Metoda Analizei Globale Dupa Ec3

C. TELEMAN. MASTER IS.
CLADIRI
INALTE DIN OTEL. CURS 1
METODA ANALIZEI GLOBALE

A STRUCTURILOR DUPA ENV 1993-1-1
Structurile din otel sunt usoare, zvelte si in consecinta relativ sensibile la toate formele de
instabilitate
In acelasi timp datorita caracteristicilor de material otelul are o comportare duala: elastic pana la
limita de proportionalitate a deformatiilor (0.2%) dar si ductil (plastic) cu rezerve importante de
rezistenta pe sectiune (cel putin 20% la otelul structural). Datorita acestor rezerve sectiunile de otel
pot dezvolta deformatii importante care sunt luate in consideratie in calculul in domeniul plastic.
Formarea articulatiilor plastice este usor de anticipat si dirijat in intreaga structura tocmai datorita
omogenitatii sectiunilor din otel.
Structurile din otel pot fi proiectate atat in elastic cat si in plastic datorita rezervelor de
rezistenta peste limita de curgere fy pana la limita de rupere fu (fu/fy1,2)

CLADIRI INALTE DIN OTEL.
CURS 1
Comportarea structurilor metalice este consecin direct a caracteristicilor i proprietilor fizico

mecanice ale oelului:
Sectiunile elementelor sunt uniforme datorita omogenitatii otelului asadar este usor de anticipat
rezistenta elementului in sine,
Masa raportata la sectiune a elementelor de otel este considerabil redusa fata de cea a elementelor
din beton armat cu aceeasi destinatie in structura,
Elementele din otel prezinta o zveltete crescuta raportata la elementele din beton armat datorita
sectiunilor reduse ce rezulta din calculul de dimensionare,
Rezistenta pe sectiune a elementelor de otel este mult mai mare decat a elentelor de beton armat
supuse la aceleasi solicitari,
Innadirile respectiv imbinarile dinte elementele din otel prezinta tolerante foarte reduse.
ANALIZA STRUCTURALA A
CONSTRUCTIILOR CU SCHELET DIN OTEL
CRITERII
TIPUL DE ANALIZA
SENSIBILITATEA LA DEPLASARI,
ROTIRI, IMPERFECTIUNI DE
BARA SI STRUCTURALE
NODURI DE
REZISTENTA
TOTALA SAU
PARTIALA
METODA DE ANALIZA
CADRE CU NODRUI
DEPLASABILE SAU
NEDEPLASABILE
CLASIFICAREA
SECTIUNILOR DE
OTEL
ELASTIC I
ELASTIC II
PLASTIC I
PLASTIC II
DIMENSIUNILE
IMPERFECTIUNILOR

CURS 1
Evaluarea comportarii structurale (forte interne, momente si deformatii) sub actiuni

statice si apoi dinamice este utila in identificarea optiunilor de optimizare cat si de
asigurare a sigurantei in exploatare pe toata durata de viata a constructiei.
Sub termenul generic de analiza globala aceasta evaluare se dezvolta pe baza mai
multor metode specifice care se bazeaza pe diferiti factori de influenta: abilitatea de
deformatie a structurii, caracteristicile geometrice precum si proprietatile
materialului, toate acestea aducand o contributie individuala la asigurarea
capacitatii de rezistenta a structurii la solicitari exterioare prin deformari lanivelul
tuturor elementelor componente ale acestei structuri.
Amplitudinea acestor deformatii este cea care sta la baza clasificarii

structurilor in cadre in categorii cu caracteristici importante:
Cadre cu noduri deplasabile sau ne-deplasabile (fixe),

Cadre cu noduri rigide, semi-rigide sau articulate (flexibile);
Cadre contravantuite sau ne-contravantuite.
In realitate structuri sunt de multe ori
combinatii din cadre cu noduri rigide cu
cadre cu noduri articulate; cadre
necontavantuite cu cadre contravantuite
sau nucleu rigid

CURS 1
Deformatiile sunt la inceput infinitezimale dar la cresterea fortelor interne si

momentelor aceste deformatii cresc ajungand la limita impusa de rezistenta,
stabilitate sau de alte criterii anexa.
Structurile curente din otel sunt modelate pe baza sistemului de cadre orientate
bidirectional si alcatuite din elemente lineare care preiau solicitarile exterioare
dezvoltand tensiuni interne si deformatii.
ANALIZA IN DOMENIUL ELASTIC

Analiza in domeniul elastic este cea mai utilizata in vdrul proiectarii structurilor din otel
dtorita faptului ca ea se poate aplica oricarui tip de structura datorita faptului ca in cadrul
acesteia nu se impun restrictii sau alte conditii pentru asigurarea comportrii dutile a
imbinarilor.
Structurile analizate in elastic sunt structuri ce conserva energia datorita incapacitatii
disiparii acesteia (structuri nedisipative).
Verificarile au ca scop mentinerea tensiunilor combinate rezultate din eforturi
sectionale si momente de incovoiere sub nivelul capacitatii de plasticizare pe
sectiune.
Deformatii globale
Mx H x; Mh H h
Mx H x V V
ML H h V
Deformatii in urma
imperfectiunilor locale la nivel
de element
Analiza la nivelul unui element structural:

Efecte de ordin II globale (P-), si locael (P-)
Imperfectiunil
e locale sunt
neglijate
x
h

CURS 1
Baza conceptului:

CURS 1
CRITERII DE CLASIFICARE STRUCTURALA

PE BAZA SENSIBILITATII LA EFECTELE DE ORDIN II

CURS 1
EFECTELE DE ORDIN II

CURS 1
EFECTUL DEPLASARILOR

CURS 1
METODE DE SIMULARE A EFECTELOR DE ORDIN II
Curbura initiala depinde de mai multi factori:

- fveltete,
- axa flambaj,
- forma sectiunii,
- clasa sectiunii,
- curba de flambaj,
- metoda de analiza globala.
Daca NNcr /4 structura este considerata cu noduri fixe iar efectul curburii initiale
asupra comportarii globale se neglijeaza ;
Rezulta ca:
Daca se tine cont de curbura

valoarea critica se modifica:

CURS 1
EFECTELE CURBURII INITIALE e0 DATORITA INCOVOIERII DIN FLAMBAJ
10

CURS 1
ANALIZA DE ORDIN II PRIN METODA PAS CU PAS (ITERATIVA)
Unghiurile i se stabilesc la fiecare pas iterativ al analizei
11
Actiunile laterale se vor

amplifica cu acest coeficient

CURS 1
EVALUAREA SARCINII CRITICE SI FACTORUL DE AMPLIFICARE cr
12

CURS 1
DETERMINAREA RAPORTULUI V/Vcr SAU cr
13
Analiza structurala a cadrelor din otel trebuie sa tina cont de magnitudinea efectelor
imperfectiunilor, locale sau globale (de bara sau de sistem).
Imperectiunile locale sau de bara se refera la:
tensiuni reziduale;
imperfectiuni geometrice.
Ansamblul de defecte precum lipsa verticalitatii, a simetriei a planeitatilor sau orice alta
forma de excentricitate de prindere in noduri la structura initiala (neincarcata) se
considera imperfectiuni locale; o parte din aceste imperfectiuni sunt considerate de
norma EN 1090 si limitate la valori specificate ale tolerantelor
In cadrul analizei globale imperfectiuni sunt luate in calcul prin simularea lor pe baza unor
imperfectiuni geometrice echivalente, daca nu au fost deja luate in consideratie prin relatiile
de verificare la rezistenta si stabilitate de la nivelul barelor individuale.
Urmatoarele imperfectiuni echivalente sunt luate in calcul:
a) Imperfectiunile globale a cadrelor si a sistemelor de contravantuiri (P- effect)
b) Imperfectiunile locale ale barelor individuale ( P- effect).

CURS 1
Imperfectiunile elementelor si structurilor din otel
14
a
Instabilitatea elastica a cadrelor: a) cadru contravantuit ; b) cadru necontravantuit

CURS 1
CONSIDERAREA EFECTUL UI IMPERFECTIUNILOR
15

CURS 1
INCLINAREA GENERALA A STRUCTURII
16
VALORILE CURBURII INITIALE ECHIVALENTE e 0,d
SECTIUNEA TRANSVERSALA
TIPURILE DE SECTIUNI SI AXELE
ELASTICA
Oricare
LINEAR PLASTICA
Oricare
NE-LINEAR
PLASTICA
ELASTICA SAU RIGID-PLASTICA

SAU ELASTICA CU ARTICULATII
PLASTICE PERFECTE
ELASTO-PLASTICA (MEODA
ZONELOR DE PLASTICIZARE)
0,2k y Wel / A
0,2k y W pl / A
0,2k y W pl / A
1,33 0,2k y W pl / A
Sectiuni in I- Axa y-y
2,0 k y eeff /
Sectiuni in I- Axa z-z

Sectiuni tubulare rectangulare
k y eeff /
0,2k y W pl / A
1,33 0,2k y W pl / A
k y eeff /
1,5 k y eeff /
Sectiuni tubulare circulare
k y 1 k 2k 1,0
Curba de flambaj
eff
k
M1 =1,05
M1 = 1,1
M1 =1,15
M1 = 1,2
0,21
l/600
0,12
0,23
0,33
0,42
0,34
l/380
0,08
0,15
0,22
0,28
0,49
l/270
0,06
0,11
0,16
0,20
0,76
l/180
0,04
0,08
0,11
0,14

CURS 1
VERIFICARI DE
REZISTENTA
METODA DE ANALIZA GLOBALA
Elemente neuniforme: Wel/A sau pl/A se utilizeaza la centrul lungimii de flambaj
17
18

CURS 1

CURS 1
IMPERFECTIUNILOR SISTEMELOR CU ZABRELE
19

CURS 1
ANALIZA ELASTICA GLOBALA
20

CURS 1
CRITERII DE ANALIZA PLASTICA
21
ELASTICA
RIGIDPLASTICA

CURS 1
EVALUAREA EFECTELOR DE ORDIN II
22
CLASIFICAREA STRUCTURILOR PE BAZA IMBINARILOR STRUCTURALE
CRITERIILE DE CLASIFICARE A IMBINARILOR STRUCTURALE

DUPA
RIGIDITATE

CURS 1
DUPA
REZISTENTA
23

CURS 1
MODELAREA INFLUENTEI IMBINARILOR
24

CURS 1
RIGIDITATEA LA ROTIRE Sj.

LIMITE IN CLASIFICAREA IMBINARILOR STRUCTURALE
25

CURS 1
CURBELE STANDARD DE MOMENT-ROTIRE
26
27

CURS 1
IMPERFECTIUNI LA NIVELUL ANALIZEI GLOBALE A CADRELOR DIN OTEL
a) global initial sway imperfections:

0 h m
h
2
h
2 3 h 1
m 0.5 1
m
0 basic value of the imperfection, 0=1/200;

h reduction factor depending on the height of the columns:
h height of the structure (m) ;
m reduction factor for the number of columns in a row:
m the number of columns in a row including only those columns
which carry a vertical load NEd not less than 50% of the average
value of the column in the vertical plane considered.
For structures with a dominant sway buckling mode, the effects of global and local imperfections
are considered as a deviation from verticality to which a bow is added. The initial sway
imperfections should apply in all relevant horizontal directions, but will be considered in one
direction at a time.

CURS 1
Imperfections of the sway frames

The effect of the imperfections is inserted in the frame analysis by means of an equivalent
imperfection:
- initial sway imperfection,
- individual bow imperfections of members.
The imperfections may be determined from:
28
In the analysis of the frame the elastic buckling mode of a structure is considered for every
plane of buckling so both in and out of plane buckling including torsional buckling with
symmetric and asymmetric buckling shapes should be taken into account in the most unfavourable direction and form.
Sway imperfections applied to the horizontal forces

acting on floor diaphragms
For building frames sway imperfections

may be disregarded when:
H Ed 0.15 VEd

CURS 1
Equivalent sway imperfections
For the determination of horizontal

forces applied to floor diaphragms
the configuration of imperfections
should be applied, where is a
sway imperfection obtained from
assuming one storey with height h.
Global
imperfections
are
represented by lateral equivalent
forces acting at each floor level,
much easy to be considered in the
analysis than to incline the
structure.
The equivalent forces are
determined
from
the
multiplication
of
the
gravitational loads at every level
with the initial imperfection
angle . The equilibrium on the
height of the structure imposes a
reaction at the base of every
column.
29
Imperfections considered in the global analysis of frames
Imperfections considered in the global analysis of

frames
b) relative initial local bow imperfections e0/L of the members in flexural buckling with
a length L. The values e0 / L may be chosen in the National Annex.
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
e0 L
e0 L
a0
1/350
1/300
1/300
1/250
30
1/250
1/200
1/200
1/150
1/150
1/100

CURS 1
Design values of initial local bow imperfection e0/L

Buckling curve
Local bow imperfections may be neglected during the global analysis for determining
end forces and moments for members checking;
For frames sensitive to II order effects local bow imperfections of members additionally
to global sway imperfections should be introduced in the structural analysis of the
frame for each compressed member if the following conditions are met:
at least one moment resistant joint at one member end;
the reduces slenderness is increased:
0.5
A fy
N Ed
NEd the design value of the compression force;

- in-plan reduced slenderness for the member considered as hinged at its ends.
Imperfections considered in the global analysis of

frames

CURS 1
31
Local bow imperfections are taken into account in the members verifications
considering the buckling curves.
The effects of initial sway imperfection and local bow imperfections may be replaced
by systems of equivalent horizontal forces, introduced for each column.
Replacement of initial imperfections by equivalent horizontal forces:

a)- sway imperfections; b)- initial bow imperfections
Imperfections considered in the analysis of bracing systems

The structural bracing systems of framed structures are required to provide lateral
stability within the length of beams or of the members in compression (columns). The
effects of imperfections are included by means of an equivalent geometric imperfection
of the members to be restrained, in the form of an initial bow imperfection:
L
500
m 0.5 1
m the number of members to be stabilized.
The effects of the initial bow imperfections of the members to be stabilized by the
bracing system may be replaced by the equivalent stabilizing force:
q d N Ed 8
e0 q
L2
q - in plane deflection of the bracing system due to the load q to

which any external loads calculated from first order analysis is
added; if second order theory is used then q may be considered 0.
Equivalent stabilizing force for the bracing system
e0 imperfection;
qd equivalent force per unit length.
32
L the span of the bracing system;

CURS 1
e0 m

Where the bracing system is required to stabilize the compression flange of a beam of
constant height, the force NEd may be obtained from:
When a beam is in compression under NEd , this force should include a part of the
compression force resulted from the imperfections of the bracing system. At points where
beams or compression members are spliced, it should also be verified that the bracing
system is able to resist a local force equal to:
SEd m N Ed %
Force which is applied to it by each beam or compression member which is spliced at that
point, and to transmit this force to the adjacent points at which that beam or compression
member is restrained.
For checking to the local force, any external loads acting on bracing systems should also be
included, but the forces arising from the imperfection may be omitted.
33
MEd the maximum moment in the beam;

h - the overall depth of the beam.

CURS 1
N Ed
M
Ed
h

The vertical bracing system may have continuity connections which are spliced. Global
imperfection is transferred in the most un-favourable way to the splices and must be
consequently taken into account when designing the connection.
The rotation is determined identically as the previous value of the global imperfections:
2N Ed m N Ed 100
Forces at splices in compression elements

CURS 1
0 1 200 ;
34
m0 ;
q eq N 8
e 0d
L2
R N4
e 0d
L
Individual imperfections of the structural elements
For the verification of the lateral torsional buckling of a member in bending, the equivalent
initial bow imperfection of the weak axis of the profile, the eccentricity e0,d is considered by
adopting the value ke0,d, where for k the value recommended is 0.5.

CURS 1
The effects of
within the
relationships used for the determination of the buckling resistance for members.
A second order analysis may be developed considering the imperfection of one element as
a bow with the deflection in the middle.
In order to simplify the computation process, this imperfection (a variation in a parabola
shape along the element) may be introduced in the equation as a uniform distributed
loading and the reactions at both ends of the element:
35
Imperfections of individual
members
local bow imperfections of members are considered

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C. TELEMAN. MASTER IS.