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Stenoza mitral
Etiologie
Reumatismal (>95% cazuri)
Calcificare de inel mitral
Congenital
Lupus eritematos sistemic
Carcinoid
Artrita reumatoid
Fiziopatologie
Aria normal a orificiului mitral: 4-6 cm2
umplerea VS se face liber, fr gradient presional
n SM aria VM scade
La arii VM <1,5-2 cm2
crete presiunea AS
pentru a putea umple adecvat VS i a menine Dc
Normal
Stenoza
mitral
Consecinele SM
HEMODINAMICE
TROMBOEMBOLICE
PAS
Dilatare AS
PVP
Dispnee
EPA
Fibrilaie
atrial
PAP
Tromb AS
Disfc VD
Embolism sistemic
Congestie sistemic
Anamneza
Antecedente de RAA / faringite repetate
Simptomele:
sunt absente n SM larg
apar tardiv n evoluie
se instaleaz treptat
Apariia simptomelor este adesea provocat
de un factor declanator:
Debutul fibrilaiei atriale (ritm rapid)
Infecie intercurent
Efort mare
Sarcin
Simptome
Simptome de congestie pulmonar
dispnee, tuse, hemoptizii
Simptome de congestie sistemic
Simptome de debit cardiac sczut
fatigabilitate, ameeli
Simptome ale complicaiilor
palpitaii, embolii sistemice, febr
Alte simptome
angin pectoral, rgueal (sdr. Ortner)
Examenul fizic
Facies mitral (Dc sczut, RVP crescute,
Sat O2 redus)
Unda a jugular ampl (HTP, ST asociat)
Semne de congestie sistemic (HTP)
oc apexian N / diminuat (n SM pur)
Zgomot 1 palpabil (valve pliabile)
Zgomot 2 palpabil la P (cnd exist HTP)
Freamt diastolic palpabil la apex
Auscultaia
Zgomot 1 ntrit (Z1)
Clacment de deschidere a mitralei (CDM)
Uruitur diastolic (cel mai caracteristic semn)
ntrire presistolic a uruiturii
Manevre:
decubit lateral stng
efort
Zgomot 1
ntrit
Mecanismul Z1 i CDM
Clacment
de deschidere
a mitralei
Hall RJC, Treasure T. In: Julian DG (ed.) Diseases of the heart, 1996:805.
SM sever
Circulaie hiperkinetic
CDM
Stenoza tricuspidian
Pericardita constrictiv
Mixom atrial
Uruitura
diastolic
ntrire
presistolic
IA (Austin Flint)
Stenoza tricuspidian
Mixom atrial
DSA (flux crescut)
Electrocardiograma
Dilatarea AS:
Durata undei P > 0,12 sec (DII)
Componenta terminal a undei P ampl (V1)
SM sever cu HTP
Radiografia toracic
Semne indirecte
Dilatarea AS
Bombare arc mijlociu stng (US)
Dublu contur (marginea dreapt)
Circulaia pulmonar
VS nedilatat (n SM pur)
Arc inferior stng normal
Calcificri mitrale
Calcificri parietale AS
Radiografia toracic
Semne indirecte
Dilatarea AS
(mpinge/comprim
esofagul)
Dilatarea VD
(umple spaiul
retrosternal)
Ecocardiografia bidimensional
Pune diagnosticul de certitudine
VM normal
SM strns
Mixom AS
Severitatea SM
(cuantificare eco)
Eco 2D
planimetrie
(aria anatomic a VM)
Doppler
gradieni AS-VS
Flux normal
Stenoz mitral
Aria funcional
Pressure half-time: timpul necesar pentru
ca gradientul iniial s scad la jumtate
t1/2
AVM [cm2] = 220/t1/2 [ms]
Gradarea severitii SM
Gradient mediu
Uoar
Moderat
Sever
<5
5 - 10
> 10
< 30
30 - 50
> 50
> 1.5
1 - 1.5
<1
(mm Hg)
PAP sistolic
(mm Hg)
Aria valvei (cm2)
ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart
Disease. Circulation 2006;114;84-231.
Identificarea trombilor n AS / US
Complicaiile SM
HEMODINAMICE
TROMBOEMBOLICE
PAS
Dilatare AS
EPA
PVP
Fibrilaie
atrial
PAP
Tromb AS
Disfc VD
Congestie sistemic
Embolism sistemic
Insuficien cardiac
Nefarmacologic
Farmacologic
Interventional
Chirurgical
Tratamentul farmacologic
Obiective:
Combaterea tahicardiei
(ex: beta blocante, calciu blocante)
Preventia trombembolismului
(anticoagulante orale)
Trat. insuficientei cardiace
(ex: diuretice, vasodilatatoare IEC,
digoxin)
MS 1.5 cm 2
Tratamentul stenozei
mitrale semnificative
Symptoms
Yes
No
CI to PMC
No
Yes
No
Yes
CI or high risk
for surgery
Yes
Exercise testing
No
Favourable
anatomical
characteristicsa
Symptoms
ESC Guidelines
on VHD 2012
PMCb
CI to or unfavourable
characteristics
for PMC
Unfavourable
anatomical
characteristicsa
Favourable
clinical
characteristicsa
No symptoms
No
Unfavourable
clinical
characteristicsa
Surgery
PMC
Yes
Follow-up
Tratament interventional
Succes: arie peste 1,5 cm2
Insucces: 1-15%
Complicatii majore :
mortalitate 0,5-4%
hemopericard 0,5-10%
embolism 0,5-5%
regurgitare severa 2-10%
Interventie chirurgicala de urgenta < 1%
Tratament chirurgical
Indicat pentru pacientii cu stenoza mitrala
semnificativa simptomatici, la care comisurotomia
percutana cu balon nu este o solutie (anatomie
defavorabila, regurgitare mitrala >usoara,
tromb intracavitar) sau cu necesar de
bypass aortocoronarian
Comisurotomie pe cord deschis (95% supravietuire la 15 ani)
Protezare mitrala
Tratament chirurgical
Protezare mitrala
mortalitate 3-10% (varsta, clasa functionala, HTP,
boala coronariana asociata)
Supravietuirea pe termen lung
varsta
clasa functionala
Fia
HTP
FEVS preoperator
complicatiile protezei