Omul sntos.

Diagnosticul strii de sntate

I. Selectai rspunsul corect
1.

Modelul medical n definiia sntii se bazeaz pe:

a. perspectiva bolii, maladiei i funcionrii potrivite.
b. cuprinderea persoanei n totalitatea i integritatea ei, cuprinznd sntatea fizic,
mintal i social
c. strile mai bune dect normalul, precum i de senzaiile subiective de sntate
d. interaciunile optime ale individului cu mediul ambiant
e. definiiile neobinuite ale sntii

2. Modelul holistic n definiia sntii se bazeaz pe:

a. perspectiva bolii, maladiei i funcionrii potrivite.
b. cuprinderea persoanei n totalitatea i integritatea ei, cuprinznd sntatea fizic,
mintal i social
c. strile mai bune dect normalul, precum i de senzaiile subiective de sntate
d. interaciunile optime ale individului cu mediul ambiant
e. definiiile neobinuite ale sntii
3. Modelul de bunstare n definiia sntii se bazeaz pe:
a. perspectiva bolii, maladiei i funcionrii potrivite.
b. cuprinderea persoanei n totalitatea i integritatea ei, cuprinznd sntatea fizic,
mintal i social
c. strile mai bune dect normalul, precum i de senzaiile subiective de sntate
d. interaciunile optime ale individului cu mediul ambiant
e. definiiile neobinuite ale sntii
4. Modelul de ambian n definiia sntii se bazeaz pe:
a. perspectiva bolii, maladiei i funcionrii potrivite.
b. cuprinderea persoanei n totalitatea i integritatea ei, cuprinznd sntatea fizic,
mintal i social
c. strile mai bune dect normalul, precum i de senzaiile subiective de sntate
d. interaciunile optime ale individului cu mediul ambiant
e. definiiile neobinuite ale sntii
5. Definiia sntii dat de OMS afirm c:
a. sntatea este o stare de prosperitate complet fizic, i mintal
b. sntatea este o stare de prosperitate complet fizic, mintal i social, ci nu doar
lipsa bolii sau infirmitii
c. sntatea este lipsa bolii sau infirmitii
d. sntatea prezint o stare de echilibru ntre corp, minte i mediu
e. sntatea este o stare de prosperitate complet fizic
II. Selectai rspunsurile corecte
6. Alegei factorii principali, care determin sntatea
a. biologia uman
b. mediul ambiant
c. sistemul politic din ar
d. stilul de via
e. organizarea asistenei medicale

7. Domeniul biologiei umane:

a. cuprinde aspectele sntii fizice i mintale, care au loc n corpul uman ca consecin
a proceselor biologice
b. cuprinde aspectele (influenele) legate de sntate, care sunt externe corpului uman i
asupra crora individul are un control mic sau nu-l are deloc.
c. cuprinde totalitatea deciziilor luate de ctre indivizi, care afecteaz sntatea acestora,
i asupra crora indivizii posed un anumit grad de control
d. cuprinde cantitatea, calitatea, aranjamentul, natura i relaiile ntre oameni i resurse
n procesul de acordare a asistenei medicale
e. determin aproximativ 30% din potenialul de sntate a omului
8. Domeniul mediului ambiant:
a. cuprinde aspectele sntii fizice i mintale, care au loc n corpul uman ca consecin
a proceselor biologice
b. cuprinde aspectele (influenele) legate de sntate, care sunt externe corpului uman i
asupra crora individul are un control mic sau nu-l are deloc.
c. cuprinde totalitatea deciziilor luate de ctre indivizi, care afecteaz sntatea acestora,
i asupra crora indivizii posed un anumit grad de control
d. cuprinde cantitatea, calitatea, aranjamentul, natura i relaiile ntre oameni i resurse
n procesul de acordare a asistenei medicale
e. determin aproximativ 30% din potenialul de sntate a omului
9. Stilul de via
a. cuprinde aspectele sntii fizice i mintale, care au loc n corpul uman ca consecin
a proceselor biologice
b. cuprinde aspectele (influenele) legate de sntate, care sunt externe corpului uman i
asupra crora individul are un control mic sau nu-l are deloc.
c. cuprinde totalitatea deciziilor luate de ctre indivizi, care afecteaz sntatea acestora,
i asupra crora indivizii posed un anumit grad de control
d. cuprinde cantitatea, calitatea, aranjamentul, natura i relaiile ntre oameni i resurse
n procesul de acordare a asistenei medicale
e. determin aproximativ 30% din potenialul de sntate a omului
10. Organizarea asistenei medicale
a. cuprinde aspectele sntii fizice i mintale, care au loc n corpul uman ca consecin
a proceselor biologice
b. cuprinde aspectele (influenele) legate de sntate, care sunt externe corpului uman i
asupra crora individul are un control mic sau nu-l are deloc
c. cuprinde totalitatea deciziilor luate de ctre indivizi, care afecteaz sntatea acestora,
i asupra crora indivizii posed un anumit grad de control
d. cuprinde cantitatea, calitatea, aranjamentul, natura i relaiile ntre oameni i resurse
n procesul de acordare a asistenei medicale
e. determin 10 15% din potenialul de sntate a omului
11. Indicai factorii sociali, care determin sntatea.
a. Gradientul social
b. Stresul
c. Condiiile de dezvoltare n copilrie
d. Izolare social
e. Locul de lucru
f. Suportul social

12. Diagnosticul corect al srii de sntate are importan pentru:

a. elucidarea problemelor ale individului sntos
b. organizarea interveniilor potrivite de promovare a sntii i profilaxie a maladiilor
c. determinarea incapacitii temporare de munc
d. coordonarea resurselor din sistemul de sntate i din comunitate necesare pentru
pstrarea potenialului restant de sntate
e. atribuirea pacientului la un strat social concret
13. n activitatea sa cotidian medicul de familie influeneaz urmtoarele determinante ale
sntii:
a. omajul
b. Biologia uman
c. Mediul ambiant
d. Stilul de via
e. Politicile de sntate
14. Rolul medicului de familie n domeniul sntii la nivel comunitar este:
a. lider
b. businessman
c. persoana de influen
d. comunicator
e. administrator

Tema Promovarea sntii i profilaxia maladiilor n comunitate

Promovarea sntii
I. Selectai rspunsul corect
1. Definiia noiunii de promovare a sntii este:
a) un ir de activiti pentru sntate orientate la combaterea unor factori nocivi;
b) un proces de creare a posibilitilor pentru populaie de a mbunti sntatea sa i a
fortifica controlul asupra ei;
c) tiina i arta de prevenire a maladiilor, prelungire a vieii i fortificare a sntii
psihice i fizice prin aportul activ i organizat al comunitii i societii;
d) un proces eficace de organizare a asistenei medicale pentru populaie;
e) o activitate de educaie sanitar a populaiei.
2. Activitile principale de promovare a sntii includ:
a) interzicerea comercializrii produselor care pot avea un impact negativ asupra sntii;
b) realizarea unor programe de instruire igienic n coli;
c) propagarea modificrilor sanogene a stilului de via, alimentaiei i mediului;
d) diagnosticul i tratamentul precoce al bolilor;
e) sporirea accesului populaiei la serviciile de asisten medical.
3. Obiectivul principal al promovrii sntii este:
a) combaterea fumatului;
b) dezvoltarea activitii fizice;
c) pstrarea sntii i prosperitii populaiei pe un termen ct mai lung;
d) reducerea stresului;

e) reducerea comportamentelor cu risc pentru sntate.

II. Selectai rspunsurile corecte
4. Indicai activitile de prevenie primar:
a) dezvoltarea sistemului de asisten medical de urgen;
b) iodarea srii de buctrie;
c) mbogirea cu fier a fainei;
d)depistarea precoce i izolarea bolnavilor cu diaree;
e) imunoprofilaxia planic a bolilor infecioase.
5. Selectai activitile de prevenie secundar
a) tratamentul persoanelor care au avut contact cu un bolnav de o boal infecioas;
b) folosirea vaccinului antirabic la o persoan accidentat de un cine necunoscut ntr-un
teritoriu endemic la rabie;
c) folosirea mijloacelor de protecie individual a organului auditiv;
d) imobilizarea i transportarea corect a unei persoane cu o fractur;
e) imunizarea contra febrei galbene a unei persoane, care se va deplasa ntr-o regiune
endemic la aceast maladie.
6. Activiti de prevenie teriar sunt:
a) folosirea imunoglobulinei antirujeolice n focarul de rujeol;
b) ngrijirea paliativ a pacientului la domiciliu;
c) gimnastica curativ efectuat de un bolnav cu o maladie cronic;
d) reabilitarea precoce a unui bolnav cu infarct miocardic;
e) alimentaia raional a unei persoane cu o maladie cronic cardio-vascular.
7. Generaia a doua de obiective a promovrii sntii se bazeaz pe:
a) premisa teoretic;
b) principiul sntii pentru toi;
c) premisa sntii publice;
d) premisa practic;
e) dezvoltarea deprinderilor personale.
8. Selectai principiile promovrii sntii:
a) mputernicirea individual;
b) participarea activ a publicului;
c) adresarea la impactul unor determinante mai largi ale sntii;
d) reducerea inegalitii sociale i legale;
e) facilitarea colaborrii intersectoriale.
Comportamentul de cutare a sntii. Modelele, conceptele i teoriile de schimbare a
comportamentului. Consultul n domeniul modificrii comportamentului n asistena
medical primar.
I. Indicai rspunsul corect.
1. Modelul de ncredere n sntate explic:
a. de ce credinele, cunotinele i atitudinile nu schimb comportamentul
indivizilor;
b. care sunt stadiile procesului de schimbare a comportamentului;
c. cum credinele, cunotinele i atitudinile schimb comportamentul indivizilor;

d. care este rolul ambianei n procesul de schimbare a comportamentului.

2. Cnd un individ se strduie s reduc grsimile animaliere din alimente, iar prietenul lui
decide s nu consume bucate grase n prezena primului, aceasta este:
a. factor de fortificare;
b. inducerea fazei de contemplare;
c. contientizarea beneficiului din partea prietenului;
d. un element al modificrii mediului ambiant.
3. Conform modelului transteoretic, n stadiul de luare a deciziei trebuie:
a. s lum decizia ct mai rapid pentru a trece mai uor la stadiul ulterior de
planificare;
b. s trecem imediat la aciuni;
c. s considerm minuios resursele i obstacolele posibile;
d. s cntrim repetat toate pierderile posibile.
4. Teoria aciunilor motivate/raionale afirm c comportamentul de sntate rezult din:
a. inteniile noastre de a aciona;
b. programarea genetic;
c. atitudinea individului i celor din jur referitor la un comportament anumit;
d. coninutul actelor normative n domeniul sntii;
e. modalitile de comportament promovate de sistemul de sntate.
5. Legturile sociale au o influen asupra comportamentului nostru de sntate:
a. neaprat pozitiv;
b. neaprat negativ;
c. influen depinde de valoarea atribuit lor de ctre individ;
d. nu au nici o influen esenial.
6. Impactul programelor de schimbare a comportamentului cu risc se determin prin
formula:
a. impact = numrul de participani la program x eficien programului;
b. impact = timpul acordat interveniei x numrul de medici implicai;
c. impact = populaia cu comportament cu risc x numrul existent de programe de
modificare a comportamentului ntr-un teritoriu anumit;
d. impact = rata de participare a populaiei la program x teoria pe care este bazat
programul.
II. Indicai rspunsurile corecte
7. Modelul transteoretic explic modificarea comportamentului pentru sntate prin
trecerea individului prin urmtoarele stadii:
a. aciune ;
b. contemplare;
c. meninere;
d. precontemplare;
e. luarea deciziei.
8. n efectuarea schimbrilor comportamentale conform modelului transteoretic se
presupune c:
a. individul va trece prin toate stadiile de schimbare consecutiv;

b.
c.
d.
e.

individul va repet unele stadii;

individul va repeta stadiile de aciune i meninere;
recidivele sunt un fenomen firesc;
n cazul nereuitei probabilitatea schimbrii este aproape de zero.

9. Teoria comportamentului planificat afirm c:

a. individul are un grad de influen asupra resurselor i capacitilor necesare
schimbrii comportamentului;
b. individul obiectiv apreciaz gradul propriu de influen asupra posibilitilor de
schimbare;
c. gradul perceput de control asupra resurselor determin inteniile
comportamentale;
d. gradul perceput de control asupra resurselor influeneaz rezultatul schimbrilor
comportamentale.
10. Noiunea sprijinul social n contextul schimbrii comportamentului presupune c:
a. individului care intenioneaz sa-i modifice comportamentul i se va acorda un
ajutor material;
b. consolidarea comportamentului adoptat se va obine prin suport emoional i
informaional;
c. va fi implicat un ir de factori care acioneaz asupra autoeficacitii i capacitii
comportamentale;
d. aceasta implic studierea prin observare, nsuirea noilor atitudini fa de
comportamentul vicios.
11. Conceptul de consolidare a capacitilor comunitii prevede c:
a. comunitatea este compus din locuitorii unei comuni;
b. comunitatea dispune de toate necesarele pentru a identifica problemele sociale i
de sntate;
c. este nevoie de sprijinit i de dezvoltat competenele comunitii n problemele
sntii publice;
d. este nevoie de atribuit comunitii mputerniciri i responsabiliti.
12. Modelul PRECEDE-PROCEED presupune c pentru a schimba comportamentul de
sntate n comunitate este nevoie de urmtoarele:
a. implementarea programelor strine reuite n comunitatea autohton;
b. studierea cauzelor i factorilor de meninere a comportamentului duntor n
comunitatea proprie;
c. adoptarea actelor legislative i msurilor de reglementare necesare;
d. educaia populaiei n adoptarea modelelor sntoase de comportament.
13. Conceptul Marketing-ului social presupune:
a. implementarea tuturor constructelor (teoriilor) ale schimbrii comportamentului
n comunitate;
b. transpunerea conceptului Marketing-ului comercial n domeniul comportamental;
c. aplicarea principiilor Marketing-ului comercial n condiiile liberei luri de
decizii de ctre utilizator n privina modificrii comportamentului cu risc sporit.
14. Interveniile de consiliere comportamental se deosebesc de cele de screen-ing prin
faptul c:
a. adreseaz populaiile ntregilor ri;
b. adreseaz comportamentul complex;

c.
d.
e.
f.

sunt stabile n intensitate i coninut;

variaz n intensitate i coninut;
necesit repetare;
sunt influenate de ambiana social.

15. Barierele care necesit a fi depite pentru aplicarea interveniilor de modificare a

comportamentului n practica instituiilor medicale sunt:
a. nedorina pacienilor de a participa;
b. focusarea personalului asupra problemelor pur clinice;
c. insuficiena de timp;
d. insuficiena resurselor de suport;
e. contientizarea impactului mic al interveniilor n cauz asupra sntii
populaiei.
Promovarea sntii bazat pe comunitate/instituie. Educaia pentru sntate.
I. Indicai rspunsul corect
1. Activitile pozitive pentru sntate (imunizrile, planificarea familiei) corespund
domeniului de:
a. profilaxie primar;
b. profilaxie secundar;
c. profilaxie teriar;
d. profilaxie cvaternar.
e. Profilaxie teriar i cvaternar.
2. Care nu sunt criteriile de prioritizare a problemelor de sntate n comunitate?
a. incidena problemei de sntate;
b. prevalena problemei de sntate n sector;
c. rezistena administraiei publice locale;
d. mortalitatea cauzat de problem;
e. prezena grupelor de iniiativ n combaterea problemei.
3. Indicai, din care msuri enumerate face parte educaia pentru sntate:
a. msurile de prevenie primar;
b. msurile de prevenie secundar;
c. msurile de prevenie teriar;
d. msurile de educaie general.
4. Pentru selectarea metodei de screening al problemelor de sntate nu este important ca
metoda s fie:
a. ct mai contemporan;
b. ct mai specific;
c. ct mai simpl;
d. ct mai acceptat de populaia supus screening-ului;
e. ct mai accesibil n sens economic.
5. Din resurse necesare pentru activitile de promovare a sntii nu fac parte:
a. experiena i competena realizatorilor;
b. timpul rezervat programului;
c. rezistena administraiei;
d. resursele financiare;
e. accesul la informaie.

II. Indicai rspunsurile corecte

6. Selectai elementele ciclului activitilor de promovare a sntii:
a. evaluarea procesului i rezultatelor;
b. analiza comunitii;
c. evaluarea specific a problemelor;
d. planificarea activitilor de promovare a sntii;
e. implementarea celor planificate;
f. stabilirea alianelor (parteneriatelor);
g. toate cele numite mai sus;
h. nici unul din cele numite mai sus.
7. Principiul de abordare a promovrii sntii de jos n sus presupune:
a. realizarea principiului de autosuficien a comunitii;
b. dezvoltarea capacitilor comunitilor n domeniul promovrii sntii;
c. insistarea la implementare a programelor ministeriale n comuniti;
d. consultarea programelor de stat cu reprezentanii comunitii.
8. Selectai msurile care nu fac parte din activitile economice i/sau de reglementare
n domeniul promovrii sntii.
a. aplicarea n practic a legislaiei cu privire la marcarea coninutului de grsimi,
glucide i conservani n produsele alimentare;
b. taxarea sporit a produselor din tutun;
c. susinerea programelor educaionale n domeniul sntii;
d. acreditarea instituiilor medicale;
e. vizitele inspectorilor ai companiilor de asigurri medicale;
f. edinele consiliilor consultative medicale.
9. Pentru evaluarea rezultatelor programelor de promovare a sntii sunt utile:
a. evidenierea schimbrilor n comportamentul celor implicai n program;
b. evidenierea resurselor cheltuite pentru atingerea scopului;
c. evidenierea greelilor comise pe parcursul implementrii programului;
d. evidenierea cantitativ a gradului de atingere a scopurilor stabilite iniial.
Diagnosticul strii de sntate
Rspunsuri corecte.
1 a;
2 b;
3 c;
4 d;
5 b;
6 a,b,d,e;
7 a,e;
8 b,e;
9 c,e;
10 d,e;
11 a,b,c,d,e,f;
12 a,b,c;
13 b,c,d;

14 a,c,d.
Promovarea sntii:
Rspunsurile corecte
1. - b;
2. - c;
3. - c;
4. b, c, e;
5. a, b, d;
6. c, d, e;
7. a, c, d;
8. a, b, c, d, e.
Comportamentul de cutare a sntii. Modelele, conceptele i teoriile de schimbare a
comportamentului. Consultul n domeniul modificrii comportamentului n asistena
medical primar
Rspunsurile corecte:
1 - c;
2 - a;
3 - c;
4 - c;
5 - c;
6 - a;
7 a, b, c, d, e ;
8 b, d;
9 a, c, d;
10 b, c;
11 b, c, d;
12 b, c, d;
13 b, c;
14 b, d, e, f;
15 b, c, d.
Promovarea sntii bazat pe comunitate/instituie. Educaia pentru sntate
Rspunsurile corecte:
1 - a;
2 - e;
3 - a;
4 - a;
5 - c;
6 a, b, c, d;
7 a, b;
8 c, e, f;
9 a, d.

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14

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15

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16

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17

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5. ,
:
a. ;
b. , ;
c. ;
d. ;
e. .
II.
6. :
a. ;
b. ;
c. ;
d. ;
e.
f. ();
g. ;
h. .
7. " " :
a. ;
b. ;
c. ;
d. .
8. , /
.
a. ,
;
b. ;
c. ;
d. ;
e. ;
f. .
9. :
a. ;

18

b. , ;
c. ;
d.
.

.
1 a;
2 b;
3 c;
4 d;
5 b;
6 a,b,d,e;
7 a,e;
8 b,e;
9 c,e;
10 d,e;
11 a,b,c,d,e,f;
12 a,b,c;
13 b,c,d;
14 a,c,d.
:

9. - b;
10. - c;
11. - c;
12. b, c, e;
13. a, b, d;
14. c, d, e;
15. a, c, d;
16. a, b, c, d, e.
. , .

:
1 - c;
2 - a;
3 - c;
4 - c;
5 - c;
6 - a;
7 a, b, c, d, e ;
8 b, d;
9 a, c, d;
10 b, c;
11 b, c, d;
12 b, c, d;

19

13 b, c;
14 b, d, e, f;
15 b, c, d.
/ .
:
1 - a;
2 - e;
3 - a;
4 - a;
5 - c;
6 a, b, c, d;
7 a, b;
8 c, e, f;
9 a, d.

20

Theme. Health Diagnosis

I. Choose the correct answer
1. The medical definition of health is based on:
a. The disease perspective, illness and appropriate functioning.
b. Treating an individual integrally as a whole, including physical, mental and social
aspects of health
c. States better than normal, and subjective feelings of health
d. Optimal individual interaction with the environment
e. Unusual definitions of health
2. The holistic definition of health is based on:
a. The disease perspective, illness and appropriate functioning.
b. Treating an individual integrally as a whole, including physical, mental and social
aspects of health
c. States better than normal, and subjective feelings of health
d. Optimal individual interaction with the environment
e. Unusual definitions of health
3. The welfare model in the definition of health is based on:
a. The disease perspective, illness and appropriate functioning.
b. Treating an individual integrally as a whole, including physical, mental and social
aspects of health
c. States better than normal, and subjective feelings of health
d. Optimal individual interaction with the environment
e. Unusual definitions of health
4. The ambience model in the definition of health is based on:
a. The disease perspective, illness and appropriate functioning.
b. Treating an individual integrally as a whole, including physical, mental and social
aspects of health
c. States better than normal, and subjective feelings of health
d. Optimal individual interaction with the environment
e. Unusual definitions of health
5. The definition of health given by the WHO states that:
a. Health is a state of complete physical and mental
well-being
b. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
c. Health is the absence of disease or infirmity
d. Health is a state of balance between body, mind and environment
e. Health is complete physical well-being
II. Select the correct answers
6. Choose the main factors that determine health
a. Human biology
b. Environment

21

c. Country's political system

d. Lifestyle
e. Organization of health care
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

The domain of human biology:

Includes the aspects of physical and mental health that occur in human organisms as a
consequence of biological processes
Includes health-related aspects (influences), which are outside the human body and on
which an individual has little or no control
Includes all decisions made by individuals that affect their health and over which
individuals have some degree of control
Includes the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships between people
and resources in the medical assistance
Causes approximately 30% of the potential human health

8. The domain of environment:

a. Includes the aspects of physical and mental health that occur in human organisms as a
consequence of biological processes
b. Includes health-related aspects (influences), which are outside the human body and on
which an individual has little or no control
c. Includes all decisions made by individuals that affect their health and over which
individuals have some degree of control
d. Includes the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships between people
and resources in the medical assistance
e. Causes approximately 30% of the potential human health
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

The lifestyle domain

Includes the aspects of physical and mental health that occur in human organisms as a
consequence of biological processes
Includes health-related aspects (influences), which are outside the human body and on
which an individual has little or no control
Includes all decisions made by individuals that affect their health and over which
individuals have some degree of control
Includes the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships between people
and resources in the medical assistance
Causes approximately 30% of the potential human health

10. Organization of health care:

a. Includes the aspects of physical and mental health that occur in human organisms as
a consequence of biological processes
b. Includes health-related aspects (influences), which are outside the human body and
on which an individual has little or no control
c. Includes all decisions made by individuals that affect their health and over which
individuals have some degree of control
d. Includes the quantity, quality, arrangement, nature and relationships between people
and resources in the medical assistance
e. Determine 10-15% of potential human health
11. Please select the social factors that determine health.
a. Social gradient
b. Stress
c. Conditions of development in childhood

22

d. Social isolation
e. Workplace and work conditions
f. Social support
12. Correct diagnosis of health status is important for:
a. defining the health-related issues of healthy individuals
b. organize appropriate interventions for health promotion and disease prevention
c. determining the indications for temporary work incapacity
d. coordination of resources in the health system and community, necessary to maintain
the existing potential of health
e. assigning the patient to a specific social stratum
13. In their daily activities, Family doctors can influence the following determinants of
health:
a. Unemployment
b. Human Biology
c. Environment
d. Lifestyle
e. Health Policies
14. The role of Family physician in Community Health area is
a. Leader
b. Businessman
c. Person of influence
d. Communicator
e. Administrator
Theme. Health promotion and disease prevention in the community
Health Promotion
I. Choose the correct answer
1. According to the definition, health promotion is:
a. A series of health-related activities aimed at combating harmful factors;
b. A process of creating opportunities for people to improve and strengthen control over
their health;
c. The art and science of disease prevention, lifespan extension and strengthening of
physical and mental health via communitys and societys active and organized effort;
d. An effective process of organizing care for the population;
e. A health education activity of the population.
2. Main health promotion activities include:
a. Ban on trading products/goods that can have negative impact on health;
b. Implementation of hygienic training in schools;
c. Dissemination of health strengthening changes to lifestyle, diet and environment;
d. Early diagnosis and treatment of disease;
e. Increasing people's access to health care.

23

3. The main objective of health promotion is:

a) combating smoking;
b) promotion of physical activity;
c) ensuring public health and well-being for longest possible time;
d) reducing stress;
e) reducing risky health behaviors.
II. Select the correct answers
4. Please select the primary prevention activities:
a) development of emergency care service;
b) iodine fortification of cooking salt;
c) iron enrichment of flour;
d) early detection and isolation of patients with diarrhea;
e) planned immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases.
5. Please select the secondary prevention activities
a) medical treatment of individuals in contact with infectious disease patients;
b) use of rabies vaccine in a person injured by an unknown dog in rabies endemic area;
c) use of individual hearing organ protective devices;
d) immobilization and proper transportation of a person with a fracture;
e) immunization against yellow fever in a person who moves into a region endemic for
this disease.
6. Tertiary prevention activities are:
a) use of anti-measles immunoglobulin in the measles outbreak area;
b) home-based palliative care;
c) curative gymnastics performed by a patient with a chronic disease;
d) early rehabilitation of a patient with myocardial infarction;
e) rational nutrition of a patient with chronic cardiovascular disease.
7. Second generation of health promotion objectives is based on:
a) the theoretical assumption;
b) the principle of health for all;
c) the premise of public health;
d) the practical perspective;
e) the developing of personal skills.
8. Please select the principles of health promotion:
a) personal empowerment;
b) active participation of the public;
c) addressing the impact of wider determinants of health;
d) reducing the social and legal inequality;
e) facilitating inter-sectoral collaboration.

24

Health-seeking behavior. Models, concepts and theories of behavior change. Behavior change
consult in primary care.
I. Indicate the correct answer.
1. Health belief model explains:
a. Why beliefs, knowledge and attitudes do not change the behavior of individuals;
b. What are the stages of behavior change;
c. How beliefs, knowledge and attitudes brig about the behavior change;
d. The role of environment in behavior change.
2. When an individual is trying to cut on animal fats, and his friend decided not to eat fatty
food in this individuals presence, it is best described as:
a. strengthening factor;
b. induction of contemplation phase;
c. awareness of the benefits on friends side;
d. an element of environmental change.
3. According to the transtheoretic model, in the stage of decision making, it is necessary:
a. to take the decision as quickly as possible in order to move easier to the later stages of
planning;
b. to proceed to action immediately;
c. to consider carefully the resources and potential obstacles;
d. to weigh-out repeatedly all possible losses.
4. The theory of reasoned/rational actions states that health behavior results from:
a. our intentions to act;
b. the genetic programming;
c. attitudes of the individual and his/her friends toward a specific behavior;
d. the content of the legislation in health area;
e. behaviors promoted by the health system
5. Social ties have an influence on our health behavior:
a. necessarily positive;
b. necessarily negative;
c. depending on the value assigned by the individual;
d. have no essential influence.
6. The impact of behavior change programs is determined by the formula:
a. Impact = number of program participants x efficiency;
b. Impact = duration of intervention x number of physicians involved;
c. Impact = population practicing the risk behavior x number of existing behavior
modification programs in a given area;
d. Impact = population participation rate in the program x theory the program is based
on.

25

II. Indicate correct answers

7. The transtheoretic model explains health behavior modifications by transition of the
individual through the following stages:
a. Action;
b. Contemplation;
c. Maintenance;
d. Pre-contemplation;
e. Decision making/planning.
8. In making behavioral change, according to the transtheoretic model, it is assumed that:
a. An individual will pass through all the stages of change in succession;
b. An individual will repeat some of the stages;
c. An individual will repeat the action and maintenance stages;
d. Relapses are a natural phenomenon;
e. In case of failure, the probability to change is close to zero.
9. The theory of planned behavior states that:
a. An individual has certain degree of influence on the resources and capacities
necessary for the behavior change;
b. An individual can objectively appreciate his/her degree of influence on the
possibilities of change;
c. The perceived degree of control over resources determines behavioral intentions;
d. The perceived degree of control over resources influences the outcome of behavioral
change.
10. The term "social support" in the context of behavior change assumes that:
a. The individual intending to change his/her behavior will be given some kind of
material aid;
b. Strengthening the adopted behavior will be obtained by offering the emotional
support and information;
c. A number of factors influencing self-efficiency and behavioral capacity will be
involved;
d. It involves learning by observation, and assuming new attitudes toward the risky
behavior.
11. The concept of community capacity building assumes that:
a. Community is comprised of inhabitants of a specific area;
b. The community has all the necessary resources and conditions to identify social and
health problems;
c. It is necessary to support and develop the communitys skills in public health
problems;
d. It is necessary to assign power and responsibilities to the community.
12. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model assumes that changing health behaviors in the
community requires the following:
a. Implementation of foreign successful programs in indigenous communities;

26

b. Assessment of the causes and maintenance factors of risky behaviors in the

community;
c. Adoption of necessary legislative and regulatory measures;
d. education of the adoption of healthy behavior patterns.
13. The concept of social marketing involves:
a. Implementation of all behavior change constructs (theories) in the community;
b. Implementation of the commercial marketing concept in the behavior domain;
c. Application of the trade marketing principles, under the free consumers decision
making conditions, regarding the change of high-risk behavior
14. Behavioral counseling interventions differ from those of screening in that:
a. They addresses entire populations of the countries;
b. They address complex behavior;
c. They are stable in intensity and content;
d. They vary in intensity and content;
e. They require repetition;
f. They are influenced by social environment.
15. Barriers that need to be overcome for practical implementation of behavior change
interventions in medical institutions are:
a. Patients' reluctance to participate;
b. Medical staffs focus on purely clinical issues;
c. Lack of time;
d. Insufficient supporting resources;
e. Awareness of low public health impact of the interventions in question.
Community/institution -based health promotion. Health education.
I. Indicate the correct answer
1. Positive health activities (immunizations, family planning) are part of the:
a. Primary prevention;
b. Secondary prevention;
c. Tertiary prevention;
d. Quaternary prevention;
e. Tertiary and quaternary prevention
2. What are not the criteria for prioritization of health problems in the community?
a. The incidence of health problems in the community;
b. The prevalence of health problems in the community;
c. Reluctance of the local public administration;
d. Mortality rates caused by health problems;
e. Presence of the initiative groups in addressing the problem.
3. Please indicate of which activities listed below health education makes part:
a. Primary prevention activities;

27

b. Secondary prevention activities;

c. Tertiary prevention activities;
d. General educational activities.
4. While selecting the method health problems screening, is important that the method is:
a. Most contemporary;
b. Most specific;
c. The simplest in application;
d. Best accepted by the population subject to screening;
e. Best available economically.
5. Please select the items that are not a part of resources necessary for health promotion
activities:
a. Health promotion professionals experience and competence;
b. Time allocated for the program implementation;
c. Administrations reluctance;
d. Financial resources;
e. Access to information.
II. Indicate the correct answers
6. Please select the elements of the health promotion activities cycle:
a. Process and results evaluation;
b. Community analysis;
c. Specific problems evaluation;
d. Planning of Health promotion activities;
e. Implementation of planned activities;
f. Establishing alliances (partnerships);
g. All of the above;
h. None of those named above.
7. The principle of "bottom up" approach to health promotion means:
a. Implementation of the principle of community self-sufficiency;
b. Capacity building of communities in health promotion;
c. Insisting on implementation of the ministerial programs in communities;
d. Consultation of state programs with community representatives.
8. Please select the items that are not part of the economical and/or regulatory activities in
health promotion.
a. Practical application of legislation on labeling the content of fat, sugars and
preservatives in foods;
b. Increased taxation of tobacco products;
c. Support to health education programs;
d. Accreditation of health care facilities;
e. Visits of inspectors from health insurance companies;
f. Medical advisory board meetings.

28

9.

For the result evaluation of health promotion programs, useful are:

a. Quantitative and qualitative evidence of changes in the behavior of the program
beneficiaries;
b. Quantifying the resources spent to achieve the goal;
c. Revealing the mistakes made during the program implementation;
d. Quantitative evidence of the degree of achieving the goals initially set.
Health Diagnosis
Correct answers.
1 - a;
2 - b;
3 - c;
4 - d;
5 - b;
6 - a, b, d, e;
7 - a, e;
8 - b, e;
9 - c, e;
10 - d, e;
11 - a, b, c, d, e, f;
12 - a, b, c;
13 - b, c, d;
14 - a, c, d.
Health promotion:
Correct answers
1.- b;
2.- c;
3.- c;
4. b, c, e;
5. a, b, d;
6. c, d, e;
7. a, c, d;
8. a, b, c, d, e.

Health seeking behavior. Models, concepts and theories of behavior change. Behavior change
consultant in primary care.
Correct answers:
1 - c;
2 - a;
3 - c;
4 - c;
5 - c;
6 - a;
7 a, b, c, d, e;
8 b, d;
9 a, c, d;
10 b, c;
11 b, c, d;

29

12 b, c, d;
13 b, c;
14 b, d, e, f;
15 b, c, d.
Community/institution -based health promotion. Health education
Correct answers:
1 - a;
2 - e;
3 - a;
4 - a;
5 - c;
6 a, b, c, d;
7 a, b;
8 c, e, f;
9 a, d.

30