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INTEGRALE CU PARAMETRU
Fie funcia:
f : [ , ] [ , ] R
i funciile:
a : [ , ] [, ];
b : [ , ] [, ]
atunci integrala:
I=
b( y)
a ( y)
f ( x , y)dx
definete funcia:
F : [ , ] R
unde:
F( y) =
b( y)
f ( x , y)dx
a ( y)
(1)
cu
F( y) =
b( y)
a ( y)
f ( x , y)dx
F' ( y) =
98
(1)
Demonstraie.
Fie y 0 ( , ) un punct fixat oarecare, atunci:
F( y) F( y 0 )
.
y y0
y y0
F ' ( y) = lim
(2)
Dar
b( y)
b( y 0 )
a ( y)
a(y 0 )
F( y) F( y 0 ) =
a ( y0 )
f ( x , y)dx
b ( y0 )
f ( x , y 0 )dx =
b( y )
b ( y0 )
b ( y0 )
b( y )
a( y)
b ( y0 )
(f ( x, y) f ( x, y 0 ) )dx + b( y
)
b( y 0 )
a(y 0
b( y)
0)
f ( x , y)dx
a ( y)
a(y 0 )
f ( x , y)dx .
(2)
y y0
y y 0 b( y 0 )
y y0 a ( y0 )
a ( y)
1
f ( x , y)dx .
y y0 a(y 0 )
(3)
(4)
b) Pentru integrala
b( y)
b( y 0 ) f (x, y)dx
aplicm teorema de medie i rezult c () (b( y 0 ), b( y ) ) astfel nct s
avem
b( y)
99
b( y)
b( y) b( y 0 )
1
y y0
f
(
x
,
y
)
dx
=
f (, y)
b' ( y 0 ) f (b( y 0 ), y) .
b
(
y
)
y y0
y y0
0
c) Pentru integrala:
a ( y)
a ( y 0 ) f (x, y)dx
aplicm teorema de medie i rezult c () (a( y 0 ), a( y ) ) astfel nct s
avem:
a ( y)
a ( y 0 ) f (x, y)dx = (a ( y) a ( y 0 )) f (, y)
iar
a ( y)
a ( y) a ( y 0 )
1
y y0
f ( x , y)dx =
f (, y)
a ' ( y 0 ) f (a ( y 0 ), y 0 ) . (6)
y y0 a(y0 )
y y0
F ' (y0 ) =
b( y 0 )
b( y)
a ( y)
1
(4)(5)
f ( x , y)dx lim
f ( x , y)dx
=
(6)
y y 0 y y 0 b( y 0 )
y y0 a(y0 )
lim
b ( y 0 ) f
a ( y 0 ) y
b ( y ) f
a ( y ) y
(7)
Cazuri particulare.
1) Dac a ( y) = a (constant) i b( y) = b (constant) ()y [ , ] , atunci
b
F( y) = f ( x , y)dx
a
(8)
b f
a y
(x, y )dx .
100
(9)
F( y) =
b( y)
a ( y)
f ( x )dx
(10)
()y [, ], atunci:
F( y) =
b( y)
f ( x )dx
(11)
Exemplul1.
Calculnd integrala definit
dx
cu a > b > 0
0 a + b cos x
F(a , b) =
s se deduc integralele:
dx
(a + b cos x ) 2
I1 =
cos x
(a + b cos x )2
i I 2 =
dx .
Soluie.
x
tg = t
2
dx
===
0 a + b cos x
0
F(a , b) =
= 2
dt
0 t 2 (a b ) + ( b + a )
101
2dt
1+ t2
=
1 t2
a + b
1+ t2
2
dt
=
0
b+a
ab
t2 +
ab
ab
2
1
arctg t
=
=
+
a
b
ab a+b
0
ab
F ( a, b) =
2
a 2 b2
a2 b2
[arctg arctg0]
dx
F
=
= I1 .
0 (a + b cos x )2
a
(a)
Dar
F
=
a a a 2 b 2
2a
=
=
2
2
2
2
a
b
2 a b
(a 2 b 2 )
(b)
dx
0 (a + b cos x )2 = 2 2 3 .
(a b )
F
cos x
=
dx = I 2 .
0 (a + b cos x )2
b
(c)
Dar
F
=
b b a 2 b 2
2b
=
=
2
2
a b 2 a 2 b2
(a
cos xdx
0 (a + b cos x )2
(a 2 b )
2 3
Exemplul 2.
S se calculeze integrala:
Soluie.
Aplicnd relaia (9) avem:
102
2 3
(d)
cos x
1 a cos x
dx =
dx =
0 1 + a cos x
a 0 1 + a cos x
H ' (a ) =
1 1 + a cos x 1
1
dx
=
dx
dx
=
0
0
0
a
1 + a cos x
a
1 + a cos x
1
dx
dx
1
.
=
0 1 + a cos x a a 0 1 + a cos x
a
(e)
dx
0 1 + a cos x = F(1, a ) =
1 a
(f)
a a 1 a2
(g)
da
a
a 1 a
da =
da
da
=
a
a 1 a2
da
.
= n(a )
2
a
1
a
(h)
Dar
a
=
1
= n
2
dt
1 t2
1 a2 1
( 1 a + 1)
2
da
1 a
===
dt
t2 1
1
+ c = n
2
a2
1 a 2 = t 2
a da
1 a
tdt
(1 t 2 ) t =
1 t 1
1
1 a 2 1
n
+
=
c =
c
n
2
2 t +1
2
1 a +1
1
+ C = 2n(a ) 2n 1 a 2 + 1 =
2
2
1 a 2 + 1
a2
= n ( a ) n 1 a 2 + 1 + C .
103
(i)
H(0) = (n 2 + c ) = n1dx = 0 c = n 2 ,
0
iar
1 a2 +1
.
H(a ) = n 1 a 2 + 1 n 2 = n
2
Tema 3.
S se determine urmtoarele funcii:
1)
1 + a sin x dx
2 n
0
1 a sin x sin x
2) I(a ) =
3) I(a ) = 2
0
n (1 + a cos x )
dx
cos x
2
0
arctg(a tgx )
dx .
tgx
4) J(a ) =
pentru
a < 1.
pentru a < 1 .
104