BIOCHIMIE

NOTIUNI INTRODUCTIVE

Chimia apei

Molecula polara
Formeaza legaturi de hidrogen a caror tarie depinde de starea de
agregare
Solvent foarte bun

pH
Apa

tinde sa
disocieze in H+ si
HO [H+] > [HO- ] =>
acid
pH = - log [H+]
Variaza intre 014

Molecule organice

Grupe functionale

GLUCIDE

Cunoscute si sub denumirile de: hidrati de carbon,

zaharide
Formula generala Cn H2n On ou (CH2O)n ex.
C6H1206
Pot fi clasificate in:
Monozaharide

trioze (3C)
Pentoze (5C): ribose (in acizi nucleici )
Hexoze (6C: C6 H12 O6 )

In cazul hexozelor, cele mai importante sunt: glucoza,

fructoza si galactoza
Toate au formula bruta: C6H12O6

Rolul glucidelor
Rezerve

de energie de scurta durata

(zahar);
Rezerve de energie de durata medie
(glicogen)
Componente structurale ale unor celule
(celuloza in peretii celulelor vegetale si
chitina in exoscheletul unor insecte)

Hexoze

Glucoza

Dizaharide
Condensare

reactia dintre doua zaharide

simple, cu formarea de dizaharide si a unei
molecule de apa
Exemple: maltoza, zaharoza, lactoza
Hidroliza unui dizaharid va da 2 zaharide
simple
Reactii de condensare/hidroliza
Glucoza + Glucoza -->Maltoza + H2O
Glucoza + Fructoza --> Zaharoza + H2O
Glucoza + Galactoza -->Lactoza + H2O

Polizaharide
Policondensarea

monozaharidelor
Ex. importante: amidonul, glicogenul si celuloza
amidonul : polimer al glucozei, cu putine
ramificatii. Intalnit in plante (cartofi, cereale). Bogat
in energie.
Glicogenul: preponderent la animale (ficat,
muschi). Polimer al glucozei cu multe ramificatii.
Forma de stocare a glucozei (substanta energetica)
la nivel hepatic.
Celuloza : Similara amidonului si glicogenului.
Preponderent in peretii celulelor vegetale. Nu
prezinta ramificatii.

LIPIDE
Contin:

C, H, O (P, N)
3 categorii de lipide
trigliceride
fosfolipide
steroizi

Rolul lipidelor

Sunt in special depozite energetice de lunga durata

Animalele transforma excesul de zaharide (atunci
cand capacitatea de stocare sub forma de glicogen
este depasita) in grasimi
Grasimile stocheaza 9.3 Kcal/g, in timp ce
carbohidratii pot stoca doar 3.79 Kcal/g. Insolubile in
substante polare ca apa
Componente structurale (fosfolipidele in membrana
celulara)
Mesageri" (hormoni), jucand un rol important in
comunicarea intercelulara

Trigliceride

Trigliceride

(rezerve energetice de durata )

Sunt formate din glicerol + 3 acizi grasi

Acizi grasi
Acizii

grasi pot fi

saturati

-fara legaturi duble intre atomii

de C
nesaturati prezinta legaturi duble;
pot fi saturati prin aditia de H2
suplimentar
ex. acid gras saturat: C16= acid
palmitic

Fosfolipide
Structura

similara cu cea a trigliceridelor

Prezinta in plus o grupare fosfat
Aceste grupe se pot ioniza, astfel
molecula va prezenta un capat polar
foarte solubil in apa (hidrofil) si un capat
nepolar, insolubil in apa (hidrofobe).
Sunt constituenti fondamentali ai
membranei celulare

Steroidzii
Sunt

lipide complexe, avand in structura

lor un nucleu sterolic
Au importanta biologica mare, deoarece
fac parte din membrana celulara, careia
ii asigura coeziunea
Intra in compozitia colesterolului si a
unui numar mare de hormoni: estrogeni,
progesteron, testosteron, cortisol, etc.

Colesterolul
Are

multe utilizari biologice, cum ar fi:

membrana celulara, teaca neuronilor,
etc.
Excesul de colesterol se leaga de
aparitia aterosclerozei care duce la
ingrosarea si pierderea elasticitatii
arterelor.

LIPOPROTEINE

Aminoacizii (AA).
Prezinta
O

grupare acida sau carboxilica (-COOH)

O grupare amino (-NH2)
Un radical (R).
Exista 20 AA diferiti.

Aminoacizi

Legatura peptidica
-CONH Pot exista si legaturi intre atomii de sulf
(disulfidice ) in cazul metioninei si cisteinei
Polimerizarea aminoacizilor poate duce la
formarea de:

dipeptide
tripeptide
polipeptide
protines.

Proteinele
Functiile

de control se realizeaza prin

intermediul enzimelor si al hormonilor.
Enzimele sunt catalizatori organici
Proteinele structurale intra in alcatuirea
membranelor celulare, tesutului
muscular, etc.

Proteinele

Posibilitatea combinatiilor face ca numarul lor sa fie

aproape nelimitat
Structurile proteice:

Primara : secventa aminoacizilor

Secundara: interactiuni intre legaturile peptidice. Structuri
helix
Tertiara: interactiuni intre radicali. Proteina are o forma
tridimensionala
Cuaternara : interactiuni intre diferite unitati ale proteinelor,
ceea ce le ofera o conformatie definitiva ( globulaire, spirale
etc.)

Structura unei proteine poate fi alterarta prin actiunea

unor factori fizici sau chimici, care actioneaza asupra
diferitelor structuri, modificand si proprietatile biologice

Structura proteinelor

Structura primara
Reprezinta

secventa de amino acizi which is

directly related to the sequence of information
in the RNA molecule, which in turn is a copy of
the information in the DNA molecule.
Changes in the primary structure can alter the
proper functioning of the protein. Protein
function is usually tied to their threedimensional structure. The primary structure is
the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

The secondary structure is the tendency of the polypeptide to coil

or pleat due to H-bonding between R-groups. The
tertiary structure is controlled by bonding (or in some cases
repulsion) between R-groups. Many proteins, such as
hemoglobin, are formed from one or more polypeptides. Such
structure is termed quaternary structure. Structural proteins, such
as collagen, have regular repeated primary structures. Like the
structural carbohydrates, the components determine the final
shape and ultimately function. Collagens have a variety of
functions in living things, such as the tendons, hide, and corneas
of a cow. Keratin is another structural protein. It is found in
fingernails, feathers, hair, and rhinoceros horns. Microtubules,
important in cell division and structures of flagella and cilia
(among other things), are composed of globular structural
proteins.

ACIZI NUCLEICI

Nucleic acids are polymers composed of monomer

units known as nucleotides. There are a very few
different types of nucleotides. The main functions of
nucleotides are information storage (DNA), protein
synthesis (RNA), and energy transfers (ATP and NAD).
Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base,
and a phosphate. The sugars are either ribose or
deoxyribose. They differ by the lack of one oxygen in
deoxyribose. Both are pentoses usually in a ring form.
There are five nitrogenous bases. Purines (Adenine
and Guanine) are double-ring structures, while
pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil) are singleringed.

 Deoxyribonucleic

acid (better known as DNA)

is the physical carrier of inheritance for 99% of
living organisms. The bases in DNA are C, G,
A and T. We will learn more about the DNA
structure and function later in the course (click
here for a quick look [actually take all the time
you want!] ;)). DNA functions in information
storage. The English alphabet has 26 letters
and over 50,000 words. DNA has 4 letters (C,
G, A, and T) and 20 words (the 20 amino acids
) that can make an infinite variety of sentences
(polypeptides

 ribonucleic

acid (RNA) Nucleic acid

containing ribose sugar and the base Uracil;
RNA functions in protein synthesis. The single
starnded molecule transcribed from one strand
of the DNA. There are three types of RNA,
each is involved in protein synthesis. RNA is
made up nucleotides containing the sugar
ribose, a phosphate group, and one of four
nitrogenous bases (adenine, uracil, cytosine or
guanine). PICTURE