Se remarc valorile pentru
urmtoareletipuriderute:
Directconectate:0
Statice:1
RIP:120
EIGRP:90
OSPF:110
nfunciedevalorileADurilorsepotefectuaurmtoareleconcluzii:AD
RIP > AD EIGRP deoarece EIGRP este mai performant dect RIP, AD
IGRP> ADEIGRPdeoareceEIGRPafostdezvoltatcaombuntirea
IGRP. Rutele externe vor avea o distan administrativ mai mare
datoritfaptuluicsuntprovenitedinaltedomeniiderutare.
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__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
R1#show ip route
S
20
Rutelestaticesuntintrodusemanualdectreadministratorulde reea
cu scopul de a configura o cale optim ctre destinaie. Valoarea
implicitadistaneiadministrativearutelor statice este 1, deci, dup
ruteledirectconectatecareaudistanaadministrativegalcu0sunt
preferaterutelestatice.
Rutele statice pot fi configurate utiliznd adresa IP nexthop sau
interfaa de ieire, n ambele cazuri avnd distana administrativ
implicit, i anume 1. Totui, n cazul rutelor statice configurate
folosind interfaa de ieire, valoarea distanei administrative nu este
afiat la introducerea comenzii show ip route. Rutele direct
conectate vor aprea n tabela de rutare imediat dup configurarea
adreselorIPpeinterfeeiactivareaacestora.Distanaadministrativ
fiind0,vafintotdeaunarutapreferat.
ncazulncareorutstaticconfiguratnuaparentabeladerutare
sevaverificadacinterfaadeieireesteconfiguratcorectiactivat.
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Rezumat
Funciileprotocoalelorderutare
InteriorGatewayProtocols(IGP)
ExteriorGatewayProtocols(EGP)
Classfuliclassless
DistancevectoriLinkstate
Distanaadministrativ(AD)
Metrica
21
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Capitolul5:
RIPv1
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CaracteristiciRIPv1
ProtocolDistanceVector
Numruldehopuri(HopCount)reprezintmetrica
ometricmaimarestrictca15facecarutasfieunreachable
Mesajeledenotificare
sunttransmisentrevecinisubformdebroadcast
sunttrimiselafiecare30desecunde
sunttransmisepesteUDP,port520
Nusemaifolosetenreallife!
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FormatulmesajelorRIPv1
1=Request
2=Reply
Command
1=RIPv1
2=RIPv2
Version
Content
Date
2=IP
AddressFamilyIdentifier
IPAddress
Metric
0=Requestpentrutoattabelade
rutare
Adresadestinaie(dereea,
subnetsauhost)
Hopcount,ntre1i16
CmpurilemesajelordeupdatefolositedeprotocolulRIPv1sempart
ndouseciuni:
RIP header care include cmpurile command, n care se specific
tipul mesajului (Request sau Reply), version care poate s aib
valoarea 1 pentru RIPv1, respectiv valoarea 2 pentru RIPv2 i cmpul
must be zero, cmp ce ofer spaiu pentru o dezvoltare ulterioar a
protocolului
RouteEntry estedescrisdecmpurile:AddressFamilyIdentifier,
care poate conine dou valori, 2 pentru IP i 0 dac ruterul solicit
ntreaga tabel de rutare; IP Address, n care este specificat adresa
destinaie;icmpulmetric,ncareestemenionatmetricaspecific
protocoluluiRIPv1,ianumenumruldehopuri
UnupdateRIPpoateconinemaxim25deintrri,dimensiuneamaxim
acadruluifiind504bytes,fraincludeanteteleIPsauUDP.
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Procesuldecerere/rspuns
Rutareclassless/classful
RIPv1nutrimitemascadereeanupdate
sefolosetedemascapuspeinterfee
sefolosetedeclase
ClasaA
255
Network
ClasaB
255
Network
0
Host
0
Host
255
Network
0
Host
0
Host
0
Host
ClasaC
255
Network
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
255
Network
255
Network
0
Host
5
SpaiulIPv4estempritntreiclaseprincipale:A,BiC.Fiecareclas
areatribuit o masc dereeaimplicit:clasaAaremasca/8,clasaB,
/16,iarclasaC,/24.
RIPv1 este un protocol de rutare classful. Acest lucru nseamn c
reelele direct conectate vor fi anunate n pachetele de update fr
mascaloraferent.Aadar,unrutervainstalarutaprimitcumascade
reeaconfiguratpeinterfaalocal,doardacreeauaanunatface
parte din aceeai clas major cu IPul configurat pe interfaa
respectiv.Altfel,sevasalvacumascadereeaspecificclaseidincare
face parte IPul rutei. Datorit acestei limitri, adresarea reelelor
configurate folosind RIPv1 nu poate fi discontinu i nici nu poate
suportamtidereeadelungimevariabil(VLSM).
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Distanaadministrativ
RIPareAD=120
maipuinpreferatfadeISIS,IGRP,OSPF,EIGRP
Router# show ip route
Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,
C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
* - candidate default route, IA - OSPF inter area route,
i - IS-IS derived, ia - IS-IS, U - per-user static route,
o - on-demand routing, M - mobile, P - periodic downloaded static route,
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, E1 - OSPF external type 1 route,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route
Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0
R
R
R
R
Distanaadministrativreprezintovaloarecuprinsntre0i255care
desemneaz un grad de ncredere sau preferin pentru anumite
rute, n detrimentul altora. O rut cu o distan administrativ mai
mic va fi ntotdeauna preferat de ruter i instalat n tabela de
rutare.
RIP are distana administrativ 120. Comparat cu alte protocoale
interne de rutare, RIP este cel mai puin preferat protocol, n special
datoritlimitrilornprivinaperformaneiiascalabilitii.Ulteriorau
fost dezvoltate i alte protocoale mai complexe cum sunt ISIS, OSPF,
IGRP i EIGRP. Datorit tehnologiilor implementate, acestea au o
distanadministrativmaimicdectRIP.
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Interfeepasive
InterfeeconfiguratenRIP,pecarenusetransmitupdateuri
Avantaj fa de scoaterea definitiv a adresei interfeei din
protocol
adresainterfeeiestepropagatncontinuarederuter
Folositepentruanuconsumabandwidthitimpdeprocesarecu
updateurinedorite
Updateurilenedoritepotcreagurinsecuritate
Boundaryrouter
Interconecteaz
H2
10.0.2.0/24
doureelediscontinue
Boundary
router
10.0.3.0/24
R2
192.168.2.0/24
H1
H3
R1
10.0.1.0/24
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
R3
192.168.1.0/24
8
Fiindunprotocolderutareclassful,RIPv1vasumarizaautomatreelele
conformadresriiclassful.nfigur,seobservcR2esteconectatla
mai multe reele classful, din aceast cauz ruterul R2 este considerat
un ruter de tip boundary router.
DeoareceboundaryruterulR2vasumarizasubreeleleRIPlaoclas
major, updateurile pentru reelele 10.0.1.0/24, 10.0.2.0/24 i
10.0.3.0/24 vor anuna reeauaclassful 10.0.0.0/8 pe interfaa serial
ctre R3. Aadar, ruterul R3 va instala o singur rut n tabela de
rutare,sumarizndtoatecele3subreele.
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Regulideprocesareaupdateurilor (1)
Reeauadestinaie dinupdateaparineaceleiaiclasemajore cu
interfaapecareavenitupdateul
mascainterfeeipecaresaprimitupdateulvacoincidecumascarutein
tabeladerutare
Reeauadestinaiedinupdatenuaparineaceleiaiclasemajore
cuinterfaapecareavenitupdateul
rutaadugatntabeladerutareestesumarizatautomatlaclasamajor
dincarefaceparte
Regulideprocesareaupdateurilor (2)
R1vaavea3subneturin
tabeladerutarepentrureeaua
H2
10.0.2.0/24
10.0.0.0
R3vatidoarrutapentru
reeaua10.0.0.0
R2
10.0.3.0/24
11.0.3.0/24
H1
H3
10.0.1.0/24
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
R1
R3
192.168.1.0/24
10
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Avantajelesumarizriiautomate
La limita dintre dou clase diferite sunt trimise updateuri
sumarizate,careconsumpuinlimedeband
Tabeladerutareestemic,aadarcutrilesuntrapide
Pentruexemplulanterior,tabelaruteruluiR3aratastfel:
R3#show ip route
R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.3.2, 0:01:00, Serial0/0
11.0.3.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C
11.0.3.3 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
11
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Dezavantajelesumarizriiautomate (1)
LipsasuportuluipentruVLSMipierdereaconectivitii
10.0.2.128/25
H2
H1
R1
11.0.0.0/24
10.0.1.0/24
R2
10.0.2.128/25
R1#show ip route
C
C
10.0.0.0/24
10.0.1.0
11.0.0.0/24
11.0.0.0
is
is
is
is
subnetted, 1 subnets
directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
subnetted, 1 subnets
directly connected, Loopback0
12
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Dezavantajelesumarizriiautomate (2)
H2
Lipsasuportuluipentru
11.0.0.0/24
reelediscontinue
R2vaavearutpentru
10.0.0.0/8iprinR1,i
prinR3 sepierdpachete
R2
H1
H3
10.0.1.0/24
R1
R3
10.0.2.0/24
13
ConfigurareRIP
ActivareRIP
(config)#router rip
Moduldeconfigurarealprotocolului
R1(config-router)#
DezactivareRIP
(config)#no router rip
14
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Comandanetwork
ActiveazRIPpetoateinterfeelespecificate
trimiteupdateuripeinterfaarespectiv
ascultupdateuridepeinterfaarespectiv
Anunreeleleconfiguratenupdateuriletrimisevecinilor
Comandaesteprindefiniieclassful
Sintaxa
(config-router)#network
direct-conectat]
[adres-de-reea-classful-
15
naintecaprotocolulspoatefectivfunciona,ruterultrebuiestie
ce interfee vor fi folosite pentru a comunica cu ruterele vecine i ce
reele vor fi anunate n protocolul de rutare. Comanda network
specific aceste informaii prin introducerea adresei classful a uneia
sau mai multor reele direct conectate. Fiind o comand cu un
comportamentclassful,ncazcadministratorulspecificunsubnetal
unei reele classful ca parametru al comenzii network, sistemul de
operare va converti respectiva reea la clasa major din care face
parte.
Comanda network activeaz RIP pe toate interfeele care se
ncadreaz n adresa de reea specificat ca parametru, i adaug
reeleledincareacesteafacpartenupdateurileRIP.
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Specificarea reelelornRIP
Deisepotspecificaadresedehostcucomandanetwork,IOSul
corecteazinputul
R(config)#router rip
R(config-router)#network 172.16.0.1
R(config-router)#network 12.0.0.2
R#show running-config
!
router rip
network 12.0.0.0
network 172.16.0.0
!
16
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Verificareaconfigurrii
Verificareacprotocolulestefuncionalpeointerfa
# show ip interface brief
Verificareaparametrilorprotocolului
# show ip protocols
Diagnosticareaprotocolului
# debug ip rip
17
naintedeconfigurareaoricruiprotocolderutare,trebuiesexisteo
configuraie IP a cel puin unei interfee active. Informaii sumare
despre fiecare interfa a unui ruter pot fi obinute prin folosirea
comenziishow ip interface brief.
Rutele propagate prin RIP pot fi vizualizate n tabela de rutare prin
comanda show ip route. Pentru vizualizarea informaiilor
generale despre toate protocoalele de rutare care ruleaz la un
moment dat, exist comanda show ip protocols. Comanda
afieaz interfeele active din fiecare protocol de rutare, comenzile
network introduse i vecinii cu care se realizeaz schimbul de
informaii.
Pentruoexaminaremaiamnunitauneiproblemedeconectivitate
aprute ntro reea configuratcu RIP, se folosete comanda debug
ip rip careafieazunoutputalctuitdintoateproceselegenerate
deprotocolulRIP.
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Comandashowipprotocols (1)
1. Protocoalelederutareactive
R2#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip
***output omitted***
2. Timerelefolositeivalorilelor
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 24 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
18
Comandashowipprotocols (2)
3. FiltraredeupdateuriiredistribuirenumaicuRIP
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
***output omitted***
4. InterfeelepecareRIPesteactivativersiuneadeRIPacceptat
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Default version control:
Interface
Ethernet0/0
Serial1/0
Loopback0
Loopback1
***output omitted***
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
19
ProtocolulderutareRIPoferposibilitateafiltrriianumitorupdateuri
n funcie de o serie de criterii bine stabilite, dar i posibilitatea
redistribuiriianumitorrutencadruldomeniuluiderutare.Unscenariu
des ntlnit este acela n care crem pe un boundaryrouter o rut
default ctre exterior i o redistribuim n tot protocolul de rutare
pentru ca astfel pachetele cu destinaie necunoscut s fie dirijate
ctreacesta.
n continuare, n outputul comenzii show ip protocols sunt
incluse informaii legate de versiunea protocolului, dar i interfeele
careparticiplaprocesuldetrimiteresiprimireaupdateurilor.
__________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________
Comandashowipprotocols (3)
5. Sumarizare automat, la clasa adresei i equal cost load
balancing
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
***output omitted***
6. ReeleleclassfulconfiguratecuRIP
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
***output omitted***
20
noutputesteprecizatfaptulcsumarizareaautomatesteactivatn
cadrul protocolului de rutare prin mesajul: Automatic network
summarization is in effect. Astfel, dac RIPv1 identific mai multe
subneturiaparinndaceleiaireelemajoreicareutilizeazaceeai
caledeieire,vareduceruteleindividualelaosingurrutclassful.
ncazcprotocolulRIPv1vainstalantabeladerutaremaimulterute
ctreaceeaidestinaieavndaceeaimetric,numrulmaximdeci
pecareRIPv1poaterealizaequalcostloadbalancing esteegalcu4.
Reelele classful configurate cu ajutorul comenzii network sunt
afiate n continuare n output. Aceste reele vor fi incluse n update
urileRIPv1ivorfitrimisemaidepartevecinilordincadruldomeniului
derutare.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Comandashowipprotocols (4)
7. Adreselevecinilorcucarecomunicprinupdateuri
includeADvecin,cndsaprimitultimulupdatedelavecin
ultimalinieafieazaADulruterului
R2#show ip protocols
***output omitted***
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
10.0.0.1
120
12.0.0.1
120
Distance: (default is 120)
***output omitted***
Last Update
00:00:11
00:00:24
21
Vecinii RIP sunt afiai sub forma unui tabel n care sunt incluse
urmtoareledetalii:
Gatewayul adresaIPavecinuluicaretrimiteupdateuri
Distance distanaadministrativfolositpentruupdateuriletrimise
devecin
Last Update contorizeaz secundele scurse de la ultimul update
primitdelavecin
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__________________________________________________________
Interfeepasive
Configurarepentruanutrimiteupdateuripeinterfa
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#passive-interface fastEthernet 0/0
Interfaa Fa0/0 face parte din reeaua 10.0.0.0 pentru care RIP
ncruteaz
R1#show ip protocols
Interface
Send Recv Triggered RIP
Serial1/0
1
1 2
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
Passive Interface(s):
FastEthernet0/0
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
Key-chain
22
PropagareauneirutedefaultnRIP (1)
Ruterul pe care este pus ruta default trebuie configurat cu
comanda
(config-router)#default-information originate
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial 0/0
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#default-information originate
R1#debug ip rip
*Mar 1 00:34:43.343: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255
via FastEthernet0/0 (10.0.1.1)
*Mar
*Mar
*Mar
23
PropagareauneirutedefaultnRIP (2)
Celelalteruterevoraveaurmtoareaintrarentabeladerutaren
urmaprocesriiupdateurilor
R2#show ip route
Gateway of last resort is 10.0.1.1 to network 0.0.0.0
C
C
R
R*
24
Aadar,orutdefaultvafiinstalatpetoaterutereledindomeniulde
rutareRIP,putndfivizualizatntabeladerutareaacestora.Aceasta
este identificat prin caracterul R deoarece este nvat prin
protocolul de rutare RIP, alturi de caracterul *, indicnd o rut
default.
Ruterulcareorigineazrutadefaultsevaanunapesinecafiindnext
hop al acesteia, fiind astfel folosit de ctre toi vecinii ca destinaie
pentrunouarutinstalatntabeladerutare.
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__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Rezumat
DistanceVector
FormatulmesajelorRIPv1
Cerere/rspunsRIPv1
Regulideprocesareaupdateurilor
Avantaje/dezavantajesumarizareautomat
Propagarearuteidefault
Interfeepasive
25
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__________________________________________________________
Capitolul4:
Protocoalederutare
DistanceVector
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__________________________________________________________
ProtocoaleleDistanceVector (1)
CeimplicideeadeDistanceVector?
rutelesuntreinuteipropagatesubformaunuivector
fiecareintrarereinereeauadestinaie,direciactreeaidistanapn
laea
UnrutercarefoloseteunprotocolDistanceVector
nucunoatetoatcaleapecarevafitransmisunpachet
cunoateurmtorulhop
cunoatedistanapnlareea
Unprotocoldistancevectorireinerutelenformaunuivectorde
distan i de direcie. Distana, n acest context, se definete cu
ajutorul unei metrici. Aceast metric poate fi reprezentat, de
exemplu,denumruldehopuri(protocolulRIP)sausepoatereferila
bandwidth, delay, relability, load, MTU (protocolul EIGRP). Direcia
reprezint urmtorul hop, sau interfaa pe care ruterul trimite
pachetectreoanumitreea.
Dac un ruter folosete un protocol distance vector, acesta va
cunoate direcia pe care o va lua un pachet i distana pn la
destinaie. Totui, ruterul nu va ti ntreaga cale ctre reeaua
destinaie.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
ProtocoaleleDistanceVector (2)
Efectueazupdateuri periodice prinbroadcastsaumulticast
Protocoaleledistancevectorprezintunsetdecaracteristicicomune:
Sunt trimise updateuri periodice ctre vecini, la intervale fixe, chiar
dac topologia reelei nu sa schimbat pe parcursul unui anumit
intervaldetimp.
Vecinii unui ruter sunt acele rutere care sunt direct conectate la
acestaicarefolosescacelaiprotocolderutare.
Updateurilesunttrimiseprin broadcast.Ruterelevecinevorprocesa
aceste updateuri. Toate celelalte echipamente din reea vor
decapsulaacestepachetepnlanivelul3,dupcarelevorarunca.
Updateuricutabeladerutarevorfitrimisedeprotocoaleledistance
vector, cu cteva excepii (EIGRP), ctre vecinii si. Vecinii care
primesc aceste updateuri vor procesa ntregul pachet pentru a gsi
informaiipertinenteivoraruncarestuldatelor.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
ProtocoaleleDistanceVector (3)
Oricerutericunoatedoarveciniidireci
Setrimite ntreaga tabel derutare vecinilor
192.168.0.0/30
192.168.0.16/30
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
172.16.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
172.16.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/0
nacestexemplu,cele3rutereitrimittabeladerutarenumaictre
veciniilor.Seobservcprimulrutertrimiteunpachetctrealdoilea
ruter, dar nu i ctre al treilea ruter, n timp ce ruterul 2 trimite
pacheteruterului1i3.
Un protocol distance vector va folosi un algoritm specific pentru
instalarearutelorntabeladerutare,pentrutrimitereadeupdateuri
veciniloripentruluareadeciziilorderutare.Acestavaaveadefinite
urmtoarelemecanisme:
Mecanismpentruprimireaitrimitereainformaieiderutare
Mecanismpentrucalculareacelormaieficienteruteiinstalarealor
ntabeladerutare
Mecanism pentru detectarea i adaptarea la schimbri n topologia
reelei
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
ProtocoaleleDistanceVector (4)
Tabeladerutaredupprimulupdate
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0/30
S0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/0
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
Fa0/0
172.16.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
S0/1
1
5
ncazuldefa,celetreirutereprimescinformaiidesprecelpuino
reea anterior necunoscut. Fiecare ruter va analiza independent
updateulprimit,vacalculaceamaiscurtcalectrenoileadresede
reea, iar apoi acestea vor fi adugate sau actualizate n tabela de
rutare.
Atuncicndunruterprimeteunupdatecareconinentreagatabel
derutareaunuivecin,vapstranumaiparteadinpachetcareiaduce
informaii noi, iar pe cealalt o va arunca. Astfel, ruterul 2 trimite
ctre ruterul 1 ambele adrese aflate n tabela sa de rutare
(192.168.0.0, 192.168.0.16), dar ruterul 1 instaleaz numai ruta pe
care nu o cunotea (192.168.0.16). La primirea unei rute deja
existententabeladerutare,darcuometricmaibun,vechearut
vafiactualizatconformnoilorinformaiiprimite.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
ProtocoaleleDistanceVector (5)
Tabeladerutaredupaldoileaupdate
Putemobservacreeauaaconvers
192.168.0.16/30
192.168.0.0/30
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
172.16.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
S0/1
10.0.0.0
S0/0
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
ProtocoaleleDistanceVector (6)
Avantaje
configurareintreineresimpl
consumulderesursealruteruluiesteredus
Dezavantaje
timpdeconvergenridicat
scalabilitatelimitat
potapreabuclederutare
Buclederutare (1)
Exemplu:Problemacounttoinfinity
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0/30
R1
S0/0
S0/1
S0/0
10.0.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
192.168.0.16/30
R2
S0/0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
Buclederutare (2)
Reeaua 10.0.0.0 devine inaccesibil, simultan R2 trimite un
updateluiR1
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0/30
R1
S0/0
10.0.0.0
R2
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
10.0.0.0
S0/0
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Buclederutare (3)
R1reintroducereeauantabeladerutareitrimiteielupdate
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0/30
R1
S0/0
R2
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
10.0.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
S0/0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
10.0.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
10
Buclederutare (4)
Buclaserepetlainfinit
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0/30
R1
S0/0
R2
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
10.0.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
S0/0
Reea
Interfa
Numrde
hopuri
10.0.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
11
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Buclederutare (5)
Apardatorit cunoateriireduseareeleiiaconvergeneilente
Cumleprevenim?
setareauneivalori maxime ametriciiuneirute
holddowntimer(ruterelesuntinstruitesignoreupdateuridespreo
anumitrutunintervaldetimp)
12
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Buclederutare (6)
Cumleprevenim?
splithorizon(orutnuestetrimisnapoipecaleapeundeafostnvat)
poisonreverse(sefaceunupdatecuometricinfinit pentrurutelecare
devininaccesibile)
cmpulTTLdinantetulIP(asigurcpachetelenuvorcirculalainfinit)
13
RIP
Protocolopenstandard
Metricafolosit:numruldehopuri
metricamaxim pentru oreeaestede15 nupoatefifolositnreelede
diametrumaimarede15
Trimiteupdateurilafiecare30desecunde(implicit)
Trimite iupdateuriprovocatedemodificrialetopologiei
(triggeredupdates)
Equalcostloadbalancing
14
Equalcostloadbalancing
Avndmaimultelegturicuaceeaimetricsempartetraficuln
modegalpeele
Kb
512
/s
512Kb/s
512
K
b/s
15
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
RIPv1(1)
Updatetimer duratapn latrimitereaurmtoruluiupdatede
rutare (implicit30secunde)
Invalidtimer duratapncndorutestemarcatnevalid
(setareametricii16)daclipsetedinupdateurilevecinilor
(implicit180secunde)
Holddowntimer folositpentruprevenireabuclelorderutare
(implicit180secunde)
Flushtimer duratapncndrutelenevalidesuntscoasedin
tabeladerutare(implicit240secunde)
16
RIPv1(2)
Aflareatimpuluitrecutdelaultimulupdate
Router#show ip route
Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,
C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
* - candidate default route, IA - OSPF inter area route,
i - IS-IS derived, ia - IS-IS, U - per-user static route,
o - on-demand routing, M - mobile, P - periodic downloaded static route,
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, E1 - OSPF external type 1 route,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route
R
R
R
R
17
RIPv1(3)
Afiareatimerelorprotocolului
Router#show ip protocols
18
RIPv2
FoloseteSplitHorizoniPoisonReverse
Funcioneaz classless
Aremetodedeautentificare
Suport VLSM
Suportsumarizareamanualarutelor
19
SplitHorizon (1)
R1propagruta10.0.0.0ctreR2
192.168.0.16/30
192.168.0.0/30
Fa0/0
R2
R1
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
R3
S0/1
Fa0/0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
10.0.0.0
20
Splithorizonestefolositpentruaprevenibuclelederutarecauzatede
timpul de convergen crescut. Aceast regul spune c un ruter nu
poatetransmiteunupdatecuoanumitreeapeaceeaiinterfape
careaprimitiniialinformaiidespreadresarespectiv.Cndunruter
afl pentru prima oar despre o rut de la unul dintre vecini, se
consider c vecinul respectiv este mai aproape de destinaie. n
consecin,primulruternuivatrimiteupdateurivecinuluiconinnd
acceairutpentruaevitasuprascriereatabeleiderutareaacestuia
cuinformaiineactualizate.
nexempluldemaisus,R1trimiteluiR2unupdatecuadresa10.0.0.0.
R2vaadugaaceastadresntabelasaderutare.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
SplitHorizon (2)
R2transmiteruta10.0.0.0doarctreR3,nuinapoispreR2
192.168.0.16/30
192.168.0.0/30
Fa0/0
R1
R2
S0/0
10.0.0.0
R3
S0/1
S0/0
Fa0/0
S0/0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
10.0.0.0
192.168.0.16/30
192.168.0.0/30
Fa0/0
R1
R2
S0/0
10.0.0.0
PoisonedRoute
MaxMetric
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
R3
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
S0/0
Fa0/0
172.16.0.0
10.0.0.0
21
Respectndregulasplithorizon,ruta10.0.0.0,pecareR2anvaato
delaR1,nuvafiinclusnupdateultrimiscareR1,darvafitransmis
ctreR3.
O metod alternativ de a preveni buclele de rutare este folosirea
tehnicii de route poisoning. Aceasta implic faptul c se va
transmite un update explicit despre rut care va fi marcat ca
inaccesibil,nloccaaceastasnufieinclusnviitoareleupdateuri
i s fie marcat ca invalid la expirarea timerului invalid. Aceast
metodmicoreaztimpuldeconvergen.Updateurilevorconineo
valoareametriciiegalcu16,ceeaceindicnRIPometricinfinit.
Informaia despre reeaua inaccesibil este astfel propagat n
ntreaga reea de ctre ruterele vecine, nemaifiind nevoie s se
atepte pn la expirarea anumitor timere, procesul de convergen
fiindacceleratsemnificativ.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
InteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol
ProtocolproprietarCisco
ProtocolDistanceVector
AfostnlocuitdeprotocolulEIGRP
Folosea oformul nfunciedebandwidth,reliabilityidelay
pentru acalculametrica
Updateurilederutareerau trimiseimplicitla90desecunde
22
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
EIGRP(1)
ProtocolproprietarCisco
ProtocolDistanceVectoravansat
Poatefaceloadbalancingperutedecostinegal (unequalcost
loadbalancing)
FolosetealgoritmulDUALpentruacalculacaleaceamaiscurt
delasurs ladestinaie
Updateurilederutarenusetrimitperiodic,cidoarncazulunor
modificrinreea (triggeredupdates)
23
EIGRP(2)
ProtocolproprietarCisco
ProtocolDistanceVectoravansat
Poatefaceloadbalancingperutedecostinegal (unequalcost
loadbalancing)
FolosetealgoritmulDUALpentruacalculacaleaceamaiscurt
delasurs ladestinaie
Updateurilederutarenusetrimitperiodic,cidoarncazulunor
modificrinreea (triggeredupdates)
24
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Unqualcostloadbalancing
EIGRPpoatedistribuitraficulpelegturinfunciedemetricalor
b/s
8 K
204
512Kb/s
102
4Kb
/s
25
ProtocolulEIGRPvadistribuitraficulpemaimultelegturi,nfuncie
demetricacarelarnduleidepindededelaysibandwidth.Faptulc
inecontdebandwidthictiesfacunequalloadbalancingeste
unavantajmajorncomparaiecuRIP.
EIGRP folosete bounded updates, adic numai ruterele care au
nevoie de o anumit informaie primesc pachetele de update,
minimiznd congestionarea legturilor.O asemnare cu protocoalele
de rutare linkstate este faptul c EIGRP transmite informaii numai
atunci cnd exist o schimbare n topologia reelei incluznd
informaiinumaidespremodificrilecareauavutloc.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Rezumat
AvantajeidezavantajealeprotocalelorDistanceVector
Buclederutare
Splithorizon
Poisonreverse
RIPv1
RIPv2
EIGRP
26
1.Peceadresdestinaiesunttransmiseupdateurileprotocoluluide
rutareRIPv1?
2.Cereprezintproblemacounttoinfinity"icaresuntcauzele
apariieiacesteia?
3.Caresuntmetodeledeprevenireaapariieibuclelorderutare?
4.CaresuntmbuntirileprincipaleadusedeRIPv2ncomparaiecu
RIPv1?
5. Care este algoritmul folosit de EIGRP pentru determinarea rutelor
optimectredestinaie?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Capitolul6:
CIDRiVLSM
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Evoluiaspaiuluideadresare
FolosireaNATia
claselorprivate
Implementate
claseleA,B,C
1969
198
1
1993
199
4
1996
ApariieVLSM
iCIDR
AtuncicndInternetuldeveneapopularprintrecompaniiiinstituiide
cercetare,seconsideracspaiuldeadresarepe32debiiurmasfie
ndeajuns de mare pentru orice evoluie ulterioar a numrului de
utilizatori.AdresareaIPv4esteceamairspnditadresaredenivel3
i n ziua de astzi, permind un numr de 2^32 adrese IP existente
(aproximativ4miliarde).
Dezvoltarea iniial a adresrii IP presupunea existena a 3 clase
majore:clasaA(masc/8),clasaB(masc/16),clasaC(masc/24).
Datorit numrului limitat de posibiliti de adresare, foarte multe
companii primeau mult mai multe adrese dect necesar, majoritatea
rmnndneutilizate.SoluiaavenitsubformaVLSM(VariableLength
SubnetMask)iCIDR(Classlessinterdomainrouting),dariprinNAT
(Network Address Translation), concept care permite mai multor
utilizatori s foloseasc n acelai timp un numr limitat de adrese IP
externe.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Adresareaclassful
ClasaA
Network
Host
Host
Host
/8
ClasaB
Network
Network
Host
Host
/16
ClasaC
Network
Network
Network
Host
/24
Claseleaufostcreatepentruasuportareeledediferitedimensiuni
AdreseleIPeraualocateiniialnfunciedeclas,existnddoar3clase
majore,cuunnumrfixdeadreseIPpentrufiecare.
ClasaA:cuprindeadresedereeaasignabiledela1.0.0.0la126.0.0.0
(0.0.0.0i127.0.0.0suntrezervate),alocatecelormaimaricompaniicu
nevoiextinsedeadresareglobalidatacentere
ClasaB:cuprindeadreseledereeadela128.0.0.0la191.255.255.255
cu un prefix de reea /16, fiind alocate companiilor de dimensiuni
medii
ClasaC:cuprindeadresedereeadela192.0.0.0la223.255.255.255
avndunprefixdereea/24,deobiceialocatecompaniilormici
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Dezavantajeleadresriiclassful
Estetransmisntreagaadresdereea,nlocdesubnet
NusuportVLSM
ClaseleAiBrisipeaumulteadrese
ClasaCofereapreapuineadrese,nunelecazuri
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Rutareaclassful
Protocoalelederutareclassfulnutrimitimascadereeaarutei
folosescmascaspecificfiecreiclase
potfolosimascadepeinterfaafolosit,dacreeauamajorcoincide
172.16.3.0/24
172.16.1.0/24
17 Upd
2.1 ate
6.1
.0
192.168.1.0/24
172.16.2.0/24
10.1.0.0/16
VLSM(VariableLengthSubnetMask)
Permiteutilizareaunormtidereeadeoricedimensiune
fiecare client primete de la ISP un spaiu de adrese potrivit nevoilor de
adresare
CIDR(ClasslessInterDomainRouting)
Standardceimpunerouterelorstransmitimascadereean
pacheteledeupdate
Permite supranetarea (agregarea reelelor) adreselor la orice
suprareea,indiferentdeclasareelei
agregareareelelornmodulclassfulforaagregarealadimensiuneaclasei
aferente
Prinagregarearutelorseobintabelederutaremaimici
Exempledeprotocoaleclassless:
RIPv2,EIGRP,OSPF,ISIS,BGP
Rezumat
Adresareclassful/classless
Rutareclassful
VLSM
CIDR
1.
2.
Careaufostsoluiileimplementatepentrueconomisireaadreselor
IPpubliceexistente?
3.
CereprezintconceptuldeVLSM?
4.
5.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Capitolul7:
RIPv2
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Triggeredupdates
Acelai moddecalcul almetricii
numr maximdehopuri:15
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
RIPv2
classlessidistancevector
masca dereea einclus n updateuri
updateurile sunt multicast
permite autentificarea
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
10.1.0.0/16
Fa0/0
S0/0/0
209.165.200.228/30
S0/0/0
Fa0/0
172.30.1.0/24
Exemplu configurare:
R1
Fa0/1
R2
S0/0/1
209.165.200.232/30
S0/0/1
R3
172.30.100.0/24
Fa0/0
Lo2
Lo0
Lo1
172.30.200.132/28
172.30.110.0/24
172.30.200.16/28
172.30.2.0/24
Exemplu R2:
10.1.0.0/16
Fa0/0
S0/0/0
R2
209.165.200.228/30
R2(config)# router
R2(config-router)#
R2(config-router)#
R2(config-router)#
S0/0/1
209.165.200.232/30
rip
network 10.0.0.0
network 209.165.200.0
redistribute static
UnrutercareruleazprotocolulRIPvatrimitenupdateuriinformaii
dintabelasaderutare.Totui,nmodnormal,protocolulvaincluden
update numai rutele care au fost nvate prin RIP (incluznd i
reelele direct conectate pentru care sa dat comanda network).
Dacunruterare,deexemplu,configuratorutstatic,eanuvafi
trimis prin updateurile RIP. Pentru aceste cazuri se folosete
redistribuirea.
Redistribuirea presupune adugarea reelelor de la un tip de surs
(protocoldinamic,rutstatic,conexiunedirect)nupdateurileunui
protocol de rutare. Pentru a redistribui rute statice se folosete
comanda redistribute static n modul de configurare al
ruterului. O reea direct conectat va fi introdus prin comanda
network sauredistribute connected.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
10.1.0.0/16
Fa0/0
S0/0/0
209.165.200.228/30
S0/0/0
Fa0/0
R1
Fa0/1
R2
S0/0/1
209.165.200.232/30
S0/0/1
R3
172.30.100.0/24
Fa0/0
Lo2
Lo0
Lo1
172.30.200.132/28
172.30.110.0/24
172.30.200.16/28
172.30.2.0/24
R2#debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial0/0/0 (209.165.200.229)
RIP: build update entries
network 10.0.0.0 metric 1
subnet 209.165.200.232 metric 1
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
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Mesajele RIPv1iRIPv2
Command (1 sau 2)
Version = 1
ZERO
ZERO
Adresa IP (adresa de reea)
ZERO
ZERO
Metrica (nr de hopuri)
Command (1 sau 2)
Version = 2
ZERO
Dupcumsepoateobserva,mesajulprotocoluluiRIPv2estesimilarcu
celalprotocoluluiRIPv1,avnddousautreicmpurinplus.
Prima extensie important a mesajului RIPv2 este masca de reea.
Aceastaesteplasatntruncmpde32debii.
AdouaextensiesemnificativamesajuluiRIPv2esteadresadenext
hop.Aceastavafifolositpentruatrimitepachetulpeceamaibun
rut pentru a ajunge la destinaie. Dac acest cmp este setat la
0.0.0.0, adresa de la care se trimite updateul este cel mai bun
nexthop.
Cmpul Route Tag este folosit pentru a marca rutele care au fost
importate(redistribuite)dinalteprotocoalederutare.Cndun ruter
primete informaii despre o reea ca fiind importat, acesta va
conservavaloareaacestuicmp.
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Activarea RIPv2
Implicit,ruterele pornesc RIPn versiunea 1.
R2(config-router)#do show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
[]
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface
Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain
Serial0/0/0
1
1 2
Serial0/0/1
1
1 2
RIPv1este forwardcompatible.
Primete orice versiune dar trimite doar v1.
Activarea RIPv2(sau revenirea lav1):
R1(config-router)#version ?
<1-2> version
R1(config-router)#version 2
2012 ccna.ro, Toate drepturile rezervate.
nmodnormal,cndunruterCiscoesteconfiguratcuunprotocol RIP,
el va rula RIPv1. Acesta va trimite mesaje RIPv1, dar va putea
interpretamesajeattdetipRIPv1,ctiRIPv2.Ruterulconfiguratcu
RIPv1 va ignora, pur i simplu, cmpurile specifice RIPv2. Acest lucru
nseamncRIPv1esteforwardcompatible.
Pentruaverificaceprotocolestefolositderutervomfolosicomanda
show ip protocols. Pentru a schimba versiunea protocolului
RIP,sevafolosicomandaversion <versiune_RIP>.
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Autosumarizarea
Implicit,RIPv2trimite masca dereea, dar faceaceeai sumarizare
classful caRIPv1:
R1(config-router)#do show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
[]
Default version control: send version 2, receive version 2
Interface
Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain
Serial0/0/0
2
2
Serial0/0/1
2
2
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
209.165.200.0
10.0.0.0
[]
Distance: (default is 120)
DeiRIPv2trimitenupdateuriimascadereea,acestafaceacelai
tip de sumarizare a adreselor pe care l face RIPv1. Aadar, n
topologia anterioar, ruterul R2 va avea n tabela de rutare tot o
adresclassfulcudouciasociate.
PentrucaRIPv2snumaifacsumarizare,sefolosetecomandano
auto-summary.AcestlucruvafacecaprotocolulRIPv2sincludn
updateurilesaletoateadreselesubreelelormpreuncumtilelor.
n aceast situaie, comanda show ip protocols va afia
Automatic network summarization is not in
effect.
Comanda no auto-summary nu va avea efect pe un ruter care
implementeazRIPv1.DeipeCiscoIOS se va putea da comanda no
auto-summary, sistemul va ignora comanda n cazul protocolului
RIPv1.
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RIPv2si superneturi
10.1.0.0/16
Fa0/0
RIPv2includen updateuri
masca superneturilor.
S0/0/0
R2
S0/0/1
209.165.200.228/30
S0/0/0
Verificare cudebug ip
rip:
Fa0/0
172.30.1.0/24
209.165.200.232/30
S0/0/1
R3
R1
Fa0/1
172.30.100.0/24
Fa0/0
Lo2
Lo0
Lo1
172.30.200.132/28
172.30.110.0/24
172.30.200.16/28
172.30.2.0/24
10
UnuldintreobiectiveleCIDR(ClasslessInterDomainRouting)estede
aoferiunmecanismdeagregareainformaieiderutare.Unsupernet
este un bloc de adrese classful continue, care sunt adresate ca o
singur reea. Superneturile au mti de reea mai generale dect
masca classful. Pentru ca un supernet s fie inclus ntro tabel de
rutare,protocolulderutaretrebuiesaibcapacitateadeatransmite
masca acelui supernet, deci va trebui sa fie un protocol classless,
precumRIPv2.
Se va folosi comanda debug ip rip pentru a vedea dac un
supernet este inclus n tabela de rutare. Nu este nevoie ca
sumarizarea automat s fie dezactivat ntrun protocol classless
pentrucasuperneturilesfieinclusentabeladerutare.
Superneturile se definesc manual. Dac sa creat un supernet,
sumarizareaautomatnumaiareefectasuprareelelordinsupernet
chiardacesteactiv.Practicsumarizarea estedejaefectuat.
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Autentificarea n RIPv2
Avantaj:
minimizarea riscului deaaccepta informaii derutare nevalide
inclusiv mpotriva atacurilor derutare
11
12
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Erori frecvente
Conflictdeversiuni
ruterele comunic,nusetrimit avertizri
ducelaapariia dereele classful
Comenzi network:
comanda network eclassful
poate cuprinde mai multe interfee dect sedorete
Sumarizarea automat
ducelaabsena rutelor corecte dintabela derutare
reeaua nupoate fi convergent dac adresarea ediscontinu
Autentificare eronat
doar launcapt,conflictdeparol,conflictdemod
13
Erori frecvente
Conflictdeversiuni
ruterele comunic,nusetrimit avertizri
ducelaapariia dereele classful
Comenzi network:
comanda network eclassful
poate cuprinde mai multe interfee dect sedorete
Sumarizarea automat
ducelaabsena rutelor corecte dintabela derutare
reeaua nupoate fi convergent dac adresarea ediscontinu
Autentificare eronat
doar launcapt,conflictdeparol,conflictdemod
14
Autentificare:omedoddeautentificareconfiguratgreitvagenera
conflictecarepotcauzaerori n tabela de rutare i n final pierderea
pachetelor.
Sumarizarea automat: dac exist nevoia s se trimit pachete la o
anumit subreea, folosirea sumarizrii automate poate cauza
probleme. Sumarizarea automat face ca RIPv2 s se comporte ca
RIPv1nceeaceprivetereeleleclassless.
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Rezumat
RIPv1vs.RIPv2
Comenzile deconfigurare
RIPv2
Comenzile deverificare RIPv2
15
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Capitolul8:
Tabeladerutare
(detaliere)
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Tabeladerutare (1)
Organizareierarhic
Rutelesuntstocatepenivele
Conine:
adreselereelelordirectconectate
rutestatice
rutenvateprinprotocoalederutaredinamice
Tabeladerutarereprezintoorganizareierarhicarutelorprezentepe
echipamentuldereealaunmomentdat.AceastaestesalvatnRAM,
motiv pentru care se reface automat la fiecare repornire a ruterului.
Pentrueficien,tabeladerutareestempritnrutedenivel1i2.
Tabeladerutareconinemaimultetipuriderute:
Reelele direct conectate: sunt adugate automat n tabel la
configurareainterfeeiaferente
Rutestatice:suntconfiguratemanualdectreadministratorivorfi
preferatentotdeaunauneiruteobinuteprintrunprotocoldinamic
Rute nvate prin protocoale dinamice: sunt introduse automat n
tabeladerutareulteriorconfigurriiprotocoluluirespectiviaprimirii
informaiilor despre rute de la echipamentele vecine; cu ajutorul a
diferiialgoritmi,updateurilederutaresuntpropagatentotdomeniul
derutare.
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Tabeladerutare (2)
Exemplu
Router#show ip route
Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,
C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
* - candidate default route, IA - OSPF inter area route,
i - IS-IS derived, ia - IS-IS, U - per-user static route,
o - on-demand routing, M - mobile, P - periodic downloaded static route,
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, E1 - OSPF external type 1 route,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route
Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0
O E2
10.130.0.0 [160/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
E
10.10.0.0 [200/128] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
172.110.0.0 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
C
172.110.232.32/28 is directly connected, Ethernet0
S
172.110.0.0/16 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Tabeladerutare (3)
Deitabelasuportattadresareclassfulcticlassless,structura
eiestebazatpeadresareaclassful
Ierarhizareatabeleiajutladeterminarearapidaciipecares
fietrimispachetul
Rutelesuntorganizatepedouniveluri
Level1Routes
Aumascadereeamaimicsauegalcumascaclassfulareelei
Potfuncionaca:
DefaultRoute
S*
SupernetRoute (mascadereeastrictmaimicdectmascaclassful)
C
NetworkRoute (mascadereeaegalcumascaclassful)
C
Orutdenivel1aremascadereeamaimicsauegaldectmasca
de reea a reelei classful din care face parte, i la rndul ei poate fi
ncadratnurmtoareletipuriderute:
Rut default, care reprezint o rut static cu adresa 0.0.0.0/0, spre
care vor fi trimise toate pachetele pentru care nu se cunoate o
destinaiespecific
Supernet Route, rut a crei adres de reea are o masc mai mic
dectreeauaclassful
NetworkRoute,rutcarearemasca de reea egalcu masca reelei
classful;aceastapoatefiiorutprinte,nmomentulncarentabel
exist reele sau subreele care aparin aceluiai bloc de adrese IP
classful,darcuomascdereeamaispecific
Rutele de nivel 1 pot fi de tipul direct conectate, definite static sau
nvateprintrunprotocolderutaredinamic.
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UltimateRoutes
Rutelecareinclud:
oadresnexthop
i/sauointerfadeieire
PotfiattruteLevel1ctiruteLevel2
Exemplu
S*
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Parent&ChildRoutes
Parentroute
rutLevel1
nuconineoadresdestinaiesauointerfadeieire
este adugat automat cnd este introdus n tabel o subreea a unei
reeleclassful(rutLevel2)
Childroute
rutLevel2
reprezintosubreeaauneireeleclassful
conineoadresdestinaiei/sauointerfadeieire
Level1ParentRoute
Level2ChildRoutes
ncadrulrutelordenivel1i2sedistingruteledetipParentroute i
rutele de tip Child route. Astfel, rutele printe se ncadreaz n
categoria rutelor Level 1 i nu sunt definite printro adres IP next
hop sau o interfa de ieire. O rut printe este creat automat de
fiecaredatcndunnousubnetesteintrodusntabeladerutare.Ruta
cumascade reea mai mare dect ruta printe se ncadreaz n tipul
Childroute.
Rutele Child route fac parte din categoria rutelor nivel 2 i reprezint
unsubnetaluneiclasemajore.Lafelcaincazul rutelor de nivel 1,
acestea pot fi introduse n tabela de rutare ca rute direct conectate,
rutestaticesauprintrunprotocolderutaredinamic.
Datoritfaptuluictabeladerutarefoloseteoadresareclassful,chiar
incazulncareunsubnetinstalatntabelarecasursunprotocol
de rutare classless, va fi introdus automat o rut printe de nivel 1
avndcaadresIPreeauamajorclassfularuteichild.
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Parent&ChildRoutes:Classful
AdresareeleidinrutaParent esteadresaclaseimajore
Masca de reea a rutei Parent este masca pentru rutele sale
Child
Adresaclassful:192.168.1.0/24
MascarutelorChild:/25
192.168.1.0 /25 is subnetted, 2 subnets
S
192.168.1.0 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2
S
192.168.1.128 [1/0] via
10.0.0.2
Moduldeierarhizarealrutelorntabeladerutaredifernfunciede
tipuldeadresare,classfulsauclassless.ncazuladresriiclassful,ruta
Parent va indica vizual adresa clasei majore i masca de reea a
subreelelor din care fac parte rutele Child. Masca de reea
menionat imediat n dreapta adresei classful este afiat doar dac
rutele Child au ataat aceeai masc de reea. De asemenea, n
outputultabeleiderutareseindicpeaceeailiniecurutaprintei
numrul de rute Child existente pentru o anumit rut printe. n
cazuldefa,2subnets.
RuteleChild suntrutedenivel2isuntconsiderateruteUltimate
ntructconinoadresIPnexthopi/sauointerfadeieire.
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Parent&ChildRoutes:Classless
AdresaimascareeleidinrutaParentcorespundclaseimajore
Esteprecizatnumruldesubreeleinumruldemtifolosit
Fiecaresubreeaspecificadresasubreeleiimasca
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Cutareantabeladerutare (Classful)
Nu
Da
Nu
Da
Da
Nu
10
Modulncareruteruldeterminceamaibunrutdestinaiepentrua
trimite pachetele este diferit n funcie de tipul de cutare: classful
sau classless. Astfel, n cazul rutrii cu comportament classful, ruterul
vacomparainiialadresaIPdestinaiecufiecarerutdenivel1pentru
a gsi o potrivire. n caz c ruta gsit este de tip ultimate, adic are
specificatointerfadeieirei/sauoadresIPnexthop, aceasta
va fi folosit pentru trimiterea pachetului ctre destinaie. Dac ruta
gsitnuesteorutultimate,acestavafiorutprinteideciseva
cutaopotrivirecuruteleChilddenivel2.Dacestedescoperito
potrivirecuoastfelderut,pachetulvafitrimismaideparte,iarncaz
contrarpachetulvafiaruncat.
Odat ce sa realizat o potrivire cu o rut printe, comportamentul
classful nu va mai permite existena unei alte potriviri cu o alt rut
printesauorutdefault.
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Cutareantabeladerutare (Classless)
Nu
Da
Da
Nu
Nu
Da
Da
Nu
Da
Nu
11
Classfulvs.Classless
Activaremodclassless
(config)#ip classless
esteimplicitpeversiuniledeIOS>=11.3
Activaremodclassful
(config)#no ip classless
12
Rezumat
Structuratabeleiderutare
ComportamentClassful
ComportamentClassless
Cutareauneiadresedestinaientabeladerutare
13
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