Descopere rezolveenigmelegi maiapoi...

aventura.
V
F^r-.
\ rs'
Yq#l INVf,TA
ENGLEZf, o metoddpracticd Qicompletd
 v n
I NUATfi
^

ENGLEZfi
O 1992UsbomePublishingLtd

Trtlu in original

LERNENGLISH
oe
Nicole Ifling

O 1997by EDITURAAQUILA '93

RomanianeditionandTranslation

ISBN 973-9319-17-3

Traducere:
ClaudiaEftimie

Lector:
ClaudiaEfiimie

Tehnoredactare:
Editura ScdptaSrl. Orddea

EDITIIRA AQIIILA.93
ORADEA
Cuprins

l Cuvantinaintc
4 Chid de pronuntareenglez
5 Glosar(tenneni/noliunigranaticale)
6 Substantivele
8 Adlcctivclcqi primclcno,tiuddespreverb
t0 Timpulprezental verbelor
12 Genitivulin 's
14 Imperativul$i,l,,/Lr.tf
l6 Propoziliileinterogative
l8 Propoziliilc negative
20 Catela verbede exceplje
22 Prepoziliile9i p:uticulclc
24 "Cinc","ce" 5i pronumele reflexive
26 Prezeitulcontinuu(contiLltrare)
2E Pronumclc peisonalc
1l Verbeleia trecutli ad\,erbele
32 Impcflirctul(continuare)
-i,{ Aspcctulsimpluii contirluu al trecutulur
i6 PresentPerflct
38 Paticipiult(:tuLal vcrbuluiqipmu,'nelegxesrre
40 Viitorul
42 Formareaviitorului cu going to
44

48
19
56
Cradeledeconrpalatie
I/oall gi condiqionalul
O scrisoarc
Explicatiigmlnaticale
Rdspunsurile
cornlaativ 5isuperlattv
dM
(B'D
5i soluliilcexercifilor
5u Nurreralele. datele.anotilnpuriie... e?)
59 Dictionarenglez-romdn

o
Cuvdntinainte
1..!\tl carleva PeInLtesi Personaieleprincipale
nNatatir.sulllc dc b:7n alc Pe prLcuAce nr rlari.!el Ir!.lu.ott r1r.u at!nil. pisoraje. Cei
str rlLcr lrnrtrii.n!lezeir sa !aLr f.lin un rol idForr.nt !1 n n piczenr.riijc .
punelijn pra.lLcacc. cc irrvllin
pc fxrcu$ itu6n r !i r. Pr nriisuri Susj iL John.deoxreceeisoscscla Bddgctorri. f. dr nul
.arc.lu.. la rcicdifi! flit.xlc Ei rtr vcnrrdr h L.of,lft ridc d. I r .
J r'pc'.. -L| rl I i.. rI
Pi.g riel! i !tpr:zint! un lcri nsoti pc parcusrl..csrci.; i
ghid dc Frorlnlar. c.lLcz i !n
gi1,s.r(rlosrrul.\ j..\pl ci
iernenri grainalcar car. r.Durc
tint |]cntruI i.rc egenrri bine
rc{ul. ReEili 6!p'i Luidacinu
n.qi tmilidiali c!dnenii

P.rrd tfirr Nlil r r;1r rr.!l).

h tasim 6 Fie$r. caf L.l
tr./ nrii r r pr D.i srr rluli lr

tf-$
grrmlrici. LaLbardades.nata!i
pr.z nlr rtilrzrLcaaccsroa.
lnirc ctrvLrleL.rnn sunL
prez.nralc!lar0 dc !adu..rta
lor Cril:lie\r,ic.l le r JanJ!
des.n.ta.Connrlilli lisradc
rtrrl c noi carf{llli rrhti nlrr n Il''vl.n
i prs Da.iri ra i efe! sa
irrc.scli. +cla1i la radur.'c.

,\ccnsti r.dn.cre nu enc tncrt,

.urin ru cu\:1nl.De litr. f! N
.xFriDr1m(ol rlrntnl l. rtLin
.ngl!/rl cr I nr urana. Atadar.
.a corslirrc tadu..r.a cca mai

l
P. f aLruNtrl iccii[ i c.Frtolleli
n rl i r l c e p u 1i. lh icir o .rt\au
un j o cc a r eYa .r el.o ..ziadea
ln r! n rI r c t tr r ce rG .li

i$
I t i s r o n s r L. si solu r ille
l . $s ri oi s; F r....i

lr a.cenacanc.abr.!rcr.a +r\ccstaner\ i$.anmi.ii vdbul cac urnreazi

c ac u r i r t u Ls.ncr p e jian l .n. ncrgular. (!obfl al .l.ui ri,np rL.cdr.j.
trcr!!uLall vc'h.lc nere:trLare
dir e r! eiii !t
s!11erplicar. ulde e$c ncces.r.
 Ghid de pronunlareenglez
Porunlia nr lniba etrglezidiLrd
de ceadin libba romin::. Uncle
lirere$rnt uior de pronunlat
deoaEceele au tol tiinpulacccaJi
pronfnlie sc cn$c l.lcl, H.lllele
se cilcsctise pfonunlaca nr liDba
ronann{adict "b", k, l-. p ,
'fti z--).hrusi- nrulteliterc si
grupnridc lir.rc sc pol p.onlnF
difeLlttipertfuatti cumsi le
lronuntali core.r,..amal indicatd
nndalnateene de aa\culla cu
arcnriecrm lorbesc elghzii
Aici v, slnt prczeniarc cebva
rclr'ri car Yr vot dnid 5i
pronuDlaticorectLilereleal cdror
sunettebuie invalat.Arenliein
schlnb: pmnnntare!r. erglezri
diliir, e\isLlndnruheexceplii.
e la slaqilul ufui cwant ru se
pr.nnnlddcl.c : ljk rrr., litc
cu ercpliacuvi.te or larmati
di.lr-o silabn.lndc "c" sc
pronund i scuiti ,. rre lei
ce r sc Prtrunlii Lol 'i darpnlin
i se pronurli ca nr lnnbarcmere
(.dicli rcun): nrirg.. ftrf it:
- aseDefi sunlul i i din casn:
- asemflri$nerului ai" dln cobri:
o se Pronunldq in mmani:d.e.
- asemenisunelnlui"o" din oncol
dd.n'l1mai alu.gn: o14 pn,,a
ea s. Pronunta-i : tcu,plcasc.sao
"e' .a in elefrnt:derd ./ear,/e
o se PnrulFtri : tc.|lc
rr se ptunmtI dproapcca !n iii:
/r*dl snuun ilr dif romanii:
ay & et sc Fronunis'ci ca nl
piei: avd.r,l,sli ea se ptununt!
cAleodaircra.L l. ttl 8,?a.
ie sc pronsre--i'. caE poatei
lua: pL.c. sa! scnrl , iczd
oc& u.3c pnrutiili sctrt ca nr
\Aehi.: slroe btue .l1E
oi & oy sep.onlnF o cajn

oo sc pronn.F !!u': uliu, ugn!d.. or re pron!.la'au ca ri in aurl

-6cmcn su.dului a din l.t
mcryindi.sFrcun c dcschis:
,rap
- a,eincnisunetuui r" dinc8!
r]f ru{in muidLunsirlar,?.v}ar.
bemenisuncluluio di. on
sscncni sun.LulLrljjr"din ftt:
asemensunerului _ei dii
lei: lake,cake,nake, ttte.
nr majo'italeacrurilo. slenrai ar,,r.r,,lslu o nui !lungir:
xlungil dcchtin romann(vezi
un diclionarbui):
'inba
r.nful 1,,1,
ov se ProDunGceteodald..au i
.r!, ,,( i.r xliorisc ptu.unli
''au ca nr ciliu: rr.!, !.D./,r'.
a!eincnisuneruluiria"din vazn
satr..sa bt|. up inptr; ui se FronuDIl_i cr in indiciu:
xsemeni sunetului r1i! din l!t: D rder sau"u" ca nr urecb.illlu.
-
iii!i din fi!:
- scneni $rnetul!Li
ai sc pronun!5ascneni sunctuhi
''e diir etaj: !t/tt, pair sau
3une[rlui"ei" din lei: patrt A
aw s pronunfd o cain.DofiDp:
dtw rtraeberOt CAteodrti, aest
sunctse scie@ (ca i') r',,/), or
(.a in ldJ, sar our ici li,6/), dar

C
fil

e \e mp re
L xr.fl h :o rt rrd.t.l grni tt r9 i i 4
 Glosar
ch se proDutrtd
lch :.r,,?, ti -k" cu!antului)se p.onmF r'7:: Acst glosarvAprezrrt,lE scu
zebrir tr, ./.rrs sa! 'L" ca in joc: principaliitermenigramaticali
di.

s se pronu& gi ioaintealui 't" subshnt'yutI cuvaft cae denume$l

sd'i : ,/a,g.i aiifel.e se sh sephnn.F "t" ca in idrpe:
pronunfd nomal:bd&a,. sdrd,; lucrurj.fiiiie. Exemplu:soarcce.
h u'il poatciftii: gre$ pronutuele:curadlcaEliireIocul
th sepfofunl c. un lelile 1" pu unli srb$rnr{ E\emplu:!!JLI!3!
gh sepronunltdneori"f': dn,!gr, nandtinba 1i1rediiri,ldsand&ru1 subietnl: sobslanriv sr! ptunuric
jaf.hcod nu scpronunr!dcloc sn iasdu$orpe gurd:/r! 4d. ca sufereacliunea expnmatede
verb Exltple: Soarcc.l.ndnnncs
tioDsepronunidTin": ?4.dlrio,
ng nu sepronnolA lian disrincii
nul1ecuvinteseteaDiniin "irg", r sePrcnun{a"u" c. n1uituc: onplmnrul substantrv sautro
iccaslarcmi.alie pronuniand! se numecaredeteaniniun !erb.El
ca un \' rdzaliat rt g Drt a. po.le li direct Eann.nncnb!t:!:
rh sepronrnracrreadatd '1i' iar zt ti rr.lirecl: la ii di sursji
b se pronrnF aproapnxordeauna alleori ca un h e.gleTdcfoarte salcbrAnzr.
in en9lez^:herc holila!, heUo. djectiY!l: cuvaftcarcfcacrie
un subsranLir Fxenriu: Eaeste
j sepronlrli "E' ca l,t ser,/,zfel x seP.onunFcaLeodatigz err; gasa.
id alteori"ks"ierpel /;a, verbuli cuvantcde expri,nao
kn scp.oiunts 'n ("k'rul nn sc acliunceu o shr vc$fl s .on,
y sepronund i" p!!in alungir: jugn,adrcisepuoelaform. !i
cnqon, rau: heori s.rn: ieely. dml'un difcrire,onford nrbiectF
! & l l s opr o n u n !i ca
l - rldinY ili: /ed4r rt ,?; alteori se pronunfi lui ! momentutiincaEarel@
,11ldldrri le dc la sfi$ilul unui acliuca.Elmple: ea$inancaiei
cuvilnrse[onun1r"rl" c! 5ii! aAllaq si loili.
inliritivrl: foma de bd, a ver-bu-
q! s. pronrnlriik' 4,i.k 4zi.r iui. E fomrapecareo.E verbul
candnu e coDjusarExenplu: a
r{l dnrcngleze scpronnn!,aprca- 4E4q c.!r4
pe cain romandjiwr /nat Aiir in Maea Britanic.cetti in sdverbul:cuvenrcaredcrerninn
Rominia,existi D.irnulresccene uDvrbexprinandc&acreddic
Er sep|onun(I "r"candse reg'onal.Indicaliilede inaisus (in rimp,sp!!iu.crc.).
E-
corcspundenslezi sl.ndafd di.
,lele n@slr.fiindprczenlatd ata
c@ 6te vo$iti i! sudisul Angliei. !oa[s.
G.nnraliaour sepronunF
Mai xistaiiahe accente-cumaf
fi colalengleailmeicanevorbile
s sep'lDunFca in cers: in Amq ica(und.odosEfirea!a
houk I.rclt. catcod^td, riua in coflparalie
cu ceaa MaJii c u . la .in .
inlre pcrr!

I ll \nc (..!ar. tnriqi! s. nri.

 Substantivele
Orica,ear fi gch!Lsub(drti\uhLi, iil
crgl.Tn rcr .tlrtrgr /tu len0r a
dricr r nrbstrtircle lxcrl e: t t
,, t/F? (Dodul): ,7. 7or,./ ( n' rnul)l
!ht a 4)t tl l^ttonorr't).
4q re,l"j'
--"a{'.rr--:-rtiut,s
6
d- |f-

df6i;:,
/,r:i, \e rridd. tr if rnr lrla utrei +l ri t: /. la
vBF l.R

J*i;:, ':4, I l*r

consoar. si,, ir farann.i\o.alc
Fxcn,plc:. /rr,.k. irr 0of ): ,, -"1

..r'e '. Fr ," t

"-{*t '
*'-;..-,1":\,@
tJ ^,,0 *
-l=- I {
_ _=--- r.-=:t&= r--i=---

,d."8fF"rA
</_ v*

Pluralulsubstantivelor
NlJjoinlrcanLhnanrr.L.r Frlmcsc
rir \ r p[ rl nrn,g$ 1t'd0ri)1.
lr;',rapaLci r ialasubslaiairelorla
phml arr rL: inr.,lctrunr

Irr .|Lirlitrr /Jlrtird ro:bi n despiJ

lucrurl concr.I.1/i,c h ;ig.J ./
8rr,,'!.DM |odLtrilc{lr llrnlg.
lolnr. CirJ roibinrdesprelu!ruri
nsnumtmbrli nr r iLill.r ri. i/ 1,,t
\trrr^ nni fl.r. (l!1. r e]

Some(ni9te)
( il rJ nirtr irpL, rl.i I rnunrili cn0ti
rlr. sxf !n afr nn nuixi. trtiliz3n
, t,u i t \1 ., t r d, r \ ont t l l ]l (t )ti i n )
l ri r a .r ! pier e s uDl r L !i .l ..u i L ).1
srhnr , x r i\ . 1 ln p l L Il \c
^ h l ;l

|,L . . u: , 1\ ! c : , r l. ' . ,J rrr' J .i -,:i ,,.:,L ri l s L c !\i rl ,rL Irrg]tti rr,,i .r/i ri i l .,,r' S rr!i i
 ''Er'sti urto" 9i 'iat,;"
Pentru erlsl!,seafl{ un/o
spn e ii?,? r:rGauirdrelt)
Exdnplq/,eE { a /d' (6kAe rrin un
hc.-)j trle as /a.{asGunr$ rni

Ctnd fts sf,s.nnemi.1d votr uliLiz

bt iraE ir /ul Gnd ne refein la un
obi@t cdc se afln prih tproF oE vom
spuiereP 6 ltu,"El)' h singuhr

Cuvinlenoi La tamllla Fruitcake

,t:: - ---]
Pentruun boriv neclnscut, b6r.
batuliiin spareleluiJohdi{llui
Susyprir91ti clin drumll
- ?#'::)
';a-*
t16er'f'\ /(&a
de ducela Smilia Fruitcake. Al "4-j/\: \'---
!
a sAsitdiaDnmele sae Duch -----__r--.
de"Fper;ai indi c id , u d u ld ele
a@pon. Cdulali Ie p celelate
iare alc&uind o li36 in flgldn
\,_.
l

b-4H
-!_-
Choiarplicilo.
."/ota /dt! Johnpdve$el ,ta, thqe are the bidc6 Da,6.oto
.oh ,es! Thaes,abw to. t $i .atul the tu ta@n. ti @le dont
.Oh, het s ntu diryoht Oh. i*A (.aici
. aircdrst'z,tMinnnail Dulciudl
.t/ral I rrar $a/7 Ce ai &olo Susy?
.Or, r,,,id,r/ oh. chie si Du.tii
.I6Ll fl@ s bdalM Pn!.g- 'And heeb tle Fruixate houe. Si
telAcoloest. oaSulBridgelo*n iatr gi asa faniliel O uitca*e.

J ri flunl: .r,r,t.s. I r lnsomnd {&. ln lim6t vodnt selnftburlal foma conhsa ! {ve, pas 3]
 Adjectivele 9l primelenotiunidespreverb
ir.rSl.zi ad..iircl. sc pf. if.in
1ri irhstatuvL Lrl :il {i :! rfvlidba Bridgetotan
c St)r..\.drplu.cn F.er (rcrdci
\orn xrer .i g,".r.r/(o drrl'r!
rcdct ii!?., d,r (Na rirerzil.
verbelein limbaengbza
if .,!lc7r. !r tL. r. ..nit ei .
pr.!pe l. lcl ra tiinpul prcz.ft (!.zL
pr{iilr !0t tr{nilc \eil e.llrt rn
r, ]]l ir Ii) ti],r rd,. ix rv.r) se
.onilgi Jil'ril ..8isi1 orirgrlt To have, to have got
ln rr r|! trczr x te nr iirtllrla
li er-{leza.llco rse scr . inrorica-
nf,.tr mrrf.ttrlir )til nberr nr' ncz. rtu vnl.ulu /. n,,. este
alrll tu, {oi cat ii drs. 1ll ii e! ar /rd'. kr]]dL'.irllr Desroranr
drrpl co.lpon.l li rl j/r..i'rd .ilnl Le oofie\r.. J. i.ili !i f/t
re reler nr a per.rc. (lnnd vo!
bid d*pF l!rcru !.nr spuie n I ln. iq.t) c, rlli .
Iti iL1!..nna noi 7lljd nE.,$nii r, l. n ' f ' / . (' ' I u r|v o l. \ c r
rr drc rrrrl ior ar. r
rl+ /r,rr /.(,, trrelcru
htr\ltrt

ih ensle2 vo$ui r.orrrn-! ioF

mclc \.ib.lor t, i[ tL zi /,,t. h
prezeil l,r. rfr ii tr de!in
'c
ii \ lxcmtL.: /,, icn snnr'l
!,air {,r l1u,i, r0i a}etir.

I I',.trlti.i !c tuLj$ , ,,.!<Jrc

I rr! r. iN ,r. (r-!,Lr
lrlicutrlspur.t ,l meufihe., al tlirlra
tu mg e/i. C,rrtulurlzat penlrual
si u / sa ..i , ile lor Cc Dn c d c h tn ,l
si ! re njhr J.sp'. care r0rDrlr
#{:i,t
9r)\:
li: ,l L i! r s r . r \ iiix L!s r !i rr
hc ri i r r ! i5iir ulr rL s rt)
ir. t \ ir ! , r i{ , iLr ( r lrc d rr
ou .,lnGL11,tu.srh aih c mn (e)

7
'*;

Ci n e c e b a g a lear e ?
Dc6o.!j. in bandad.srDatiti si d.jco-
N ir cir..0 brgrtr 1:11Spr'.liin ct.se2li',. ie dear!.rlerr3lre
^!i!!teasedeFLstati!.er.
QL. !i.liibuilrle.ne o culoare Prnnul iaspunscslc://ii ld.g ir

Ch e iare p l i c i l o r

. Oh , t.\' l\ . ! r 1r g. !.r! O h a r:
Af, un ca't & culoa,. rdJt
.a, irl r,/i Oh .! nra L cne
/ ,,?./ Alr ,rit.bostrt
'1, ccn ntittun nhhthr!
,) E A .N, ,:\ /t\ r"g \u. Jrennr t
vrli?il !.lnc o.!cmr. olh$irir.
.a\,. q.r d, !/,l g/.ar l.!'Am o

'lrr ri? irkil lha,k\\t srt ri

lr r t u' ui! r . 111. i: iin : p ! . r ! litr i

""i"
 Timpulprezental verbelor
In englezd. verbele suntutordeconlulalla pFzeDt. darla b'npuluiprezenl.Acenadesc ieolc$unec.rcarcld,sc
peroans4riasingula pfimescuns.ladcunaLa.dpre- deslatoar5 cllar i. monrenruL
vorbirii.
zeniUlerbullib !,/* (a s. tlimba).Itarit/th1 :talk,
,a,'rr./rralb Acsheneispectulsitoplualvc'b!l!ila
1i'npulFezeft.cadtcrizendo aclnrnccarcarclocde
obicei,deseorisau riciodati roruqi.sprede.sebire de PrezenLulcondruusetbxneudru ajulorulvsbuluih
i n rb in enqle z d i i c ri ,,; /i u a l ' a p .!L a l
(!c/ pasm 3)'infinnilul verbului:lalarcseadausd
' u' nir a ' min;rir . ds in codm' dr. \A csc p,.^nid \ob_ul
n,/* .onj uA arl a prcanrul 6nhrr tn rnht' *
ftutu.tlhrf art ||.lkiha hzhhznt ir val*r1g i
L
tr
ut - \
er

Utilizarea celor douA aspecte To want {a dori, a vrcat

ale timpului prezen!
Pennu a s!une ceeac. dor,li. vel,
liebuie sArtineticl in en.llezi. utiliza vetbul /, re! (a dori! r vrell
orice.cliuoecaEestein cus de c d e $ c o n j ugi l a fel ca vqbul r,
destisureserapone.ziconiinuu. n,/t 3 pfwo lsiDplu (/r,,4re
H\en'f u: eu cinl (nr!c$l monrenr)an!relt^
s. traducc:/dr ri,gmg dar.daca
\t n|. hd sha i t ||M s) T. v dd
sc iitrcbuinrizi la mpectul
lceam propozlle o veli traduce: Pcnh a spMc.e.ace dontisara,
hR
/ (eu.atrt) seiilelelse ci dse celi.loiosit verbulr, rr, alaluride
'ra celeodalA.
orisdu prinumaE vI r un inl,nilirsp'eexehpLu.lMrl/o
fedlila oacllunccarcareloc repe- rdlt (.u vrausn norg^n nt
rarsa! dii candii ci.d rl i n tb
t? nIG (a9 dori/agvrea)
_sr-d
Pcn!u a sp..c marierapoll coa-
si ceeace dorili.veti/ cc: /r,,//
/t(a sar lornd .onrasa / .l /rlg (r5 dori/
ni-ar plrco).ercmdu:/i/ r,{" 4,k.
(,r dori o cota)./ dr{a r, i,,/I" (nt
dori st m! tlnib) /d/it esrcfomra
decoDdition.laverbul!iro/,lc (!-i
puc.r.unr c.r,.. dori ccyal

un

I \!'ht e.n'elx lnnniLi\s k.mindin.h, sh.s.

t0 Erqnulurrr!d ia neryO.\omspuisn!lri (eln e rgd2l ' rl i N l i {Ll tdr,* r!nc!\rcf{ nmadehri ry$brrrLl
I fo,D.t conlr. rc ve$uluJ. rr la pucnrl ronrruu(!er pra 3)*fler nitulcl0ldrtritrr' /,rrnlt r,r
 Wq
.:\ _1,t a; scrisoareamislrioasa
IW
PsS
It(H
SusyaobseNatciu. Dohn d ll-
s.l si-i ra!. o loaiede hadle.
Ridicand-o d. pejos.ob*Ne ci
estcvorbadespfco scris@reinle
li chiu. O p.rsoana fodte obosiLa
rrebuies-oll scris,ficandcerev.
e..ieLiGse Tnroral).Atj Pula{r
rescriecorecraod gretelile!l
incer.And s! o 1Edlcetilr)

A det.n itbtd. iSgJ

I an! ddnm. | ft dde n trr y'Be.rdi.l aMar ln6e M

&nlaur it hn. I h* d eld fu | an E t tLt. llM nl
nc@E b ttt. t:e6rc kt hw hd. tlE f.adt nd a{di

cheia fplicilor
.ln, ,! | alt,,{ .o, r/on /rr McEi prei ,,.e Dorinto ingheFtdii!n slc dc
.1 n l@kng dt thcltn ltrqe,:!q)i.l! .t d likc d letnonule At la\i o
dmn peisajul. $mp,iule,
^
.Oh ra\, ttu runi :hihi|1f; lnttade\tu, .lni l d iikeuC.lL pl.arc tt er

' adthe bids arc tin.it,E inr
pasalikcanl..
.Lwuse na, te atr t@trnyi.,
tfileed, bilr am$Lle, ciuLrm
.Th6 nad ledds 1. Erid*hw t)tnmrl
adenr vh du.e insprcBrdedown
.ltd,ta k,bL th nt \lttde D6fts..
.trunt ar i.! ra!.1l.na"d,t. Ar 4on
.Hetdnt! ( cur.)l tLL Et dotetrea
4ra \1o,t d" itz .reah ah.l ah orahg.
.l .l li4e to pdt pl.dse atvcas^
.tlhtci n!' ra'teru) lJndee
aparul meude lologmfiat?
. Nat I want to laok,lt thc \hxt \ in
8,i/s,d, Si acrm wcru sdvid
dagazinclc din Biidgetown
.3 w ank.rs l.ot dt n'. sltups
Da nrtotdeauna neuitan la
.7h. bor\ e'ht to rhit the.^tlc
Rdictiid!tuscs.lvizire^ casrelui
.tl'e w. b hiP tuo bikes D.itn sA

r ?n?. fl r tr n" i dl nl l o n.- r

1l
 Genitivulin 's
iir engleza. pcnirua spunccri ce ii apnrline seadaugn
ur r p o se so r u luExeDte:.ta/aliar(pisicalui
.
Sarah).t,e d.al b' {fltflria cilelului),tr,r
i!mp./ ir .!4f,,4i (rcestpulote. este.l lti Si r! h).
posesorului
t ,a f l u El.can d .uin l selerminainrse
adangn dod apostrcfui: rr. /osr'ar,/ (frrfuria cai-
nilor).rln enjllezd,posesoru preced lucrulposdat,
acestancavnndarticol ln fala s.
This, these 9i that, those Fentruo idenlillcare !r l!,trtr'l,r
pcnlrurelualcaunciideierc.
rr^ desne un lucrudnrap'lpiere Exenpln: tl,ho n ll1all ht Raberl
9i inseamna acrra/a.easia. La pLu- ,9.i nl Dn&e/ (Cire estacela?
ml von spune/rdr adlcdacc-9tia/ Ac.la c Rob.n [ide.riiitue].E
aceste.Eaemplu: rrr Dagreree, rrstclcncu [E]uall). Penlrr
(Acerstbgcnrtne Y.rdeJ. idcnlif,carcafi putcaspuncti
7lri,rdesoieun obi.crdi[ deprrlde
tiinse.mnl acch/rce!, ilr la plu
ral rl,rr. irrseamne zceiahcelea.
[xemplu;t?ar l,as6w/ldv 9l
(Gcaih acee!stcgalbeni)
-Aiciesteii acoloestscspunc
llye d rirrr,? tr.: nnu!, pureti
utiliz,ri!i !i /rrr b (acestr/
Pe.rrulccstr/.ceastresturilizm ,c$ta ste) i (aecla/acec, cstc)
rte i is lsatlhh/thut is) ne helthd)l c,nd va Prezenulipriele.iisauun
is Ut:tlizi,n it i! (sar tltilthat is)

particulel's
Inlolesurile
Nu conilnddli s ma.u poseso
rului (ca i' Sdrr, ! ..1 - pisica
lui Sarrh).cu ibrmaconimsla
vd b u l u ir o ,tr ( r = /s)to /','e
(.r = has)s ! to,ate sot (\ sot
= las a,0 reziFBi.a 8.

. .| D.' "p0{'o1 |!kd -|.'an 'iv.' ' |/ eu11|f uc gt r a' ' / 1?. "
ir\ih brrb'rir0itr vai p.r i, -
 6G
Denumkea hainelor

#,$1, :xiff,"", p

U/fiose/s7 (Cuico liapa ne?)

t'r,rel ins@ne . cui.Deti
r, ,elo,s inseannia.parliie,
de obice s ullliz!.zAro De(, fi)
Exendr ,naseitnpet n this?
(Al cui esiea.esl nulov.r?)

,,Yrore
schlmbil
ordin* cuvinlelor
ii prcpozif
ie.De$orj,substanlivui
sepunedup! arar., lllir $ tl,at:

Cuvintenol

Cheia replicilor
.H.Io lle tu Suahb friehds.Buna, ,mit is a Dorlrdit of Sqah s
suntenprieteniilui saish- F ad lathit F rede;i.t
'Hella.I'n her molher BrnLe\ isre ponrcnrL ui Sarah,
bunkului^ccsh
.M nm. i L'Nnd. dnd th6 a .Oh no, tt\ S.ulf, th? rctshbor^
,u Jd! .5.1/. Ma numescEnnr . B o?1Ohnu.esco f , c a p Ev 6 F
i,rx,,e!rr.ile ctinele nost S.R
.Ern\. I l rrdr ' Al cu esrepi .tt'hok clothesotu thcse?Ale cti
.He it Stdhi. His eke X F@ss .^Thetrc hy bmlhet s sunr B\e
lnc alluiSaah !ir nuheneImcs
.and thbjuntp*. i^r Mst pula-
'ttere ore th. bedrcon' my pdreni'
Bra... Iaie donitoarcler aamda
pnrinl lof me,,..
.nv loom dnd. . .ame6 na st.., 'It\ thebuikler\. Estgal zi.latuluj.
.I like thetegl6ses. Int pt^.
, tlie.la.lget t tuoh .Aneft chiti-
.Tha rc Susr\ SuntdiluiSusv
.This is My.ldy*ite /oon.lati@- .Wh;se i\ thL\thirt? Acni esr;
.113 nf tuotheri sta!{io E aleliet$l .r l Jorni. Estea lui Johr.3
'An l th6e bi@.ulus? Dat
^cesr
'lhat 6 u old Ddihthe'{FattrrLe
I{.ff Acela b{e uivichr tablou .They re John\ too. E*e t i al hi
alE edinliei Feitcake.

C uiiia p a 4 i n . . . ?

Cautalra@le hainein imagini ti

specifrcati
cuiii apa4in. oati pri
nu raspuns:?hrirlf .t-rrr'rr

I PI@l: .td$er 4 Deti rispuDsulJohn! ele co !c! In enchze bm? pre$unait in tl e mai dcs int bu'Rlrri.
l3
 si must
lmperativul
In enBeJ,imCe"rurl'ndicr!nor.liniu un.lrr dvinJ sefiu, se meqem etc.
duaro sirigurilonna Laroal! !drbdle,a..as6 fon, ene
idcnrct cu rad.cinaveriala(infinn:v!lfift t ) Exemplu: Prntru a spu.c sn fim st nergcn clc vom lddug,
lmpmrivrl verhrluir, r. sre ld(ni, fi(i). lcr i ridrcnrii robale. E\eDplu: 1.ri be Gr fin,) lr 1
r"/k {l'.i si nc pthbtn/mergem).

Mirrerti ,ViJr inseamnn Donnule, Dacanu cunoallennumelepersoarer,

Ddrmrl iar pres nrr sevorscr. ,lt. ii purcDspunc.s?r (donnul.) ti t ?d./,
Itr, niciodala nu voDrspu.el[] saulvlrs (dornnt). iotuti,.tt ti ir',.tu,, sunt
fd|t a adargaii mncle de Lnilie rarcorfolosilcin c.glca!o'bid.

; d*:"
qH
Musl {a trehui)
t rv exprinaolbLiealLe (trcbuie!]. l. ergle74ui alt auxiliarmodal a lleir sngulai) risunl uimale
6te inla.iabil,llind urmardc ver io afara lui ,nrsl.ste.a, {! do.r dc radilcinave.baln.
bul a intnrni!(lii, t,). fute), coil ueandFse idenic. Lrenlplr. H. .an kcet thr ,ry
lxcnplu: /, r1en (trbui. sn AuxillarlemodalesuDrinvari-
abilc {nn primescj l. p.roan,

W o
 ;O-Flfo
t'ff1': Deseoi.ir.perativul ajuti la indrcaradrum![i Ittr! niirc cuvinre
.!r. r, vora uiasl dali!i si inlelegqi uneleinsnuc!iuni.

talJi. heht\\f ) scnat t

Drumulspre bisericaveche
J)'d cc !! [Er{ pc pdna rtndi
13dreatt4 Saralr.S$"! Si ldrn
n'nr aici Ca sa ajungala veclFa
bnericilci N nvoicd. cihci
lDdicati Dal !, dreDlSamh.!
olidli-lc accsreindicalii Pfimal
Cheiareplicilor
.cu..f)ll ca lar,rt A1.ntE MetJi
.Keepcdltr l;co/J:Ptsrrct/A ti
.7)ifur /r. ,,/,. Aftrncafirnix
'8c orirr. ,tur', S.nie.hcidi. euia
.llakh.LrlFlt nt.nr:
.oK, lett ttll Notr:oK.ttnT
.Sh 11! !.1! ttnitklt V'i P.nkrl
Doamn,Pennr.inchidcdr.p.d.
.P/i,.rc lrrryrVi rog,griblii,va
. r.x hu\! | ilit.r.\rhug theot.l
drn.t', tit.6n T61'p.i. ttebnie
si riziratilot biselrcavcrhe.pene
.t DrLt do ttNrh.rrir{ nl FXhD.n
lerbuiesr hc.tr;iiiiiurie i.
.li.rt,r tacl Pc curird
')'dr ,rrr rnr .r. grl. TFbuic 5i1
.r/rJ r.y' Ia-ola ntnga .
'.n.1taken)?r) tl puthonthe tisht ri
ia-opeprnDa$ade a dreapla.
a9,la .o,r.l,rf.r sollre.!ino aici
Ihi: Dw be th? Frtil.dk. hort.
Acca$rrebulesi ic rct.dinta
, tn6t frn.] thal .1"eldt trcbrie s,
giscs.Epedeacelindiciu.
,Fn, letljnl lhattail tlc rlatia
sagA*scareapili deunghi
.The!?/'ckstrre b. rat nld Acc\t.
rdllc ftbrie sI ne iilcchiic
.8.4tiet, tt t lrrtrble.loEt'laci at)
 Pronozitiileinterogative
@
Exs1idouAnrodalit:lide a puneo
i .ebarein e.gleza.Cu t, be !i
aux'liarcle nod.le (u 4r Ei.an),
formdmo inEebare punAnd subi-
ec ldupdro & sauddiltd.
Exenplu:,.1,/ldt: (An lnt r
z\tr'!)t Murt I ||atk? \ftebie 3A
verbe.urili2dm
La celelahe d,
(d.ej lape$oanaa lreiasin8ula4.
D, Gaudrsr) F puneidaintea
C0vlnteleinterogative
Iali cuvinteleirlerogaiivecarc
.. t llaw nrch! sc 'nili..ur.u sublDtiede nduninurl. r /i'{,pry?c!
h cpp16, tcrr. n t.'!)\ tlo$ ni.h b et tctrnt?)
ExempluiD,I., r,er.? {Tr.vc}-
s.z ,i.i?); Lroet she ,ont an ice
cPan? (Dore9teea oinghelati?)
Alailiarul ftodal .d, inseamnaa
plrea, a f capabil,a aveapemisj
urea de a...Lafel ca,,6! c4'
IDo.glezi,cuvinteLe i.temgative
su.t i.variabile.Candh utilizam,
ordin.acuvinlelor rlmAnesccealr
in propozfie,fi ci avenrun cu
v6ntinrcro9tivsaunu.Excmplu:
trhj, nrst / t'dlk? lD. ca trcbtje
st nerg p. i@1)i Wy .lo ror
vant . callae?(De ceere o
S ome S iany
Alats,ze, catti a"/inseamni
nille. Sam.sefolose$edoarin
piopoziliialimativ,i aryin
subsbrivde rum;rabilc.Dxcirplu.l/,r ,-,r
estei.variabil$ eft urmalde
un lerb (fed /'). cs, daiin
seahnn! 9tl (cuinrelesuL de . sc
pr cepela ceva).Exempu: l.d,
,a/. {potsn Drc):1c,n 8, o,t
(Am voi. sn i6 affit)r.I.o,
rlth (9tiu st inot - su.t
Ex.mplo: I vott sne bt tet
(Vrcau .i!te unt): D. r'., nare d'r,
bzr#, (Aleli ni|lc nnt?).
Short answers (REspunsuri
h tu loc de a rlspundedoarcu ),rs
{dr) sau,o (ru). serciaauilianLl
din lnlrebare.Exemplur D, !,lilc
.abl Ib. 1dd (ili placpisicile?
Dt): Canyo, eih? Yes,t.dn (9rii
si inoli? Da).
 Cheia replicilor
.HeUo, Mrs. F.uitcatc tsun'^ua
La cumpirituri 3ea
.Do))ot hare u pkcapple? A\e\i
InccruafrI rnducetiaceslepc car
,Dalou ha'e a batkell Av4) nt1
ini da sascDortmle. vn rod
4 voul.l like sd orunees,please
Cuvintenol At dofitas poftocaleve rog.
.These ate hdi.latihs Acesre
runl nra.danne.
.D. yai lik siawhd.i*) lri
. Ma! I hare a tdste l Pa1sn eL\r?
.bcrte h1e,canNu catry tir
Doxf Fiiamabil, polLducacea$A
.rfhy is the chhjsl t closed? De
ce esle inchisd fannacia?
.Becauv MB Tablet is i
Deoarece Doamna Tablel esre
ei_il.lrltr ,tucuse ne, wheft b the boker \?
Fili amabil,undee bruo,ja?
.Drl/r ta.f,6l Oh! E un cfab?

,Itov mkh do th6e ctkes c.stl

cars ostomesajulscrisoriiinvechlte? Cat coste acesrepllijituri?
Ol hr nd'rq" in'alr bi\er'r:.cu 1 i\i" i' e.ede'Lri.o. .HN na4 nlh dowu*antl
'..hi
reape c4lebdrbalula scapal-o,,.
.Da to| want M icc.reanl ltei

.Na, bd I d Lke nue tweets.Nn.

d rtdoriniste bomboane
.Which fawu. tlo lou \|ott7 Ce

.tt4et are you lookinsht SLtr?

.rlhele is i? AhlUnde csrcl Ahl
sarahltiecjneascrjssoisoareaEa (Uitat-vdla derneledela p.s. 12) .Sarlh, cdn tou *plan this
oede., lrie erc e pfimu indiciuri WhichtDan nutt \atuh Joh,
r ndeseailrel. candindu{ebiie, /eter? Sa.dh.poliexplica ac6ta
Johnii Susyil descopeiliiei Dar ..Istarbtc?Eoelumd?
voi' Rlspundelih .cesleintrebdii ,creati Li d ftdltednrc h'n| E
trho n Fedinmd Frrit.dkea o adevtuatd goand dupn conodi.
 Propozitiilenegative
Penrru a comrrdi o pr.pozilic n.gativi rom ldiiza
,,r (nu) DnciidveD l.i ,e, ,r,r
punedupi /, r. sauauxiliarulnodal- Exe.rplu I/! Irrrnr (nin,ic)si r,rr../.r(nincni)iu Inn0ria
re
6 ,D/ /r?d (El rn c obosit) I a celclahererbe.vom subicct
{t hd.r a rfgtlr3 - DimeDi Dulintn) Si
dver.1, iad la pdsDni a ireia) umratdc un fur oomt eincntdircct (/ra,r,.di,s nu doresc
Lxcmr,lr: Shed.es nat hLe dasr (Di at ii pl.c cainiil nnDic).lbluti, ca i oomplenenl e m.i coiectsi
$iliT ri h.l a"r1hi,t(n!--. nimic) !i ,o' . drp,c
i'r cngLzr vorhild,,,/ur tio inmi contms?i (Du...niheril, Lxctrlplu:/r, nd nanttwthirrylnn
Lxenrpl.lede nraisusdev asrJeltu6"tntun:Sh?
d.6nl likL d.'<\ (Veri {i larmelc.ntrascdinjosul
paei!ii).

/Jc4/r,r, ,\irrfr'r, \V
youtn6tn1 hurk , l
* e hlt,t ,,44it I

isi
ffi#
t'rora, nol ary (nici un/o) ]IL.--]
'rl-*L;
,r]-'t-
in engleza,penlrua spuneniri uD ti (*4
nici o vcli uliliTr frmnnrrclc curnl
re: tul d ti not &!. Exe plu: t l0
,o/rd* d./rs (au an oD cain).1
l. n.t htd.: aav dos(n\ nici n
cin,),V,r, $i,.rz,r,\e^nnnrehu- duhh! ThUc tmnl xr!
intc" doarin propoziliitc
ncsalive.

lcntru a intcr"icccuiva u! lucru.sc

intrebuinrorTn d, ,a/ + vcrb
Exen\llu: Do nat.lav theloar.
(Jr inchidc/ti!i.). I:oma conft.se
nnrd Don't clos{h do.i

Formecontrasecu tot
f
larAconragelile
cua,r carelrebuie

( ., + ,,/ sc scrlc.a,,a/, iomr

iql+z!i.!i:trt
Cheia replicilor
.Th"da.r 6nl htkn. U$rr esre
.Bd the biL6 o/ch11h..c. D^t
bicicldele nu nt a..1..
.Beqriet, So/ii., !.u hlr,t htta n
lord Taci Softie. ru larr ,ta tL

4tthd u'e lat loalijlgJLrt Ce

.There tsn | trybo.lt ha?. Nr e

.lhere: a b,tgLr n ttP hou!.. in

.rlhat thpt) I.ar|Jind dn! : p:.

Ce lel dc barcr?Nrgasescnicio
.Go.d6e,i'tg darling Ht, Dawl
Bunlserr"drlgll neu.salur,Davel
.Eello d$hna Oh. da,intBiia
scaradra8amea..La naiba
.Ihercarenl0! utpntn: lln awm

'Ye! t khon Thdt\ h.tdtu:a thc

.rer6ri 6 clored..Sliu,deoaEcee

4 do,t hne d\rhqs I hne rc

arpti,r, n, plftr./r Nu a,n ninic.
Nicidpiride il nici tlasr!8.
.,{', ereD!,rcl Salut, x toatehne!
Pr i m u l i n d iciu ,Qh,llease dorr laakth. *artOh.
varog nu li lirati ln!-aici
,terc dtu the 8o \hi,s dn ele

Saah$i famiia eiau losrmerluiffrigalide@ledoul nblouri.Bi nu .Oh, thcre\ d man .u^i.lc Oh, afarF,
stiauca ferdinad ordonasesalie picla|einainlede a-ti dcundco-
nodr! Celetascclemenle crrc lipscs.dinaldoiLcatablo! constiluie .S.rah, rh.t nnn ntuh, Saah,.ine
un in{iiciupentiuelapaumntoaenr cnutaLa comorii.SaEha isil
pecelelaltc
u.ul. Cdota:i-le !i alcaluilicinciftde dupdnodelulei.
4t ihl l)ut. thek.lCU.. Nr e
v;\ .Oh I krtut, it nutt he the hutLlet
Oh tliu. rcbri. safie zida.ul.
.8ut tha htiuq doesr! \Leu o \uil
Ud ziddul nu poati cosrm,
.Whcrem Nu? fi'. re catihgt
UndesuntelilLa nai (nrencnn)l
'O K W'e\?..ninE O.K.lenin
,Laok!rh.! ardr tut ! thc sanl
Acum.Sarah5rieude$ meargeDrvoi? Piilitii Nu sunlchi.r ascnanaroarc.

? .lr r Lr Lz.i7.dcror iD.ngreTi(,tz rg r0r l9

t@,.
(\F,e-gl)cateva
verbede exceptie
Y
Dup, cu'nan !izr1l. pagrna
10,l efglezAaveNdoui
dpcde arcr nrpurrrprez.n

T.n!l .x ra ro.lc r.rbc crft

on scntilT.azi nici.nrd lx
pic2.nnrlc.rrinnu,ci ioar la

itr. rt r)droa) e 1,I lrrrtl \ Int:r lnhtlni .

ffi)
l#

{lr

lLri
\\.
SoDesi a n r r e z u ma t Io have (continuare)

t,,s nseannranittc. tffr o &,dr. nrai arc ri ahc sc.$ri F.

pr.p.? 1i. atinnrlivar !nli o
piotozr!renrterogalrrd,se
uilizeazi a,?!{vezi pagina16).
P,cceLirrdr,,/ (Desat'e).a,4,
se rraducepn r a nu.,. lvezl
]nngnurer Pifr'e r rel.nisornr
ntr lua, a seni cclalnlFo caiqnca
\!u un t\tnufunt. Flxrmpl: /i,
l,!,rg a rlld,t Gervesco triplurt).

Totuti. ih e.glcz,, r,,,. ii z/r,
pol il ofrise. folosardu-se doar
subslan!i!ul:/,L d,r !,/r./
O rcru unt)r D, r,,r rrd,/
httll, / (lorc;ti tttll, I d.n1
rdrt D,rcr (nu doresctrot):
Can llczi pag. l6) cnc d* folosit.
Vc$elede !irnlse trli^rrl de
resulac!.,i !i arunre,hrel(i
sinril.r,r.. (a rdyr.// i,
ni.nsi) , tuh(at'ed,),
t.t t!ri). t. tu t.
!r gusla).car ti io uDderstand{a
inlehgc) ii .o fe,'.,1i./ ir-li

I Asimt d. i !.dL rp'r'rri'drort.lr !rtbr h'i?r(r mirosi,xrintiun nimrr tir,/;r, i.' iin,l .. 1 ltins. .ryi
2\l d ., biit r r r nr im . n trr l e n a l c r
 s sri

Cheiareplicilor
'Mnn... e,elk delcbns Mn.ase
.Thc kttls arclnohine wu ie
.Pzu Pu$ii ifi lflnini irghctda.
'Be qriet l n d.ihg 1tu etussrord.
Tacl Faccuvinleiicruci!ale.
.wheh da yaL \9on11. l.dre? Cnnd
.JrE ! ,,ri,l .re.e Ea seNesle
.at lox hu^ihg chips r.o? Mdnnnci
5i tu caftonprijitil
.Oh |a! | lare .hips Oh dal lml
.l donl eut EAelabld Ntmiiinc
.t hd de thosckitls.laine?I vnplr
.x|t ,n le.nantl Ce li\c coplii
accia?Ptrrtirifrthr nu ihleleg
'...,4ndthr a e tht' takthgplbta-
B,ql6l' Si de .e fac po2c?
.Wdt.haxtt Hes bringinqtume
id,? Ai erijd!Adncellpl
.Riqht,thd \ znauShlGet.u
rrirr .rw.4,rGala.ajunsc lcsili
.1Je] ws fe grtngl Flei Plecnnl
.Ee! k)ak!l re &t thenat chE
la re triti! An glsitli.lui

Penaua Gelva rcbusul.vcd gas 10 (Ai r^i) likntl: aE tkitthgth. castte 2

scrGtu romane$ inlF pda e4,
cuvinleledecareaveline!ore.
TraruceFaLorcoEcr5vipflrnilesd
L I dohl wt ary lceai).
l. Thedtrit)hs 0e leoto).
6. (Arest ) tabtesare tn the shade
1 A (e^in^) k ctussihglE na.l
9. Do.r sne (6) insbctat ?
'z,r B (pe) the labte
H?, rr..6hrt
3
L ltease {a n i) th. tuPenaj|! 5
2. \El) t laakinsfar hn cahetu
a Thee de s.ne (b1$a\i) ot the
1. lttue t", s.t (ni$c) wets'
8. Ohrc, I hcwtt gat \,d.iDl lrr''..)*ttsl
inlocuilisr.lueleslsite$
lA. E .,se nrt ,lna ttu tuad lea.1 to

21
 gi particulele
, Prepozitiile
lati prcpozitiile
catetfebuic

in enslezd,nulte rerb uzualesunl fo.matedin douepe4i un ve$ de

baz (el insusifoarleuaEl. spreexemplu: /o .,u e n yetri.sautogo-a
(right) nen ohia langa derge) uunaide o parlicuLd.Aceast,Faiculdedeseoio trepo?ilie.
roLEA prin. de-alungul ExcnpLert. ..ue oz, (a icai)ato so,p 6 tt.^, a se ridicsJt to lookfol

Doarv*bul seconj!'sa, particula cre ilurneazt fiind irvariabild.

Eftmple: He s.e1 ,p thehill (el urcn delul)i C,, ,e.ode orr: (Poal

Dacas $!o a6t vefbll debaze,catiipalicula, desorise poa|enrlelee

sensulint.eguhi,estlelt so ,p ste fomat din ro sa (. ncrge) ti
"p
G{t. tbtuEi.candinvatalienglzr,e i.dicatsi afl.fundafiaceslelerbe
Io 9i al Ei. d sc.d. . l. d, ua p14i TreN4.reorat oo r ui .i \et .i.m8e
ALalo cal !i arnEeanni le. Io sl n)leletslti '5 '.r
ri s; 5tilisensulDaniculelor
ihdictmirde (direcjionrc cdtre
ceva),la.drestestalic.L\enple:
I n EoinEta the n%k t (Mi <la.la
pi^ti): I n at the malket lstarta
pirtAJ
CAndplecalila ci.evain vizitr, veli
uiilizaro !iar alfturideformapose-
Jo,,i
si v a n r ' s( Ex n p lu : vezi
pag.l2). r, hdicadircctia,ial dr
loouluide v! a0a1i.Ercnplu .Ilq
B,r /, J,r, i (nt duc h John
acast)tIt at J,r, I (sunt la John)
"j\

:f? Rtshl_put_thc
aote
<-r;._")\ia_
a -
^ a-'-
1 rr.tucaniiio. sugcrilds.hirb{caunui 1c, luuu. rxmplul Hc\ eoqe i\b th2 hNt lll iarrt it .Nst).2 Drct
c. p. se rattu.e lJ1d o, or sauo,/, rc por unlja cind re roc o \chimbare.o
trrd'ficr. d $.i .crluil !& stari
 .Afr"1 tcs | * e01a rtuEnihD)g
if*1 gliss. ti anth. tahle in

M]:iHBH
/"'di) :Fi.r+#-tia
, La.k thtuuqh the wiftlorl |Jirz-re

'iear the qtt,.. n*1ta th.w|tat

,' rJ Lingd iorirc.. knel llneir

4tt the thdhJir,t th. airpan: F.

?r..,,.r d.r, r cobo'i
,ts the nan tilh the t ttrtE

.1t ! lhc no. y'vnt the lunten! E

4t t the lane ,r.n! I:- 61tb^r.

.Qr)curt He nln *ax^cel^tl
.M
Ired,'" Repede:sigur vrtd

'Ah, tut fh. bdld ntakl Therc ,1

ltoht tlf thc.r)rrtur. oh nrl
anbatul chell Acolo. iL1l'la

A 4le i.d, ihg.Lw" o,t &. 4ut4l

.Qxtc). cok'e behri thit rett

Repedivetrilini rpalel""accslei

I . Right, l)ft th. tute ahd th. r)h.t.t

I o, trt re,., BuD. &u pune

v'*"-l
a i rLlI ieLerrllni sar3heJs()r<i.Acm n,cd..f sasdsili(aflari)nr
shrgiro lupa.Susy.Johnii Sarah carcckdire trbrje ei s, mdrgt 5i
mesaiLrlsiF01l. r! rceis ll bancr
.llure t0, gat n ntagrtfrnE Eld:sa

.Y.:. L'd at h.ne Dd.

cnescb lelul(cuv&xul)pe cak
Johtrl-a gasit
la han.Eiircbuic sa (r raspunsullnu screlirn decaf
raspundib pat.! inrebl i Uin
Iedcne,folosrafia ficull de Satah
de pe b.nc. \opsiGcontincds
Fu!Lrile Puldtis! le edsil'1)e
toaLepalru(in .nglezel?
.Oh, Iktr rl O)ncan. ^casa
r. t !]. 8
ro ?2,r,! Oh, jriu ce frc.ill
rermifal fa luiSarah GeLepat- Haideli,nrergema.asi la lnn!.
ho .Tatli,\ a 1)iend He 1d.\ .tpott.
siigudclildiftdir Flihpo't) rrd r/4r,,. tny e uo anic
,ler, I r. sat a taaenl) ine elas.
h!ar&2 tuh|e h ihe.(t Da.atn
o iupe. Epenai, h pod.

l- i PrJ . " Ir.!

 Cine, ce sl pronumelereflexive
in enslezd.u alem ve.bercflexive7blide lnseamnd adlr ascundq
cart ! sesllde. Toruii, se poatep.eciz cr rclilnea se rcvarsa
asuprasubierului verbuluiutilizind pronmcle Eflexive (vei titlul)
pen1ruase riniveliuiiliza ror,/r(a rnni [pe])+prcnunelereflexiv:
Dohr hrrt yowelf (N re rd,ti).
Pronumele reflexiv To get
Vclbll ro sar arenai nulte inlelesuri. {.Ji,'"ll ;l
Alituride unconplenentinseMn,
a prini. a obline,. lu:- Aileofi.
s.n.rleazdo schimbarc rideseorio
.cliuneal cirerelicl serevasd
arlpn subjectulu . Exemplu:ro ger
r'/esr./ (r s lmbrnca), r" acr 4p (r

What'sth6 time?
lAlntJebtuile Whdtbthe tine? s&ult?rr rMe ir t (cet e casul?)
rrspmdeli puoand 1l a... (E6tc) umt de:
oberhldtheall.v la .lacU o@uddou5,4r.tpahr
sE (o'ctock)jn thenoninE ora$e diminead
_ 4tlealtenlnt dupd mi@
-'' ', |heMw
-hu1&tt/midtiEtu aniazb/triezulnoplii
dqtupNM doud!i ub sfert
hafpttt tw douati jmitate
a q@tet ta t'so douafiri un sfed
n|e"t! (ninut*) p6t t*a douari dou.rzmi(de binuie)
douaferl z@
Lairnleb^tea thdl the... ? (L. ce orn-.?) s pune at (h) in fala orei:
At ane o ctock sa! lt one (La ora ur).

Clne 9i ce
in romana.prcnmele relaliv cine
tineleul uneipe6@ne, iar celine
leul mui obiect,Astfel.in engl-
2., u/,aline loculuneipeM.ne,
j ,rr'cllin.locul unuiobieci
,t ,oh cateun ah plonune lativ
cue poatefudeplinifuncljade
conplnenl dirct, dar reon se
faceo dhrinclielnre ,nd Gubi.ct)
ti wlidr (conplnent).De rcgula,
ans,it u'yo* )lY'- o1-**
ln englezlo$iia wi, !i ,ii.l
sunradesealnl@uite cu rrat, dar
acesla:nusetoloseEtepntrupr
in plus.pronume
soane. e rclarive i
deseoriomis.Exempll:&e D.ot
I n readine(Cz.rA pe ...e o

24 | vezirabelul.u
nuncfth,prgind53
 i s Ftd.ri.k l-t11i k dkc.

C heiar e p licilor
. lYlN $e jor hi.h1e:' D. .e \i

' Ee.drse te aet boed at vh.ol

Fiidcafe plictisin la rcoali.
. trhdt\ tlz tth.? C t..easrll
'r i(Mr,1 /N L D. aoF .

- ha a qrtt.r pa! hitlc Est \o$

'Snrnn, rhdt trtu lLltug.ttpa

Sidotr.lacc ofa lc ftzeih?
. tt h!4 pust La wnc ,
'eten.
. Do ) on Cetlrc:lel an lour.r n l

O vedere de la Susy
. / ,/,r t/.? r"// i\r mI s mtbine.
. ./agri, a,/', ./rntr In tguli,
Arrpiend tcLnritu.ea orclorpenl.! a examina vccheafoiorFnc cu
r'iicii iil . sus! sc.:eo !edere.Cirili o ij irrcercali
s, d$urJ4i h
. Loak thal!tltcrdtan that! irlrebiri (A Lcatuilipropozitiiin englezt).
dltsrJg Prl!r!1c. c creioitrlcare

. Hq: lhut: D4 nnr ing thdt turJL

rcrfut rp IIei. nnltunldcs.nul
' Or! Thal r46t bc the .tnc thul
rr.',? /.d4,,{.,6r oh Ace$fl tcbric
s; ti. indrcrulpe care-l*ulin.
' La.k d theallth.t).httt.rall.
PrLvesle totogratiavecnede te
W,i#!r*i;,*
. llk hioL rho s.rtn'Ant nrbar 6
Frcd?riLk FtuirLukN Cel. e taie
.o.donnl c FrcdcuckFnncakc.
.1nl|h.t!| thc:isn rli.h i o, all
[+r,.1*n"';,i..,"";l
,d./,es Si iati scmnul,cde se
atu' aupu luruof nrdiciiLo!:
. E'era,..,1e ba.k 1n .\;.ki,A Whcrc io Snsr_rrJ Johnnccp?
Pulenritvenr in seda a.eash $ hcredo drey carlnd g.t

25
 Prezentulcontinuu(continuare)
Acestedoul pagini!d prezinla
trrilizlra prezentulri
coniinuui.
englen.LMf amrnle clti. ronani"
pcnirua subliniadesfilura.e.unei
aotiufi,$ilizin "r fi pe punctul
de". ln engleziseurilizcaza prc-
zenr! coniinu! "l n euting se
p@texaduce Eu dintrc". sau
'Sunr p punctulde a metrca".
fo do 9i to Dako {a face)
ln ,/, ser!eiledrepiaurilia.ir
l.rebli ti fiazenegatilc(vezi
pag.16ii l8l, darlcesiRnai
inscmnati r f..e cu inlelsulde
. t!.c o itlivitatc. Penrrux f,.c
cu inteiesul de afabrlcase

Becaose 9i Because Of
Catiin romani.in cnglez,se
lirceo distincliennEnirdcl,
caresetraducecu re.rrse. gi
din cauza,careseraducecr
penrruseaaducecu
in engleza,
,/ Ton'ti.cAnd!a$ih dcsprcu.
le sauo nlentrepcntru,lnmr dc
un verbIa nfiniliq setrlducecu
r, Acestto esleumar d fonnade
bazt a verbuhi. axeDplu: lllcl
arc e,ing ta khoot ta lihd a .lue
([i se duc la tcoaln, pnrru a
gdsi ur indi.iu.)AIle douaLocu-
!iuni. caE.u aceliSlintclsca /o.
sunr in Dnler to 9i $ 4t tL

Preze ul conlaruu. Exmple: 1

dbe..lt khar tlnt (Asr^ ltit
deja).I k a|| thal ar (tl c\

ToRnow
7b[,?or,inseamnA c $f. r
curottte Acesiaseutilizea"jla
prcze.$l simpluti foa e tu la
obscNalie:pe.rN a rt'si (a n
copdbilde ccvr),selilizea,
. 4 , E x e mp lu : 1 . diB
, t (rt irt

x r F. .. r u rf,
 . tlh.0t ron ll hut ttt
,,i,! /1rr!.,ciDe 5utrleli'l
.ti:.l ) a \a\i.. cn,qnit.rr
I 11rl.udn1t rh. ]thd...l,kr
Pilr SLntrtrn.rcpajd.r Rcpar
. 16 tnt tN \ftrpr\a t
6,!{?,t.ar D; ro.du

sj;
'(.lh I t1.\. tt lli l)^-.n'
Pol ri i..h,d. donlnulcDi\.f.
lI
l( . ll hut Lia\t h b
Er1 rt) tac

Cuvintenol . (),n:, ,i^ r ar VenlliD!

. D .,16.,71 N r ti l dn!trl
. l t, l.akrie l;r rn. ph.i)
be.dnn'rt! nal .n tltr r\tl|
caul folografia.nirdc. tru niai
. t.r |u!.t th! Idll,tun:\
!.1
ir../rc/Pru lnrnr Bilbatul
clrcLa drscop$itirdi.nll
.I/.r divr tr , Dr trtrd.

. D.t'tse tj).t t ,s Lt EJ.utt

Penlru!i a!eeae 5ervieLasa.
. RlShtr? )?nth.Sihi\ t)
n( t)oli.. nattrh Bi)iP a

. Rkht.\arr ! ..rt. r..1

rri $pre lld^, c.fe durirs r'mpirlirein nouncolo.tnc.
Prinrcl.irpt. tonaton 13n.
:a(isc aflanr nAnga,iarlllineLeptli "1otnrt!
dreapla.InceratisA
rlfirtriri 1i!7r.ofrplde. urll!7n be.tus. heat k .j sxr 1..
'. D. yl ltur tfu l)nln:cndnl
llt.lctchu n*jt tlale tp
Th. toh..krh boho\s d bilte . .l?s lt.lntn. rit. Da
! r)1st J)hr4t t i \t.t4r Pngnn:tr E un on Je!!tr1desimpatic.
fi4 m6t al\\1)s sl,n ni. gal. tna .rt sce dti phab 4

\t:: \ .-r,t! to ltt tdrctjrr the &LhL)r ba+c,.

^

:r r:. rrr- Lr v inir |( r f i r i i n d d r r | ! r n t n l h d i 'n 4 ( s

iini i .. q\xo.n..u.rnr,nirrc. 21
 Pronumelepersonale
Se$n dej, rrcnumclepers.nale iunctj.deconplemcnldiEci ti Pronumele pelsonale
cae iiderlin*c fun4iade indnectca d i. irmane,unele subiert conplemnt
$,bicr: I(eu), y,, (lt. Yoi),
re p.on!ne Forfi atatsubiecl,ca(qi di.ert sar indircct
(ell etc.{vezipaeE).In ngleza, aonplcmcnr. Tabelul!i pfe?intt n e (p e min c / mrc )
prin caEcreFirrgroiale,pronune" 1 (o u )
existiprcnume carcindePlinesc
l'o" G!, voi) t& (Fet'nc/voi)
!i iihctia d. cohpiemenlAla l careau fuctie de conplenent. ,z (el) hin (peel/lui)
cunrindicitabeluldnrdreapta. dlferentiindn-sc de celecarelrde
prdnume plinescfuncliade subiect. rl'e (ca) ner (peea/ei)
vomaveaacelea5i cu , (el,ea) r/ (!e el/reea)
re (noil us (pcnoi/nou.)
.re'(ei, eh) lhem (peei/le/lol

in ensLezd,conplemenlul expf
marprinprorunrepe$onalsc
lunc duoJve$. ExemDh:/litc
;Eu llni ptrct). Do^ h. titc
wu? (El te Dtrc. tJ: I dokI like
,er {E! bn-miplre)i(tive ft.f
rhehbaklDt-i crrre t)

complemente diferite

CA.dvren si utilizarndoudc.n-
prencmccxpllmalcpnn pronrFc
penrrua sp,neDA i o!, trebuie
er <a,?/.zo/2 ar+at
"t/E/
verb.uruatde prepozilia
ra r conplenentulindircl: Gjv plemenl.Exemplu: G.vcnc /&c poatcutilizati auriliarulnod.1
,,,k (Di-ni c!rtq): /r /rJDrl (Tu nsht, E\ef,plu:Hc n)!h! hd\t
c$i?):l! rre,r r(E i s u n t ! ) ,] ri.Lr (Probabilci are biletul
meu).Ca si aheao\ilir nodale.
Probabil ,,9r, sle invariabItlcsle dnrat
Pmnunelccu/mie,ruAie$ cille
seI'aducin englezipdnpronu In engle2n.ptub.bil se rEduce
meleFenonalcu nmcdcdc cof,
Ptn,rdlDd saufelraF Se Jnai

28
 tar

:iilii
li{
{'{.

Nu, al
nI
itil
4f.r.
iilil
n
sPl!
tr i;
;.
:,
i:' rg
':
ft, :i:;
,fl i
.]bqJ
i;:ti,rt
It :r6;
h-trJ rul

E@@4@ @
Ghicitoareace4ii poglale 'lq
ti ii
,t
laLi buqiiile dnr ilustratapecaE
Susl.Samhiilohn uebui.+o
reconsliluie.
Pu.erJe nr ordin.a
-r9.S) lc
.&i
ga
1ga
fri
dti l l
:{: ;i
recopi.ric,rteapollau ti
corecra. .A;
t ,');
i:,;
i:,;:
rl.
L
I:L
:1,
nisl
4r1
tf.
ri.
i. F
s lO tf
:"li
i/glt l'j
i
!i
'Bu

I R!trtrd cii r, /, !u n4c auL,. r ti.. (Yri pag 26) kc !|!!. tr na oritlca \dbclo'.la xN Lirulr, (,r,,r r!
p(sor.. rr a i f tu) hl!. t,,.n rr. iDrcrogr!. eu ilgiiir. r Pllrlu! dd,rs-rr 3 Pl0,xltrlr.tid 29
drc( r!.$ [eL)trr:; :. uDdd./,]
4 ' L ,i l n ! 1n' r , a r . nt r L x $ o :i .. d J to Lu tr.o mp L e m.nr
 VerbeleJa. ver
Cr ti l. fETenr. i r englezi,!erbele (e\emFu:rn n'erslo{rl ro{p- Trecutullul to trve $i ro be
au pnlinefoi me la irecu! teA) . Lapas na 3,1vetiobserva
c! iinpdlacllI din cnglczl.o- Tiecud lcrhe or r, rdy! (r .eor)ri
respundeinrperlecluluidr /! ,? (a fil esteneresulal.lrebuird
lnvlldl. % rdr"are osinguri iomr:
'l'LecuLul.
de{,ie acLiunideja nrche- La nrajo,natcarc$e|. ,l,lculul Ito,/he/rhe/ itlvetihe! hdl h L.
iale Jiconc u?ionate.Accslacorc$- c fiorde fomrar:laloate forilele arc dof! f.iinc l.'he iha, it tds tl
pude nelecruh'liinrpr (exe'npu: adau!ili f,/ LIdIcinii\flhaldr.
eu fNei, el se arrncn $!pa,,) si Astfel. ro vdll {! tuerge)r
nerltrrului compLsdin roinnna .ortuen: lt\. hdl,a ir/ \ e,lhef
dlnd ElaLcazevenimenLe tEcute

lmperfectul inlr-o propozitie negative

Fo o\ireauouive.Lrl. mFrLcr nn o pfofor lie re!.livA esleas. Bi-msr
nrdndroarccu ceadla prczcnl(Vczipag l8). Toluti,dr ri/ods sunt
inlodlirecu,lrl Lxenple:Ht rz! ntt tnetl[El nn 0rr obosit);^tle
./,1rd /*e lras (tri nu ii pltceaucan,ii).
In eighz. lorbiir. n,/ esredeseoriinlocdjlcu formasaconraser ?.
tbina cde sepunela sft'5nul\dbului s.u nuri l(dL[ idid se nasr t
tna.! She.lt.lhllikedags

hrnrnvul ]i ' i /o R eri qi !i n' uLLr]dv3n!

rfn nii, a rotr\i.ilr'r. htrtr ri lreDpLr /,,,,(/ rsi,rpri! DLrrl !
 .5. \rttltr tru\ rhi bi itlu:.,
Deci. ur(e etu r!erni rerrleril?
4trdt ni tt1. r.ll bnrt *ni^
.,r,./trh ur? i l r r,.k,,5i l oi

-t.turc.n!i! ir.rn? f.t d

1.1,.1Jr lr fqli,se giser un

. llthnt rrarut? ) (:...m.rr t

,7r,r'lir,,l! r Aparr i. iani-

.lh, | !,Jt)tr.tuk\at!
/! t.!l '?r,
r'! Oh. iLrteeg. iaLacen
.L\ktlt:th(rht ts o, rlLl
lJrtt. [\rd Ind. r c orcc[c
.Ihe l)11.r)\.r11 thtf tDf
2^/ ,/grr lc,i\ca,i n{o
'k,?
-[ 1ht crool,: b,clc!:{ "d!
rl?/! dlr scivLeur;ilhlruturrr

.h\ ,nn ttunttl nr Lu.h.t i

I)/.,tatrf L foartcpobibil.a ii

.Rrt rr lhe.rukh t heJur

B a nu.l abrrul o avea!i D ai n1.
.lhdt\.nnqt1l 1it t2l, )nrn
Ghicitoa.e ilustrati
s., r.r.4,r: ,\jlnec' 1.!F
l.n Qe poani oclm.g roziirad pdcrc.ei chi ar.i l i cbtri csi nci !.!i
!. e f.rog,allilcdc vacd,li:PuRtia b! lrc
.Qni.kt\ ttk. tlt^ rriefxnr b.tt
c.Lri iragi ii coDreitaiulcorespuEtor?
2r irr r.,,,,1 Du.dL L.ucde
geantaarers(! i rapoi l. r.oala.
hDlLl ta rnrll d,'l t'rl[' 1 | hrLl u tdlilt trclt) h,jt" .|i)r td(ll tll rxn L,nr.r1
5 t .pd)rrts\.r. rer nt?l I tl,t\ r tttrt l,! . |,r'n ti
2 I hltr wr: t bE lnknn. t lhr t.narrdtt\ r\1rnl r0r
J rhe hrt.l\'a! wa dDv to the
.Lu(tl) \r\'. eo! 1 luid
utl.ll.r D\i lel cE
"t.,r\
aven ie* birbat ]lL c rcl
.Oh ltoti I \r nill e.t 1tu lnn)
ttrr \e! h t. t.d hn.ln.\. tn
pr \i ti l mar anri d.I rge.dn di n

.l! \16 nt n. Fck ! | td in

 La Mjornarcavdbelor,imperfe.nrle .oi" u asterixle marcheaz,). "Ni9te"
fom@zadin radncina lerbaE+ zd-
Ton4i. mmile verbeau un iDpeF lmperfctul inlr-o lntrebare
fed nereguldt.
cde trebuieinvdlar Niie seraduceprinrruc sau
AcestiBpe.fct estea@lati la toat Daci utilizim u vqb la inpdfe.i a,l,i sone in propoztii afi.malive.
p$oanele (n! h! el, tc.). inir ointrcbare,prNqldn Llocmi rl ar),in prcpoziliinegative fi
De exenplu.inperfdul v.rbului e ]a prezeni(vezipag.16),dardo
ta 44ke e*e Mdd.: t hd4 fau 9' doe!sunliilocunecu dtA Erenplu:/ va,r ra,e (Doresc
E\etrpte: Weretat tued7(Erui orv niite..-ltI dont hdreuar.,.lNn
M! te verbera.le sun neregulate sit2): Did rnt tike thefth? lTi.a dm niqre )r Do w h@edry...1
( v e z i l i sl adm
e a ijo s- l a 'Cuvint.
lmperfectul verbelor neregulat6
Iata c6leva verbe nerecrlat.. cde rrcbnie 9rirne:
itrfitritiv imperlecl

a puLca
ta catch caught a prinde

ta do did a face
talau f.u a cndea
tafnd laund ,8r:i .,
b get sat a pnmr
ta ?re g.te
to ea wert a nerge la understond tnderstoo.l
to hak ha.l ta irake up vake W
b hide hid a scunde

are birds on
Featherare Islap4l
l*llfti:fflx.'l:?;tr'*
[",.r:d:rrt:iff'h'i,tu:
ffiilll::i';ifl,'i#l;?'l
;enok d*ef, Eland ofKo*ou

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f,r.fi:JTi"j"#il:,1?'tii"."i:i.-i.':fr'-i';p*hl;i,Jitit3,tl,xfl$,
f
Cheiareplicilor
'Di.i !.t Jtnt)ntu,,1.h11 \t r1
$.p lrcialrccla.iohn'
.)i\ jtlill. rfthenhtrr Da
^

Pli\in rnrenr insoi I l;.dhd.r.

r\ctr . rtri d. rii drlrl |rllrgill

li.atherare l-ocuro ii -au vrinat

IiliuaaproapeL!l spartia lor
,\cu&. n.c{e lrilrilri;url lnn,r
C . .rt r r dii n nt r dr crr s i
'd! rd i n ki una , \ r ult r ! . t r r . n a i
Dr
clk r!,.i rr!i t r o inni i p.j ri s i ta

D oNru e C r ! ! |. Cir nL Dio F re Disparitia lui Ferdinand Fruitcake

Lhed e l rtr!r ir lbr ! ul, t ! n tn
.ol:.tu cx Olor.riuldnfli.i A onsitcasr.Saiahle arataprietiri'dsii! vche.crisorrr
.ilrcsali hrnicf rici, frdcrick FennuRaflac. corthc accana

.tt.\. tr. 1..dlh.).tr l:!t!t]: i\h

lka tr r) Llltthlr' en1i h! | t.
lrrlr !rrll,,^ Hui. lele
F erL h rr. S lr ilhr r r r r nr c o r i d { [etuha]tft.\|nh Isktxl
i. . . .1 i . tr,r i { nalr f linr : . .Si;,
t/. i? .r6.L,rr/ fm bohnrn \ t'lh.. o.ltrt lt.r i hu\t rr r,h.thh.,
t.x, l t. I nat,, rt our
,1rd n). bd,] trr tlrzltlJ\ to t |trr\ t4 t't v|1 { ttt htr\ fut ptor^. t. ttr hntl l
ttt^( \!u! t. !!tl Pdr.^ .w t,, r\riu,utt tu 4t, ,,.,*
lx b 6 .l rtrLc ^lr4!^ r : i t ( or n c i l re tt.,,.,tt
n, ar4\. t tc t, u nthttb 4 ir I a,t"r,t ,1,,,", ,,,,:::ijjjj:
iftlea5L trrulr.' elnpur!r: r lutl a, tat t ri t, \t,r
rh.t
iu.:::l:t;t.h,\\,r^ t \ e. t ",^ t piiht, ,n,; ,,. 11,;, ,n *,
\ t t t e t lt \ h i. t t { o r xtttt,c.
't l, r n L . r t r t \ l' r \ v t
n ,frr,,! arrrfu \'.n ii. !!rr J

t,oietao' dtt i itnrte

. Lr LA! , u: ' ' ! ! . , . r ii J(' ri"rlr rG i. \trdtrbL.yr f, rr Li i,r.

J-1
 Aspectul simplu 9l continuual trecutului
lnprfecLunrvilal l! pagiojlel0-31sc utlizeazipen
iiu i.lcscfic a.liun incheiareDescorl. cslcinsorlde
adverbe de a p (cu.r ar li lirrl!/r,_! i.i).dr. Trcrulconiinuu sc fornera dir formade liecuta
silueazicLaracliun.ain lccur Lxcmplu:,ri.,,lt / lerl)uu ,r b. (r',{ !i ,r/,) - rldicir. !$brlA ,r!
,i/trrsll {an umlrlrr tortn n.!plen) /lcesttimpsc I\eDrplu tl, nr !'',,rs //tr.r,tt1|r \I,l Ii(u rtrm
nunrtterrecutu LsinPlu. r, ; n ilu ri) I rn . lc\ e h o u - h le c u ma rri, r. / o
Pcfirtra dcscri..cliuni .arc scdcsffgodl.intrccfi h . t e t o k , a r' t a * u n tNs e lirrlh u in ie t z lt
h rs p o c lri
(plourl. utLliznn ecutulco.t nuu c o n rn rr.c r n t r. ra rn c c s b Drt r.
Co n s t r u c l i m
i p e r so n a l e
Cointrrcriihldpe$on.lere r.dLr
n r c r g l o /!p r F,\.rn|n:,
r?rr;,s iplora),l r nri,c (lt.l'r\

Cumtraducem imperfectul

rLecunobs.naliir) exorpielede
nm !6. i. rodiri. jnfcrlccltrlsc
i.tELLinlea/rl lrcrtiu acl unr oarc

Coru5pondcnl LdinrngLezncnc
trc.llul corlilu! l rdr qrrn!
(Mergeih cu bicicltt).

ln Lohtra-imperfedulr naiin-
o e b u i nl eatir !e n t u dotirii!e
careobisDlid sale iacennr
l Ie . t r iEie
. J.tlr :i i v.d ..n iltot-
deaunrcnnderdr nr ora! hi
enelezl.seinrrebuinieazi rec[r I
5 mplu AsLfe.exenrpl!lsetladu
ce:/al@rr rdr !he,t Lh.. I \\11

,1
Cuvinlenoi

34 r rr<{,r turnu y pmr La!trc.!u i'u|t lldtrt r(!.u pe icrlt u'rrr$ r l]e
lrtrrdrt d. i. l
 @ .Lkn& ts,.ant t"tt, PrAnzr e

' l tr ! \ | \4.r" nE nrert thrt l tl

nanp 0ll..tini1. lrt,,ah? Lt tdtai
colectiaveohede l,rnbe. saFn l
.N), rt 4.r! jult t..knaat
a Id p hatustp h\ trv ne r\ran'ane

.Yes, R vete rdttry lir {tu Da

. Dud \ ibt /.ui i,r |ot k ,a9 I^\a

rounriDl*!:de laseniciu.
'SWdh th. bid.le:: 11! rdn nE
Sarnh,biciclerelePloui,..
.hi aX :( t)nlthlrr unat E\te
Oli Lc am pus lo o Frle.
./li'. pt eot rhe ldl " Ai

.l\o I pt! n in rt) t.,t trnt hetel

Nu,lan pus iir !on.A!t ptati aici.
.Oh Ht evlaihr hDn' hclr,r,!
'' ,rr.te he.faurJo F.hlinn FnunLI.i l.tt t Oi...
Poverleirecnn a gisl scfsore,
nba u llnkk,
,Ite ft 6 I ookks tv hl1L tmta

s\l
ti|q .H. ntunuaalla Kt to Ko r.!
is/an? A reutit sialu$ain

d, ol.1rrtt.hen La irtutc!
unelpc5idivazuuD.ull1r!.chi si
4nsirle heJau"tl a teLte)thtt I
\t ot.tt I hiLllcn u.ten. \tefilrtr
gijlo scrGo!,ein da,! era!!rlr1
dcsFco conroari$c(nsl1

I1- - - -'iG.' .)e\ tl,. t.x.t tl)at h. r.lL

lnrotr!i p . L r c r f d '. t .
D1.

Povestea
blusllor .Carteotl e.t ll4zl Ddtl lt lltl
/ I J !enili ia mei!ati. h sfi$n iat!
i I ircctrali si rct.nri potsiirr dt mf irs. lnr eb! nliiRjLiF 1
l p u r l c f e cu r e .oL e fr nzil.arepei!trlie..re!.rlrdi' rp a ia n - ,S.nJ, I r'6 drrlinEvith t tudllt
I J
I I b/e u.uld ntE vsbe estcla trccun corr,ndu l tF?rtptobl."1. tcn7. n7
ocupandeo Froblcmicr.dcvi':r
\ \- , .------;,1 @1
II
-l
-_1
lt". t,,,a". oo'"o,a soq. rtn !t1.poqnL At1 thekc!:ta ttr I
l eo - o t t '2 r * t I/ r'r1:- t.t" )
-l; t t .:.:)
"..,"11 .I .)
|iiiiii|ii,ir,iii.:'i;,ii;i;i,"r t',1iti,'t,.r,ai",' E
.Y::!yli__ )
un re.b Lr trire'!tn. Jeio'L ,q .n. i"lolul !u ai
 r"*""t
@eresent 1iccu timpultLeN (P$t Lcise) darare.fectsupra Pzcbl|lui.1
Presentperfecr-ulsletoarledes
lnrfebuintalin eDslezd Acestase vezitabei!!din d,apla' hare.k.ne.l I sh.et (ni tn
rar nui dn1 ve$ul r, ,az (vezi curnFi prnlofii adici pantoii
pag.8) ii prticiPiul lrecutalver surt acus cuati). / rd't 6e.r ro
zir.,?or? (!n lostla Liverpool
In limbajuLde z icz ui s eh n e b u _ aslar_nsamni ct eu cunosc.lcla
L d! e , b ( lrr e 3 !l r c Pa rL!rnru inleazafomeleconrascaleluL
r e c r e 5e i !e r liL!u nnP U trerdl &;c sir'ras('vc ri !) sprexem"
{radacim ve$!lr +.d).latd deci Prcsentpcrfct-ulseintebunfa-
tPf{!ulverbul! /o zt $i cando aciunerocnli a lvul
i,rescnr (intreb'rinlar) la.: He:\JL halght d .cv bike
l a m e r E e r '/j n,,'e ,h.vr,{ -dl& Presen{ Perfecl (El locnai ti-a cumplrrto bici-
u nUe,l hc \heI l)d! ntrUed Prcseil perfecl! stabiellc o
veLbele nergulate (car. au m leStLuranrtfetEcuttiplczenl.De
trecut ncregriti) au un patriciF u reguld.acesl tinp prczindo
rEcutneDpulat. La unele,e rdcn- acliunecaE avulloc hr lecu1.
a

cheia replicilof
.lr'. n$t !. ta Odktee Foh" lre
bDi st rer eem la fema OakTie ..
to ,hd Mt -CLok an.ltheclk that
heitolethhl,E vh.ol .aslJl gsnn
peDl Crooksi dicntlpecare| a
.Hec tuu tkted Btt.1e.|a!n Ml
orri: An vizitatBridgdoNn_ll
nhs, I tude. Ih fdct, I hu\,eturt Pt
lJa.[ tu De fapi l@mai m-anr
'l ras thLtuthk 'k.tnihgI !6r tte
cNle artl the to8e6 antnsr^coL
az dimiireaFA'n vtuutcast.lul$i
.hr1 I cotld"l llaA thc nti"at tow.t.
darnuan butrr eisinineleluriu ui.
.wb da iwin ta ree i|) rherc\
,nt a/a&L/ torer.De ce \tc1i sd_
!iznarjl Nu srnt a!oLodecalDitte
'.F] I h.de ahr.ti )itud mi^.. Pai
.. jniotdefur0iri-ru nlicurruiitle

" ii:lii*t*ri{r**ri.{i1t*.iJ:11i,i'i1',::;i''.**?"'i,'rli;:lTirlf
 trecut al verbelorneregulate
?;,i
4tell, di r.r !!. t. th2 trtkl
.)^, ht I liit|:e..t|thnlK thet?
D! dn. F.m rizut rnnic.
.Ahtr.t.lidkt C. tL\|nb !h. rirct
Ah N{ll coboriiFnalr.iitr
.)6. r. )r nll ,r. vc h.rrht thh|
.r$: Da. ne sntm br[ Am
Traducetiin englezi
lrdducdi accstc ffMc ln cneicz[
punind doui rab la proscnrlfr1od
lrel Lattec sl dotrd l. nrcz.nl
S{hlt, Susytr Johr l-an giril Pc Dl
El tocffai d vlzltit lrridlulo*nu
A r.st acoioazidimnN,!i
El a cautarhhulln rinc,
Itrrro,ul indi.n' hbuic
Sealr Susy5i J.rln vor si n.a4t
... )'.s, thr nn,.d !ow| t\ hllht
Ei
4Y. t h.thrrry huf An lirst /ircf Da,lunrlr_n uin.. aproap.d.
'vtt rt.t1 tb tu n,N |rithed |d' 'Th.ht\1tltunurt tuainL t uihttl
,rs,, To.nraile-dr.on{rud un sratrl ,!.r Ilnniror lituli.iu trcbuicsi
,7hL! tu rrntlutul! |hq
'tr|.a'tl .oh. knth. Ihdl! ,h\1 htotltLn!
rn,hk:.d t r.t .l Dtttt su\t Nnrratc.
Zlu...,Aia.ioadc .r$anr
 Participiultrecut 9l pronumeleposesive
lrr/.r1l \r..r iAfr fo{ lr t onir..
nD Yirhl Tu' nul ri rD lnrul
.trnniriiluri p! O\ford \troolr

lrtt 1r h \"1 \1t f,,nnl

i ,l n r rl I tt' l t

Preserl pede.t {continuare)

Pro n u m e lpeo s e s ive

li eflrr/i t) o rL nJl. j\\us \! au [ ] . n. n biecl
ri nrn. pr.d t n lfrf.\.uflu ;nnrem: \/nL'n
r/,r{i1l mctrcn! ntgrur5L,^ rrnk }lJ{c!ln.r} a (lru.a lr. r c1r e.rr r;i.
| | ,rr c I r' n t{ritrbl .. rcliird fi. Ddrli
t r.rJrrr ff L r r.l h.liiir !r/l ,rhelr Jil

.\ . \j.xr t,roirirc
, ,\nJel.irl.uie.eluil srbstafl\u ;
r'ofnx rtrr\ \r' (\r/ir\,licrr r le i
.\cnrI u. !,iid \n br r desFreri !.ii|..
-l{r rl[i lf r 31)rrIrr/l.r/!I

*','#
:|Ll n
0
@
da\\ \rl

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 T

Cheiar eplicilor
.S! in:: rt,l.J.xt !l,t tl,r ltrr)
,k rrr,/ A\irlr' i J . \ . 'r i d

!\hr, tttt rur rt ttn itn^!tr,tr'

rare r-ari D r l a tu rl i i r rune.
.Rtt h.laNtt )tt ratr! thtr r^tll
DiI cinL i iilsir irrri iccn nm
.5. tr ! thrr, .tntllht .rr^
l./,,? /,r, "n^1D(r n.brrc rrhr.e.tu
i.! D Dediar ' iriai tr.a lLr.
.tl r trr.,tr l r.k b:td tht hrl !\
\.!nr i o ! si i re l Ll i ! t,LrI el e..
.\l l rr| tt\. hr)i t| t.t ( tu
,;;,,, ri l tr' !mi Li r nN i .rc.
tr' adr. , fri o f.r ' ri i i i
.t v nr! ta)llt Atirtl11. r)
'tl
/.r(rrid,, t/,. t,rr \trLOdrti r-rn,
!\p 0rnrl tr rtr.10 cau^ !r Ll uILi
Inscdplia de pe turn
' l l l t,, i ,t) x rn;),\cui r{ ! J!cr\
I r (lirdJ iutcrl. ri ! tus |arr- tr! idrQt iel:r!
lr |e o \.ch. I r.li. lati cc.a cc fnlc si D.ai-Ld
rr,r\r Srr.ri Str\\ fi.k n Llunt.c ttrr{Ll.lrdrr.li
.L,r\, trr ht\t )t rrl t.r^ !)r
We l r r v el i e p (r h i s ru i u e dl o w e f b e cru se r s r!r. frrctLc N rI arfl pe
'a)t r/irr r,( Oh . J{lcvirl
r r rh e i n h a b i ra [rsof' t
x s a c r d dl n o t r u nl .n fo . \',,rtlr.s/,r /.rn.,/.,.{rrdl
,,,/r,rrrlr?/.r( /, !/,r N ni..
ril itar l]cn. h rm r\m rr
Th r p i r x t c so l Pi f,r(e sl sh n d d cs(o ye diL lhr e.
)u r. \ r g o , n u r g o r o u r rc\ense .11.r.I tt r\rtl rrr.th,. h.t!'
\\jc hrvc lvon our lurl brnle rgainst lheln and .LrrL ltl\ l'ltrrrrnl] r tiktlti
c \ f c l l c d t h r r f ro n th e i f fo rl o n th e j sland.At r(!'P \itr l;.cnnrtr trr|.rLl ,
, J I r 5 r ) h d r ( d i \" tp <d re dl r, r ,u r counl j

39
@ u,,,o,u,
viiior se loneizl.li r trl + radariiavq.\aLi:
,Lo,,i'r,3te. elc. r i/l Nnl,air FroFozli Lciircmgr-
rirc. rrall Jcselrlir o.ulluirt, apehoananrlii Ir.ntr! a des.ic un cvcnimcmJN! o r.lluire!t rt.r
iingr ai tl plutal iati !'c). nui aL.sdacanrgcrAhs.tr f!Lea avea oc. foioii,r .urillaNL dro,lal,r!rr (lezl
Fropfrtfr cer. F\. nllu:,V,/1rr sr, 'rlr (le,\jn'?) 'lFsjbil' lrag lS). Ex.nrpl. H.,1it ht b.linrc i,'t
Dui0r n lcolo) l/!,r'.(/rr,,r /,. drf! iS-af Iulcn

F.Lnr conr.r\ll r llL trrrl esle ll. Exe llp tr 1/l rc
/c,c Ooi li acolo). Accasli fonni nu sc ln!eb!iil
ji
!c.zil frol-..2r(ii0 nrrogilive
irlr'o polrozili. n.g.rl\i, f.tni conr'nsnr uiri//
cncr.,ri Flrem) LL7nJr rr,1/'.rllfciEinuvor
4 prta 9i a trebsi la viitor
l,er{tu r s|lne ceea. aflrebur, cdt i ceer.. an
Futeal_ice. i rtbunlfrnr ,. ,lL /' si/rar?, ilarri
d. r i, srf t?,// E\.nrFlor //. !i/l /rar. r.l. r/,.".
(Ll tfebuie st fie.cofol ShdllI rl1lt tL):!r tar
r,,r,4'.','ivoi 0tr1c.!n lr vtd niincl)

i:r'-ffi
*nwa.-r
\.J r]l

ffi^{fr}

#sff ,.li'--6e^!

*\it+"1

d in .i
t!' :.co.

:ltl
 lrli DesajLrlpeooe lsc c sa
ta l-a scris.eonfoftrunu: cld
terios Pc;T,u a rtl In@rm n lf
q pe brirbatuLchel trebuiesi des
riri crn se cilelte. Apoi. il put

',!\if
F F.le!e.ct.erehfeblliw
eiufofYrdr! elewei )n' A.
elerupredoow hru llcwenoinil
liwuoyedieil.godl"rJgo eo
John onLtr un tt,)kjt eB.)cw,-oh1
ihgr iehi,lLfefo,
niog lu uoY.5rcbilrhlw
airr\.1 .ri uLc rL.ri
tu/1tr wadrwercee, N uoYirophgF
I nalataeaapeh+ar agal
evoht uoY.iu.ifd ebllit!ii
<.0:l5al-uoY.ete\ le
4et)aehl o anit\dahuc\
woN,nos
)l'1

Chei. replicilor
.So r'r'll hr* ta F. to )'t .tes ro,nzLa'd |il.rer libine rrlruie .,/ahnand I .ah l..I ht a s..tt
/J/ad Atadar nbuie sirierglm pe saascu.dcmacennrdiciu.r irsre P7a.. robn5i ctrmln. prtemcaLtra
.Nat la.lnr'. tyt ll gd th.tu lb l.ne .tl'e cat nk.lenvnttt:e nnit Nn .)oLrll h,Neta. 1).th? ttrh
Nu dnlzi Vnff quose acoloprcR "ote
rr,,ey,l Va |tbu, sA Durddre$i
.arrtha,t!1t.1lED.n the\ ra.! bilelelulcutr 51epr.h!.
. I \ril! be nrghttih'. ak.] th.. nstis "
d,?.rid Ceriallva pleca ir .tb! Dn t *orry, n ll hc pafe.j
, iI be dd,A.rr^ Y. ti in linprl Da Nu !l lircesrij . va n p.rfccr
noptit ti h?cttoaieava fipericuloaS, .drtl\arilieth t: ti rD re \a .iP .nn hrle t htr? dn.l .lt nr h)\
-utt t1cbort t unvllJirltlrc.l a ysnr iltulcm anlfdc ikit dcscba
,., u,r... Darbttatul chel!a rrsi .Risht, tc Dnt l.are hin a n te
lract, rcbuic sa-it.seft unbllerel .1101: tuullr lrilt)unt! Hc !1
,hr rt.ht sa to rhekkral dutit\ lE 4 \'e tat d Aaal iler An\ a iae. neJiuitc, Jtltt lor r Lcr i
,r{r/ ArFnle,rneuepmsuEn) ^te\^in
genr!I C! rig(ranlI va cidcn
.ttt{ nhctu\hd1*a hitlt i1' Drl
.h!!1, reDr t hllc thk.h1! \i|h

4l
 ,orrn"r"" viitoruluicu goingto
@
ij rnrlri. Je\ior erpimdn! ilonrL.r ijrlnflrL .
cui uniLv.r$alc Li .!.x C. g.nr,l.i). F\e )lr[: ,lu dc
sind \n rrfucj.l rre de eand si sc uite l. trlcriror
.\!ro\innra rcr l,\ rr.r r rre I{L ! ii erglezr- cr
r LLl.rrlejpL.siei1'. !rt,g /. rirc jnli.5. inr{ ic
s[ . ]rrcrcduc Iriil srLc!ebrLea!utai| v.d.t
.s1. n,rrln! tu ridicirr vcrlrnaj
-.,,a n, ir;fr (loi plccr,/anrde gnDrl
F'\lntfu: /,n!"nr
si !lc.);/re /.8,nrg rr,?ili II IEIscritrir.l.
i.l.\izorl: Tlnr ,r. r.'/,rrsr,r"trr nin,r (lir ru dt

161
5l l=_!
i- 's+

--'
l!z--
tttib. Latdon' I i
-/

intrebuinlareaprezentuluidupa when
Itr ergi.7i. nr i rr',.' r (cnndl5iar !, ,,,i\ rd. itr- rc.n! lcnid I'arele mo Y,
d.til cD).r! sc rrutrctr ciodali !it.rJl nurral fr.- t..n n' i knr' lrillthdi. pr (l)rinditi cc rllu.
zertul Lr.npl. Ith-)t n lit.lltrdvia\ t(il

Pronumeledemonstratrve
lari pron!D.1. dc.lor{ratir. dnl

u .'!
fi
Itt
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1,
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.l-ni.l lt trt q..is b ttt) rt)

Birc. !r \.i Lice do.r ..din. ..
,'n.l thrtil i!to Ji.poi toiPle.l
'rj:.r, !r!r/",Arr lji bii.. roairl.
.llq lhi i! tr. rlrt thetAiLt.n
rr, .r? ,2, Hei. r.nr r birbaLul
|. cxrc mi I rr;]hr colji i.
,hs, it! rft n r'tr"i llr .

4klb, Lo,alt,t' I .l iik? l!tril:.r

,!,,1d ltr! r\lo. Loodrar Al
dor .Lc1!l:iJes$!.unriiniL 1r09.
.t1iaht,! I !'04l.r thu, r"J J.r^
uir,-/Jr,nzr lJre. le voi.iula

trt ll,,lfr 8ii: \Jrlr iJnil

4h r! ti^.tt fh.s?.1! h. r'
ld,i. Ali...easta e C.i.:rt. ir
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P.ri-:.:. nr vx f fftr diiril
'I ii ,? .:rl. t. ttualth.\i1tl.\l
,f,r. \'.r purM srx gr ni.l1i. lr
F_F 'l:ua I t !.nrr, itr\' ntrt(t,
a,t) | i i I l rnr l l r I nrt, i l ' r t.ri l
4r3r; lrr i: nndur !i irr lir
r .i ",/
ntol .nr.l !r f.n! i ,.i i

..1, !, r,^, Ah, in slirt I

.tttsh1,invi.\' l ltt nj
-1 /trr,,,i ,.rtr!r. l tn..: mi i " .,r

.Tht:.hlniu iilt Lc rLlr ! ht'lf

,,r /)dirrr Cotii xf ptrreari ,,i

.lh(t ll L.l,l.n\..i tiv,a i t

,"i!r/ !!: lr i,L.itrta! e t, !

I .alll ltrrrl rrrll' | | Dr c. r trslll

.h\: lrint ti srtl,\ht rr,rr,lt!
tL. t- .,/!r/ L .r AiL.i, {ii! a-ir:. crn:

Elc \or i.il ir j.. . rrclsta

\l.ijre frJ Ju. r lr,Cg.r.rfl

,1J
In enelezd.oxisEdoui nodditali
de a foNa conpanlivulti superla-
rivdluui adjecliv.'conlod lu.si
mliacestoia.Pentru a spunedai..la
un adjectivalclt,n dint o silabr.
adAlgin e', iar peftN a sPunecel
mai7c$n!i sdtngnn crr.
Exemplu: r,l] {i.rlt). rallr{nd
inax)./re /dl"rr Gcl niiltrall/

Adiectlveleconli.ard doua,1ei sau

malnuhesilabe.isl fomea2,co6'
pararivfl!isuperlallvulcu nrfe
(nri...) ri r,e,'r' Gel/cernai...l
Exemplu: ttritg (obositor).nrle
,ri,s (mai obositor),rre,,oJr
,)r,sGel Dli obmito./otro.
lennlnatein y
Adjectlvel
AdFclilclc lcLminaiei. ], prid4c Lanajo laleaadverbelor, conpaElrvul! superlatilulstirrn@zicu
ur t z1l, oricrE ar Ii lunsimea oL )hareti nast.Ex.np e: slatl!. nare slo*lr. fu han tlo\4 $n.e\m^i
rulse transbfte nl; ExcinlLui
lrhh! (^nu? nI),l"hhi.t (nai La uneleadlerbeuzualeadeugifr e/ il s. lxenplu ea,-/l (def .ne),
rnranl), t e ,r,D?rt (cev.e, fan lt'pi.|) hatd @Dr). tate ltartit), bng ih'trs),,rdf (ipmorc).

DreFnut
ln eiglez, uneleadjccdve !iadverbeloaneuzualeaufome ncrgul.re
in englez..adjecrivul sepuneina- la conrtaralrv qi superlalrY
i easlbn4nrilului,fiindinvai- Adjectivc:s,d(bunI) bener{nai brnld),ll1ehee(.ctl/ces nri bun/il)l
abil Accslluc|dnu sc schinb,lln ,/(rru),,. {" (ma ird u ), 4 /F o r, (. d / . e rma id u " . , /
c.^l mei conpaBtii ExenrrLu:, Advob. ,ur4,(rnu),vo z (hrl du), /r. d r (.el malrdu)jtur
tu nrua' (uom md amuzaot). (dep.rte),,,rrer(nai depanc). rrerrlrrl Gelnai dprnc)r/rde(Dtrtjn),
.te$(nai pllinl, /p rdr(r.l ndi putiiti,r/ (bin.).6d&/(m.i bin1,
Mai... decet ii ta fel de... ca ti
Mri,., decetseladuoeprin . r/
tar nare .. than.E\cn1\e: taller
tha\ (m in^lr.lectt), narc titihe
rls" (n.i obosi.ordcnt);,',,,e/
rra, (nri,ntrunt dcnt).

Lrfel de...c! gi seradue pir

ar ,r. Exernplu:,Yei rs rdll ar
&Nrar?/ (E la fel de inrlt c. 9i

Cheia.eplicilor
.Cd to, led ke lou totwl? lmi
pd.i ihplmurB pBopul rAu"
'rrlt |t..1 e21 nikz Pff Elzfel
,Hi Ton!.Hee ttn Aotyaut badl
,4e?Bunr. Tonvl Ai b&ca aici?
.Y6 itt owr ibrc. Da, esreNala.
.canw borut it? tYeuant to Eo to
Ptlar^'brel O putemimprumula? c/tEla HeilIncepensane invannn
VrcnsdRergm peinsulaPtalilor
.r4, ofear^e ,!i thesmdl4t Da. .Ya, J.h Yantu nat wiry 6 l t
bjnefileles.E ceamainicd. z9a Da. toh.. Nn vedesriia iel de
.watch out.. ore ofthe aus is :haiel
than ie other.,.Arenlie,,,rM ditrt. 'Yuute Batthebc! oor Ai eanai
vdsle nai scurtadecetealalt!.
.Eet! lre rc stadinqto go atuuh.lin .Na I ln@hl. Ih :LfrEq.4a1r@!

I I. rontrnn.n,i + adj.criv@n$itui.lonpaB'iyll G\dpLu i inrlr). n' el drih.x n ri + adiedn oNru c s|!!

latiYulGdnri In.lt). 2 Mule ada 'h,
dubr.ai consoaniinainrcdc a p im
N .d .n ,r | -. c ,.-,4...' od Lr por .unt pd r I )eti L
'
d. ' ' , ip' ,o b ,:d o l o .4., A i Lo
./1 ':a c 0.
./r,, r , t a t a .e J h . ,trr. ,,..,,,t,t,,' .rJ. ,.,i _.
r" .f ,oq,\nh-,-
u!J, ,-... ^...
'\ , , \J i'r J e n .r ro . ,.,! 1.. o p{ ,r!.j '
/,!,rr t n Dra ve.iredeciirrunll in .t r:.,dE s/.r'4, llr] mc.gcli n?l .aon)ehazt Lao* a/ r/xr, VetriliacLl
ruiDe incer lapriviri!
4ti Ent kt\.,JAthed,I: anl in'et: .oh,ot Oh nll
Arcmuh. colrlc Slrudcluri .t,ook tlier? a?litt nihel! Pti1n,

or'i: o.lrirl (m,idsacnq..r rri dcrnho 4p(linrmr rtriin/.d,., putir

t k\ tt\ !1t| tA1!t
 Would 5 l conditionalul
I i ef!13/j...rditior!!!ls. foD.iTi\.n r'.ri, +
.idrciIr \.rirlii F,\ennlcr/ n,/,/irr leu $ 1'1.
r1,1,f ,,// -vri! lei/.lc.r.inta)
,tn,].l rn. u :nr!jLlir ndlr lllr . I r/lj int: ogr
nvn. su| e.uLs. prtre duii xurLliarl:\.mf[ itn]r/./
/ /': {.\s fi eu1) lrnr o iirTi rcPllr\ii,,rr s: |r rc
tllfii r,,r/r / r,rrll,,/ 1,3(eu n-.s li).
l'ornrac.rtas,i r ljir.,ir. r, s. nrrefLti',ler7t
nf iir.iuen !.rlltii 11, ir! rir.f.l \i;rg).d.r nu
jn pr.przili l. irr.r!gltir. s.f tcgilivc
c ondi t i o n a l uvle r be l oca
r ,9 i t u st
,\r\ liareLe n)rd!1.r,, si,rrJi au lL!pfir lbmi dJ
.onditi orr :.rxll (rt nutcx.:riDulcr,cl/eutr lu_
tcr, rnr puie!, i.putea) Jr J/i,rl1(itrrehtrir. C. si
.., si rrrn,.,r,,l.sl ./r,r/,,!trnl iori irb,.
/l{ daca}
ae\Friirr
t ni\crrr r! drcn l!l!rb.uiri.ttinr
o aclLdrc..: c ar prr.r avc. :n., inncl.LLirrril n .lLrN
rrfitrrcllr dxcn.ofJ Lnrr!LuLD.ezei l!1ii n' r).t.
ziria priirci!iaa. ctt iiif..r sL,borqofrlal)tcn !l
nrcr b!ni. n x:l duc h Londrr, ln e isln. drpi y'
se nxrebLnleaz, iL!c! l 5 nrpir. irr i| prorozil r
pr n.intrii cor,jil frlrlLr ll I tuL .tht ,tl l
Ca siji cazuLL!' darn.dLpl ls. poal. nnr. trtTcf
rr sxr vii(lrLi f rri,tr\,),,tt. hr I i1l1."1t' : ith
,re lDacli.rc bnni.v. reni tu mi..)

i,q-.d10
qHi
'RHIP
\'tY/ //

I/Yo!14 ca formulA de

Ca il i odriod.condirio..lul fl.-
n fune si D c!, l . e folr o.Nsji.
t hr!/.i /ric (''t dori \.zL pag l0l
.n. conditi. l!l !.rbulrl r, lit.
ir dori, tr Itncer), liLrr nuLtrnrL
poliric.s d..il/ r.{r fdorc!rl. L.
, l1 n l;, h Nlels trr,Ll !r 1it! t,i/ali
dorjll. r4,!ii.r.! 1d.riti) si r,,rlr/
rf rirria/' (lc rr {r (lerrijr
a-\)3,: 4,-;\t'-i,^ :=-,
sa,,?riurl ro1Llicoase ti uiile.

llrilr I rllik.ln ltlt to

q 71
 Odali Evenili la fanilia Fi uilcJl.
S!r$ o if.erbn lrc lrino s..c
ar lircedacrar areadixlo dx{
h!lri brni Complcial |,spunsu-
r le lui Ennna,tr ninl \eilc e
din paranrcznla forna corecla

;",,,',',';R2.,P
t,, t t,, ,,," ,",y/L)"()
;tF --+rt o E-za aoa:i
tr:e,|ish| fnd oE rJ I e
9,V;: I (fti pat ) .f0 a rc\ tuoff,

E Int r. i(1) nn^i Li.rrk.

Yat ur.l D.tldnJ I tr) to)

tu ( LtLnl.tti.ttt,t uttr

l1/dt. rr'tt Jtin,l rtntlro,t

l:rt .nke \ hr.i,tr thcrt r

.I
;frLq*^)a
Cheiareplicilor
. tJjh. h?a\tue t )are, tu I litkl d 4 d lik? to lrrl* tlten) IlEr tulpe.l 'h utshl tk,/ r.tftr,hn.tn
D..i.onoafr ene ilcl. o von lilsii 4,eb rut.h s rro.lt: A5 lo)i sl le /h nqi\ lr !r gilr m. dr(J nc
.N.lhingl E hmEl q.ls het.: Dullumesc. M-aua utars, nrinl un ^m
Ninnc Tutrclulre tennrni aici. ,l.dll Z,arll Privi.l l-urinil
.tlouldhn $L l)!t!
I )rt h.d a .t.xldw ljk.1a n.n li tlp,t?
r)zn) Ai vededmri hin. ds.i ii .Snst, [lou ,tora th^! htr"\,
.to. t ll eaDiebkk. I \rotAr'l n bo.U ril b. ahle 1n:e. th.
.1.1, l arr rr ./nr,, P, Nu, loi Ev.nl.
/i"sr / r,,,.i r)i. da,miol e,,?2.? Susr dacl rnilri acc{.
-ah, nlee\ dh haN tns in tltcifdlll tierre,nimcnintrra nd lcder
t h) eornsta:lne n oprll Ol\.in .Btr JiN y)uto rtrcttxtrs tcll rs
perlle e o verLgadh l er! O sa trag th. r.r! trltd.kl tn d,,-tl1rgl .l ll b.oble1ar..t T'ri 1Dd r.n
r0arnrc.alrpnrcarl dasrun.1 p.,'dl.d,rr Voi pureasai ola, ]|i
Povc{ca Nornn $tin niniicl 'roD' o pereclrtrouidevilslel
.HL/)a,I a liketuknk h Sdrcl\ s^r .Right ,tb :h.rlti l.bk Ja. u ||u|
,rd./,r, Buni ziua.$ do,iri loF o// Iluuun . a helrfLsi.aul;d !
bc sc.u S.r. h S ds yt liohn

-: rrl l rl rn ,rr . . ] f lu' r l( J rl } u o l s c rrrrr(/-i L rra n \n D n i | r) r,\h ,J.l / l i i c t.n I I i i ror t1\tvtl rhn$)
17
 O scrisoare
Iateo scisoArcii. nrtirn {li.7iar pec.ieSNtuh
! lfin s lu Susr ri J!|r dtrpanrloa.cereaLorla mull..rrirrc :i crprcsii
Londra Citi!!2..n. rerrc 5lin..rc.1l st le irlclcgeLi aj'ri si \u et . \ci\r!,i ni, o
TiftlceLe. ne a i]4.57 vi permnes; verificali

cum scriem o ecrisoare

Pertr! Cari inlrebulnrrni
runcra
L oidiD!],sprec\emplu:,'drlrr
Scptcmhrir)zilc e siprlm,lnii\l
lunilesesoiu cu nrajurui.'. La
inrl.dht.a nn.rml. or ldaLrgiin irndr abil I-r sinliit t,r.r,,,
rAledtiu a le naislornain cslcfomtrlaobitiriti nltreprle
numer.leordinal. Er.mpl.: 8f,! 1.fi A.e$ia corcspfndcrb mrlci
Cu df!E. . a!! Intur (lort cle
ar Dcd,,.(dngi).arc c
Inccpem bnne) c ccramult inai oficirl

I Li\L- o, r! tll\+L.li pa,! :S. 2h!r!: /i,r,Lrr' Drnnulhl.i@r/ (1,!r' rt doil!l/r d0!r . rrr./ rJr/ . nl lrtild
48 q rI / / / ir - i/ , - r loi .g k r d c ).]\ru n d ' i l c r' o n ' p A.' Icj .t!n:l i nrl ' ]l l 5stl ntrr!xi cu/
/ir, li\unplt.l/1, .?1,, .?jl/ l n L n ..o i i p u r. f' ,? , (/1,)).J l ]ti rl : raui
 Ex plic a tigramaticale
i
Aici !eti eisi reznmatulprlncipale- chil.l. chiLltun \copil, .opit).
lor notiuni$zmaiiele din acaslb
carte.c.sili enumerate excepdile
cek in.iutile alercgulilorinvdtde
pe|Frcu6ulcE(ii. ri liste(tabel) in ensleza.anicohLlpeiru fomeh
care15 ajuti sa iitelegeliris6
Subgtantivele9l artlcolele Ia
singular
in engcza.substartivelesuntde
ge.ulnsdLln'. r'eninii!i neun
t'. estcrnico hoie,a(1,3)
ttu anport (^etopord)
depiural. rt n,ne tot /ir.
Ni$rse raduce Frn s,-e i.n o
frazi aiirnadvn si d,:!' intFo frazi
interogativdsau neeatild.
/ r0,r.!,,re arnlcs (vruru ristc
A) r.u h.r? d1r aPhs) l{v.ri
t Jo nat rart ant rpples t.Nr
Nigte
numir Darjrzc Sia4ynrainNeam
nAti cntcvrsauptrlinA (inr. o
ftazanecallve.
c! inlelesulde nici
Genitivul in 3
ln englez,tpenlrua spurecuicc ii
aPa('ne.addugdm un ! poscsorF
ui, indiferent
ci e vorbadun
subnanri!conunsaup..pnu
,rr i_,ahper(puloverullui John)
rl,eaba ! ,n/ (fo.furi' c6inchi)
the ;unpet is STdh i lptlc
'!cd
verul verdc esterl luj Sar.h).
r-a pluFl .nnd denurirea poseso-
rufuise remind ii r. r adal8d

AnicolulnehoGrat 4se pue in fa- ii rcnAna. ni$leseoinite-deregu-

1. heicoisoa.e.i.r d, i. fatrunei ld-in p.opozitiile dtuin rr. ./ugrbarl (Ierfuriaceinilor).
negati!e.
cnglezd,r,! se puneob iglioiu. /negrt /e,, (cortulfelelorl
1fd,r rr,i4,u/e/ (Yroru ni$lerpI) Dacdsubstadlvul ar! ui pludl ne-
i .la not \nnt anv u atet \N! $.^\ gulai, nereminarih r, narc. po
ln r I4 ).r1t.nn ) *sivd eie :{, ca Lalnguiar.
^e.nport
Pluralul substantivelor Omiterea articotului l. D", r ri,/rer (tainele

Majorit!1ea substannvel.r i9i liri irr erglezrl.

nc.zd PhrdlLrl p nindun s: tu.
,ri.{qrr (dounpoduri).
Srbstarnivele careselenninar_n
.n, i . i / r .i r i: p d n sc dsI. plu'!1.
.r@n .r,,E er (biserici. bi*rici)
,,?s /ra$es (rcchi,fochii)
/,r, b.,JcJlcuri.(utii).
l,a substanllele c.re selen!inl
inFo conrcand urmatide y. plu-
dlul se lbrheaz,i. ocuindt,-ulcu
m i ti.drugandes.Deciplunlul
ft',i . hhilhs l.fanilte, tantlii)
Unelesubstantiveau pluraluloeE
gul.r.accsiarrebrindi rvdlai 11.,t !?rel (Vrexurpn).
,ra,, ,rs, ibirbrt. bnrbrti)
n,r",, r,u, (fmcie,femei)
tcul. leure' (trta2n. tr\at)
suDsLanli!e esc lnrfe ,it? children t \vin lc^mer^
5uinlcut ti ii|, arlicoi,/7]ese
inrEbuinleazl cird vorbimd$pre Relinelica in cngleznposesotrrl
iucruli.ono'eie. darcardvorbirt lrreqii obiecluiposedalacesta
desprcLlrtrri ih general seinte
buinlealdnrbnanrivulfta anlcol
/ l;te r'rklrIbi pl.ce.p!).
/ Itk b,za (lni olacbdrcile). !n engler. adjectilelesepu.inaiF
reasubsrantivuIi, fiind in!ariab lc.
Derorl. substairlvele ienumlrabr- Spreexenp u imp. (pulorr) ri
LeSiceleaflalela p um seinlrcbu- g.tr (vcrd.) se i.trebuiniczd:
inl@z!lird a11icol,ltrr! ca sensul o yeeh ttkpct (\n Dtlofer
Breeniu,tE{ lpntoaercten )
/ va,r dprld,(Dores nre).
]]o _vor,arPdppks' AYelinere?) Candinrebllnt.!l !n nLbstanri!cu
L/. ,,r r?,/ zpl.a (Nu do.esc $ adjeclv si un anicol DehoLd$l,
retinelica anic.Lul nehoi.rAtcsle
d, h fiF lder vocale.A.edsd re
euldseaplicddaci articoiulprecede
Exi$are.dinlade a inftbuinta sdne un ddjecd,caie incepec! o vocah
si",y.ifd dorimet preczamo
anunrtlcanlilatesauun a.unrn a, aldl"upe, iun vechi pulov.rl.

49
Al m e u ,a l t n u , a l s e u... funsliede complernentdi ect.caL
t indnctNu uilal!ca jn romana.
I adc u ms etr ad uaci dcu,alldu, avemlone diferiie-accenllat., verbeledif linrbaenBlezisirnp.(
al slu er. Accslepronume sunt na@nlrare la uneLePronDme 1nlrei caregotii:
verbelegulateti
cde au f!nctiedecomplement nc.egrLate,ii auxiliarcle
modale.
,ry al meu/mea, ai nrei/nele (ex.:nie,imi. -tui. pe mn,e,nt, Toaleau pulinelanne.lnfinilivul
),o/ al1iu/ta.aitii/tale lor c prccedarde /, (cxcmpl!:r,
l,r 3l ldi/slu.ai lui/sdi ,z& a mersc),ia. ii|i tirul lnril
/d/ a eilsa.aleei/sale Exa$ca nr li lba rom6d,n.ele l, sc n!netrc radacin.verbaLAi'
prcnum.po1aveaarartlnclia de
orr al.oslru/anoaslraclc. slbicct.cetti de.onpLemc.r.
labelul!, preznli cu canctere Ve Dle neregrlate a! tormi norc'
pronumere carca0 gulattdoarIa tiDpulrrecut.cu
Candvorbilidesprc!l snu,! ss ri 'nerctare
tuncliede conrplenefrricaE ercepliavobelort, n,v.(r dca)
{i snihlesuleir englzE. subslan- difefade celecareindepli.e* ri t lz (r fi) careau fbrored l-eflle
tilul lnfebui.latdcpindde per- d la prcznt. Muhevcibouu.lc
soaMdespre o sevometF. s!.r neresulale(vezi pagna 55).
TabeluI p ron! melorpe60nale
cahdva rcferjtila un briar,spuneli PrzentuI velbelor to b 9i to
iir /rupd (pulovird siu), cand compremen!
v, ref{ili1. o laIe.spmcli&/ subict direclslu indirccl
1(eul ne (pemine,jmi) Trebuiettiutecatnraibineverbee
!,, Gu.!.i) lo! {ped.e, petoil ro r. $i /o rd. deodecesunldc-
Pronumele personale hc (el) lin (r. cl. ut seoi uLilizare.ln plus,acestea sel
rr? (@) her (pcc4 ci) vcs d,qt auiliarc pcnln'foma-
lali p.onunelepesonalcdin en- t (eL,ca) ir(pe el, e!)
sl.zd carear functiede n'biccl: vg (fo, us (penoi,noua)
/,e)'iei,ele) th.n (peei,eLe.lot. To be (, fi)
1(eu)sescrjenxotdsura cu la n
Locul pronumlor personale f.t.n! tu etri/voisuftEri
yr, (lu,voi,dvs.)in srglez nu se he/sh.lit i: el/e. esre
taccdeosebire in1rctuti voi. Am i. orglezi.p,onuuekpersonalcu noi su.tein
belee rnducuilr l.! Id rnaia- furclic de conplcmenr se pLme the) at? ci/elcsunr
i a la conn'!i'!a cxpr.siilorim-
pe&na e (spreexcnp'uI v,3 ,evel Tnhaw, to hare got (,
tz,, - nuselIie triciodalt)i Give het the baak lDd-i cafteA). ^icr)
rau hdre (got) tt\
Candaven un complcmenl dirct ||e haP tgau trn^\t\oi a\en ^\eti
ii unul indirecrin aceea!i therhote (eot) .il.le
propozilie, complementul dnects.- ^u
,i (.1,co)El iia lin locullicipcr puncdup, !erb, uhat dr halsha/, el/eaar
soane.Irljnelo.ui unuiobied,lu- pepozilia/o + conPlementul
flu. Candvorbi! d*pre un dinal.
vetispunet drr, in r&ul in dte e Lendit to hs (rtuorr^nfi-i-t)
voDadespreun atrinaLpreLrat, ln engleza vorbita,deseorisecon-
domesric. pntelislunc, s.u rre. Eu, tu 9i ei/le ra8 fo.nclc de prezent ale\rhe-
lot to bc ,i to hdr.. ,4n.drzSiil
Prooudee eu,tu, ileldin hrba dcvi. ,. ).e! r. t/,veti/rdr
rr.], (ei,ele)Un si.gfrp,onlme ronianase nadocif erg e2[prin
nrseann$atatei. carti elei t ey, p onumele persofaLava.d funclia
de complemcmExemple:
In enged, nni nronutre cdtulnde- Don I wirryl L i tue(Nt t
plilesc!i funcliade complement. Ite s.t = \h. hassat (c. drt)
Ara cm vt pEzift. rabcluldemai yalt'ie Cot= t.u htre pt (.rai
pot
sus,aceleaiLpronume aveaatat ave!, u a|]

50
rra.i l,rrr d (ceest).
rro b = ii $le)
"tro lcine
simplu9i prezentul An0mileverben! seinftbuintea
Prezenlul
Pcnfua lbma preznttlsnnplu,
un r radaciniiverbalea
adaugafi
Fcrsoanas Leir si.ellar
prerenllrsimflual vcrbulu/.
\|dlk (t ncrB.,a sellinhu).
I/ya1lve/ther \ilk helslE/, \talta
Totuti.verbeleal carorinnniiivse
lcninnin.,. sr, ri. r suud. pri-
Pre*nlul sinpluaLverbrlli r,s,
(^ merEe):ItotLl',erher ga.
P!ren1ulsniinuu seforme@ldin r. /e.,!r?rzr
P.ezentul r, ,e (!ezi in
verbulur ta )ene!,bel
stingi) + rlddcimlerb.la I irg.
prczcn$rl
cofiiDuual lcrbnluiro
Nalk I dil ralking. )oahalhel
arc walknry.he/sha/ilis valkin&
VobelecaieseLemiMintr o cor
soana!precedar, deo sing{d vo-
.alr, ili dublerri consorno
in.inlc
de a priinile,minalia,,s
verbulr,v.up (r anbrh) vr fi:
I i \ro pp inE l.^mhale.tchtat
" pund verbeor a rrebui, r pntea ii
P.ezentulsimplu9i prerentul
continuu(intrebuintare)
E lbarc nnplrlanliinlrebui'4aEa
corectia Pezentului.Plezetrtul
snplu descrleorcliuncrli:ctfar,
deobkci,celeodard saunic:od.n,
PEzentllconlnu! des*ieo acri
uDecaRsedeslnFrri ir nronen
lulvorblr iprczcn6ndo actiuieilr
/ (mt plidb ld*eod sru
',&
/.,, !'al.i,s (ni plibb lacuml).
r J/" s.r sc .ofi,gc cr r a dc!.
Vrbele car nu se inlrcbuin-
leaza la aspeclul continuu 1zffr ear(rebuie sd frnrin.i
Caaimeannda putea,cu
z, nioiodalila aspelulcontinuu. inlelesfl de n n caplbil, r rve{
P.inumarc.le urilizrmdorr la pernisiurq. Cdl maiireanoa ri
r tti (.u inl.lsuide n seFricep
Iarr vetbelccarerebuic iliure
1, blle (tt Actde (id) 1.,, r?c, ,rn {Pordecbide
/, b.l,,a(r0) a apa4ine
toguess a Presupune I cat Ba autk)Di{ht(Potlrn ro e
1.r, iur, ($tiu st i.or).
a $ir,a cunoatre
to lik. a i placecuLva in englezn..d, semaiimrebuln-
Fazacu verblectuese mporLeaT-d
t. bw a nrbi, ador. sinturilof,2dictr. l?ezl(a auzi),
/,scc(r vdcd).r, tcl (' sin!i),
raPteler a p'efefa 10s eU(a m'r6i) tl la t6te \^
k)rcdli.e . re a liz a , a g id a
seanade
d fecfnoatie
a-ti aninr) I can hed hidt lll
a ved., ^td).
ta seent . pirea MiAhrexprimdFosibiliialca
tosntll d mircsi npanatl la pezent sauii. unele
taequoe a PEsupune
to rh.J.6ta3.l a inlel.ee
ne stu1ionmtg ba opan
(probrbil cll glr. e de*hhr).
He n\ht.hhc |nh N I,Vrr
put.ac. elst vin! c! noi).
in cnglezd,e\isti auiiliaE modale
c&r, pinie a tele,cxp'inil pemi-
siuiea oblisalia intffdiclia, posi-
bilnatea,inrenrlaerc.Uneleco.es ln englezd,inperativul plezinrd
odine ii sfaluri.Avem o sinCun
r 9rl. iaraltclc serycscIa fomarea forma dc impcralivla roate
viitoruiui,condiliora ulu, etc. verbele,aceandfon! c id.ndcb
cu Iadacinavelbala(irrfinltivul
Acesleauxilidrcnn ru fomd de in- md ro).
finitiv, sunl inva.iabile(nu priDesc
r la pe$orna a trcia sin$'lat ii Iinpe6rilu1v-buluirr b. sr 6?
sunl urmalede r5dEcindv.rb!I, cu (fii, fiti)
Inpe.alivulvetuuluilr ldl,( ene
Cle care[ebuie ttiute sunt,?,rr,
.a, ti ,.r's&/.(Mai cxistdri altele. Nu existapqsoananxiila plu61.
.un al tl I iU, sh1ll.vould. t.rld Pentrua rpfnc sn fin, sd ncrgen
ris,rrld a carlrinrrcbuintal
e ve etc.,punemlrri (adiclihai s!,.,Jin
eslcrplicar5la paginilci2 53) falarldAciniiverbale.2,.:r se
nnEhunrleaze ! penlr a suger.o
Murl (, trebui)erprinaobligalia,
5l

LrI,rik (snn. plimbtml
1zr! 9.,,i Gi ielin atlrl)
Viilo$lse fomeazhdin vt//(rr
atr\iiiarfr .dal) + radAcina
Yerbalr.
viilorulvflbrLuit rri, (3 se
otimtrr) : II Dulh. he/ itl v enhq'
^ eau )ullr.lormea n rc u rT n n lu LiecuLul
ii propozitile int,ogarive slal e
ln ocu1curill la peGoana inreL
snrsuldii phual(.dlcdI rivt),
malllcs &cil lireD o propune
Shallte g. 0tt7 l\etim?)
foma comlase a Luivlleste ll
Ex.mrlu:
Ill r?rr., l\oi fi ccolor
A..d!a-or * ,rinl(b i!
n L,'opo'lii lnl rofi
_ru-o orooozire ncsa ra. I a
LdnLssAxui 41,;-*\ .-t
ExeorDlu:
lrer;.n t b.lherc lN\ vat fi
ecolol
A trebui !i a pulea la viitor
. I re ro .l e tcrr ' r ' ir ' li\ ' r e'
. . r )' , 1, r r u s ep o '| n ,"
'r'ebu
rrehueu dn puleaF*. ul,i3ln
, ! , r/ . r o ( ap u le a ,tn t,p 39,1
E re ' n n e
.j , 1 L / r - d,^ r o r e e ,!
r , ". , r , , ' r \b iDu l.;sa r0vtd
mtincl'
lk titl hdreta be &.re N6trcbli
sn Ii !colo).
Formareaviitorului cu goirg
ViitorulseFodteeNpnma cu alulo
n.ezenruluiconlnuusada vci-
bu1;i.oso Sefoffieaz.dii dnlN'
,r? goi,,Aro + rrddcnra
ve.bala,
52
G,r,g., erprnnio inlen,tie
iiesie rds tl ,atft e.thd r.fe
deseoifolosirin crgleTd Trecutulslmplual verbeLor.a,
ust esteixLd ti had ta.
t ams.ine ta leare (voi ptcc^).
He E.ins b \ atch7 lr (El se\ t &. .,,/djtrg (cl ttit ri cADtu)
^
Therarcsainsh.an. nith ns He /ia, r, ri,g (l trebuia si cttrte).
Scformcazd din fomn deftcfi a
Timpu le trecut (formaro) verbuLuir,h. ridllciraverb.li +
-
Cati l. pczeil l. enelezi\rbe-
continuua verbuluiro
riLecarcncbuie$iutc sunlrccun'l walk: l/heihe/it ra! \llknig,
nmplu.1r*ul dl conrinuu
tip/cre"/ vo!ie/!h4 \|dt *dlk e.
C! ! i la p F z e f n rlc o t rlln u u l
l) ia uneLe ve$e cae r tennr.
ihr o consoa.iprecedatd dc o sin-
La najofrarea\erbelorlrecliulsinr gud voq a. hebuiedublaEcon
plu se lomerj lb.r1eusor:h loa soara ifa!1le de a adaugat
ibffieleseadalgt Pdrddtcinil !..
verbale- \erbulr, wrap{a anbah) selbr-
t\emFu nca"n: I r1s \ tutrprlg
rr rd (' l 'Jr/ 2) uneleverbeuzuaiiu r folos.$
4 | r? " )1'".;
lairurulcontinuu. cido.rla Lre rl
L, verbee cde f kr 'ri-d ;nn-o s lmp lu(v e z ilis lad e a p a g jr 5 l)
consor_ rr "0"".'ru ,'t d
vocale.rrebuiedublaLacoDsoa.a
inainteric a adrrga ed
rxempr!: Slbnneaza din forna de F'.7,eor a
erbui ro r,?, (a anbila)se ve$ulu r, na!. (ve7iFgin. r0l i
ro n " A a parlici!ul t{ul at !erbului.
La verbeleregulalc, pfilicipirl ffc-
cutesleidenlccu fonnade reruL
rn .r r, ,
(!idnci.averbaln+ c./)
I d lre- .. l nP r. \)rdir trroul
sernrin8ir i.,/
prcftntptrfectul \ethtlr tDrdft:
e,emotu: Ilau/'|e/thq, hare vd lke.l.
lo rr, u' elp,e b< d - n e , . rr- in linba vorbiti sc innrbuin\eaza
plrnereguldr(a re't e b t ic ir\ . rd l maialr fomelemntmsea e lui
Ace D' e tu 164ir'I ld roa'eb fiar !i nar ( !e )i yl.sp,e
mle(u,tu, el etc.),Multeverbe
tEu.lesufi iefesulat(vezilabclu verbelencrlgulalc
{cac auo fo.-
E\emph:ro,r&.(r f!ce): mn ie lrecut neteu itdl du rn pal
ticipiun ecul neregtrlatcaretebuie
tl rou,'|,.A he. ltrrL' I h t I ntaLle.
in!lttat.l-atrneleestedenliccr
Trecriul snnpl!. verbel.i /r ra!. fornradelrccullve/ilrbelulde la
!i /d Dcesle rere!!!$. ?r lzr afe
lljtuhe^ h./i thrc/ th.! had.
T. be ate da!^ tanc: t/he tshetii
 in rrcFozliil. ime$gative.
/,.,Lrv
He hasj us1clded th. daor (El dtlse punnlai.leasutJicctului.
I/to /ve/they hare takenlhe/she/it
Da t a^s here)(Tr^\etsez
Conditio.alul Da.s th. ient an n:. a@ril ^i.i?)
(.tb
Itlx,L\rtii hq hove nade helshciil
pe1tru
Ji eisleza, a tomacondili
n,!ld (un Pronumole 9i adverbele
onalul.r inrrebuinleazi
Timpuriletcuta {intrebuintsr) Arxilia.mod.l)+ rrdlcinaverbaia
In englczn. tButul sinplu d6c.ie latepronumele i|xerc-
ti adverb.Le
o 3clrune incherald.carcaavutloc they\ ,rU \ins (a. cinta). garivecareftcbuictriure:
ifu'un monenl.nrhe pr*ia din
red'I. l-ldeso n$olirde adve,be Formacornas,! lui ! az#. i/ sc hor nanyl cari/cae?
deimp Gr )rrladdr - ieri).are iLrrrebuinlEazi
dceori in enelea har niLh! cer/cArll
situazd actiuneapeaxatrecu!ului. lorbit^ (t il be: th4 il sitg),d^r
Ilcculul simph dnrenglezi n ciodatai. propozilrile
interogr-
corespunde ]Dfecnrluisimplu
(eienplc:rNei,el se$un.....) ri
pe lcrrLluiconrFus din lnnnd Condi$onrlulve|belor cdr !i rr6t
(erenrplu: am Yizit!t.. vc vriiled). Auxillarelemodale.a,ii ,,,r/ !u
Ex.lapl!: Wevisite.lthe cdstle p,opiiu lorcondilional:c,zld ii
rrxr?,/"r (AtrrvizitAlcasteluliqi). rr.,/d .aE.functioncazi la fcl ca penl!
dol ,rrc, sennrebuirrledza
ceeace nu sepoare.!nrm. iar
Titcurll sinplu sr nraiinlrebuin l,l ddr.) pentruceeacesetoat
lcaz, ri pqllru a desoie o ac$'ne
obisiuirl dinftcur, o aciiuncpc the! shatld {,eileles( lrebvi).
carcobi uiamsdo them Astltl. Propoziliile
intorogative ho* nant atpletl \.eb nerc?)
von l0ducecu imperfeciui din howtnuchbttta ? \.^t nar?J
lihba ronii, (lizirao). F-xisl,ddu! rnodaliralidea purc o
in ergkn. cuviftelefrterogative
I al*ar! rirre.l tt \hen I uosn1 l) C! D be !jauxiliaEle(auxilia $nr inlrlabih Ordifcr c^,inre-
1.),r (lntoldeaun!tl Yiziten rele nod.l sauoricaLeauxiliarca- o r e s t ea e a t i c at in r p o p o z 4 ile
rc sedetlc la fonnata unuilinp, carcnu au !n pnnfrnc/ndlc|b
spreexenrplurarlrA pentru un
liecutu conlinuudesoieautiuni ve.bla prezentpe.fect)seforntea- -cuvatrtinieroeati!+ rr L! sauuf
carcrauin cu6 dc desfitumrein do proDozilie int4ogativd punand
rfe.r{ ln hmifl se n:dn.e dl subiecddupnlr re sauaqiliar - cuvantirteroealiv+ 1,1d.!/!lld
+ snbiect+ riddcina!.rbala
E\cmplu: I val .rrljnA (mergean Ad I kne?(im 1n$niatl)
,!r'4' ,I yal.: (Tebnie st merg pe Mo arc,@? (Cine s\nrelTetn?)
jos?) W4, n$t I vdlkl lDc .. t..bni,e
Prerer, P?rl.1 u| slabilefre o Le- Harerourisikd thccastle:(Ai
Sitoranrt! lrcul !L pre4n1.ln B4i! do )a, r@t thls) (De ce rrci
resr,dscie o acriunedin recur will ))oube lot?? lv.tiatatzislj
ca a.e elicl dupm pEzenrului. 2) La celelalle v.rb., reint,ebuin
ler2narril i!ruI d, + snbicct+ Id- Da.! inftbliniainunrimpcorinuu.
I harc .lcaned ny thaes lmt sm ddciraverbulululilial. loma avrri i. Yeder e stci cr vart
interogariv + 6c+sfbiecl+ ddec!
I harc beenat Ltu4nd (^n lost Foina mrecl, a lurd, depi.dede ni verbaLa lenniratd1r ,g.
a PitrarrulsidFu: d, (la.r ld Wlryatt t l.nkitl|l lDr rc re
P.6ent pa[eLl-ul ni des{ie ti a uifr)
scriunccarelocmaia avul loc,

r, / , e * d l e 'b nc Ns uld! t r es E rv n e d ,c p l a u \i l i a ,i n n rrtn s B l N crl i nr* ds-ati vD C ni rutr,/,i nsca' n., 53

f0ce.EreN!h': /,/, ksa (Eu r,dDrrctic yos*).
Propozltille negative
Penku a loirna o prcpo-zitienega"
rivd, inrebuintan,dr In cazullui
ra ,? !l alauriliaielor,puiem,or w d nat
ca d not
wlllnot
Ite tMor ridd (El nu e obosit). sl&
"ot
Hc ,'&t7 arr /ort (El ru tret uie sn sharld
Cd, + "ot
drsc sfi. inrordeau.a.,,
He Ms not looking t.El nt sc uXs). tr,r, id fonna sa connda ste cdr l.
La celclalieve$e, se utilizeaz,
nuxiliarul.to - nol rtdncinaYer
- ,Cis,l rirzl(El nu c obosit).
baLa.foima corede a luido depln-
de de pEoandri linp ( a prezen-
1ul sihpl!: d, saudaer la petso.na
d rrcir slnEular la uecutrli./).
I da hat knotu \n\ 9tiu).
She.laat not like .lass \E
Hed l nat krok (El tt s-g
Fomele.ontrasc dle lui,,r
A?rse coniaSe deseod,ftli d6
Iart conr'agedlecaE trebuieSliute:
impurilstrscuts! i pnerentei
rezumat
lftctrtnlcotrtiruu
54 rr/ i D 3< t 2 \..i .v l i 4 -,
arcnl anunit Lucru, sc i.trcbunrleAzr./,
tn$l nal rnfil4l trrl + 6dAcinalerbali. spreexenr
hare rat ha|enl plr: Do not .lose tuP.l.or lNn i.,
cfiideliI',). Fornac.tuasaeste
vatldnl
..rl.lh I
)rar I ansrc$ (rrspurduriscurtd
shan I ^Short
Ir englel.,in loc dc arrsFundccu
shouldnt un snnplu/es (dal sau,, (ru), de-
seoriscdsprid. cu,ccoae se
choaDa rrrd ,,s/s,r (rnspunsfti
3cun.).Acesiea constau inr.lua-
Exemplcd prcpozilii neertiv rcaauxilaruluicae a seryirla
cu cortr.gre lui zrt
Exempe:
Sre d,ee l l*e doAr (Ei tru ii plac Da rou like cats? )'.s. I .lo il\i
pldcphicile?D{, ini phc)
The),hate" I eat tl.e ioner I,Ei \r Dt.ltot tisit thecastlelles.l.litl
(Ai vizitli cistclul?Da l"!n
Wc can I hcb rou (Nt te ptren
CM rou !t'r, I Ya t can\S1ii st
Mt ,, trr1 @.),(nici un/o) WiUlat cahe ||ith us?YeJ,Ivill
In englezl,pentu a spuneeu-ntr
rm se ulilizeai negaljar,/.ln
cazulunui subsleliv rcnumirabil P.rtr! a raipundenu,relurmauxi-
sauld ptural,sc utilzedz5,,t dnl lidul lrrar dn,r(\au, i in cnsle
zavo.bili). Risprrurile nealive
I do hot h@e o dos (Nt citae).
'n am
I.to not h@ d'11)vdet (Nt No I .h not/.taht (Nu, nr 1ni
"pi)
I .1onot hN any Key lNt M .het),
No I canhothai | (Nn, an ,tin)
No,I will nalhonl (.1\!,nn \ oi
Pentrua ccrc cuila sd nu fed un
presctrtperfst
RV +
lll-a siosular. 1RV'
Iedlk he walkt. do I aal wdlking
acfiunecde arc loc dcliuncmrc estei.
de obicei,caleodald, cus de deshtuiare.
rd r.i n 6\' b i l d ' l nfi i ' .rrl l ' [ro.J\.' P nqi - 1r ' on..
 a gall.

4 srls,r s i tbutrleiddneon 55
RAspunsurile
9l solutiileexercitiilor
Pagina7 La familiaFruilcake
a e|a u ritlag. dhke
PaqlnaI ce basaleau ei?
2. Ha suitca:er0e snv
6 Her huNl+a(k |eI.,|
^ Ihe! ntst ri\it tiv nudio Sar ThE
Pagln.11 Scrlsoarea
I n M .1.1uM. I nnt dlau.n n!
dewt 6bnA an l n| haute ru/
Bfl.JAan arplt I hawa hit
s4r.t I an ^vry tbh. ltolr nl
t'edw. niatu ne6"te W ha6e
hid.s the lirt Llte. Fttst otul ,orr!
Su.ru. ombahen.
suntsingurpe
insulameapus1e.iafqsa meade
afs, Bidselo\rnestegoaE.An un
ma secrersuDllbaLlebogar.Acum
comoadfreailirparine. casanea
ascuhde prinul indiciu Inaituede
Ad10,FerdinrrdFft tcake.
Pagina13 tfiose,s...?
fhe table X the kiAhbatri;
This ja.kd x the lodsd i
Thesetdb atu nE btjl.ler!
Paginal5 Orumulinspro
Take rLEr...nd pdh.n the lell
Pagina17 La cumpariluri
,lhaerthE lqun'tukd'1
D. )atu hee ahr brerd? S^n llav
Hov nrch daa th8.dke nsta
1i| hle a" pdeln, whichlltr.ur!
Co w h.r.a Sar tYh)chJl@aurt
( dn I h^e sF arane*, please?
Care este mesjul scri.orii
f .t.ti"an l Frlrtcakz is sdrah\ t<ta,
Ihe 60 ships ae Pcintinas s^! the
nta ships0e hta pa)ntinE .
true risil trr"a! nftlio/i*rah s
Pagina 19 Pr||Dul indiciu
ircbuiesanEareala Masici.n (la
P.gina 2l Cuvint incr[cisate
Pagina23Indiciul de Ia han
hnhe dog B nk14 the hz? 5ar n^l
ll'the benchis apposit th.,,,nan1
s ,at btt\/neor the fatntaih
lt/lt fu1r k ndt ta th. Lha)rh sa'
Propoziti.lui Su!ys. rcnniniastfcl:
NLt wE n61ga ta the lehaal
Pagin.25 O vderdo la Susy
Thz nziAhb.rr\ ltrye tgot) a gbot S^n
Satahb patEn\ nerghbar\ how etc.
Susr .hd JohtfTh.r:leep in thel
knL n hih oe) n the lar4erltlPhl
They eat fash and ed arcsle.l jh the
Stst/She i@rcs up rt .tLr (o clo.k) ih
JnhnlHe raket LP al Ni4ht/a.lo.k)
rhe! ta be.Jat hau Nst rinc .t 1th
'ao
Pagina27 Fr.ze adstcale
fhe ted.ht ,n,fl .1.\e tp baouse il
lhe policedm bon.r! u h eto
t n6t thare the scntc eh{tud
bwp the tu.h)n I hn,knn
Thq )ntut uhq r thut the 3uie
ha.nuy of Ihe h.i ghh.t\' K.dl
Th{- f"d the c|re bectrc. th4 .d"
lee an otd photo of ret.lthdrLl
\hc s loine tu Ar lg.b*n 1o.la irc
I'c.ah| an nd, b..m\. \r. r.
Paglna29 Ghicitoarcacrrlii
Th.nks /o, trtr tzta: tet, lrah* u,rl
lletlt GoadJiell lifa ftur Bti.lqetor n.
lou 6t rkclot th.i/ dtJdte\t Herc i1
6: Ou*Tree Fam Ol.l R/idse Rdnl,
redr F^hPort Bd *hf ttr<lsetaw:
h t nat a \te\, td*! tns tortl
4flha1! they ptabt! hae a r.ar' lbl
wL ad | ..t, r2can,ntandth.Dt10
\ru rhe 1...t is loDrt al the
Aoa.lJjclds anll then lurh is r.t.\
ttui4 Sa, h@e a so.)d halid.r"'
DotunuluiChristoplErCrook

timnhufurc p..au lc.ilodre Da.
Fmnkt BenyCoodfieidlcuiesc ldn
geB lgetcwn Mi-ai centradEsalor
la!-o: OakTr!. Fam. Old Bfidse
Road.lane, Fhhport. Dar de ce
Bridsdown?Nu o unorat foaile
intrcem Oricum,probRbilcd auo
otoed pentu tn.9r lH recomlnd
Mafcarea e buni lr fanriliacoodrield
iar lermalor6ie loanelinirina
Pagin. ll Ghicit@re. ilustraia
Pagine 33 Dlsparilja lui
Pdrctbur!.FeatlreaeMainGlmd
Dh nfericn, ra$l dunneavo$tr a
muit dcja.Avenitin in$G e noasft
pnmtvan.pentu a ca aplantc.An
o'g.nizaio l'ltlnire petutua-ipld;
iica expediliain indepamaleLeri peri-
cul@sele Lillle hlands(ltrsulem,c,l.
Apidsit ParrctbuD-ul cu o barci bu-
dr$i doi priereni boranhi o inriort
roaretudrnr $nedrnrlir Nu s{u
inloE An tflnis. echlpide sahec
cac hr a descopern Dmic.
QuenlinFilling,Cu!e EtoruL
Pagina 35 Poveslea blugilot
Tn .r'ien&, D.r. and H ftrt
thoppns. Thet tete laoti\lbr'\.
iury k ane:hop, the\ lutnt \orye
kqs ih thc po.tet of a puit aJj.utu.
Th\, eure thd b the \hrt) rnher
'!h th. kars b n1)sajt! Thahtt)or'
I l.i ther, )teiadnt I lo.ked
erenLherc, b t coult! hd /nd
Pagin.37 Traduc.li in ngleza
*ialt s !) mtl Johhhat fau,n \!r
E ha\ i8t rhnetl Brtlsdo\rh.
He reht th.rc thit ,1orninA.
He laatal lt the ruired tafiat hrt he
tul hDtJitul )t Sar .., but he r.ull tut
Th. hdt th'e hl,st tu al lP b\1?l
tnah S1a d,.l J.hh v.d to ga
Paglna 30Inscrlplla de b rurn
A6 pisfrr .c.s rud in ruin. d.efe
ceconnituieun nonumenrsrcrupen-
tru locuitoriBridgetorv.ulur Piralii
din lrsulaPi@iLorfaudGus acum Pag,na48 Scri6oare.lui Sa6h
aei ani dar in prezenrne{fr r{zbr
n Am caiigal uhina briiiie Jm-
podva lo. ti i am tugnit diD fond-
Ea!. pan. F insula ln slnrsil, au
\n v'n .\ay wu ht^r t th.l uU tle
.lne' I let Herz i: lM la! tasl L
n be.liJli.th Jbt eil hee to s! to de cdciu., decisperci pe.trrdndl
rh.p.lje e.dieh n Fishp.rt lonvrll
t4therr .\'\hnhart bdts.yat
\i!1 eo n ttvl \8. 8e upJul, thqe
ntista be eua.i Jor. laed. tuu ril
ntulMe 'iotl \rh rAt,,lcnruntls 411
hr jdth a"rl m) lbluhe *iI he
Fiul.. AcM a1des.operalroarinda
ciilep.ca'r le an lrer la1{$ pe
ulha. Va fi dificiu- Va trbuisrt
duc,lasediulpolliei din Fishporl.
vei !?dea o feistd firt eraiii Vei
mrqe hrHmlo ar er li. s-s puo
r rc ji uncarn.oe paa. naunuu
rer sesiunpeEtecu pmoui din
lemn loarehi ureriile$i tolll averea caprivanlr.
Hq his tuir \.ill dtr^E at tbee
Th4-niUEo,)rr thX oenjnE
h hal aE ,ot !"hg t. .lo?
I Niil F. to RrrlAela\\1 tantoro|
B'" till kDr \her nrevdE here.
tt? t ill lb* | hen\e lih.l the
Pagina 45 Whlch ls the lorgnt
TIE 1@A4ttuMel n Suah\ 5^u
Qnah\ rtutul is th. lohge!.
Paglna4T Ce ai face daca..?
I \.at.Lt J pq Ia' u na! rualfar the
You,bu|.l/Y. u ll A.t n ne$ bic!,.]e
Ybt drd Ddd ml | \tnlld A. h,
!a$ anicoluldinBddeerornEcha
cde rcl6rei2,tmanpla@ne{r, F
genial Ce velifaccu patc, v.6n,
dii ccohp.ns6?Ctra mca.!.1
Dac, manavesti: e deacord.voi
veni$!d vrnezh rinpu vicanFi
Como.rafaft iliei Frncak
SdahFrurcokerlduri dcFrictciii.i
Susy$i lohn Miller iicainelesiu.
ClusroFher Crco*,holuldepisrri
F..rsSarah fruit.akeri pieteniisai
Susyri .,ohn,lunaauguna fon
Ei auAdsto omdara5i
auaju'arpol(iasr prirrdsundlha\
Cu cdtcvaluni in urml. ChrGrophe
Cr.ok seglser inti{da di, insulele
FcarhdaEAcaLD clcluh papagaLi
tuarl rdL pe caE doreasa-i tne.
Gasio scisoarelisa6 de slribunicul
luiSddr, Ferdindd.En rorbd
despreo scrisdrc vccheadrcsaE
buniculuilui Sahh,Fde .k. ti
abandonold p. insulal.GUn vechj
culir dupamoanealul Ferdinand.
Ac.astAscri$ar constiluia prinul
indlciuin g@nadupdcomoar,
Scrhoflrea ilindtumapChristopher
CrookcfiE Bridgerovn!ide.
prosrctte.o pi.rde susy5lJohn,.ar
tocnri lenc si pcfr.nc,catcvd2iLe
al*uride PtieteDa lo' Sa.ah,o gesiA
Cel lreitineriaur.!r,t sag&.asc,
comoma('nuhaur).a$unsi iir
vecheaFonaftaFa Piialild. hai es
t6lhanlui-ajulendpolit!flsa-lFrindi
Celteiebi ru p.imn.{fcl o re.ofr
pcnside?1000(o Fie liE sle'lin.)
din pancapolitlei li fclicirbnl
Numeralele,datele,anotimpurile...
llrl o pagin! llilI de v.canub.. L u n i l e9 i zi l l e Expresiiutile
PnLr r spure cet e ccasul.vea
pagina24 Pennuo ceie indicalii.
vezi chenarulde!a pagina15.

l5flek
16vtleen
I n'd
3 thtee la etghlee'
4 foe t9 rindeet
5 liL 10 tue,t!
6 st 2l br.nn/-ane
1 sder ,MuA nro
a eidlt iO thirrr
9 iie ao lauo

I ) elzftn 60 Jtrr),
12 .be 10scwnq
13thrleeh 80 etEht!
14l.treeh 90 niket!

\Ol are h!"d'"d ah.lane

02 anehtnd''ed and tu.
n!.ntt-are
i2l th)& hu'L1rcr1and Timpul
11ooahe tltuusanl ah.l onc hm4t tl

lar;nr ncrleleo,dinE I Liinenele4.

ar!l deroF
Ai .i .! ; n PR zen r rate
na abreviali,acersiautiliZndFse

Data

I! isslovns
d Mn.l.y

luni 1 (intai)

1994
1996

58
Dictionarenglez. roman
Acesldiciionarate?ar ld ordiie alfabdic,confh lnll insearn,ci cuvenu'are um@zaesrela tlural.
cuvinlclcdll.Elti invdF&peptrc0r$l paginilor lnfinnivulvedclordinenaleziesteprsedstde&, dar
ihsnalealeacesteict4t.artuundcroduc.realor ve|bele suntclasincoro (cxenplur,
In ordincnLfabctici
Plunlulsubstantivelorva esteexpllcatla pagina49. besegasettc la lheraD).verbelneregnlare
lunipreceddo
ctueau un plur.l rcreBulaisunl
Aici. subslanliyele
urnatede .: ri de p unlul aceson.

59
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'

, ( n( Fl! Plinli! Lr Et r h

60
 r l h a s r ! 1 0 ! i {k . ! m d r 0 E )

61
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M

62
R

6-1
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 Descopere
aventura,
rezolvAenigmelegi mai apoi.
A v
I NUf,T f,
errr;

q!\" \
$l)!l
W ,

El{OtETfi
lnvatdenglea prezindrosreregulileenglezi
.on enpoEnepentrlo oted( LirorLui po"ibilikleade a
deprrilimb.julcoiidian, reuiindsasesimrdlnlargulstu
vo.bindacea$elimba Subfoma uneibenzid$ena1.
foaftevariate.cancahftneaza hei perso@jeint-
f,t dea\e, r; a b o d 6 n dp ep d c u rsRg u l g lo n a u lo .
dince in ce maipfecise ti complexe. PeparcLrsul ca4ii,
jocuriti sticitori p*mit punereain practicn.
cunogtjnfelor dobendire, ti 1. acelEilimp,zoh,aru
enigmelorcu cee sc.onfruniape&najel..Pe langI
nuneroaselesfaluri lcferiloarc la limbr, acea$dcafte
confifeun compendiude gramatic,cAt!l un mic
dicliona!en!iezjomSn.

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