Gramatica engleza .

Gramatica limbii engleze

Articolul nehotarat
Se aseaza inaintea substantivului.
Are forma 'a' daca urmeaza o consoana: a book - o carte
Are forma 'an' daca urmeaza o vocala: an english - un englez
Cand substantivul e la plural articolul nehotarat dispare: books - carti
Se foloseste inaintea substantivelor ce denumesc profesia, nationalitatea, genul persoanei:
I am an engineer - Sunt inginer
I am a romanian - Sunt roman
I am a man - Sunt barbat
I am a woman - Sunt femeie
Articolul hotarat
Articolul hotarat 'the' , se citeste z, se aseaza inaintea substantivului:
the book - cartea the books - cartile , book - carte, books - carti
the girl - fata the girls - fetele , girl - fat , girls - fete
Adjectivul
Adjectivul se aseaza intre articol si substantiv: a good boy - un baiat bun
Adverbul
Adverbul se formeaza adaugand la adjectiv terminatia ly:
bad weather - vreme rea , bad este adjectiv
the weather is badly - vremea este rea , badly este adverb
Pluralul substantivelor
Pluralul se formeaza adaugand dupa singular litera 's' :
boy - boys baiat - baieti girl - girls fata - fete
Substantive cu plural neregulat: man - barbat men - barbati
woman - femeie women - femei child - copil children - copii
Exista unele substantive care se termina la plural in 'es'
Pronumele si adjectivul demonstrativ
this - aceasta
that - aceea
these - acestea
those - acelea
Cazul genitiv
Este de doua feluri: of sau 's
the book of the boy - cartea baiatului
the boy's book - cartea baiatului
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In aceste exemple the boy inseamna baiatul , iar cu of si 's inseamna baiatului
Numeralul
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten
11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen
16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen
20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two
30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety
100 one hundred 733 seven hundred and thirty-three
1000 one thousand 1975 one thousand nine hundred and seventy-five
2004 two thousand and four
Pronumele si adjectivele interogative
who ? - cine ? whose ? - a cui ? whom ? - cui ?, pe cine ?
which ? - care ?
what ? - ce ?
Prepozitii spatiale
from - din with - cu in - in on - pe to - spre out - afara
before - inainte behind - inapoi between - intre across - peste
into - inauntru out of - afara din through - prin
over - peste under - sub up - sus down - jos
Pronume relative
Pentru persoane, animale, lucruri
who - care whose - al,a,ai,ale carui,carei,caror whom - caruia careia carora
whom - pe cine, pe care
that - care
Pentru animale, lucruri
which - care
what - ce
Pronumele personal
I
- eu
you - tu
he - el she - ea
we - noi
you - voi
they - ei , ele

it - el , ea pentru obiecte, animale

Adjective posesive
my - meu, mea
your - tau, ta
his - lui her - ei its - lui , ei
our - nostru, noastra
your - vostru, voastra
their - lor
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Pronume posesiv
mine - al meu, a mea
yours - al tau, a ta
his - al lui hers - al ei
ours - al nostru, a noastra
yours - al vostru, a voastra
theirs - al lor, a lor
Pronumele la cazul dativ
me - mie
you - tie
him - lui her - ei
us - noua
you - voua
them - lor

it - lui , ei

Pronumele la cazul acuzativ

me - pe mine
you - pe tine
him - pe el her - pe ea
us - pe noi
you - pe voi
them - pe ei

it - pe el , pe ea

Pronumele reflexive si de intarire

myself insumi, insami
yourself insuti, insati
himself insusi herself insasi
ourselves insine
yourselves insiva
themselves insisi , insele

itself insusi , insasi

Verbul 'to be' - a fi la prezent

I am
- eu sunt
you are - tu esti
he is
- el este she is - ea este
we are - noi suntem
you are - voi sunteti
they are - ei sunt , ele sunt

it is - el este , ea este

Se poate folosi prescurtat: I'm , he's , she's, it's

Pentru negativ se adauga 'not': I am not eu nu sunt
Pentru intrebari cuvintele se scriu invers: Are you ? Tu esti ?
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Verbul 'to have' - a avea la prezent

I have - eu am
you have - tu ai
he has - el are she has - ea are it has - el are, ea are
we have - noi avem
you have - voi aveti
they have - ei au, ele au
Pentru negativ se adauga 'not': I have not eu nu am
Pentru intrebari cuvintele se scriu invers: Have you ? Tu ai ?
Verbul 'to be' - a fi la trecut
I was eu am fost
you were tu ai fost
he was el a fost she was ea a fost
we were noi am fost
you were voi ati fost
they were ei , ele au fost

it was el , ea a fost

Negativ: I was not eu nu am fost

Interogativ: Were you ? Tu ai fost ?
Verbul 'to have' - a avea la trecut
I had eu am
you had tu ai
he had el are she had ea are
we had noi avem
you had voi aveti
they had ei , ele au

it had el , ea are

Negativ: I had not eu nu am

Interogativ: Had you ? Tu ai ?
Timpul prezent aspectul continuu
I am writing eu scriu
you are writing tu scrii
he is writing el scrie she is writing ea scrie
we are writing noi scriem
you are writing voi scrieti
they are writing ei , ele scriu

it is writing ea , el scriu

Se foloseste pentru a exprima o actiune in curs de desfasurare in momentul de fata sau o actiune care
urmeaza sa aiba loc intr-un viitor foarte apropiat
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Timpul prezent aspectul comun

I write eu scriu
you write tu scrii
he writes el scrie she writes ea scrie
we write noi scriem
you write voi scrieti
they write ei , ele scriu

it writes ea , ea scriu

Negativ: I do not write eu nu scriu he does not write el nu scrie

Interogativ: Do you write ? Tu scrii ?
La he , she , it , se adauga terminatia s
Exemple de modificari la unele verbe:
he watch he watches a urmari el urmareste
to dress he dresses a se imbraca el se imbraca
to go he goes a merge el merge
to wash he washes a spala el spala
Participiul nedefinit
Se formeaza adaugand terminatia -ing la infinitivul verbului
to learn - learning a invata - invatand
to play - playing a juca - jucand
to try - trying a incerca - incercand
Exemple de modificari la unele verbe:
to translate - translating a traduce - traducand
to sit - sitting a sta - stand
to preffer - preferring a prefera - preferand
to travel - travelling a calatori - calatorind
to lye - lying a zacea - zacand
Participiul trecut
Se formeaza adaugand terminatia -ed la infinitivul verbului
to ask asked a intreba intrebat
to play played a juca jucat
Exemple de modificari la unele verbe:
to translate translated a traduce tradus
to stop stopped a opri oprit
to prefer preferred a prefera preferat
to travel travelled a calatori calatorit
to try tried a incerca incercat

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Present perfect aspectul comun

I have written eu am scris
you have written tu ai scris
he has written el a scris she has written ea a scris it has written
we have written noi am scris
you have written tu ai scris
they have written ei , ele au scris
Negativ: I have not written eu nu am scris
Interogativ: Have you written ? Tu ai scris?
Se foloseste pentru o actiune terminata in trecut dar care are consecinte si in prezent:
We have moved into a new house. Ne-am mutat intr-o casa noua.
(Ne-am mutat in trecut, dar in prezent locuim in aceasta casa)
Se foloseste atunci cand propozitia contine: today, this week, this month, this year, ever, never, often,
seldom, already, lately, just, always, yet.
I have been a student for several month. Eu sunt student de cateva luni.
Present perfect aspectul continuu
I have been writing eu am scris , eu scriu
you have been writing tu ai scris , tu scrii
he , she , it has been writing el , ea , au scris , scriu
we have been writing noi am scris , noi scriem
you have been writing voi ati scris , voi scrieti
they have been writing ei , ele au scris , scriu
Se foloseste pentru o actiune care a inceput in trecut, si s-a incheiat cu putin inainte de momentul vorbirii
sau este in curs de desfasurare si poate continua si in viitor.
I have been writing since 7 o'clock . Eu scriu de la ora 7.
Negativ: I have not been writing eu nu ams scris, eu nu scriu
Interogativ: Have you been writing ? Tu ai scris ? Tu scrii ?
Trecutul aspectul comun
Verbe neregulate. Exemplu: to write - a scrie
write (forma I ) - wrote (forma II ) - written (forma III )
write - prezent wrote - trecut written - participiul trecut
I wrote eu am scris
you wrote tu ai scris
he wrote el a scris she wrote ea a scris it wrote ea , el a scris
we wrote noi am scris
you wrote voi ati scris
they wrote ei , ele au scris
Verbe regulate . Exemplu: to ask - a intreba
ask (forma I ) - asked (forma II ) - asked (forma III )
ask - prezent asked - trecut asked - participiul trecut
Este la fel ca participiul trecut, se adauga terminatia 'ed' la infinitivul verbului
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I asked eu am intrebat
you asked tu ai intrebat
he asked el a intrebat she asked ea a intrebat
we asked noi am intrebat
you asked voi ati intrebat
they asked ei , ele au intrebat

it asked el , ea a intrebat

Negativ: I did not write eu nu am scris

Interogativ: Did you write ? Tu ai scris ?
Trecutul aspectul continuu
I was writing eu scriam
you were writing tu scriai
he , she , it , were writing el , ea scria
we were writing noi scriam
you were writing voi scriati
they were writing ei , ele scriau
Negativ: I was not writing eu nu scriam
Interogativ: Were you writing ? Tu scriai ?
Mai mult ca perfectul aspectul comun
I had written eu scrisesem
you had written tu scrisesei
he , she, it , had written el , ea , scrisese
we had written noi scrisesem
you had written voi scriseseti
they had written ei , ele scrisesera
Negativ: I had not written eu nu scrisesem
Interogativ: Had you written ? Tu scrisesei ?
Mai mult ca perfectul aspectul continuu
I had been writing eu scrisesem
you had been writing tu scrisesei
he , she , it , had been writing el , ea , scrisese
we had been writing noi scrisesem
you had been writing voi scriseseti
they had been writing ei , ele scrisesera
Negativ: I had not been writing eu nu scrisesem
Interogativ: Had you been writing ? Tu scrisesei ?
Viitor aspectul comun
I shall write eu voi scrie
you will write tu vei scrie
he will write el va scrie she will write ea va scrie
we shall write noi vom scrie
you will write voi veti scrie
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it will write el , ea va scrie

they will write ei , ele vor scrie

Negativ: I shall not write eu nu voi scrie
Interogativ: Will you write ? Tu vei scrie ?
Forme scurte: - in loc de shall si will se poate scrie prescurtat 'll - in loc de shall not se poate scrie
prescurtat shan't , in loc de will not se poate scrie won't
Viitor aspectul continuu
I shall be writing eu voi scrie
you will be writing tu vei scrie
he , she, it , will be writing el , ea, va scrie
we shall be writing noi vom scrie
you will be writing voi veti scrie
they will be writing ei , ele vor scrie
Negativ: I shall not be writing eu nu voi scrie
Interogativ: Will you be writing ? Tu vei scrie ?
Conditional prezent
I should write eu as scrie
you would write tu ai scrie
he , she, it , would write el , ea ar scrie
we should write noi am scrie
you would write voi ati scrie
they would write ei , ele ar scrie
Negativ: I should not write eu nu as scrie
Interogativ: Would you write ? Tu ai scrie ?
Conditional trecut
I should have written eu as fi scris
you would have written tu ai fi scris
he , she , it , would have written el , ea ar fi scris
we should have written noi am fi scris
you would have written voi ati fi scris
they would have written ei , ele ar fi scris
Negativ: I should not have written eu nu as fi scris
Interogativ: Would you have written ? Tu ai fi scris ?
Verbe modale: can must may
can - pot, sunt in stare
may - pot, am voie
must - trebuie
Verbul care le urmeaza sunt la infinitiv fara 'to' : I can write - Eu pot scrie
Sunt la fel pentru: eu, tu, el, ea, noi, voi, ei
Negativ: cannot , may not, must not, sau: can't, mayn't, mustn't
Interogativ: Can you write ? Poti scrie ?
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Verbe modale: will shall would should

will
I will eu intentionez, eu sunt hotarat
we will noi intetionam, noi suntem hotarati
shall
you shall tu trebuie , iti promit
he , she , it , shall el , ea trebuie , ii promit
you shall voi trebuie , va promit
they shall ei , ele trebuie , le promit
should
you should tu ar trebui
he , she, it , should el , ea ar trebui
you should voi ar trebui
they should ei , ele ar trebui
would
you would vrei te rog
you would vreti va rog
Timpul verbelor neregulate
forma I - forma II - forma III
prezent - trecut - participiu trecut
be - was - been fi - fost - fiind
have - had - had avea - avut - avand
begin - began - begun incepe - inceput - incepand
bring - brought - brought aduce - adus - aducand
buy - bought - bought cumpara - cumparat - cumparand
drive - drove - driven conduce - condus - conducand
come - came - come veni - venit - venind
choose - chose - chosen alege - ales - alegand
do - did - done face - facut - facand
eat - ate - eaten manca - mancat - mancand
forget - forgot - forgotten uita - uitat - uitand
freeze - froze - frozen ingheta - inghetat - inghetand
go - went - gone merge - mers - mergand
give - gave - given da - dat - dand
get - got - got lua - luat - luand
grow - grew - grown creste - crescut - crescand
know - knew - known cunoaste - cunoscut - cunoscand sti - stiut - stiind
learn - learnt - learnt invata - invatat - invatand
lose - lost - lost pierde - pierdut - pierzand
make - made - made face - facut - facand
run - ran - run alerga - alergat - alergand
say - said - said spune - spus - spunand
see - saw - seen vedea - vazut - vazand
send - sent - sent trimite - trimis - trimitand
sell - sold - sold vinde - vandut - vanzand
show - showed - shown arata - aratat - aratand
spend - spent - spent chetui - cheltuit - cheltuind petrece - petrecut - petrecand
speak - spoke - spoken spune - spus - spunand vorbi - vorbit - vorbind
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stand - stood - stood sta - stat - stand

take - took - taken lua - luat - luand
think - thought - thought gandi - gandit - gandind
tell - told - told spune - spus - spunand
understand - understood - understood intelege - inteles - intelegand
win - won - won castiga - castigat - castigand

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