Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
plural:
the girls [z g|lz] - fetele
the boys [z Boiz] - bieii
the trees [z trIz] - copacii
the cats [z kEts] - pisicile
at the door - la u
in the end - n final
in the morning - dimineaa
in the village - n sat
in the shade - la umbr
Articolul hotrt poate fi ntlnit n unele denumiri geografice:
The Black Sea, The Danube, The Carpathians, The Alps, The Himalaya Mountains, The Thames, The United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Commonwealth of Australia States and Territories, The
United States of America, The Sahara Desert, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Pacific Ocean etc.
Articolul hotrt nsoete, de obicei, substantivele cnd acestea sunt acompaniate/precedate de adjective.
in the first/second/third/etc. sentence - n prima/a doua/a treia/etc. propoziie
in the course of time - n decursul timpului, de-a lungul timpului
in the second half - n a doua jumtate
in the days/months that followed - n zilele/lunile care au urmat
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. - Muntele Everest este cel mai nalt munte din lume.
Articolul hotrt the se mai traduce n limba romn prin articolele adjectivale cel, cea, cei, cele sau articolele
posesive al, a, ai, ale.
Alfred the Great - Alfred cel Mare
Stephen the Great - tefan cel Mare
The Second World War - Cel de al doilea rzboi mondial.
2. ARTICOLUL
NEHOTRT
este :
- a pronunat [] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan:
a dog [ `dog]- un cine
a wall [ `wOl]- un zid/perete
a flower [ `flau\]- o floare
a year [\ `ji\] - un an
- an pronunat [n] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu vocal:
an apple [n `Epl]- un mr
an eye [n `ai] - un ochi
an ear [n `i\]- o ureche an idea [n ai`dia]- o idee
Articolul nehotrt introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi ntlnit :
- n faa substantivelor nsoite/precedate de adjective :
a good teacher - un profesor bun
a big house - o cas mare
a book of proverbs - o carte de proverbe
a house on fire - o cas n flcri
a little tea - puin/destul ceai
- n unele structuri :
a tobacconist's - o tutungerie
a chemist 's - o farmacie
a baker's - o brutrie
a stationer's - o papetrie
a greengrocer's - un aprozar
once upon a time - a fost odat
a blue - eyed girl - o fat cu ochi albatri
a grocer' s - o bcnie
a confectioner's - o cofetrie
two/three at a time - cte doi/trei o dat
a jeweller's - un magazin de bijuterii
Articolul nehotrt are n unele cazuri funcie numeric:
a hundred - o sut
a thousand - o mie
two saucers and an ash-tray - dou farfurioare i o scrumier
3. ARTICOLUL
ZERO
- Gen
- masculin
- feminine
- neutru
Substantivul are :
- singular
- Numar - plural
- Caz - Nominstiv
- Genitiv
- Dativ
- Acuzativ
- Vocativ
feminin (feminine)
(she - ea)
actress - actri
spinster - celibatar
barmaid - barmani
girl - fat
bride - mireas
sister - sor
mam/mammy - mami
countess - contes
father - tat
gentleman - domn
god - zeu
grandfather - grandpa - bunic
hero - erou
husband - so
king - rege
lad - flcu
landlord - proprietar
man - brbat
master - stpn
monk - clugr
nephew - nepot
papa/daddy - tata
policeman - poliist
prince - prin
salesman - vnztor
sir - domn
son - fiu
tutor - tutore
uncle - unchi
neutru (neuter)
(it - el/ea)
air - aer
ball - minge
book - carte
box - cutie
bread - pine
building - cldire
bus - autobuz
crocodile - crocodil
error - greeal
fish - pete
flag - drapel
flute - flaut
fork - furculi
glory - glorie
helicopter - elicopter
honour - onoare
house - cas
impression - impresie
indifference - indiferen
kangaroo - cangur
land - pmnt
legend - legend
light - lumin
march - mar
medal - medalie
microbe - microb
minaret - minaret
monkey - maimu
mouse - oarece
mushroom - ciuperc
masculin (masculine)
mother - mam
gentlewoman - doamn
goddess - zei
grandmother - grandma - bunic
heroine - eroin
wife - soie
queen - regin
lass - fat
landlady - proprietreas
woman - femeie
mistress - stpn
nun - clugri
niece - nepoat
mamma/mammy - mama
policewoman - poliist
princess - prines
saleswoman - vnztoare
madam - doamn
daughter - fiic
governess - guvernant
aunt - mtu
comun (common)
(he/she - el/ea)
associate - asociat/asociat
architect - arhitect/arhitect
artist - artist/artist
beginner - nceptor/nceptoare
author - autor/autoare
child - copil/copil
buyer - cumprtor/cumprtoare
client - client/client
companion - nsoitor/nsoitoare
cook - buctar/buctreas
cousin - verior/verioar
customer - client/client
customs officer - vame/vame
dancer - dansator/dansatoare
doctor - doctor/doctori
dreamer - vistor/vistoare
driver - ofer/oferi
dyer - vopsitor/vopsitoare
economist - economist/economist
engineer - inginer/inginer
examiner-examinator/examinatoare
fighter - lupttor/lupttoare
friend - prieten/prieten
guest - musafir/musafir
interpreter - interpret/interpret
journalist - jurnalist/jurnalist
owner - posesor/posesoare
painter - pictor/pictori
parent - printe
feminin (feminine)
(he - el)
boy friend - prieten
brother - in - law - cumnat
bull - taur
cock - coco
dog - cine
drake - roi
father - in - law - socru
fisherman - pescar
fox - vulpoi
gipsy/gypsy - igan
grandson - nepot
horse - cal
host - gazd
lion - leu
lord - domn
man-servant - servitor
Mr. - domnul
negro - negru
ox - bou
peasant - ran
pirate - pirat
postman - pota
schoolboy - colar
soldier - soldat
son - in - law - ginere
steward - stevard
tom cat - pisoi
turkey cock - curcan
usher - plasator
waiter - chelner
neutru (neuter)
(it - el/ea)
net - plas
novel - roman
number - numr
occupation - ocupaie
ocean - ocean
oil - ulei
page - pagin
panic - panic
part - parte
pear - par
petal - petal
piano - pian
pig - porc
pot - oal
root - rdcin
scorpion - scorpion
shark - rechin
sparrow - vrabie
sphere - sfer
stage - scen
stick - b
sun - soare
tea - ceai
(she - ea)
girl friend - prieten
sister - in - law - cumnat
cow - vac
hen - gin
bitch - cea
duck - ra
mother - in - law - soacr
vixen - vulpe
gipsy/gypsy woman - iganc
granddaughter - nepoat
mare - iap
hostess - gazd
lioness - leoaic
lady - doamn
maid - servant - servitoare
Miss/Mrs. - domnioara/doamna
negress - negres
cow - vac
peasant woman - ranc
-
schoolgirl - colri
-
telephone - telefon
etc.
superintendent - supraveghetor/
supraveghetoare
theorist - teoretician/teoretician
weaver - estor/estoare
welder - sudor/sudori
worker - muncitor/muncitoare
writer - scriitor/scriitoare
PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
Clasificare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
3. Plurale strine
Greceti:
analysis - analyses - analiz - analize
axis - axes - ax - axe
basis - bases - baz - baze
crisis - crises - criz - crize
Latineti:
agendum - agenda - agend - agende
alga - algae - alg - alge
aquarium / aquariums - acvariu - acvarii
bacillus - bacilli - bacil - bacili
candelabrum - candelabra - candelabru - candelabre
Cazul este categoria gramatical prin care se exprim raporturi sintactice ntre cuvinte prin modificarea formelor
acestora.
Clasificare:
1.Nominstiv
2.Genitiv
a) saxon/sintetic
b) prepoziional/analitic
c) dublu
d) implicit/aglutinant
3.Dativ
4.Acuzativ
5.Vocativ
11
13
D.
A.
V.
singular
the boy - biatul
the girl - fata
of the boy - the boy's - al, a, ai, ale biatului
of the girl - the girl's - al, a, ai, ale fetei
(to) the boy - biatului
(to) the girl - fetei
the boy - biatul
the girl - fata
-
plural
the boys - bieii
the girls - fetele
of the boys - the boys' - al, a, ai, ale bieilor
of the girls - the girls' - al, a, ai, ale fetelor
(to) the boys - bieilor
(to) the girls - fetelor
the boys - bieii
the girls - fetele
-
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
singular
a boy - un biat
a girl - o fat
of a boy - a boy's - al, a , ai, ale unui biat
of a girl - a girl's - al, a, ai, ale unei fete
(to) a boy - unui biat
(to) a girl - unei fete
a boy - un biat
a girl - o fat
boy ! - biete !, biatule !
girl ! - fat !
plural
boys - biei
girls - fete
singular
a table - o mas
the table - masa
of a table - al, a, ai, ale unei mese
of the table - al, a, ai, ale mesei
to a table - unei mese
to the table - mesei
a table - o mas
the table - masa
-
plural
tables - mese
the tables - mesele
of tables - de mese
of the tables - al, a, ai, ale meselor
to tables - la/unor mese
to the tables - meselor
tables - mese
the tables - mesele
-
Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care calific/determin un substantiv sau un echivalent al unui substantiv.
n limba englez adjectivele stau naintea substantivelor sau dup verbul to be i nu se acord n gen, numr
i caz cu substantivele pe care le determin.
The interesting book is on the table. - Cartea interesant este pe mas.
Clasificarea Adjectivelor :
1. Calitative (of Quality / Descriptive)
2. Pposesive (Possessive)
3. Interogativ - Relative (Interrogative-Relative)
4. Demonstrative (Demonstrative)
5. Cantitativ/Nnehotrte (Quantitative-Indefinite)
15
Relative
who - care ; the boy who knows you - biatul care te cunoate
whose - al , a, ai, ale crui/crei/cror
the boy whose father ... - biatul al crui tat ...
the boy whose mother ... - biatul a crui mam ...
the boy whose parents ... - biatul ai crui prini ... the girl whose parents ... - fata ai crei prini
the boys whose father ... - bieii al cror tat ...
the boys whose mother ... - bieii a cror mam ...
the boys whose fathers ... - bieii ai cror tai
the boys whose parents ... - bieii ai cror prini
the girl whose mother ... - fata a crei mam ...
the girl whose father ... - fata al crei tat ...
the girls whose mother ... - fetele a cror mam
the girls whose father ... - fetele al cror tat
the girls whose parents ... - fetele ai cror prini
the girls whose mothers ... - fetele ale cror mame the girls whose fathers ... - fetele ai cror tai
the house whose colour ... - casa a crei culoare
the house whose roof ... - casa al crei acoperi
the houses whose colour ... - casele a cror culoare
the houses whose roof ... - casele al cror acoperi
the houses whose colours ... - casele ale cror culori
the houses whose roofs ... - casele ale cror acoperiuri
the tree whose leaf ... - copacul a crui frunz
the tree whose leaves ... - copacul ale crui frunze
the trees whose leaves ... - copacii ale cror frunze
The boy, whose book is on the table, is my brother. - Biatul, a crui carte este pe mas, este fratele meu.
The playwright, whose play is Hamlet, is Shakespeare. - Dramaturgul, a crui pies este Hamlet, este Shakespeare.
to whom - cruia, creia, crora
the boy to whom you recommend the book - biatul cruia i recomanzi cartea
the girl to whom you recommend a book - fata creia i recomanzi o carte
the boys to whom you recommend a book - bieii crora le recomanzi o carte
the girls to whom you recommend a book - fetele crora le recomanzi o carte
whom - pe care
the boy whom you see - biatul pe care l vezi
the girl whom you see - fata pe care o vezi
the boys whom you see - bieii pe care i vezi
the girls whom you see - fetele pe care le vezi
that/which - care, pe care
the colour that/which you like - culoarea care i place
which of [wit~ ov] - care dintre , cui dintre
He knows which of us lives here. - El tie care dintre noi locuiete aici.
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17
18
19
1. Comparaia Sintetic/Regulat
gradul pozitiv
big
mare
dry
uscat
easy
uor
fat
gras
great
mare, mre
comparativ de
superioritate
bigger
mai mare
drier
mai uscat
easier
mai uor
fatter
mai gras
greater
mai mare
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the biggest
cel mai mare
the driest
cel mai uscat
the easiest
cel mai uor
the fattest
cel mai gras
the greatest
cel mai mare
very big
foarte mare
very dry
foarte uscat
very easy
foarte uor
very fat
foarte gras
very great
foarte mare
20
happy
fericit
hard
tare, dur
hot
fierbinte
kind
amabil
long
lung
nice
plcut/drgu
short
scurt/scund
small
mic/modest
strong
tare
tall
nalt
thick
gros
thin
subire/slab
happier
mai fericit
harder
mai tare
hotter
mai fierbinte
kinder
mai amabil
longer
mai lung
nicer
mai plcut
shorter
mai scurt
smaller
mai mic
stronger
mai tare
taller
mai nalt
thicker
mai gros
thinner
mai subire
the happiest
cel mai fericit
the hardest
cel mai tare
the hottest
cel mai fierbinte
the kindest
cel mai amabil
the longest
cel mai lung
the nicest
cel mai plcut
the shortest
cel mai scurt
the smallest
cel mai mic
the strongest
cel mai tare
the tallest
cel mai nalt
the thickest
cel mai gros
the thinnest
cel mai subire
very happy
foarte fericit
very hard
foarte tare
very hot
foarte fierbinte
very kind
foarte amabil
very long
foarte lung
very nice
foarte plcut
very short
foarte scurt
very small
foarte mic
very strong
foarte tare
very tall
foarte nalt
very thick
foarte gros
very thin
foarte subire, etc.
comparativ de
superioritate
more abject
Mai josnic
more abrupt
Mai abrupt
more active
mai activ
More amiable
mai prietenos
more attractive
mai atrgtor
more beautiful
mai frumoas
More curious
Mai curios
more foolish
mai prost(esc)
more huge
mai imens
more severe
mai sever
More sincere
Mai sincer
More skilled
mai priceput
More sociable
mai sociabil
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
very abject
foarte josnic
very abrupt
foarte abrupt
very active
foarte activ
very amiable
foarte prietenos
very attractive
foarte atrgtor
very beautiful
foarte frumoas
very curious
foarte curios
very foolish
foarte prost(esc)
very huge
foarte imens
very severe
foarte sever
very sincere
foarte sincer
very skilled
foarte priceput
very sociable
foarte sociabil
21
unfit
nepotrivit
unjust
injust/nejust
urbane
manierat
untidy
dezordonat
more unfit
mai nepotrivit
more unjust
mai injust
More urbane
mai manierat
more untidy
mai dezordonat
very unfit
foarte nepotrivit
very unjust
foarte injust
very urbane
foarte manierat
very untidy
foarte dezordonat
Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritate adjectivele cu comparaie analitic se
ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very, extremely,
awfully, quite etc.
comparativ de
superioritate
more able
abler
mai capabil
more ample
ampler
Mai amplu
more empty
emptier
mai gol
More strange
stranger
Mai ciudat
more stupid
stupider
Mai stupid
superlativ
relativ
the most able
the ablest
cel mai capabil
the most ample
the amplest
cel mai amplu
the most empty
the emptiest
cel mai gol
the most strange
the strangest
cel mai ciudat
the most stupid
the stupidest
cel mai stupid
superlativ
absolut
very able
foarte capabil
very ample
foarte amplu
very empty
foarte gol
very strange
foarte ciudat
very stupid
foarte stupid
good/well
bun/bine
bad/ill
ru
little
puin/mic
much/many
mult/muli
comparativ de
superioritate
better
mai bun/bine
worse
mai ru
less
mai puin/mic
more
mai mult/muli
old
older/elder
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the best
cel mai bun/bine
the worst
cel mai ru
the least
cel mai puin/mic
the most
cel mai mult/cei mai
muli
the oldest/eldest
very good/well
foarte bun/bine
very bad/ill
foarte ru
very little
foarte puin/mic
very much/many
foarte mult/muli
22
very old
btrn/vechi
near
aproape
late
trziu
far
departe
in
n interior
mai departe
inner
mai n interior
out
n exterior
outer/utter
mai n exterior
up
sus
upper
mai sus
beneath
dedesubt
hind
din spate
nether
mai dedesubt
hinder
mai din spate
fore
n fa
former
Mai n fa
foarte btrn/vechi
very near
foarte aproape
very late
foarte trziu
the farthest/
furthest
cel mai departe
the inmost
cel mai n interior/
luntric
the innermost luntric la maximum
the outermost
cel mai n exterior
the utmost,
uttermost - n
exterior la maximum
the upmost
cel mai (de) sus
the uppermost - sus
la maximum
the nethermost
cel mai de dedesubt
the hindmost
cel mai din spate
the hindermost ultimul din spate
the foremost
cel mai din
fa/dinainte
the first - primul
very far
foarte departe
5. Comparativul de egalitate
Se realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative: as... as... - tot aa de .... ca ..../la fel de... ca ....
as interesting as ... - la fel de interesant ca ...
as near as ... - la fel de aproape ca ...
as beautiful as ... - la fel de frumos ca
as old as ... - la fel de btrn/vechi ca
as beautifully as ... - la fel de frumos ca
as strange as ... - la fel de ciudat/straniu ca ...
Unele astfel de comparative de egalitate au devenit idiomuri:
as quick as thought - iute ca gndul
as swift as an arrow - iute ca sgeata
as sweet as honey - dulce ca mierea
as white as snow - alb ca zpada etc.
6. Comparativul de inferioritate
Se realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative:
23
7. Comparativul de intensitate
Const din dou comparative de superioritate legate ntre ele prin conjuncia and i se traduc prin structura din ce n ce mai
.
better and better - din ce n ce mai bine
less and less - din ce n ce mai puin()/mic()
worse and worse - din ce n ce mai ru
fewer and fewer - din ce n ce mai puini/puine
more and more - din ce n ce mai mult
bigger and bigger - din ce n ce mai mare/mari etc.
more and more interesting - din ce n ce mai interesant/interesant/ interesani/ interesante
more and more important - din ce n ce mai important/ important/ importani/ importante
more and more beautifully - din ce n ce mai frumos
more and more carefully - din ce n ce mai atent/grijuliu etc.
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10. Structuri constnd din dou comparative de superioritate (cu ct... cu att...)
the earlier, the better - cu ct mai devreme, cu att mai bine
The earlier you come, the better it is. - Cu ct vii/venii mai devreme, cu att mai bine.
The more you learn, the more you forget. - Cu ct nvei mai mult, cu att uii mai mult.
the later, the worse - cu ct mai trziu, cu att mai ru
The later you arrive, the worse it is. - Cu ct ajungi mai trziu, cu att este mai ru.
The more beautifully Alice will sing, the more money she will get. - Cu ct Alice va cnta mai frumos, cu att mai muli bani
va ctiga.
His flat is a little cheaper than yours. - Apartamentul lui este puin mai ieftin dect al tu.
Your flat is a lot cheaper than mine. - Apartamentul tu este mult mai ieftin dect al meu.
Our flat is somewhat cheaper than theirs. - Apartamentul nostru este ntructva/puin mai ieftin dect al lor.
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Enough este singurul adverb de comparaie care st dup adjectivul pe care l determin.
This beer is good enough. - Berea aceasta este destul de bun.
POZITIV
well-paid
bine pltit
good-looking
artos
sweet-natured
bun la suflet
short-sighted
miop
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
better-paid
mai bine pltit
better-looking
mai artos
More sweet - natured
mai bun la suflet
more short - sighted
mai miop
the best-paid
cel mai bine pltit
the best-looking
cel mai artos
the most sweet -natured
cel mai bun la suflet
the most short -sighted
cel mai miop
SUPERLATIV
ABSOLUT
very well-paid
foarte bine pltit
very good-looking
foarte artos
very sweet- natured
foarte bun la suflet
very short-sighted
foarte miop
John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. - John este mult mai atent/prudent dect Bill.
Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. - Bill este mult mai puin prudent dect John.
He is a little less careful than his brother. - El este puin mai puin prudent dect fratele lui.
He loves her more than I (do). - El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu.
He loves her more than me. - El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine.
They know her better than I (do). - Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine.
They know her better than me. - Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.
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Clasificare:
1. Personale (the Personal Pronouns)
2. Interogative (the Interrogative Pronouns)
3. Relative (the Relative Pronouns)
4. Posesive (the Possessive Pronouns)
5. Demonstrative (the Demonstrative Pronouns)
6. Impersonale/Generale (the Impersonal/General Pronouns)
7. Reflexive (the Reflexive Pronouns)
8. Emfatice (the Emphatic Pronouns)
9. Nehotrte (the Indefinite Pronouns)
10. Reciproce (the Reciprocal Pronouns
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28
29
30
31
32
33
N.
G.
D.
A.
I - eu
my - meu
mine - al meu
(to) me - mie
me - pe mine
you - tu
your - tu
yours - al tu
(to) you - tie
you - pe tine
he - el
his - lui
his - al lui
(to) him - lui
him - pe el
she - ea
her - ei
hers - al ei
(to) her - ei
her - pe ea
it - el/ea
its - lui/ei
its - al lui/ei
(to) it - lui/ei
it - pe el/ea
numrul plural
N.
G.
D.
A.
we - noi
you - voi/dv.
they - ei/ele, dnii/dnsele
our - nostru
your - vostru/dv.
their - lor, dnilor/dnselor
ours - al nostruyours - al vostru/dv.
theirs - al lor, al dnilor/dnselor
(to) us - nou
(to) you - vou/dv.
(to) them - lor, dnilor/dnselor
us - pe noi
you - pe voi/dv.
them - pe ei/ele, pe dnii/ dnsele
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35
36
Semnele Matematice
+ plus - and - plus; empty set- mulime vid; minus - minus; pi [ pai ] - 3,14; multiplied - nmulit; angle - unghi
: divided by - mprit la; ' - minute - minut; " - second - secund; - equal to - egal cu; - not equal to - neegal cu, diferit de;
log - logarithm - logaritm; < less than - mai mic dect/ca; integral (of) - integral; > more than - mai mare dect/ca;
triangle - triunghi; less than or equal to - mai mic sau egal cu; infinity - infinit; more than or equal to - mai mare sau egal
cu; square root - rdcin ptrat; ll - parallel to - paralel cu; perpendicular to - perpendicular pe; % - Percentage Sign - la
sut (procent); 5 % - five per cent - cinci la sut - 5 la sut; 5.5 % - five point five per cent - cinci virgul cinci la sut.
% - five and a half per cent - cinci i jumtate la sut
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couple - cuplu ; team - echip; pair - pereche; dozen - duzin; score - douzeci; polgross - 12 duzini; a couple of cherries dou ciree; to walk in pairs - a se plimba perechi; a pair of shoes - o pereche de pantofi; half a score - zece; a pair of
trousers - o pereche de pantaloni; two score years - patruzeci de ani; I've met many happy pairs. - Am ntlnit multe perechi
fericite.
every other hour - hourly - din dou n dou ore - la fiecare dou ore
every three hours - din trei n trei ore - la trei ore o dat
every five hours - din cinci n cinci ore, la interval de cinci ore
I see groups of five children. - Vd grupuri de cte cinci copii.
9. Exprimarea orei
Ct este ceasul/ora? (What time is it?, What's the time?)
minute - minut
half - jumtate
quarter - sfert
watch - ceas de mn
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past - i
clock - ceas de perete
to - fr
face - cadran
long hand - orar
alarm clock - ceas detepttor
short hand - minutar
second hand - secundar
It is five (minutes) past twelve. - Este doisprezece i cinci (minute).
It is ten (minutes) past twelve. - Este doisprezece i zece (minute).
It is a quarter past twelve. - Este doisprezece i un sfert.
It is half past twelve. - Este doisprezece i jumtate.
It is a quarter to one. - Este unu fr un sfert.
It is ten (minutes) to one. - Este unu fr zece (min.).
It is two o'clock. - Este ora dou.
it is fast - grbete, o ia nainte, merge nainte
it is slow - ntrzie, rmne/merge n urm
My watch is five minutes slow. - Ceasul meu merge/rmne cu cinci minute n urm.
Your watch is five minutes fast. -Ceasul tu o ia nainte cu cinci minute.
My watch keeps a good time. - Ceasul meu merge bine.
His watch goes wrong. - Ceasul lui merge greit/prost.
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6. Mod
Timpul
Este categoria gramatical prin care se precizeaz momentul desfurrii aciunii.
Exist trei timpuri de baz:
1. Prezent ,
2. Trecut ,
3. Viitor.
Aspectul
Exprim gradul de ndeplinire a aciunii.
n limba englez exist dou aspecte:
1. Aspectul Comun, prin care se exprim o aciune general , o aciune terminat sau o aciune de scurt durat.
I play tennis. - Eu joc tenis (n general sau de obicei).
2. Aspectul Continuu, care exprim o aciune n desfurare - deci o aciune neterminat.
I am playing tennis. - Joc tenis (acum).
Diateza
Realizeaz relaia dintre subiect i complementul direct.
Exist trei diateze:
1. Activ
2. Pasiv
3. Reflexiv.
Diateza Activ
Aciunea subiectului se ndreapt asupra complementului direct.;
The boy is reading the lesson. - Biatul citete lecia.
Diateza Pasiv
Aciunea svrit de subiectul logic se rsfrnge asupra subiectului gramatical.
The lesson is read by the boy. - Lecia este citit de biat.
Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c n limba englez Diateza Pasiv se formeaz cu verbul auxiliar to be +
participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat (adic a III-a form de baz a verbului de conjugat). Verbul to be se
conjug, iar verbul de conjugat la participiul trecut nu-i modific forma.
Diateza Reflexiv
Aciunea se rsfrnge asupra autorului ei, adic asupra subiectului.
The cat washes itself. - Pisica se spal.
Modul
Este categoria gramatical a verbului prin care se precizeaz felul aciunii i anume dac aciunea este real,
sigur, ireal, probabil, posibil, imposibil.
n limba englez exist patru moduri personale (Finite Forms) i trei moduri nepersonale (Non - Finite Forms).
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CLASIFICAREA VERBELOR
1. Auxiliare
2.
Modale
Regulate
3. Principale
INFINITIV PREZENT
TRECUT
SIMPLU
was / were
had
did
should
would
let
could
might
PARTICIPIU
TRECUT
to be
been
- a fi
to have
had
- a avea
to do
done
- a face
shall
- trebuie s
will
- a vrea
to let
let
- a lsa
can (to be able to)
- a putea, a ti
may (to be permitted / allowed to)
- a avea voie s (a-i fi permis s)
must (to have to) (to be obliged to) (must)
- trebuie,
(a trebui s) (a fi obligat s)
shall
should
- a trebui s,
a se cuveni s
will
would
- a dori, a vrea
ought to
(ought to)
- ar trebui s
dare
- a ndrzni
need
need
- obinuia s
to be to
was, were to
been to
- a urma s
used to
- obinuia s
to ask
asked
asked
- a ntreba
to like
liked
liked
- a-i plcea
to answer
answered
answered - a rspunde
to use
used
used
- a ntrebuina
etc.
to go
- went
- gone
- a merge
to see
etc.
shall
will
can
- saw
Neregulate
4. Auxiliar - Modale
- seen
- a vedea
should
would
could etc.
1. Verbele Auxiliare
Ajut celelalte verbe s-i formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiv, timpurile compuse, unele moduri. Ele devin
instrumente gramaticale pierzndu-i sensul lexical.
Eu am o carte - Eu posed o carte.
n exemplul de mai sus verbul am (a avea) n limba romn este verb principal, dar n exemplul: Eu am citit o carte,
verbul am este auxiliar, cci ajut verbul citit s-i formeze timpul perfect compus. Este clar c nu putem spune: Eu posed citit
o carte, n care verbul a poseda s fie sinonim cu verbul a avea.
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2. Verbele Modale
Dau verbelor principale mpreun cu care se folosesc nuane lexicale speciale.
I must go. - Eu trebuie s merg
n exemplul I must go. - Eu trebuie s merg, verbul must exprim obligaia efecturii aciunii. Verbul can implic nuana
capabilitii i permisiunii, iar verbul may ideea de permisiune i posibilitate.
He can speak English. - El tie/poate vorbi englezete;
Verbele modale se mai numesc defective cci nu au forme proprii fie pentru infinitiv prezent, fie pentru trecut, fie
pentru participiul trecut, situaie n care se nlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor. Ele nu au particula infinitival to i nu folosesc
aceast particul dup ele (excepii: used to, ought to)
. Ca i verbele auxiliare ele formeaz interogativul schimbndu-i locul cu subiectul propoziiei. Verbele auxiliare i modale
din limba englez au i forme prescurtate/contrase. Unii gramaticieni includ verbele auxiliare i modale ntr-o singur categorie
- aceea de verbe speciale. Ele formeaz negativul prin simpla adugare a negaiei not dup ele i interogativul i
schimb locul cu subiectul n propoziie.
Verbele can, may, must, ought to, dare, need i used to sunt auxiliare n ntrebrile disjunctive.
I am not at home. - Eu nu sunt acas.
I cannot go. - Eu nu pot merge.
Verbele auxiliare i modale contribuie la formarea ntrebrilor disjunctive (Tag/Tail Questions), cele care se traduc n
limba romn prin: nu-i aa ?, aa-i ?
You are at home, aren't you ? - Eti acas, nu-i aa ?
You are not at home, are you ? - Nu eti acas, nu-i aa ?
He learns English, doesn't he ? - nva englezete, nu-i aa ?
Tot ele particip la formularea rspunsurilor scurte ale ntrebrilor generale. ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot primi
rspunsuri scurte: da, nu.
"Are they at home " ? "Yes"; "Yes, they are". - Sunt ei acas ? Da. ; Da, sunt.
Particip la completarea structurii and so...
"They are in the park"."And so are we". - Ei sunt n parc. i noi.
"Paul can speak English"."And so can Alice". "And so can we". - Paul tie s vorbeasc englezete. i Alice (tie).
i noi (tim).
"Paul cannot ski". "Neither can we". - "We can't either". - Paul nu tie s schieze. Nici noi (nu tim).
"They saw the house". "But I didn't". - Ei au vzut casa. Dar/ns eu nu. Dar eu n-am vzut-o.
Verbele auxiliare i cele modale, mult folosite n vorbire, se ntlnesc i n limbajul care exprim o surpriz (mai ales
neplcut).
"He won't come with us". - El nu va veni cu noi.
"Oh, he won't, won't he" ? - Zu (dom'le) ? - Chiar aa ?
"John can't give you the money today". "Oh, he can't, can't he" ?- John nu-i poate da banii astzi.
- Nu mai spune !; Cum aa ?; Zu dom'le ?
Verbele modale, ca i verbele auxiliare, nu primesc terminaia s la persoana a III-a singular i nu au aspectul
continuu.
A. MODUL INDICATIV
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Se folosesc Adverbele:
EVERY
/DAY
/THUESDAY
ONCE A /WEEK
TWICE A /MONTH
USUALY/FREQUENTLY - de obicei
ALWAYS - ntotdeauna
NEVER - niciodat
OFTEN - adesea , mai mereu
SELDOM - uneori
SOMETIMES - din cand n cnd
S + V1 + s
+ es (III sg)
( dont/doesnt )
S + do
+ not + V1
does (III sg)
I ||
Do
+ S + V1
Does(III sg)
I - N ||
Do (dont)
+ S + V1 (Dont you)
Does (doesnt) (III sg)
Do you not
N ||
- Yes,I do.
- No,I dont
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I-N
am I not ? - aren't I ? - nu sunt eu ?- eu nu-s ?
are you not ? - aren't you ? - nu eti tu ?
is he/she/it not ? - isn't he/she/it ? - nu este el/ea ?
are we not ? - aren't we ? - nu suntem noi ?
are you not ? - aren't you ? - nu suntei voi ?
are they not ? - aren't they ? - nu sunt ei/ele ?
Funciile verbului TO BE
1. a) verb auxiliar pentru formarea aspectului continuu : I am reading. - Eu citesc (acum).
b) verb auxiliar pentru formarea diatezei pasive
I am seen. - Eu sunt vzut.
2. verb modal: to be to - a urma/trebui s - a fi s;
I am to read. - Trebuie/urmeaz s citesc.
3. verb principal - atunci cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc; We are at home. - Noi suntem acas.
They are in the park. - Ei/Ele sunt n parc.
TO HAVE - a avea
I have - I've - I have got [got] - I've got - eu am
you have - you've - you have got - you've got - tu ai
he/she/it has - he's/she's/it's - he/she/it has got - he's/she's/it's got - el/ea are
we have - we've - we have got - we've got - noi avem
you have - you've - you have got - you've got - voi avei
they have - they've - they have got - they've got - ei/ele au
N ||
I have not (I haven't) - I have not (haven't) got - eu nu am
you have not (you haven't) - you have not (haven't) got - tu nu ai
he/she/it has not (he/she/it hasn't) - he/she/it has not (hasn't) got - el/ea nu are
we have not (we haven't) - we have not (haven't) got - noi nu avem
you have not (you haven't) - you have not (haven't) got - voi nu avei
they have not (they haven't) - they have not (haven't) got - ei/ele nu au
sau
I do not have - I don't have - eu nu am
you do not have - you don't have - tu nu ai
he/she/it does not have - he/she/it doesn't have - el/ea nu are
we do not have - we don't have - noi nu avem
you do not have - you don't have - voi nu avei
they do not have - they don't have - ei/ele nu au
I ||
have I? - have I got? - do I have? - eu am ? - am e ?
have you? - have you got? - do you have ? - tu ai ? - ai tu?
has he/she/it? - has he/she/it got? - does he/she/it have? - el/ea are?
have we? - have we got? - do we have? - noi avem? - avem noi?
have you? - have you got? - do you have? - voi avei? - avei voi?
have they? - have they got? - do they have? - ei/ele au? - au ei/ele?
I - N ||
have I not? - haven't I? - have I not (haven't I) got? - do I not (don't I) have? - eu nu am? - eu n-am ? - nu am eu ?
have you not? -haven't you? -have you not (haven't you) got? - do you not (don't you) have? - tu nu ai - tu n-ai? - nu ai tu ?
has he/she/it not ? - hasn't he/she/it? - has he/she/it not (hasn't he/she/it) got? - does he/she/it not (doesn't he/she/it)
have ? - el/ea nu are ? - nu are el/ea ?
have we not? - haven't we? - have we not (haven't we) got? - do we not (don't we) have ? - noi nu avem ? - noi n-avem ? nu avem noi ?
have you not ? - haven't you ? - have you not (haven't you) got ? - do you not (don't you) have ?- voi nu avei ?- voi navei ?- nu avei voi ?
have they not ? - haven't they ? - have they not (haven't they) got ? - do they not (don't they) have ? - ei/ele nu au ? - nu au
ei/ele ?
A ||
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do I do ? - eu fac ?
do we do? - noi facem ?
do you do ? - tu faci ?
do you do ? - voi facei ?
does he/she/it do? -el/ea face ?
do they do? - ei/ele
I N ||
do I not do ? - don't I do ? - eu nu fac ? - nu fac eu ?
do you not do ? - don't you do ? - tu nu faci ? - nu faci tu ?
does he/she/it not do? - doesn't he/she/it do? - ea/el nu face? - nu face el/ea?
Ca verb auxiliar, verbul to do nu se traduce. Traducerea lui ns, ca i traducerea verbelor to be i to have s-a fcut totui
pentru motive practice.
Funciile verbului TO DO
1. verb auxiliar
Do you understand ? - nelegi ?
He does not understand. - El nu nelege.
2. verb de ntrire (emfatic)
I do like grammar. - mi place gramatica foarte mult.
3. verb principal
We did an exercise. - Noi am fcut un exerciiu.
Well begun is half done. (prov.) - Lucrul bine nceput jumtate e fcut.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA TIMPUL PREZENT
La prezent, verbele modale au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele.
CAN - to be able to- a putea, a ti, a fi n stare s
A|| I can (swim) - I am able to (swim) - eu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s (not) etc.
N || I cannot (swim) - I can't (swim) - I am not able to (swim) - I aren't able to (swim) - eu nu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s
(not) etc.
I || Can I (swim) ? - Am I able to (swim) ? - pot/tiu eu s (not) ? - sunt eu n stare s (not) ? etc.
I - N || Can I not (swim) ? - Can't I (swim) ? - Am I not able to (swim) ? - Aren't I able to (swim) ? - eu nu tiu/pot s (not)
? - eu nu sunt n stare s (not) ? etc.
Verbul CAN exprim:
a) abilitatea sau capacitatea:
can - to be able to - to know how to - to have the ability/power/skill to - a putea/ti - a fi n stare s - a ti cum s
I can speak five languages. - tiu s vorbesc cinci limbi.
He cannot speak French. - El nu tie s vorbeasc franuzete.
b) - posibilitatea - la afirmativ i interogativ
They can be in the park. - Ei pot fi n parc.
They can have been in the park. - Se poate/Este posibil ca ei s fi fost n parc.
- imposibilitatea - la negativ:
They can't be in the park. - Ei nu pot fi n parc.
This story cannot be true. - Povestea aceasta nu poate fi adevrat.
She can't be under thirty. - Nu poate avea sub treizeci de ani.
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He can't have said that. - El nu poate s fi spus asta. - Nu se poate ca el s fi spus asta.
c) o invitaie sau o rugminte:
Can you shut the window, please? - Poi, te rog, s nchizi fereastra ?
Can you possibly come to my birthday party ? - Poi cumva veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere ?
How can you possibly ask such a thing ? - Cum poi ntreba aa ceva ?
d) permisiunea (n limbajul colocvial) i devine sinonim cu may, dar pentru politee se prefer may.
can - may - to be free to - to have permission to - to be allowed/permitted to - a putea, a fi liber s, a avea permisiunea s
You can/may use my umbrella. - Poi folosi umbrela mea.
I can swim in that lake. - I am free to swim in that lake. - Pot nota n lacul acela. - Sunt liber s not n lacul acela.
- la negativ can exprim interdicia sau imposibilitatea - (can't - be forbidden/ prohibited to)
cannot - to be incapable/unable to - a fi incapabil s
You can't go on the trip. - Nu poi merge n excursie.
It can't be six o'clock. - Nu poate fi ora ase.
MAY - to be permitted/allowed to- a avea voie s, a-i fi permis/ ngduit s
A || I may (go) - I am permitted/allowed to (go) - eu am voie/pot s (merg) - mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc
N|| I may not (go) - I am not permitted/allowed to (go) - eu nu am voie s (merg) - mie nu-mi este permis/ngduit s
(merg) etc.
Forma mayn't este considerat desuet i, n consecin, practic nefolosit.
I || May I (go)? - am I permitted/allowed to (go)?-eu am voie/pot s (merg)? - mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
I-N || May I not (go) ? - am I not permitted/allowed to (go) ? - eu nu am voie/nu pot s (merg) ? - mie nu-mi este permis/
ngduit s (merg)? etc.
Verbul MAY exprim:
a) - permisiunea n prezent "May I come in" ? - Pot intra , Pot s intru ?; "Yes, you may." - Da, poi; "Yes, of course" -Da, desigur -Da, bineneles.
"You may leave if you like," John said. - Poi pleca dac doreti, zise el.
devine n vorbire indirect:
John said that I might leave if I liked. - John said that I was allowed to leave if I liked. - John a zis c pot pleca dac
doresc. - John a zis c-mi este ngduit s plec dac doresc.
- interdicia se exprim prin may not:
You may not use my umbrella. - Nu poi folosi umbrela mea.
b) posibilitatea:
He may come late if the traffic's heavy. - El poate veni trziu dac circulaia este intens.
He may have come yesterday. - Este posibil ca el s fi venit ieri.
She may be learning her lessons. - Ea poate i nva leciile.
He may not be able to pay his rent. - Poate c el nu este n stare s-i plteasc chiria.
c) probabilitatea / incertitudinea sau curiozitatea:
What may he be ? - Ce poate fi el ?
I may have left my umbrella on the train. - Probabil/Poate mi-am uitat umbrela n tren.
He may come . - Probably he comes. - El poate veni. - Probabil el vine.
ntrebrile referitoare la posibilitate se formuleaz cu ajutorul verbului can nu al lui may.
Can he have lost his way ? - Se poate ca el s se fi ratcit ?- Este posibil ca el s se fi rtcit ?
d) o urare:
May you live long ! - S trieti !
May your dreams come true ! - S i se mplineasc visurile/dorinele !
MUST- to have to - trebuie
A ||
I must (speak) - eu trebuie s (vorbesc) etc
N ||
I must not (speak) - I mustn't (speak) - eu nu trebuie s (vorbesc) etc.
I ||
Must I (speak) ? - trebuie eu s (vorbesc) ? etc.
I - N ||
Must I not (speak) ? - mustn't I (speak) ? - eu nu trebuie s (vorbesc) ? etc.
Verbul MUST exprim:
a) obligaia / necesitatea:
You must learn permanently. - Tu trebuie s nvei permanent.
You must learn. - You have to learn. - You have (you've) got to learn.
ntre must i have to exist ns urmtoarea deosebire: must exprim o obligaie/necesitate pornit din partea subiectului (I
must go to bed because I am very sleepy. - Trebuie s merg la culcare pentru c mi este foarte somn.) Have to exprim o
obligaie impus subiectului din afar, deci o obligaie extern (You have to be there at eight o'clock. - Tu trebuie s fii acolo
46
la ora opt.)
You must not cross now. - You are not allowed / permitted to cross now .- Tu nu trebuie s traversezi acum - N-ai voie s
traversezi acum.
Must he go now? - Has he to go now?- Does he have to go now? - Trebuie el s plece / mearg acum ?
- must not exprim interdicia:
"You must not interrupt me", he said. - Nu trebuie s m ntrerupi, a zis el.
devine n vorbirea indirect:
He said that I mustn't interrupt him. - El a zis c nu trebuie s-l ntrerup. sau :
He said that I didn't have to interrupt him. - El a zis c nu trebuie s-l ntrerup.
b) probabilitatea:
He must know me. - Probabil / poate (c ) m cunoate. - Trebuie s m tie.
Being late they must be at home. - Fiind trziu probabil c sunt acas.
You must have paid a lot of money for this car.- Probabil c ai pltit muli bani pentru maina aceasta. - Trebuie s fi pltit
muli bani pentru maina aceasta.
SHALL - se cade/cuvine/merit s, trebuie s
I shall (intervene) - eu se cade/cuvine s (intervin)
You shall (intervene) - tu se cade/cuvine s (intervii)
He/she shall (intervene) - el/ea se cade/cuvine s (intervin)
We shall (intervene) - noi se cade/cuvine s (intervenim)
You shall (intervene) - voi se cade/cuvine s (intervenii)
They shall (intervene) - ei/ele se cade/cuvine s (intervin)
N ||
I shall not (intervene) - I shan't (intervene) - eu nu se cade s (intervin) - eu nu trebuie s (intervin) etc.
I ||
Shall I (intervene) ? - se cade/trebuie s (intervin) eu ? - s (intervin) eu ? etc.
I - N ||
Shall I not (intervene) ? - Shan't I (intervene) ? - eu s nu (intervin) ? - eu nu trebuie s (intervin)? etc.
A ||
You ought to tell her the truth. - Se cuvine s-i spui adevrul.
You ought to have told her the truth. - S-ar fi cuvenit s-i spui adevrul.
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- ought to este sinonim cu should i exprim recomandarea, necesitatea sau obligaia moral.
You ought to help your parents if they are very old. - Se cuvine s-i ajui prinii dac sunt foarte btrni.
You oughtn't to take his umbrella without asking for permission. - Tu nu trebuie s-i iei umbrela fr s ceri voie.
He knew he ought to help us. - tia c trebuie s ne ajute.
DARE - a ndrzni, a se ncumeta
(exist ns i verbul principal to dare - dared/durst - dared - a ndrzni)
A || La afirmativ verbul dare se conjug n maniera verbelor principale: I dare - eu ndrznesc; you dare - tu ndrzneti
he/she/it dares - el/ea ndrznete etc.
N || I dare not go - I daren't go - I don't dare (to) go - eu nu ndrznesc s merg etc.
I || Dare I go ? - do I dare (to) go? - ndrznesc eu s merg ? - eu ndrznesc s merg ? etc
I-N || Dare I not go ? - don't I dare (to) go? - nu ndrznesc eu s merg ? - eu nu ndrznesc s merg? etc .
- dare (to) - to be brave enough to - a ndrzni - a fi suficient de curajos pentru a
I dare go there alone. - ndrznesc s merg acolo singur.
- dare - to take the risk of - a ndrzni, a risca s, a nfrunta
They dare all the dangers. - Ei nfrunt toate pericolele.
- dare - to provoke somebody into a demonstration of courage
Dare you jump over that fence ? - ndrzneti s sari peste gardul acela ?
- dare + say - ndrznesc s spun
I dare say you can't swim across that lake. - ndrznesc s spun c nu poi traversa lacul acela not.
NEED - a fi nevoie/necesar s, a trebui s
N || I need not go - I needn't go - eu nu este nevoie s merg etc.
I || Need I go ? - este nevoie s merg eu? etc.
I-N || Need I not (needn't I) go ? - nu este nevoie s merg eu ?- eu nu este nevoie s merg ? etc.
- necesitate/nevoie
La afirmativ need se folosete cu adverbele hardly, scarcely, only:
I need hardly tell you something. - Simt o mare nevoie s-i spun ceva.
You need only be present. - Este nevoie s fii doar prezent.
Verbul need la negativ presupune lipsa obligaiei sau necesitii.
I needn't tell you everything. - Nu este nevoie s-i povestesc totul.
I needn't go yet. - nc nu este nevoie s plec.
- NEEDN'T - n vorbirea indirect:
"You needn't come until I tell you", he said. - - Nu este nevoie s vii pn nu-i spun eu, a zis el. devine n vorbire indirect:
He said that I needn't come until he told me. - El a zis c nu este nevoie s vin pn nu-mi spune el.
TO BE TO - a fi/trebui/urma s
You are to be there at six o'clock. - S fii acolo la ora ase. - Trebuie/Urmeaz s fii acolo la ora ase.
What am I to do now ? - Ce urmeaz/trebuie s fac eu acum ?
What is to be done now ? - Ce este de fcut acum ?
I should have told you if we had been to go there. - i-a fi spus dac noi ar fi fost s mergem acolo.
TO HAVE GOT TO - trebuie (folosit mult n limbajul colocvial american)
I have got to go now. - Acum trebuie s plec.
n exemplul I will learn the lesson (Vreau s nv lecia) verbul will se pronun accentuat, punndu-se astfel n
eviden valoarea sa semantic.
n exemplul You will learn the lesson (Tu vei nva lecia) verbul will este auxiliar i se pronun fr accent. n schimb
verbul learn care urmeaz dup el se pronun accentuat.
n exemplul He may never come (El poate s nu vin niciodat) verbul may exprim o nuan de posibilitate/ndoial: El
poate veni, dar suntem lsai s credem c mai degrab nu va veni.
He may never come. - It is possible that he will never come.
Concluzie:Verbele can, may, must, shall, will, need, ought to se ntlnesc urmate fie de infinitiv scurt prezent, fie de
infinitiv scurt perfect.
He may have come. - E posibil ca el s fi venit.
He must have been rich. - El trebuie s fi fost bogat.
48
DIATEZA ACTIV
49
2.
Aciuni temporare.
Se folosesc Adverbele :
A || S + be
+ V1 _ing
la Prez.
NOW - acum
RIGHT NOW - chiar acum
AT PRESENT - n prezent
AT THE MOMENT - la acest mo..
IN THIS MOMENT - n acest mo..
I - N ||
- No. He isnt.
50
ASPECTUL COMUN
A ||
I am seen - eu sunt vzut()
you are seen - tu eti vzut()
he/she/it is seen - el/ea este vzut()
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
51
N ||
I am not enjoying myself - eu nu m distrez/amuz etc.
I ||
Am I enjoying myself ? - eu m distrez/amuz ? - m distrez/amuz eu ? etc.
I - N || Am I not enjoying myself ? - aren't I enjoying myself ? - eu nu m distrez/amuz ? - nu m distrez/amuz eu ? etc.
NEGATIV
(N)
I am - eu sunt etc.
I am not - eu nu sunt
I can (go) - eu pot s I cannot (go) - I can't
(merg) etc.
(go) - eu nu pot s (merg)
etc.
I go - eu merg etc
I do not go - I don't go eu nu merg etc.
INTEROGATIV
(I)
INTEROGATIVNEGATIV (I-N)
Am I ? - eu sunt ?
Can I (go) ? - pot eu
s (merg) ?etc.
Am I not ? - eu nu sunt ?
Can I not (go)? - Can't I
(go)? - eu nu pot s (merg)?
etc.
Do I not go ? - Don't I go ? eu nu merg ? etc.
Do I go ? - eu merg ?
- etc.
1.
Aciuni care au loc n Trecut (intr-o perioada nedeterminat din trecut) i ale cror consecine sunt resimite i n Prezent
Este numit Timpul Vieii Tense of life
/ 1999
52
- din, de la / MARCH
de cnd / PAST SIMPLE Dup SINCE folosim PAST SIMPLE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Exemplu : Present Perfect Simple Since Past simple
I have known him since I was a child.
FOR
- timp de
/ TWO DAYS
/ THREE MONTHS Exprim durata unei aciuni.
/ TWO WEEKS
I have known him for 25 years.
/ SEVEN YEARS
JUST - tocmai
ALREADY - tocmai
YET - nc
RECENTLY - recent
TODAY - astzi
/ WEEK
THIS / WEEK END
- acest / YEAR
2.frecventative
EVER - vreodat
NEVER - niciodat
ALWAYS - ntotdeauna
III. cu :
HOW LONG ?
- ct timp ?
HOW MUCH ?
- ct de mult ?
HOW MANY ?
- ct de muli ?
A ||
S + have
+ V3
I have know him since 1982.
has (III sg)
Vb. Reg. + d
+ ed
( havent/hasnt )
N || S + have
+ not + V3 I have not done this exercise.
has (III sg)
I ||
Have
Has (III sg)
I - N ||
+ S + V3
Havent
+ S + V3
Hasnt (III sg)
Have + S + not + V3
53
AUXILIARE LA TIMPUL
Verbele auxiliare nu se conjug la Present Perfect . Verbele to be, to have i to do se pot conjuga la acest timp atunci
cnd ele sunt verbe principale, aa cum se vede mai jos:
TO BE - a fi
A ||
I have been - I've been - eu sunt - eu s
you have been - you've been - tu eti
he/she/it has been- he's/she's/it's been - el/ea este - el/ea i/e
we have been - we've been - noi suntem
you have been - you've been - voi suntei
they have been - they've been - ei/ele sunt
N ||
I have not been - I haven't been - eu nu sunt - eu nu-s
you have not been - you haven't been - tu nu eti
he /she/it has not been - he/she/it hasn't been - el/ea nu este - el/ea nu-i - el/ea nu e
we have not been - we haven't been - noi nu suntem
you have not been - you haven't been - voi nu suntei
they have not been - they haven't been - ei/ele nu sunt - ei/ele nu-s
I ||
have I been? - eu sunt? - sunt eu?
have we been?- noi suntem? - suntem noi?
have you been? - tu eti? - eti tu ?
have you been? - voi suntei? - suntei voi?
has he/she/it been? - el/ea este/e/i?
have they been? - ei/ele sunt? - sunt ei/ele?
I - N ||
54
A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
55
O aciune care a nceput n Trecut si s-a terminat recent sau doar s-a terminat.
/DAY/
/ MORNING /
/AFTERNOON/
LONG
I - N || Havent
+ S + been + V1_ing?
Hasnt (III sg)
Havent you been cooking all week-end long?
- No, I havent been cooking all week-end long.
TO PLAY - a se juca
A ||
56
2.
Did + S + V1
I N ||
TO BE - WAS/WERE - BEEN
A ||
I was - eu am fost, eu eram
we were - noi am fost, noi eram
you were - tu ai fost, tu erai
you were - voi/dv. ai fost, voi/dv. erai
he/she/it was - el/ea era/a fost
they were - ei/ele au fost, ei/ele erau
N ||
I was not - I wasn't - eu nu am fost - eu nu eram
you were not - you weren't - tu nu ai fost - tu nu erai
he/she/it was not - he/she/it wasn't - el/ea nu a fost - el/ea nu era etc.
I ||
was I ? - eu am fost? - eu eram ?
were you ? - tu ai fost? - tu erai ?
was he/she/it ? - el/ea a fost ? - el/ea era ? etc.
I N ||
was I not ? - wasn't I ? - eu nu am fost ? - eu nu eram ?
were you not ? - weren't you ? - tu nu ai fost ? - tu nu erai ?
was he/she/it not ? - wasn't he/she/it ? - el/ea nu a fost ? - el/ea nu era? etc.
TO HAVE - HAD - HAD
I had - eu am avut, eu aveam
we had - noi am avut, noi aveam
you had - tu ai avut, tu aveai
you had - voi/dv. ai avut, voi/dv. aveai
he /she/it had - el/ea a avut, el/ea avea
they had - ei/ele au avut, ei/ele aveau
N ||
I had not - I hadn't - eu nu am avut - eu n-am avut - eu nu aveam etc
I ||
had I? - eu am avut?, eu aveam? etc.
I N ||
had I not ? - hadn't I ? - eu nu am avut ? - eu nu aveam ? etc.
A ||
57
TO DO - DID - DONE
I did - eu am fcut, eu fceam
we did - noi am fcut, noi fceam
you did - tu ai fcut, tu fceai
you did - voi/dv. ai fcut, voi / dv. fceai
he/she/it did - el / ea a fcut, el/ea fcea
they did - ei/ele au fcut, ei / ele fceau
N ||
I did not do - I didn't do - eu nu am fcut, eu nu fceam etc.
I ||
Did I do? - eu am fcut ?, eu fceam ? etc.
I N ||
Did I not do? - didn't I do? - eu nu am fcut ?, eu nu fceam ? etc.
A ||
SHOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past, persoana I singular i plural, precum i pentru formarea modului
condiional (prezent i perfect)
WOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past pers. II - III i condiional. El l poate nlocui pe should la pers. I
sg. i pl. att la timpul The Future in the Past ct i la modul condiional.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA PAST TENSE
COULD
A ||
N ||
I ||
I N ||
HAD TO - A TREBUI SA
I had to (go) - eu trebuia s (merg)
you had to (go) - tu trebuia s (mergi)
he/she/it had to (go) - el/ea trebuia s (mearg) etc
I had not to (go) - I hadn't to (go) - I did not (didn't) have to (go) - eu nu trebuia s (merg) - eu nu a (n-a)
trebuit s (merg) etc.
58
I ||
I-N ||
59
We got used to these working conditions. - Trebuia s ne obinuim cu aceste condiii de munc.
There used to be some tents on this ground last summer, use(d)n't there ? - Erau nite corturi pe terenul acesta vara trecut,
nu-i aa ?
- didn't use to - este form colocvial; use(d)n't to este forma literar
Alte structuri modale:
had better - mai bine s
We had better arrived there earlier than later. - Mai bine s ajungem acolo mai devreme dect mai trziu.
would rather ... than...- a prefera s ... dect s ...
I would rather walk than take a taxi. - A prefera s merg pe jos dect s iau un taxi.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SEE - SAW - SEEN (verb principal neregulat)
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
60
We neded a lot of time - Am avut nevoie de mult timp. - Ne-a trebuit mult vreme.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Aciuni repetate n trecut care ne deranjau.
She was always ringing me up late at night. Ea ntotdeauna m suna trziu n noapte
7.
Se folosesc Adverbele:
A ||
S+
(was / were)
be (past) + V1_ing
WHILE - n timp ce
AS ca, la fel ca, la fel de
/ YESTERDAY
AT THIS TIME / LAST MONTH
/ LAST YEAR
He was teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday.
We were waiting for him when he arrived.
(wasnt/ werent )
He wasnt teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday.
S + be (past) + not + V1_ing We werent reading, when he arrived.
N ||
(Was / Were)
Was he teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday ?
Be (past)
+ S + V1 _ing Were you waiting for him when he arrived ?
I ||
I - N ||
61
I was not being looked at - I wasn't being looked at - eu nu eram privit() etc.
was I being looked at ? - eram eu privit()? etc.
was I not being looked at ? - wasn't I being looked at ? - eu nu eram privit()? etc.
G. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR REFLEXIVE - ASPECTUL COMUN
62
I saw John this week/month. - I have seen John this week/month. - L-am vzut pe John sptmna/luna aceasta.
I saw John recently. - I have seen John recently. - L-am vzut pe John recent.
MAI MULT CA PERFECT (THE PAST PERFECT)
Exprim o aciune trecut terminat anterioar altei aciuni trecute terminate.
It had begun to rain (1)/when I entered the house (2). - ncepuse s plou cnd am intrat n cas.
Se folosete pentru a descrie :
1. O aciune care s-a petrecut naintea altei aciuni trecute exprimata prin verb la Trecutul
Simplu
Everybody had left when the bomb exploded. Toata lume aplecase cand bomba
explodase.
2. Pentru evenimente deja petrecute n momentul vorbirii.
Se folosete n Vorbirea Indirecta dupa Verbele : TOLD ; SAID ; ASKED ; THOUGHT
He told me that he had never seen her before. Mi-a spus c nu o vzuse nici o data
pna atunci.
3. O aciune care a nceput i a continuat n trecut.
Folosit cu : FOR
- timp de
( Imperfectul Rom
SINCE- din, de la, de cnd - eu umblasem )
They had known each other for several years when they got married.
Ei se cunoteau de ctiva ani cnd s-au casatorit
4. Se folosete n construcii care ncep cu : IT WAS A LONG TIME
It was a long time since I have seen you. Era mult timp de cnd nu ne vazusem.
5. Se folosete cu referire la o aciune care nu a avut loc i este repetat., dup : I WISH ; IF ; IF
ONLY
If I had known. Daca a fi tiut.
I wish I had meet him. A fi vrut sa-l cunosc.
A || S + had + V 3 (ed)
I had been able to play.
.
N || S + hadnt + V 3 (ed) I hadn't done.
I ||
Had + S + V 3 (ed)
Had I done ?
I N || Hadnt + S + V 3 (ed)
Hadn't I done ?
A ||
63
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
TO DO - DID - DONE
I had done - eu fcusem
we had done - noi fcusem
you had done - tu fcusei
you had done - voi fcusei
he/she/it had done - el/ea fcuse
they had done - ei/ele fcuser
N ||
I had not done - I hadn't done - eu nu fcusem etc.
I ||
had I done ? - eu fcusem ? - fcusem eu ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not done ? - hadn't I done ? - eu nu fcusem ? - nu fcusem eu ? etc.
A ||
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR
MODALE LA TIMPUL
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
A ||
I had had to (play) - eu trebuise s (joc)
you had had to (play) - tu trebuise s (joci)
he/she/it had had to (play) - el/ea trebuise s (joace)
we had had to (play) - noi trebuise s (jucm)
you had had to (play) - voi trebuise s (jucai)
they had had to (play) - ei/ele trebuise s (joace)
N ||
I had not had to (play) - I hadn't had to (play) - eu nu trebuise s (joc) etc.
I ||
had I had to (play) ? - trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not had to (play) ? - hadn't I had to (play) ? - eu nu trebuise s (joc) ? - nu trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
64
O aciune nceput n Trecut care a continuat pna la un moment dat, cnd a intervenit ceva care a ntrerupt-o sau a
avut un anumit efect asupra ei.
Everyone had been sleeping for hours when the bomb exploded.
Toat lumea dormea de cteva ore cnd bomba a explodat.
I ||
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SPEAK - SPOKE-SPOKEN
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
TO BE ASKED - a fi ntrebat
I had been asked - eu fusesem ntrebat
you had been asked - tu fusesei ntrebat
he/she had been asked - el/ea fusese ntrebat()
we had been asked - noi fusesem ntrebai
you had been asked - voi fusesei ntrebai
they had been asked - ei/ele fuseser ntrebai/ntrebate
N ||
I had not been asked - I hadn't been asked - eu nu fusesem ntrebat etc.
I ||
had I been asked ? - eu fusesem ntrebat ? - fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not been asked ? - hadn't I been asked ? - eu nu fusesem ntrebat ? - nu fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
Exist cazuri cnd The Past Perfect se traduce prin The Past Tense.
I was at home when he had come to see me. - Eram acas cnd a venit el pe la mine.
A ||
65
n exemplul : El a zis c ne ateapt de cinci minute. - verbul ateapt din limba romn, care este la prezent se traduce
n limba englez prin Past Perfect: He said that he had been waiting for us for five minutes.
2.
O aciune Probabil
3.
4.
O Sugestie
Se folosesc Adverbele:
TOMORRO - mine
THE DAY AFTER TOMORRO poimine
MINUTES
NEXT
/ HOURS
- urmtoarele
DAYS
IN A FEW / WEEKS
- n cteva
MONTHS
YEARS
A ||
( ll )
S + will /shall + Vinf
(wont/shant)
We wont come back tomorrow.
N || S + will/shall + not + Vinf We shant be there when he arrives.
I ||
Will/Shall
I N ||
+ S + Vinf
66
TO HAVE
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
eu ? etc.
67
A ||
68
you will dare - you'll dare - voi vei ndrzni - voi o s ndrznii
they will dare - they'll dare - ei/ele vor ndrzni - ei/ele o s ndrzneasc
N ||
I shall/will not dare - I shan't/won't dare - eu nu voi ndrzni - eu n-o s ndrznesc etc.
I ||
shall/will I dare ? - eu voi ndrzni ? - voi ndrzni eu? - o s ndrznesc eu? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will/will I not dare ? - shan't/won't I dare ? - eu nu voi ndrzni ? - nu voi ndrzni eu ? - eu n-o s
ndrznesc ? - n-o s ndrznesc eu ? etc.
They will not dare to break their word. - Ei nu vor ndrzni s-i calce cuvntul.
I shall/will not dare to go there alone. - Eu nu voi ndrzni s merg acolo singur(). - Eu nu voi avea curaj s plec/merg acolo
singur().
TO NEED - NEEDED - NEEDED
A ||
I shall/will need - I'll need - eu voi avea nevoie - mie mi va trebui - eu o s am nevoie - mie o s-mi trebuiasc
you will need - you'll need - tu vei avea nevoie - ie i va trebui - tu o s ai nevoie - ie o s-i trebuiasc
he/she/it will need - he'll/she'll/it'll need - el/ea va avea nevoie - lui/ei i va trebui - el/ea o s aib nevoie - lui/ei o s-i
trebuiasc
we shall/will need - we'll need - noi vom avea nevoie - nou ne va trebui - noi o s avem nevoie - nou o s ne trebuiasc
you will need - you'll need - voi vei avea nevoie - vou v va trebui - voi o s avei nevoie - vou o s v trebuiasc
they will need - they'll need - ei/ele vor avea nevoie - lor le va trebui - ei/ele o s aib nevoie - lor o s le trebuiasc
N ||
I shall/will not need - I shan't/won't need - eu nu voi avea nevoie - mie nu-mi va trebui - eu n-o s am nevoie - mie n-o s-mi
trebuiasc etc.
I ||
shall/will I need ? - eu voi avea nevoie ? - voi avea eu nevoie ? - eu o s am nevoie ? - o s am eu nevoie ? - mie mi va trebui ?
- mi va trebui mie ? - mie o s-mi trebuiasc ? - o s-mi trebuiasc mie ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not need ? - shan't/won't I need ? - eu nu voi avea nevoie ? - nu voi avea eu nevoie ? - eu n-o s am nevoie ? - n-o
s am eu nevoie ? - mie nu-mi va trebui ? - nu-mi va trebui mie ? - mie n-o s-mi trebuiasc ? - n-o s-mi trebu-iasc mie ? etc.
Plants and animals will always need rain. - Plantele i animalele vor avea totdeauna nevoie de ploaie.
Will you need any help ? - Vei avea tu nevoie de vreun ajutor ?
What will you need ? - De ce vei avea nevoie ? - Ce v va trebui ?
2.
O aciune sigur din Viitor planificat din timp. Se folosesc Adverbe de timp.
Ill be staying in my new house this time next month. Voi sta n noua mea casa pe timpul acesta luna viitoare.
A ||
( ll )
S + will /shall + V _ing
69
(wont/shant)
N || S + will/shall + not + V _ing
I ||
Will/Shall
+ S + V _ing
S + shall/ will
N ||
(shant /wont)
S + shall/ will
I ||
Shall/ Will
+ have + V 3
+ S
+ have + V 3
70
(Shant /Wont)
Shan't/Won't I have been ? - Eu nu voi fi fost ? ; Nu voi fi fost eu ?
I N || Shall/ Will + S + not + have + V 3 Shall/Will I not have been ? - Eu nu voi fi fost ? ; Nu voi fi fost eu ?
CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA VIITOR ANTERIOR
TO COME - a veni
A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
Exprim o actiune n plina desfasurare intre doua momente viitoare . Este un timp rar folosit. (Se traduce cu Viitorul Simplu
sau cu Viitorul Anterior n Romn)
When you come home,I will have been studying for three hours.- Cnd vei veni tu acasa,voi
studia (voi fi studiat) de trei ore
Future Perfect Continuous are dou forme diferite: "will have been doing " i "be going to have been doing."
You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arives.
You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
( ll )
A | S + will /shall + have been + V_ing You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane
finally arives.
(wont/shant)
N || S + will/shall + not + have been + V_ing You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plan finally
arrives.
I ||Will/Shall + S + have been + V_ing Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
71
A ||
S + should/would + V 1
N ||
(shouldnt / wouldnt)
S + should/ would
I ||
Should/Would + S
I N ||
+V1
(Shouldnt / Wouldnt)
Shouldn't/Wouldn't I come ? - Eu nu voi veni ? etc.
Should/Would + S + not + V 1
Should/Would I not come ? - Eu nu voi veni ? etc.
TO COME - a veni
I should/would come - eu voi veni
we should/would come - noi vom veni
you would come - tu vei veni
you would come - voi vei veni
he/she/it would come - el/ea va veni
they would come - ei/ele vor veni
N ||
I should/would not come - I shouldn't/wouldn't come - eu nu voi veni
you would not come - you wouldn't come - tu nu vei veni - tu n-o s vii
he/she/it would not come - he/she/it wouldn't come - el/ea nu va veni - el/ea n-o s vin etc.
I ||
should/would I come ? - eu voi veni ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not come ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I come ? - eu nu voi veni ? etc.
A ||
A ||
S + should/would + be + V _ing
(shouldnt / wouldnt)
N || S + should/ would + be + not + V _ing
I ||
Should/Would + S + be + V _ing
I N ||
(Shouldnt / Wouldnt)
Shouldn't/Wouldn't I be going? - Eu nu voi merge ? etc.
Should/Would + S + not + be + V _ing
Should/Would I be not going? - Eu nu voi merge ? etc.
VIITORUL APROPIAT (THE NEAR FUTURE - THE FUTURE OF INTENTION)
Exprim o aciune ce urmeaz s aib loc la scurt timp dup ce a fost anunat. Se traduce i prin viitor.
Se formeaz cu construcia to be going to (a avea de gnd s - a inteniona s) din care verbul to be se conjug la
Prezent, Past Tense i Past Perfect, mpreun cu infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat.
1) I am going to play tennis. - Am de gnd s joc tenis ; voi juca tenis.
2) I was going to play tennis. - Aveam de gnd s joc tenis.
3) I had been going to play tennis. - Avusesem de gnd s joc tenis.
ALTE MODALITII DE EXPRIMARE A VIITORULUI
72
A ||
N ||
I ||
1.
A exprima o intenie care a fost deja planificat nainte de momentul vorbirii. - Intenia de a cumpra ceva.
We are saving up because we are going to buy a house.
Noi economisim deoarece avem de gnd sa cumprm o cas.
( n trecut ne-am hotrt, acum economisim, vom cumpra n viitor. )
2.
A prezice un Eveniment viitor pentru care avem nite semne evidente in Prezent. - Cum ar fi ploaia.
There are many clouds in the sky. Its going to rain.
Sunt muli nori pe cer. E posibil s plou.
( n trecut norii s-au adunat,acum i vedem, va ploua n viitor )
S + be + going to + V1
(Vinf)
S + be + not + going to + V1
Be + S + going to + V1
(Vinf)
(Vinf)
73
Se ntrebuineaz:
- Dup conjuncii ca : if - dac, if only - numai dac, even if - chiar dac, as if - ca i cnd/cum, de parc, as though - ca i
cum, lest - ca s nu, however - orict de, however (little) - orict de (puin), however (much) - orict de (mult), however (few)
- orict de (puini), however (many) - orict de (muli), however (late) - orict de (trziu), whatever - orice, indiferent care,
oricare, if need be - dac e nevoie/necesar etc.
Dup verbul wish sau expresiile it's time (or it's high time) - este timpul s, it is necessary - este necesar, it is
probable/likely - este probabil, it is possible - este posibil, it is right - este drept/corect, it is wrong - este greit/nedrept etc.
It was ordered that computers be used. - S-a ordonat s se foloseasc /ntrebuineze calculatoarele.
"Come what may", he said.- S se ntmple ce s-o ntmpla, a zis el. Fie ce-o fi, a zis el.
"So be it", Mary repeated. - Aa s fie, a repetat Mary.
"If need be, we send you a coach", he said. - Dac este necesar, v trimitem un autocar, a zis el.
Iat o subdiviziune a subjonctivului din punct de vedere formal:
1) Subjonctiv prezent (The Present Subjunctive or Subjunctive I)
Se traduce prin conjunctiv prezent sau condiional-optativ prezent. Ca form coincide cu infinitiv scurt prezent - toate
persoanele avnd aceeai form.
It is vital that you go there now. - Este vital ca tu s mergi acolo acum.
So be it. - Aa s fie.
if need be - Dac este nevoie
2) Subjonctiv trecut (The Simple Past Subjunctive or Subjunctive II)
It's time we went home. - E timpul s mergem acas.
I wish I were there .- A vrea s fiu acolo.
3) Subjonctiv perfect ( The Past Perfect Subjunctive or Subjunctive III)
If I had bought the book I should have read it. - Dac a fi cumprat cartea a fi citit-o.
Comparai cele dou moduri :
subjonctiv
indicativ
if I were here - dac a fi aici
if I was here - dac eu eram aici
f you were here - dac tu ai fi aici
if you were here - dac tu erai aici
if he/she/it were here-dac el/ea ar fi aici
if he/she/it was here - dac el/ea era aici
if we were here - dac noi am fi aici
if we were here - dac noi eram aici
if you were here - dac voi ai fi aici
if you were here - dac voi erai aici
if they were here - dac ei/ele ar fi aici
if they were here - dac ei/ele erau aici
He does not remember if/whether I was there. - El nu-i amintete dac eu eram acolo.
If I were there I should/would play tennis. - Dac a fi acolo a juca tenis.
If need be I would come earlier. - If it were necesary I would come earlier. - Dac ar fi necesar a veni mai devreme.
74
A ||
TO HAVE - a avea
if I had - dac eu a avea
if you had - dac tu ai avea
if he/she/it had - dac el/ea ar avea
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
TO DO - A FACE
if I did - dac eu a face
if we did - dac noi am face
if you did - dac tu ai face
if you did - dac voi ai face
if he/she/it did - dac el/ea ar face
if they did - dac ei/ele ar face
I ||
did I do - s fac eu - de-a face eu etc.
N ||
if I did not do - if I didn't do - dac eu nu a face - dac eu n-a face etc.
I-N ||
did I not do - didn't I do - s nu fac eu - de n-a face eu etc.
A ||
I ||
75
N ||
I-N ||
might you (go) - were you permitted/allowed to (go) - s avei voi voie s (mergei) - de v-ar fi vou
is/ngduit s
might they (go) - were they permitted/allowed to (go) - s aib ei/ele voie s (mearg) - de le-ar fi lor
permis/ngduit s
if I might not (go) - if I mightn't (go) - if I were not permitted/allowed to (go) - if I weren't
permitted/allowed to (go) - dac eu n-a avea voie s (merg) - dac mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg)
might I not (go) - mightn't I (go) - were I not permitted/allowed to (go) - weren't I permitted/allowed to
(go) - s nu am eu voie s (merg) - s nu-mi fie mie permis/ngduit s (merg) - de n-a avea eu voie s
(merg) - de nu mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg ) etc.
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
if I had to (go) - dac eu ar trebui s (merg)
if you had to (go) - dac tu ar trebui s (mergi)
if he/she/it had to (go) - dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
if we had to (go) - dac noi ar trebui s (mergem)
if you had to (go) - dac voi ar trebui s (mergei)
if they had to (go) - dac ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
I ||
had I to (go) - s trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
had you to (go) - s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) - de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it to (go) - s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) - de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg)
had we to (go) - s trebuiasc noi s (mergem) - de-ar trebui noi s (mergem)
had you to (go) - s trebuiasc voi s (mergei) - de-ar trebui voi s (mergei)
had they to (go) - s trebuiasc ei/ele s (mearg) - de-ar trebui ei/ele s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not to (go) - if I hadn't to (go) - dac eu nu ar trebui s (merg) - dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not to (go) - hadn't I to (go) - s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
SHALL - SHOULD - 0
if I should (go) - dac eu ar trebui s (merg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (merg) eu
if you should (go) - dac tu ar trebui s (mergi) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mergi) tu
if he/she/it should (go) - dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mearg) el/ea etc.
I ||
should I (go) - s trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
should you (go) - s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) - de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
should he/she/it (go) - s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) - de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg) etc.
N ||
if I should not (go) - if I shouldn't (go) - dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
should I not (go) - shouldn't I (go) - s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
WILL - WOULD - 0
A ||
if I would (go) - dac eu a vrea s (merg)
if you would (go) - dac tu ai vrea s (mergi)
if he/she/it would (go) - dac el/ea ar vrea s
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
76
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
N ||
A ||
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
77
TO DO - DID - DONE
if I had done - dac eu a fi fcut
if we had done - dac noi am fi fcut
if you had done - dac tu ai fi fcut
if you had done - dac voi ai fi fcut
if he/she/it had done - dac el/ea ar fi fcut
if they had done - dac ei/ele ar fi fcut
I ||
had I done - s fi fcut eu - de-a fi fcut eu
had we done - s fi fcut noi - de-am fi fcut noi
had you done - s fi fcut tu - de-ai fi fcut tu
had you done - s fi fcut voi - de-ai fi fcut voi
had he done - s fi fcut el/ea - de-ar fi fcut el/ea had they done - s fi fcut ei/ele - de-ar fi fcut ei/ele
N ||
if I had not done - if I hadn't done - dac eu nu a fi fcut - dac eu n-a fi fcut etc.
I-N ||
had I not done - hadn't I done - s nu fi fcut eu - de n-a fi fcut eu etc.
A ||
A ||
I ||
78
ne fi fost nou permis/ngduit s (mergem) - de-am fi avut noi voie s (mergem) - de-am fi putut noi s
(mergem) - de ne-ar fi fost nou permis/ngduit s (mergem)
had you been permitted/allowed to (go) - s fi avut voi voie s (mergei) - s fi putut voi s (mergei) - s v
fi fost vou permis/ngduit s (mergei) - de-ai fi avut voi voie s (mergei) - de-ai fi putut voi s mergeide v-ar fi fost vou permis/ngduit s (mergei)
had they been permitted/allowed to (go) - s fi avut ei/ele voie s (mearg) - s fi putut ei/ele s (mearg) s le fi fost lor permis/ngduit s (mearg) - de-ar fi avut ei/ele voie s (mearg) - de-ar fi putut ei/ele s
mearg - de le-ar fi fost lor permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not been permitted/allowed to (go) - if I hadn't been permitted/ allowed to (go) - dac eu nu a
(n-a) fi avut voie s merg - dac eu nu a (n-a) fi putut s (merg) - dac mie nu mi-ar fi fost permis/ngduit
s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not been permitted/allowed to (go) - hadn't I been permitted/allowed to (go) - s nu fi avut eu voie
s (merg) - s nu fi putut eu s (merg) - s nu-mi fi fost mie permis/ngduit s (merg) - de n-a fi avut eu
voie s (merg) - de n-a fi putut eu s (merg) - de nu mi-ar fi fost mie permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
if I had had to (go) - dac eu ar fi trebuit s (merg)
if you had had to (go) - dac tu ar fi trebuit s (mergi)
if he/she/it had had to (go) - dac el/ea ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
if we had had to (go) - dac noi ar fi trebuit s (mergem)
if you had had to (go) - dac voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
if they had had to (go) - dac ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
I ||
had I had to (go) - s fi trebuit eu s (merg) - de-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg)
had you had to (go) - s fi trebuit tu s (mergi) - de-ar fi trebuit tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it had to (go) - s fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg) - de-ar fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg)
had we had to (go) - s fi trebuit noi s (mergem) - de-ar fi trebuit noi s (mergem)
had you had to (go) - s fi trebuit voi s (mergei) - de-ar fi trebuit voi s (mergei)
had they had to (go) - s fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg) - de-ar fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not had to (go) - if I hadn't had to (go) - dac eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not had to (go) - hadn't I had to (go) - s nu fi trebuit eu s (merg) - de n-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
A ||
I ||
79
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
80
TO BE - a fi
I should/would be - I'd be - eu a fi
we should/would be - we'd be - noi am fi
you would be - you'd be - tu ai fi
you would be - you'd be - voi ai fi
he/she/it would be - he'd/she'd/it'd be - el/ea ar fi
they would be - they'd be - ei/ele ar fi
N ||
I should/would not be - I shouldn't/wouldn't be - eu nu a fi - eu n-a fi etc.
I ||
should/would I be ? - eu a fi ? - a fi eu ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not be ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I be ? - eu nu a (n-a) fi ? - nu a (n-a) fi eu ? etc.
A ||
A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
TO HAVE - a avea
I should/would have - I'd have - eu a avea
you would have - you'd have - tu ai avea
he/she/it would have - he'd/she'd/it'd have - el/ea ar avea
we should/would have - we'd have - noi am avea
you would have - you'd have - voi ai avea
they would have - they'd have - ei/ele ar avea
I should/would not have - I shouldn't/wouldn't have - eu nu a (n-a) avea etc.
should/would I have ? - eu a avea ? - a avea eu ? etc.
should/would I not have ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I have ? - eu nu a (n-a) avea? etc.
TO DO - a face
I should/would do - I'd do - eu a face
we should/would do - we'd do - noi am face
you would do - you'd do - tu ai face
you would do - you'd do - voi ai face
he/she/it would do - he'd/she'd/it'd do - el/ea ar facethey would do - they'd do - ei/ele ar face
N ||
I should/would not do - I shouldn't/wouldn't do - eu nu a (n-a) face etc.
I ||
should/would I do ? - eu a face ? - a face eu ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not do ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I do ? - eu nu a (n-a) face ? - nu a (n-a) face eu ? etc.
A ||
N ||
81
I ||
I-N ||
n exemplul : I could go verbul could exprim i permisiunea, nu numai capabilitatea. n acest caz could - might. n
limbajul colocvial can l nlocuiete des pe may.
MAY - MIGHT - 0 - TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
I might (go) - I should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) - eu a avea voie s (merg) - eu a putea s
(merg) - mie mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg)
you might (go) - you would be permitted/allowed to (go) - tu ai avea voie s (mergi) - tu ai putea s (mergi)
- ie i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergi)
he/she/it might (go) - he/she/it would be permitted/allowed to (go) - el/ea ar avea voie s (mearg) - el/ea
ar putea s (mearg) - lui/ei i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
we might (go) - we should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) - noi am avea voie s (mergem) - noi am
putea s (mergem) - nou ne-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergem)
you might (go) - you would be permitted/allowed to (go) - voi ai avea voie s (mergei) - voi ai putea s
(mergei) - vou v-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergei)
they might (go) - they would be permitted/allowed to (go) - ei/ele ar avea voie s (mearg) - ei/ele ar putea
s (mearg) - lor le-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N ||
I might not (go) - I mightn't (go) - I should/would not be permitted/allowed to (go) - I shouldn't /
wouldn't be permitted/allowed to (go) - eu nu a avea voie s (merg) - eu nu a putea s (merg) - mie nu
mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
I ||
might I (go) ? - should/would I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - a avea eu voie s (merg) ? - a putea eu
s (merg) ? - a putea eu (merge) ? - mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
might I not (go) ? - mightn't I (go) ? - should/would I not be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? - shouldn't/
wouldn't I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - nu a (n-a) avea eu voie s (merg) ? - nu a (n-a) putea eu s
(merg) ? - nu mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? - mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
A ||
I should/would have to (go) - I'd have to (go) - eu ar trebui s (merg)
you would have to (go) - you'd have to (go) - tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it would have to (go) - he'd/she'd/it'd have to (go) - el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should/would have to (go) - we'd have to (go) - noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you would have to (go) - you'd have to (go) - voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they would have to (go) - they'd have to (go) - ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N ||
I should/would not have to (go) - I shouldn't/wouldn't have to (go) - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I ||
should/would I have to (go) ? - eu ar trebui s (merg) ? - ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not have to (go) ? - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? - n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
SHALL - SHOULD - a trebui s, a se cuveni/cdea s . . .
A ||
I should (go) - eu ar trebui s (merg)
you should (go) - tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it should (go) - el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should go - noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you should (go) - voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they should (go) - ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N ||
I should not (go) - I shouldn't (go) - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) - eu n-ar trebui s (merg), etc.
I ||
should I (go) ? - ar trebui eu s (merg) ?, etc.
I-N ||
should I not (go) ? - shouldn't I (go) ? - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? - n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
Verbul should se foloseste dup how , why i when.
How should they know ? - De unde s tie ei ?
Verbul SHOULD exprim:
a) - probabilitatea:
They should be in the mountains. - Ar trebui s fie la munte. - Probabil sunt la munte.
If he should come tell him I've bought the tickets. - Dac cumva vine spune-i c am cumprat
biletele.- Dac se ntmpl s vin spune-i c am cumprat biletele.
b) - necesitatea sau sfatul:
You should go to the dentist now. - Ar trebui s te duci la dentist acum.
You shouldn't waste your time. - N-ar trebui s-i iroseti timpul.
82
83
TO DARE - a ndrzni
I should/would dare - I'd dare - eu a ndrzni - eu m-a ncumeta
you would dare - you'd dare - tu ai ndrzni - tu te-ai ncumeta
he/she would dare - he'd/she'd dare - el/ea ar ndrzni - el/ea s-ar ncumeta
we should/would dare - we'd dare - noi am ndrzni - noi ne-am ncumeta
you would dare - you'd dare - voi ai ndrzni - voi v-ai ncumeta
they would dare - they'd dare - ei/ele ar ndrzni - ei/ele s-ar ncumeta
N ||
I should/would not dare - I shouldn't/wouldn't dare - eu nu a (n-a) ndrzni - eu nu m-a ncumeta etc.
I ||
should/would I dare ? - a ndrzni eu ? - eu a ndrzni ? - eu m-a ncumeta ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not dare ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I dare ? - eu nu a (n-a) ndrzni ? - eu nu m-a ncumeta
A ||
N ||
84
I ||
I - N ||
85
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
MUST - O - O - TO HAVE TO
I should/would have had to (go) - eu ar fi trebuit s (merg)
you would have had to (go) - tu ar fi trebuit s (mergi)
he/she/it would have had to (go) - el/ea ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
we should/would have had to (go) - noi ar fi trebuit s (mergem)
you would have had to (go) - voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
they would have had to (go) - ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
N ||
I should/would not have had to (go) - eu nu ar fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I ||
should/would I have had to (go) ? - eu ar fi trebuit s (merg) ? - ar fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have had to (go)? - shouldn't/wouldn't I have had to (go)? - eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit
s (merg) ? - nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
SHALL - SHOULD - O
A ||
I should have (come) - eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) - tu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
he/she/it should have (come) - el/ea se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
we should have (come) - noi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) - voi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
they should have (come) - ei/ele se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
N ||
I should not (shouldn't) have (come) - eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) etc.
I ||
should I have (come) ? - eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) ? - se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) eu ? etc.
I - N ||
should I not (shouldn't I) have (come) ? - eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) ? - nu trebuia (nu se
86
OUGHT TO
I ought to have come - eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - eu se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come - tu s-ar fi cuvenit s vii - tu se cuvenea s fi venit
he/she/it ought to have come - el/ea s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - el/ea se cuvenea s fi venit
we ought to have come - noi s-ar fi cuvenit s venim - noi se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come - voi s-ar fi cuvenit s venii - voi se cuvenea s fi venit
they ought to have come - ei/ele s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - ei/ele se cuvenea s fi venit
N ||
I ought not (oughtn't) to have come - eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit etc.
I ||
ought I to have come ? - eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? - eu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
I - N ||
ought I not (oughtn't I) to have come ? - eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? - eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
A ||
Did he/she tell you why you ought to do it ? - i-a spus el/ea ie de ce trebuie (se cuvine/cade) s-o faci ? - i-a spus el/ea
ie de ce trebuia (se cuvenea/cdea) s-o faci ?
Did he/she tell you that you ought to have done it ? - i-a spus el/ea ie c se cuvine/cuvenea s-o fi fcut ?
Ought your friend to have been an engineer ? - Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fie inginer? - Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fi
fost inginer ?
If I were you I should/would learn more. - Dac a fi n locul tu a nva mai mult.
If I had seen you I might have helped you. - Dac te-a fi vzut a fi putut s te ajut.
Had I known him I should/would have helped him. - S-l fi cunoscut, l-a fi ajutat.
Even if they had been there, they couldn't have helped us. - Chiar dac ei ar fi fost acolo nu ar fi putut s ne ajute.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT - DIATEZA ACTIV
TO READ - a citi
I should/would have read - eu a fi citit
we should/would have read - noi am fi citit
you would have read - tu ai fi citit
you would have read - voi ai fi citit
he/she would have read - el/ea ar fi citit
they would have read - ei/ele ar fi citit
N ||
I should/would not have read - I shouldn't/wouldn't have read - eu nu a fi citit - eu n-a fi citit etc.
I ||
should/would I have read ? - eu a fi citit ? - a fi citit eu ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have read ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I have read ? - eu nu a (eu n-a) fi citit ? - nu a (na) fi citit eu ? etc.
A ||
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CLASIFICAREA INFINITIVULUI
INFINITIV
Prezent
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Perfect
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
aspectul comun
look (privi)
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
be looking (privi)
be looked at (fi privit)
be being looked at (fi privit)
to look (a privi)
to be looking (a privi)
to be looked at (a fi privit)
to be being looked at (a fi privit)
have looked at (fi privit)
have been looking at (fi privit)
have been looked at (fi fost privit)
have been being looked at (fi fost privit)
to have looked at ( a fi privit)
to have been looking at (a fi privit)
to have been looked at (a fi fost privit)
to have been being looked at (a fi fost privit)
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90
It was easy for me to learn. - Mie mi-a fost uor s nv.. It had been easy for me to learn. - Mie mi fusese uor s nv.
It would be easy for me to learn. - Mie mi-ar fi uor s nv.
D. NOMINATIV CU INFINITIV
Este varianta pasiv a acuzativului cu infinitiv, i se folosete dup aceleai grupe de verbe.
1 : I want him to play the piano. - Vreau ca el s cnte la pian. - este acuzativ cu infinitiv. Iat cum se transform el n
nominativ cu infinitiv :
2 : He is wanted to play the piano by me. - Se dorete ca el s cnte la pian de ctre mine.
Subiectul din exemplul 1adic I devine n exemplul 2 complement de agent (deci subiect logic).
Verbul want din exemplul 1 i schimb diateza din activ n pasiv.
Pronumele him din exemplul 1, care era la acuzativ trece n exemplul 2 la cazul nominativ i devine subiectul
propoziiei.
by me - de (ctre) mine
by us - de (ctre) noi
by you - de (ctre) tine
by you - de (ctre) voi/dv.
by him/her/it - de (ctre) el/ea
by them - de (ctre) ei/ele
by whom? - de (ctre) cine ?
By whom was he wanted to play the piano ? - Who(m) was he wanted to play the piano by ? - De (ctre) cine s-a dorit s
cnte el la pian ?
They were expected to come much earlier. - Erau ateptai s soseasc mult mai devreme.
Dup verbele to prove (a dovedi, a se dovedi), to turn out (a se dovedi), to happen (a se ntmpla) i to seem (a se
prea) nominativul cu infinitiv este o construcie activ, nu pasiv.
She proves to be a good tennis player. - Ea se dovedete a fi o bun juctoare de tenis.
They do not seem to be too friendly. - Ei nu par a fi prea prietenoi.
We happened to be watching the match when he came. - S-a ntmplat ca noi s privim meciul cnd a venit el.
He turned out to be a reliable man. - El s-a dovedit un om de ndejde.
If she were considered to be a good tennis player... - Dac ea ar fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she can be considered to be a good tennis player... - Dac ea poate fi considerat a fi bun juctoare de tenis...
If she could be considered to be a good tennis player... - Dac ea ar putea fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she should be considered to be a good tennis player... - Dac ea ar trebui s fie considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
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retrgeau de la rm.
A man learning to swim should be very cautious. - Un om care nva s noate ar trebui s fie foarte precaut.
2. PARTICIPIUL TRECUT (The Past Participle) este a III-a form de baz a verbelor, form care intr n alctuirea
timpurilor The Present Perfect i The Past Perfect.
3. PARTICIPIUL PERFECT (The Perfect Participle)
Having given him the book, I went home. - Dup ce i-am dat (lui) cartea, (eu) am plecat acas.
Structura aceasta const din participiul prezent al verbului to have urmat de un verb la participiul trecut.
Having been read the book was returned to the library. - After the book had been read it was returned to the library. Dup ce a fost citit cartea a fost napoiat la bibliotec.
1.6.3.2.1. CONSTRUCII PARTICIPIALE
A. ACUZATIV CU PARTICIPIU
Everybody admired him driving his car. - Toat lumea l-a admirat conducn-du-i maina.
Nobody heard her playing the piano or singing any song. - Nimeni n-a auzit-o cntnd la pian sau cntnd vreun cntec.
I did not hear the bell ringing. - N-am auzit clopoelul (soneria) sunnd.
B. NOMINATIV CU PARTICIPIU
Were you heard singing a song? - Ai fost (tu) auzit cntnd un cntec?
Was the bell heard ringing? - A fost clopoelul (soneria) auzit() sunnd?
C. NOMINATIVUL ABSOLUT
The door being locked, we went to bed. - Ua fiind ncuiat, ne-am dus la culcare.
We may go swimming while the sun is shining. - Putem merge s notm n timp ce soarele strlucete.
D. PARTICIPIUL ABSOLUT
Judging by appearances is not the best method. - A judeca dup aparene nu este cea mai bun metod.
Exemple cu structuri care conin verbe la participiul trecut :
We saw a deserted village. - Am vzut un sat prsit
He found the window shut. - El a gsit fereastra nchis.
Can you make your presence felt ? - i poi face prezena simit ?
You should make yourself respected. - Ar trebui s te faci respectat.
She felt herself admired. - S-a simit admirat.
You must have your hair cut. - Trebuie s-i scurtezi/tunzi prul.
1.6.3.3. MODUL GERUNZIU (THE GERUND MOOD)
Este un substantiv verbal, i seamn ca form cu participiul.
His coming was expected. - Venirea lui era ateptat.
Seeing is believing. - Faptul de a vedea (vzutul) nseamn a crede.
Gerund
prezent
perfect
diateza activ
seeing - vznd
having seen - dup ce a vzut
diateza pasiv
being seen - fiind vzut
having been seen - dup ce a fost vzut
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94
95
Were there not (weren't there) two books on the table ? - Nu au (n-au) fost (nu s-au aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul mai mult ca perfect (The Past Perfect)
There had been a book on the table. - Fusese (se aflase) o carte pe mas.
There had been two books on the table. - Fuseser (se aflaser) dou cri pe mas.
N || There had not (there hadn't) been a book on the table. - Nu fusese (nu se aflase) o carte pe mas.
There had not (there hadn't) been two books on the table. - Nu fuseser (nu se aflaser) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Had there been a book on the table ? - Fusese (se aflase) o carte pe mas ?
Had there been two books on the table ? - Fuseser (se aflaser) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Had there not (hadn't there) been a book on the table ? - Nu fusese (nu se aflase) o carte pe mas ?
Had there not (hadn't there) been two books on the table ? - Nu fuseser (nu se aflaser) dou cri pe mas ?
A ||
A ||
N ||
pe
There will not (there won't) have been two books on the table. - Nu vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
Will there have been a book on the table ? - Va fi fost (se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there have been two books on the table ? -Vor fi fost (se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) have been a book on the table ? - Nu va fi fost (nu se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) have been two books on the table ? - Nu vor fi fost (nu se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe
mas ?
I ||
A ||
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There may not (there mayn't) be a book on the table. - Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There may not be two books on the table. - Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
May there be a book on the table ? - Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there be two books on the table ? - Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || May there not be a book on the table ? - Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there not be two books on the table ? - Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
- cu verbul must - to have to - trebuie s - a trebui s
A || There must be a book on the table. - Trebuie s fie o carte pe mas.
There must be two books on the table. - Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There must not (there mustn't) be a book on the table. - Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There must not (there mustn't) be two books on the table. - Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Must there be a book on the table ? - Trebuie s fie (trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there be two books on the table ? - Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Must there not (musn't there) be a book on the table ? - Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there not (musn't there) be two books on the table ? - Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Past Tense
There could be a book on the table. - Putea fi o carte pe mas. - Putea s se gseasc o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. - Puteau fi dou cri pe mas. - Puteau s se afle dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not (there couldn't) be a book on the table. - Nu putea fi o carte pe mas. - Nu putea s se gseasc o
carte pe mas.
There could not (there couldn't) be two books on the table. - Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas. - Nu puteau s se afle
dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Could there be a book on the table ? - Putea fi o carte pe mas ?- Putea s se gseasc o carte pe mas ?
Could there be two books on the table ? - Puteau fi dou cri pe mas? - Puteau s se afle dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Could there not (couldn't there) be a book on the table ? - Nu putea fi o carte pe mas? - Nu putea s se gseasc o
carte pe mas ?
Could there not (couldn't there) be two books on the table ? - Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas ? - Nu puteau s se
afle dou cri pe mas ?
A || There might be a book on the table. - Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might be two books on the table. - Puteau fi (era voie/permis s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There might not (there mighn't) be a book on the table. - Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table. - Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Might there be a book on the table ? - Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas?
Might there be two books on the table ? - Puteau fi (era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Might there not (mighn't there) be a book on the table ? - Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
Might there not be two books on the table ? - Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
A || There had to be a book on the table. - Trebuia s fie (trebuia s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There had to be two books on the table. - Trebuia s fie dou cri pe mas.
A ||
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future in the Past
There could be a book on the table. - Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. - Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not be (there couldn't be) a book on the table. - Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could not be (there couldn't be) two books on the table. - Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
Exemplu: He told me that there could be a book on the table. - El mi-a spus c va putea fi o carte pe mas.
A ||
97
A ||
N ||
A ||
A ||
N ||
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SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
amusement - amuzare
amusingly - amuzant
amusive - hazliu
100
to attract - a atrage
amusingness - amuzare
attraction - atracie
attractingly - atrgtor
attractive - atrgtor
attractibility - atracie
to brighten -
brightly - luminos
brightly - strlucitor,
a lumina, a nviora
brilliance - strlucire
brilliantness - splendoare
care - grij
carefully - cu atenie
carefulness - atenie
careless - neglijent
carelessly - neglijent
to change - a schimba
changeableness - nestatornicie
changeable - schimbtor
changeably - schimbtor
changeless - neschimbat
changed - schimbat
to cloud - a innora
cloudiness - nnourare
cloudy - noros
cloudily - nebulos
cloudlessly - clar
cloudlessness - senintate
clouded - noros
to compare - a compara
compare/comparison - comparaie
comparative - comparativ
comparably - comparativ
VERB
SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
comparable - comparabil
comparatively - comparativ
comparation - comparaie
compared - comparat
comparability - comparabilitate
to continue - a continua
continuity - continuitate
continuous - continuu
continuously - continuu
continued - continuat
to deepen - a adnci,
deep - adnc
to disagree - a displace
disagreeably - neplcut
to hope - a spera
hope - speran
hopefully - promitor
hopelessness - disperare
liveliness - vioiciune, animaie
hopeless - disperat
livable - cu care se poate tri
hopelessly - fr speran,
life - via
livelong - trainic
to open - a deschide
open - deschis
openly - deschis
opener - deschiztor
to pain - a durea
pain - durere
painful - dureros
painfully - dureros
painfulness - durere
to taste - a gusta
taste - gust
tasty - gustos
tastily - gustos
tasteful - gustos
tastefully - cu gust
tasteless - fr gust
tastelessly - fr gust
to tidy - a ordona
tidiness - ordine
tidily - ordonat
to use - a folosi
-
usefully - util
uselessly - inutil
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
well - bine
badly -ru
far - departe
101
lively - vioi
much - mult
near - aproape
little - mult
late - trziu
up -sus
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
attractively - atrgtor
beautifully - frumos
bestially-bestial
carefully-atent
fortunately - norocos
quickly - rapid
charmingly - fermector
fluently - fluent
gratefully - recunosctor
willingly - bucuros
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
cleanly - curat
early devreme
hard - greu
low - deprimat
Multe adverbe i adjective se folosesc dup verbul to be, i dup verbele modale, fiind nume predicative. Se tie c
verbul to be poate fi predicat n propoziie doar cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc :
to be black - a fi negru
to be cold - a fi frig
to be bloody - a fi afurisit
to be concise - a fi concis
to be careful - a fi grijuliu/atent
to be hard - a fi greu
Toate aceste cuvinte black, bloody, careful, cold, concise etc. pot fi fie adjective, fie adverbe, faptul depinznd de
cuvntul pe lng care stau i l determin, iar de comparat se compar aa cum se arat n tabelele prezentate n capitolul
comparaia adjectivelor, respectiv comparaia adverbelor.
Mary has put on her very best dress. - Mary i-a mbrcat chiar cea mai bun rochie a ei.
Alice sees quite well, but John sees far better. - Alice vede foarte bine, ns John vede i mai bine.
John speaks French the best. - John vorbete franuzete cel mai bine.
Jane does not sing so beautifully. - Jane nu cnt aa de frumos.
We haven't seen him lately. - Nu l-am vzut n ultimul timp.
This book is a lot more interesting than that. - Aceast carte este mult mai interesant dect aceea.
That book is very very interesting. - Cartea aceea este foarte foarte interesant.
1.7.4. LOCUL ADVERBELOR
Adverbele cu ajutorul crora se formeaz gradul superlativ absolut stau totdeauna naintea adjectivelor sau adverbelor.
very well - foarte bine
quite right - perfect adevrat
Adverbul enough este singurul adverb care st dup adjective sau adverbe
She sings beautifully enough. - Ea cnt destul / suficient de frumos.
1.7.4.1. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE TIMP
afterward(s) - dup aceea
I saw them afterwards. - I-am vzut dup aceea.
again - din nou, iar, iari ; once more - nc o dat
I saw him again. - L-am vzut din nou.
again / time and again - very often - mereu - foarte adesea
You must try again and again. - Trebuie s ncerci mereu.
always - totdeuna, ntotdeauna
I am always at home on Sundays. - Sunt totdeauna acas duminica.
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The sun always rises in the east. - Soarele rsare totdeauna n est.
You must always remember these rules. - Trebuie s-i aminteti mereu aceste reguli.
Before - nainte; at an earlier time - ntr-un moment anterior
I had read that book before. - Citisem cartea aceea nainte.
ever - vreodat
Do you ever go to see them ? - Te duci vreodat pe la ei ?
Have you ever tried ? - Ai ncercat vreodat ?
never - niciodat; at no time - on no occasion - cu nici un prilej
I have never tried. - N-am ncercat niciodat.
I never go to seeaside alone. - Nu merg niciodat singur la mare.
He is never at home after eight o'clock. - El nu este niciodat acas dup ora opt.
I can never understand what he says. - Nu neleg niciodat ce zice el.
Never do things by halves .( prov.) - S nu faci niciodat lucrurile pe jumtate.
Never too old to learn. (prov.) - Nu suntem niciodata prea btrni s nvm.
0ften - adesea; many times - de multe ori
I often go to see them . - Merg adesea pe la ei.
How often do you visit them ? - Ct de des i vizitezi ?
I have often been there. - Am fost adesea acolo.
rarely - seldom- rareori
You can seldom see such animals. - Rareori poi vedea asemenea animale.
I rarely agree with them. - Rareori sunt de acord cu ei.
sometimes - uneori - now and then - cnd i cnd
Somtimes she makes good decisions. - Uneori ia hotrri bune.
Sometimes clemency is cruelty and cruelty is clemency. (prov.) - Uneori clemena este cruzine, iar cuzimea este clemen.
I want to tell you what I really think about it. - Vreau s-i spun ce cred eu cu adevrat despre asta.
We are nearly always at home on Sundays. - Aproape totdeauna suntem acas duminica.
We must talk about it beforehand. - Trebuie s discutm despre asta n prealabil.
They are always asking for money. - Ei cer totdeauna bani.
He often goes to Paris. - El pleac adesea la Paris.
He has often been to Paris. - El a fost adesea la Paris.
He has been there quite often . - El a fost acolo chiar/foarte des.
As often as we try to find out the truth . . . - Ori de cte ori ncercm s aflm adevrul ....
I have seldom met such good people. - Eu rareori am ntlnit/cunoscut oameni aa buni.
We seldom go shopping. - Noi rareori mergem dup cumprturi.
What do you usually do on holidays ? - Ce facei voi de obicei n vacan ?
I have sometimes seen them in the park. - I-am vzut uneori n parc.
The boys will be home very soon. - Bieii vor fi acas foarte curnd.
It will soon be five years since he has learned English. - Vor fi curnd cinci ani de cnd nva el englezete.
They arrived at the theatre twenty minutes too soon. - Ei au ajuns la teatru cu douzeci de minute mai repede/devreme.
The girl started to learn as soon as she received the books. - Fata a nceput s nvee de ndat ce a primit crile.
No sooner said than done. - Zis i fcut.
No soonerhad I arrived home than it began to rain. - Nici n-am ajuns acas c a i nceput s plou.
You will find out the truth sooner or later. - Vei afla adevrul mai devreme sau mai trziu.
We shall forget as long as we live. - Nu vom uita ct vom tri.
I expect my friends pretty soon. - i atept pe prietenii mei destul de curnd.
What day is it today ? - Ce zi este astzi ?
Today is Saturday, not Sunday. - Azi este smbt, nu duminic.
Where's today's newspaper ? - Unde este ziarul de astzi ?
Yesterday's newspaper is here, but today's isn't. - Ziarul de ieri este aici, dar cel de azi nu este.
Today is Saturday, tomorrow will be Sunday and the day after tomorrow will be Monday. - Azi este smbt, mine va fi
duminic, iar poimine va fi luni.
They only returned home yesterday . - Ei s-au ntors acas doar/abia ieri.
Yesterday was Friday and the day before yesterday was Thursday. - Ieri a fost vineri, iar alaltieri a fost joi.
I read a book yesterday. - Yesterday I read a book. - Am citit o carte ieri. - Ieri am citit o carte.
Where shall we be tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening/night ? - Unde vom fi mine diminea/dup mas/sear/noapte ?
The announcement won't appear in tomorrow's newspaper. - Anunul nu va apare n ziarul de mine.
We shall meet at the theatre tonight at seven o'clock. - Ne vom ntlni la teatru disear la ora apte.
1.7.4.2. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE MOD
He was walking fast, not slowly. - El mergea repede, nu ncet
briefly - pe scurt
He spoke about it briefly. - El a vorbit despre asta pe scurt.
Did they do it deliberately? - Au fcut-o deliberat?
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The letter must be written very carefully. - Scrisoarea trebuie scris foarte atent.
You must learn to speak English fluently. - Trebuie s nvei s vorbeti englezete curgtor/fluent.
I love this country very much. - Iubesc aceast ar foarte mult.
This lesson can easily be learned. - Aceast lecie poate fi uor nvat.
He almost always makes mistakes. - El aproape totdeauna face greeli.
Breakfast was almost ready. - Micul dejun era aproape gata.
It is almost time we started to play tennis. - Este aproape ora s ncepem s jucm tenis.
Almost no one can believe such a thing. - Aproape nimeni nu poate crede un asemenea lucru.
They were fully satisfied. - Ei erau pe deplin satisfcui/mulumii.
Our trip took fully five days. - Excursia noastr a luat cinci zile ntregi.
I saw people who could hardly walk. - Am vzut oameni care abia puteau merge.
That man can hardly speak. - Omul acela abia poate vorbi.
It is nearly seven o'clock and we're nearly ready. - Este aproape ora apte, iar noi suntem aproape gata.
He is probably the best football player. - El este probabil cel mai bun juctor de fotbal.
There are people who drive too quickly. - Sunt/Exist oameni care conduc prea repede.
quite - chiar, total, n ntregime
It is quite so. - Este chiar aa. - Este exact.
I know he is quite right. - tiu c are perfect dreptate.
He spoke in quite another tone. - Vorbi pe cu totul alt ton.
There are quite a few people in the street. - Sunt foarte muli oameni pe strad.
really - ntr-adevr, cu adevrat
I want to tell you what I really think about it. - Vreau s-i spun ce cred eu cu adevrat despre asta.
scarcely - abia, greu, cu greutate
I can scarcely hear what you say. - Abia aud ce zici.
He could scarcely recognize me. - M-a recunoscut cu mare greutate. -Abia dac m-a recunoscut.
It was really what he deserved. - A fost ntr-adevr ceea ce merita.
I strongly advise you to do it. - Te sftuiesc special s-o faci.
They felt truly grateful. - Se simeau ntr-adevr recunosctori.
They were watching a truly beautiful picture. - Admirau un tablou cu adevrat frumos.
I want to tell you what I really think about it. - Vreau s-i spun ce cred eu cu adevrat despre asta.
We are nearly always at home on Sundays. - Aproape totdeauna suntem acas duminica.
Din exemplele de mai sus se vede clar c adverbele : fully, hardly, nearly, probably, quite, really, scarcely, strongly i
au locul n general naintea cuvntului pe care l determin.
We are fully satisfied. - Suntem total mulumii.
Our journey took fully five hours. - Cltoria noastr a durat cinci ore ncheiate.
I hardly know that man. - Abia dac l cunosc pe omul acela.
They hardly ever go out. - They very seldom go out. - Ei ies din joi n pati. Ei ies foarte rar.
I can hardly see that plane. - Abia dac pot vedea avionul acela.
He has hardly any money. - He has very little money. - El are foarte puini bani.
Nearly all my friends came to my party. - Aproape toi prietenii mei au venit la petrecerea mea.
We are nearly ready. - Suntem aproape gata.
He nearly always loses his gloves. - El aproape totdeauna i pierde mnuile.
It is nearly five o'clock. - Este aproape ora cinci.
The little boy can nearly ski. - Bieelul aproape c tie s schieze.
She will probably pass the exam. - Probabil ea va trece la examen.
He was quite another man. - Era cu totul alt om.
They quite forgot about the whole story. - Au uitat total de ntrega poveste.
He knows me quite well. - El m cunoate foarte bine.
I don't know what he really thinks of us. - Nu tiu ce crede n realitate despre noi.
He really knows nothing. - El nu tie chiar nimic.
I scarcely/hardly hear that noise. - Abia aud zgomotul acela.
He strongly advises me to do it. - El m sftuiete insistent s-o fac.
She spoke loud/loudly and clear/clearly. - Ea vorbi tare i clar.
He only bought the book (but he didn't read it). - El doar a cumprat cartea (dar n-a citit-o).
He showed the book to me only. - El mi-a artat cartea doar mie.
He read only half of the book. - He only read half of the book. - El a citit doar jumtate din carte.
The food tastes good. - Mncarea are gust bun.
She was looking at them with disgust. - Ea privea la ei cu dezgust.
Unhappy, she went back home. - Nefericit, ea merse napoi acas.
What is strange, it is he who insists. - Ce este ciudat, este c el insist.
They are smoking very heavily. - Ei fumeaz foarte mult.
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That boy spoke extremely quickly. - Biatul acela a vorbit extrem de repede.
John was playing surprisingly well. - John juca surprinztor de bine.
John's friend reasoned extremely soundly. - Prietenul lui John judeca extrem de sntos.
John received about double the amount he expected. - John a primit aproape dublu suma la care se atepta.
We paid more than twenty lei for it. - Am pltit mai mult de douzeci de lei pentru asta.
He didn't have more than one hundred lei on him. - Nu a avut mai mult de o sut de lei la el.
I counted aproximately twenty five new comers. - Am numrat aproximativ douzeci i cinci de noi venii.
The bottle was three quarters full. - Sticla era trei sferturi plin.
They don't like it much. - Nu le place mult.
These are far more important problems. - Acestea sunt probleme mult mai importante.
The first thing is that he is not here. - Primul lucru este c el nu este aici.
The heart that once truly loves never forgets. (prov.) - Dragostea adevrat nu se uit niciodat.
He didn't expect us to be here. - El nu s-a ateptat ca noi s fim aici.
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. (prov.) - Cine se culc devreme i se scoal devreme
ajunge sntos, bogat i nelept.
By doing nothing, we learn to do ill. (prov.) - Lenea e mama tuturor viciilor.
Four eyes see more than two. (prov.) - Patru ochi vd mai bine dect doi.
1.7.4.3. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE LOC
We'll be waiting inside, not outside. - Vom atepta nuntru, nu afar.
I found the book where I had put it. - Am gsit cartea unde am pus-o.
I saw John in the park. - L-am vzut pe John n parc.
They walked past my car. - Ei au trecut de maina mea.
They were walking about the town. - Ei se plimbau prin ora.
He was left well behind. - El a fost lsat mult n urm.
We shall find the book somewhere. - Vom gsi cartea undeva.
The book may be anywhere. - Cartea poate fi oriunde.
We may walk everywhere. - Ne putem plimba peste tot.
1.7.4.4. PROPOZIII CU MAI MULTE ADVERBE
I must give this book to your friend today at six o'clock. - Trebuie s-i dau a- ceast carte prietenului tu azi la ora ase.
It will be written by John later this week, perhaps on Saturday afternoon. - Va fi scris() de John mai trziu sptmna
aceasta, poate smbt dup-mas.
They are requested to be quiet between twelve and five o'clock every day. - Lor li se pretinde s fie linitii ntre orele
doisprezece i cinci dup-amiaza n fiecare zi.
My friends are living in the country somewhere near Cluj. - Prietenii mei triesc la ar undeva lng Cluj.
It will be hard for her to live on her small pension from now on. - Va fi greu pentru ea s triasc din mica ei pensie de acum
nainte/ncolo.
We all are to meet them at the station tomorrow at a quarter past twelve. - Noi toi urmeaz s-i ntlnim la gar mine la
doisprezece i un sfert.
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above - deasupra
alongside - unul lng altul, alturi
at - la
beneath - sub; mai jos de
by - de, de ctre, prin
inside - nuntru
notwithstanding - cu toate c
opposite - peste drum de, vizavi
round - n jurul
to - la, ctre
within - n, nuntrul; nu mai trziu de
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on (prep.) - pe
a book on the table - o carte pe mas
a picture on the wall - un tablou pe perete
a hat on her/his head - o plrie pe capul ei/lui
out of (prep.) - afar din, din
to go/walk out of a room - a iei dintr-o camer
to do smth. out of pity - a face ceva de/din mil
trees grow out of the earth - copacii cresc din pmnt
over (prep) - peste, deasupra, asupra
over their heads - deasupra capetelor lor
a bridge over the river - un pod peste ru
over (adv.)
I am to turn over the page. - Urmeaz s dau pagina.
over again - nc o dat
to boil over with rage - a spumega de mnie
over and again - de mai multe ori
to turn over the leaves of a book - a da/ntoarce foile unei cri
past (prep.) - peste, i, trecut de
half past one, two etc. - unu, dou etc. i jumtate
past (adv.)
to run past smb. - a trece n fug pe lng cineva, a trece de cineva n fug
round (adj.) - rotund
a round table - o mas rotund
a round peg in a square hole - potrivit ca nuca n perete
round (prep.) - n jurul
to run round a house - a alerga n jurul unei case
round the sun - n jurul soarelui
since (prep. & adv.) - de, din, de la
since four o'clock - de la ora patru
I haven't seen them since. - Nu i-am vzut de atunci.
through (prep.) - pe, prin, printre
to come in through the door - a intra pe u
to look through a telescope - a privi printr-un telescop
to go through life - a trece prin via
throughout (prep.) - n, prin, peste
throughout our holidays - pe tot parcursul vacanei noastre
to revise a book throughout - a revizui o carte complet
throughout this country - de-a lungul i de-a latul acestei ri
to (prep.) - la, ctre, spre
this road leads to Braov. - drumul acesta duce la Braov.
to go to school/church - a merge la coal/biseric
to walk to school - a merge la coal pe jos
to go to school by bus - a merge la coal cu autobuzul
to go to the baker's - a merge la patiserie/brutrie
to go to bed - a merge la culcare
to come to an end - to finish - a lua sfrit, a se termina
to turn to the right and to the left - a se ntoarce la dreapta i la stnga
to go from place to place - a merge dintr-un loc ntr-altul
under (prep.) - dedesubt, sub, mai jos de
to swim under water - a nota pe sub ap
to be under arms - a fi sub arme
under the age of fourteen - sub vrsta de paisprezece ani
to be under treatment - a fi sub ngrijire medical, a fi n tratament
under my, your etc. feet - sub tlpile mele, tale etc.
to be under observation - a fi sub observaie
this question under examination - aceast chestiune n studiu
under (adv.)
That boat went under. - Barca aceea a mers la fund.
underneath (prep.) - sub, dedesubtul
The ball rolled underneath a table. - Mingea s-a rostogolit sub o mas.
up (prep.) - ctre, spre, n susul
to run up the hill - a alerga pe deal n sus, a urca dealul n fug
to walk up a hill/mountain - a urca un deal/munte
the ups and downs of life - vicisitudinile/valurile vieii
up (adv. particle)
to be up for sometime - a fi n picioare de ctva timp, a fi sculat de ctva timp
to be up till late - a nu se culca pn trziu
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without (prep.) - fr
not to succeed without money - a nu reui fr bani
to come without delay - a veni fr ntrziere
to escape without damage - a scpa nevtmat
to come without doubt - a veni fr ndoial
to be without help - a fi fr ajutor, a fi lipsit de ajutor
It goes without saying. - Se nelege de la sine.
to do smth. without success - a face ceva fr succes
They passed without saying a word. - Ei au trecut fr a spune vreun cuvnt.
I cannot speak German without mistakes. - Nu pot vorbi germana fr greeli.
1.8.2. VERBE CU PREPOZIII OBLIGATORII
to accuse smb. of smth. - a acuza pe cineva de ceva
to agree on - a fi de acord asupra
to approve of smth. - a aproba ceva
to ask smb. for smth. - a cere cuiva ceva
to be acquainted with smth.-a fi obinuit cu ceva
to be angry with smb. - a fi suprat pe cineva
to be astonished at - a fi uimit/uluit de
to be characteristic of - a fi caracteristic pentru
to be concerned with - a fi preocupat de
to be crazy about - a fi nebun dup
to be dependent on/upon - a fi dependent de
to be different from - a fi diferit de
to be good at - a fi bun la, a se pricepe la
to be grateful to - a fi recunosctor fa de
to be of opinion that - a fi de prere c
to be on the move - a fi n micare
to be independent of - a fi independent de
to be intent on - a fi absorbit de
to be jealous of - a fi gelos pe
to be polite to - a fi politicos/civilizat cu
to be proud of - a fi mndru de
to be seized with - a fi prins de
to be sorry for - a-i prea ru pentru; a-i cere scuze
to be surprised at - a fi surprins de
to beg for - a ceri/implora
to belong to - a aparine
to boast of - a se luda/fli cu
to call for - a cere, a necesita
to call at a place - a trece printr-un loc
to compare to/with - a compara cu
to conceal from - a se ascunde de
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to contribute to - a contribui la
to cure of - a vindeca de
to defend from - a apra de
to die of - a muri de
to do without - a se lipsi de, a face fr
to embark on - a o porni ntr-o direcie;
to feed on - a hrni cu
to forgive for - a ierta pentru
to go to - a merge la, a se duce la
to hope for - a spera la
to insist on - a insista asupra
to introduce to - a prezenta (cuiva)
to knock at - a bate la
to laugh at - a rde de
to lend to smb. - a da mprumut cuiva
to long for - a tnji dup
to look after - a ngriji de, a avea grij de
to look into - a examina
to look on/upon - a considera
to meet with - a ntmpina
to move from ... to ... - a se muta din ... la/n ...
to part with - a se despri de
to pass for - a trece drept
to pine for - a tnji dup
to prevent from - a mpiedica/opri s
to protect from - a proteja/apra de
to pull at - a trage la
to recover from - a-i reveni dup, a se face bine dup
to refrain from - a se abine de la
to resort to smb. - a se adresa cuiva, a apela la cineva
to reproach smb. with smth. - a reproa cuiva ceva
to be sated with - a fi stul/dezgustat de
to send for - a trimite dup
to smell of - a mirosi a
to stare at - a privi fix/intens la
to subtract from - a scdea din
to supply with - a aproviziona cu
to think about/of - a se gndi la
to transform/change into - a transforma/schimba in
to wait for smb. - a atepta pe cineva
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I found the book interesting, consequently I bought it. - Am gsit cartea interesant, aadar am cumprat-o.
so - aadar, de aceea, prin urmare, astfel c, aa c
I considered the book important, so I bought it. - Am considerat cartea important, astfel c am cumprat-o.
therefore - astfel cA, deci, de aceea, aadar, prin urmare, n consecin
I didn't find them in the park, therefore I went home. - Nu i-am gsit n parc, aadar am plecat acas.
1.9.1.1.5. CONJUNCII CAUZALE (CAUSAL CONJUNCTIONS)
for - cci, pentru c, ntruct, deoarece, fiindc
It is very hot for it is August. - Este foarte cald cci este august.
Sunt rare ns cazurile cnd se ntlnesc n engleza vorbit astfel de exemple/cazuri cu for cauzal.
1.9.1.2. CONJUNCII SUBORDONATOARE (SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile subordonatoare leag o subordonat de regenta sa.
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I shall come on the condition that I have time. - Voi veni cu condiia c voi avea timp.
provided that - cu condiia c
I shall come provided that I have time. - Voi veni cu condiia c voi avea timp.
if and only if - dac i numai dac
I shall come if and only if I have time. - Voi veni dac i numai dac voi avea timp.
as long as - att timp ct, dac
I shall not give you the money as long as you don't tell me the truth. - Nu-i voi da banii atta timp ct nu-mi vei spune
adevrul.
but - dac nu
But for John, I would have gone. - Dac n-ar fi fost John a fi mers.
unless - dac nu
I shall not give you the money unless you tell me the truth. - Eu nu-i voi da banii dac nu-mi vei spune adevrul.
1.9.1.2.8. CONJUNCII CONSECUTIVE (CONJUNCTIONS OF RESULT)
Conjunciile consecutive introduc subordonatele consecutive.
so . . . that . . . - aa de . . . nct . . ., that - nct/c;
I lent you the book so that you could read it. - i-am mprumutat cartea ca s-o poi citi.
such . . . that . . . - aa/astfel de . . . nct/c . . .
Such was the force of the wind that we could not stand. - Aa mare era fora vntului c noi nu puteam sta n picioare.
1.9.1.2.9. CONJUNCII ATRIBUTIVE (ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjuncile atributive introduc subordonatele atributive sau relative.
that - care, pe care, de care (pentru persoane i lucruri)
This is the book that I need. - Aceasta este cartea de care am eu nevoie.
He is the man that/who knows us. - El este omul care ne cunoate pe noi.
who (pronume relativ) - care
He is the man who knows us. - El este omul care ne cunoate.
whose - al, a, ai, ale cui/crui/crei/cror
He is the playwright whose plays are eternal. - El este dramaturgul ale crui piese sunt eterne.
to whom - who(m) . . . to - cruia, creia, crora
The boy, to whom I must give this book, is my friend. - The boy, who(m) I must give this book to, is my friend. - Biatul,
cruia eu trebuie s-i dau aceast carte, este prietenul meu.
whom / that - pe care (pentru persoane)
The boys, whom/that you see, are John's friends. - Bieii, pe care i vezi, sunt prietenii lui John.
which / that - care, pe care (pentru lucruri)
The house, which/that you see, is mine. - Casa, pe care o vezi, este a mea.
1.9.1.2.10. CONJUNCII SUBIECTIVE ( SUBJECT CLAUSE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile subiective introduc subordonatele subiective.
that - c
That we have to work hard is a necessity. - C trebuie s muncim mult este o necesitate.
who - cine, care
Who knows the truth is not here. - Cine tie adevrul nu este aici.
what - ce
What I like is not to be found here. - Ce-mi place mie nu se gsete aici.
when - cnd
When he comes depends on the weather. - Cnd vine el depinde de vreme.
why - de ce, din ce cauz
Why he has come is a mystery. - De ce a venit el este un mister.
what . . . for - for what - pentru ce
For what he has come is a mystery. - Pentru ce a venit el este un mister.
how - cum
How he has done it is a mystery. - Cum a fcut-o este un mister.
where - unde
Where we shall go is a mystery. - Unde vom merge este un mister.
wherever - oriunde
Wherever we went would be a mystery/secret. - Oriunde am merge ar fi un mister/secret.
whenever - ori de cte ori
Whenever we went would be a mystery. - Ori de cte ori am merge ar fi un mister.
whose - al, a, ai, ale
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Whose this book is is a mystery. - A cui este aceast carte este un mister.
what kind / sort of - ce fel de
What kind / sort of man he is is a mystery. - Ce fel de om este el este un mister.
which - care
Which book I must buy is a mystery. - Care carte trebuie s-o cumpr este un mister.
which of - care dintre
Which of us will travel by train is a secret. - Care dintre noi va cltori cu trenul este secret.
1.9.1.2.11. CONJUNCII COMPLETIVE (OBJECT CLAUSE CONJUNCTIONS)
that - c
You did not tell me that you would come earlier. - Nu mi-ai spus c vei veni mai devreme.
Conjuncia that se poate omite: I knew you were very busy. - tiam c eti foarte ocupat.
1.9.2. ALTE CUVINTE DE LEGTUR
for instance - for example - de exemplu/pild
one - o dat
One, you would have more spare time. - O dat, ai avea mai mult timp liber.
two - doi, n al doilea rnd
Two, you would be better paid. - Doi, ai fi mai bine pltit.
Secondly, and far more importantly . . . - n al doilea rnd, i mult mai important . . .
and to conclude . . .- i n ncheiere
first / firstly - n primul rnd, mai nti
second / secondly - n al doilea rnd
third / thirdly - n al treilea rnd
to conclude - n ncheiere / concluzie
for a start - pentru nceput
I want to begin by saying that. - Vreau s ncep prin a spune (spunnd) c.
Another thing is that . . . - Alt lucru este c . . .
Which is far more important. - Care este cu mult mai important.
There is still another thing. - Mai este nc un lucru.
The final thing I must say is . . . - Ultimul lucru pe care trebuie s-l spun este . . .
The second/third reason is . . . - Al doilea/treilea motiv este . . .
Also, it's not . . . - De asemenea, nu este . . .
You didn't read that book. - I didn't read it either. - Neither did I. - Tu nu ai citit cartea aceea. - Nici eu n-am citit-o.
"You are in a hurry." "Indeed we are." - Voi v grbii. Ne grbim, ntr-adevr; Da, aa este; Sigur c da.
That reminds me of . . . - Asta mi amintete de . . .
By the way. - By the by. - Apropo.
In a word, briefly. - ntr-un cuvnt, pe scurt.
My conclusion is that . . . - Concluzia mea este c . . .
That is. - That is to say. - Adic
This is another way of putting it. - Aceasta este un alt fel/mod de a-l spune/ exprima.
Such an example would be . . . - Un astfel de exemplu ar fi
As a result...- consequently... - Ca urmare; n consecin...
The consequence was that . . . - Consecina/urmarea a fost c . . .
The consequence of his being late was that . . . - Consecina/urmarea ntrzierii lui a fost c . . .
in other words - cu alte cuvinte
in that case - n cazul acela
if so - dac e aa
if not - dac nu
I would rather say - a spune/zice mai degrab
a way of putting it - un fel de a spune
a better way of putting it - un fel mai bun de a zice
It would be better to . . . - Ar fi mai bine s. .
on the one hand / side - pe de o parte; on the other hand / side - pe de alt parte
on the contrary - dimpotriv
by contrast - prin contrast
Of course, he . . .- Desigur, el . . .
He is , of course.... - El este, desigur...
it is true that - este adevrat c
There is little doubt about that. - Este puin ndoial n privina aceasta/aceea.
There is no doubt about that. - Nu este nici o ndoial n acest sens.
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2. S I N T A X A (THE SYNTAX)
(gr.: syn - mpreun, cu; taxis - aranjament, aezare)
Sintaxa este aceea parte a gramaticii care se ocup cu studiul funciilor cuvintelor n propoziii i cu studiul
propoziiilor n fraz. Ea stabilete regulile dup care se mbin propoziiile n fraz.
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ON / UPON PE, IN
to be crazy on smth. - a fi mare amator de ceva, a fi mort dup ceva
to be dependent on smth. - a fi dependent de ceva
to count on/upon smb./smth. - a se bizui/baza pe cineva/ceva, a conta pe cineva/ceva
to call on smb. - a vizita pe cineva, a trece pe la cineva
to congratulate smb. on smth. - a felicita pe cineva pentru ceva
to depend on/upon - a depinde de
to feed smb. on smth. - a hrni pe cineva cu ceva
to insist on - a insista asupra
to intrude smth. on/upon smb. - a se impune ceva cuiva
to knock on smth. - a se lovi de ceva
to live on - a tri cu
to look on/upon a show - a privi la (ca spectator)
to look on smb. as - a considera pe cineva drept
to be intent on/upon - a fi concentrat asupra, a fi absorbit de
ABOUT n jurul; despre; prin etc.
to be concerned about smth. - a fi preocupat, ingrijorat de ceva
to be crazy about smth. - a fi mare amator de ceva, a fi mort dup ceva
to boast to smb. about smth. - a se luda cuiva cu ceva
to think about smth. - a se gndi la ceva
IN - din, n, la
to be interested in smth. - a-l interesa ceva
to have similar tastes in - a avea gusturi asemntoare pentru
to be superior in - a fi superior n/ca
to indulge in - a se complace n, a se deda la
to interfere in smth. - a se amesteca/bga n ceva
to laugh in smb.'s face - a-i rde cuiva n nas
to participate in smth. - a participa la ceva
to succeed in - a reui s
AT - LA
to be astonished at smth. - a fi uimit/surprins de ceva
to be good at smth. - a fi bun, a se pricepe la ceva
to be indignant at smth. - a fi indignat de ceva
to be surprised at smth. - a fi surprins de ceva
to glance at smb./smth. - a arunca o privire la cineva/ceva
to knock at - a bate la
to look at smb./smth. - a privi la cineva/ceva
to play at smth. - a se juca de-a ceva
to laugh at smb./smth. - a rde de cineva/ceva
to rush at smb./smth. - a se repezi la cineva/ceva
BY - lng, cu, dup, pe etc.
to be impressed by smb./smth. - a fi impresionat de cineva/ceva
to be preoccupied by smth. - a fi preocupat de ceva
to begin by - a ncepe prin a
to pass by smb./smth. - a trece de cineva/ceva
to profit by smth. - a profita de ceva
AGAINST - contra, mpotriva
to defend against - a apra contra/mpotriva
to knock against smth. - a se lovi de ceva
to protect smb. against smth. - a proteja pe cineva mpotriva/de ceva
AFTER - DUP
to look after smth./smb. - a avea grij, a se ngriji de ceva/cineva
WITHOUT - FR
to do without - a se lipsi/dispensa de - a se descurca fr
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It rained cats and dogs on the day on which we arrived. - A plouat cu gleata n ziua n care am sosit.
2.2.4. Propoziia completiv direct (The Object Clause)
Este complementul direct al verbului tranzitiv din regent.
I did not ask him whether he was thirsty. - Nu l-am ntrebat dac i este/era sete.
Did you know whose that house was ? - Ai tiut tu a cui este/era casa aceea ?
I told you whom he gave the books to. - Eu i-am spus cui a dat el crile.
He said that he would come later on. - El a zis c va veni dup aceea.
I advised him to stay with us. - I advised that he stay with us. - L-am sftuit s stea cu noi.
2.2.5. Propoziia subordonat temporal (The Adverbial Clause of Time)
Este n fraz complementul circumstanial de timp pe lng un verb sau adverb din regenta sa.
I shall read this book when I have time. - Voi citi aceast carte cnd voi avea timp.
Termenul regent este verbul read.
Buy your ticket immediately that you reach the station! - Cumpr-i biletul imediat cum ajungi la gar!
I shall read this book before you come home. - Voi citi aceast carte nainte ca tu s vii acas.
I shall give you the money as soon as I meet you. - i voi da banii de ndat ce te voi ntlni.
They have been dancing ever since the party started. - Ei danseaz chiar de cnd a nceput petrecerea.
She is happy when she is with her family. - Ea este fericit cnd este cu familia ei.
You may stay until your cousin arrives. - Poi sta pn sosete veriorul tu.
He may write the letter while we are swimming. - El poate scrie scrisoarea n timp ce noi notm.
You will repeat the lesson till/until you know it. - Vei repeta lecia pn o vei ti.
No sooner had the sunset than they went to bed. - Nici n-a apus soarele c ei s-au i dus la culcare.
He may stay until John comes. - El poate sta pn vine John.
Subordonata temporal rspunde la ntrebrile: when ? - cnd ?, how long? - de ct timp ?, since when ? - de cnd ?, till
when ? - pn cnd ? etc.
2.2.6. Propoziia circumstanial de loc (The Adverbial Clause of Place)
Este complementul circumstanial de loc al unui verb sau adverb din regenta sa de care se leag prin adverbe relative ca:
where - unde, wherever - oriunde etc.
You cannot live where they live. - Nu poi tri unde triesc ei.
We may spend our holidays wherever we like. - Noi putem petrece vacana/ concediul oriunde ne place.
I'll go wherever I can find work. - Voi merge oriunde pot gsi de lucru.
2.2.7. Subordonata de proporie (The Clause of Proportion)
Este o variant a subordonatei de mod.
The more we are, the better it is. - Cu ct suntem mai muli, cu att mai bine.
As time went on, (so) she began to type more quickly. - Cum timpul a trecut, ea a nceput s bat la main mai repede. - Cu
trecerea timpului ea a nceput s scrie la main mai repede.
The harder you work, the more money you make. - Cu ct munceti mai mult, cu att ctigi mai muli bani.
2.2.8. Subordonata preferenial (The Clause of Preference)
Se traduce prin subordonata opoziional.
Rather than play football, I'd prefer to swim. - Dect s joc fotbal, a prefera s not.
Rather than play football, you had better learn. - Dect s joci fotbal, mai bine ai nva. - Dect s joci fotbal, mai bine s
nvei.
I would play football rather than learn. - A juca fotbal mai degrab dect s nv.
2.2.9. Propoziia circumstanial de mod i comparativ (The Adverbial Clause of Manner and Comparison)
Joac rolul de complement circumstanial de mod pe lng un verb sau un adverb din regenta sa.
Mary sings as beautifully as her sister does. - Maria cnt la fel de frumos cum cnt sora ei.
My friend is older than your friend (is). - Prietenul meu este mai mare/btrn dect este al tu.
He looked at me as if/though he hadn't known me. - El a privit la mine de parc nu m-ar fi cunoscut.
Alice sings more beautifully than Jane (does). - Alice cnt mai frumos dect cnt Jane.
She was singing as beautifully as her sister, Alice was. - Ea cnta la fel de frumos cum cnta sora ei, Alice.
Tomorrow we shall work more than we worked yesterday. - Mine vom munci mai mult dect am muncit ieri.
Subordonata circumstanial de mod rspunde la ntrebrile: how? - cum?, how beautifully ? - ct de frumos ?, how
much ? - ct de mult ?, how little ? - ct de puin ?, how big ? - ct de mare ? etc.
She cooks the breakfast exactly as her mother did. - Ea pregtete micul dejun exact cum fcea mama ei.
2.2.10. Propoziia subordonat cauzal (The Adverbial Clause of Cause/Reason)
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Este n fraza respectiv un complement circumstanial de cauz pe lng termenul su regent care este un verb sau un
adverb din regenta sa.
I didn't meet them there because I was late. - Nu i-am ntlnit acolo pentru c am ntrziat.
Se leag de regenta sa prin conjuncii sau adverbe relative ca: because - pentru c, for the reason that - pentru motivul
c, seeing that - vznd c, on the ground that - din cauz c, owing to the fact that - datorit faptului c, as - cci, since ntruct, on account that - din cauz c etc.
Rspunde la ntrebri ca: why ? - de ce ?, on what account ? - din ce cauz, for what reason ? - din ce motiv/cauz ? etc.
Seeing that they did not come I went home. - Vznd c ei nu vin am plecat acas.
I did not come owing to the fact that it was too late. - Eu nu am venit pentru faptul c era prea trziu.
2.2.11. Propoziia subordonat final (de scop) (The Adverbial Clause of Purpose)
Corespunde n fraza respectiv unui complement circumstanial de cauz pe lng un verb sau adverb din regenta sa,
respectiv pe lng termenul su regent.
You must get up earlier, so that you can meet him at the station. - Trebuie s te scoli mai devreme ca s-l poi ntmpina pe
el la gar.
We got up early, so that we should not be late for school. - Ne-am sculat de-noapte ca s nu ntrziem de la coal.
He must turn on the light lest he should knock himself against something in the darkness. - El trebuie s aprind lumina ca
s nu se loveasc de ceva pe ntuneric.
Subordonata final se leag de regenta sa prin conjunciile i adverbele relative: in order that - cu scopul de a, so that aa nct, that - nct/c, lest (+ should) - ca s nu, for fear that - de team s nu, on purpose to - cu scopul de a.
I shall go to England so that I can learn English well. - Eu voi merge n Anglia ca s pot nva englezete bine.
n limba englez un mare numr de subordonate finale se realizeaz cu ajutorul modului infinitiv, dei se tie c
infinitivul nu este un mod personal.
We go to school to learn. - Mergem la coal s nvm. - Mergem la coal pentru a nva.
We go to church to pray. - Mergem la biseric pentru a ne ruga. - Mergem la biseric s ne rugm.
They came here on purpose to borrow money from us. - Ei au venit aici cu scopul de a mprumuta bani de la noi.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: on what purpose ? - cu ce scop ?, for what reason ? - pentru care motiv ?, for what ? - what..
for ? - pentru ce ?
2.2.12. Subordonata concesiv (The Adverbial Clause of Concession)
Se introduce prin conjunciile: though, although - dei, cu toate c, however - orict de, whoever - indiferent cine, in
spite of - n ciuda /pofida, even if/though - chiar dac, whichever - indiferent care, no matter who - indiferent cine, no matter
whose - indiferent al, a, ai, ale cui ?, no matter by whom - no matter who(m)... by - indiferent de cine, no matter why indiferent de ce, no matter how - indiferent cum , no matter when - indiferent cnd, no matter where - indiferent unde
Though it is late we shall sit and watch the football match. - Dei este trziu noi vom sta i vom privi meciul de fotbal.
We shall watch the football match although it is late. - Noi vom privi meciul de fotbal dei este trziu.
Late as it is we shall watch the football match. - Trziu aa cum este noi vom privi meciul de fotbal. - Aa trziu cum este
noi vom privi meciul de fotbal.
You should be waiting for him even if it were late. - Ar trebui s-l atepi chiar dac ar fi trziu.
n acest ultim exemplu se observ n subordonat folosirea modului subjonctiv prin care se exprim o situaie ireal sau o
presupunere.
You should have been waiting for him even if it had been late. - Ar fi trebuit s-l atepi chiar dac era trziu.
We shall go to see them even if it is rather early. - Mergem pe la ei dei este cam devreme.
I buy it however expensive it is. - l /O cumpr indiferent ct este de scump().
I should buy it however expensive it were. - A cumpra-o indiferent ct ar fi ea de scump. - L-a cumpra indiferent ct ar
fi de scump.
If they're poor, at least they're honest. - Dac sunt sraci cel puin sunt cinstii.
2.2.13. Propoziia consecutiv (The Adverbial Clause of Result or The Consecutive Adverbial Clause)
Exprim rezultatul/urmarea/consecina aciunii din propoziia regent.
Alice was so beautiful that everybody was admiring her. - Alice era aa/att de frumoas nct toat lumea o admira.
His explanation was so clear that each of us understood it - Explicaia lui a fost aa de clar nct fiecare dintre noi a
neles-o.
He never goes to the seaside but spend a lot of money. - El nu merge niciodat la mare fr s cheltuiasc muli bani.
Such was the force of his argument that everybody agreed with him. - Aa mare a fost fora argumentului su c toat lumea
a fost de acord cu el.
Se introduce prin conjunciile: so... that... - aa de... nct/c, that - c/nct
He was so clever that everybody admired him. - El era aa/att de detept c/nct toat lumea l admira.
2.2.14. Propoziia subordonat condiional (The Adverbial Clause of Condition or the Conditional Clause)
Reprezint condiia nfptuirii/ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta sa. Se leag de regenta sa cu ajutorul conjunciilor
127
condiionale : if - dac, on condition that - cu condiia c, providing/provided that - cu condiia c, suppose/supposing that presupunnd c - dac, unless - dac nu, cu condiia c nu , whether... or not - dac... sau nu, as soon as - de ndat ce - dac,
as long as - ct timp - dac, in case - n caz c - dac
Exist trei tipuri de condiionale, clasificare fcut n raport cu posibilitatea realizrii/ ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta
respectiv.
a) Subordonata condiional tip I condiie real i posibil, iar verbul din regenta sa este la viitor. Locul lor n
fraz se poate schimba.
If I have time I shall read this book. - Dac voi avea timp voi citi aceast carte.
I shall read this book if I have time. - Voi citi aceast carte dac voi avea timp.
I shall not read this book unless I have time. - Nu voi citi aceast carte dac nu voi avea timp.
I shall read this book on the condition that I have time. - Voi citi aceast carte cu condiia c voi avea timp.
Remind him of his promise in case he forgets. - Amintete-i de promisiunea lui n caz c uit.
I'll remind you of your promise in case you forget. - i voi aminti de promisiunea ta n caz c uii.
I'll not be waiting for you if you are late. - Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
I'll not wait for you if you are late. - Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
Din exemplele de mai sus se vede c aciunea din condiional probabil/ posibil se va ndeplini.
b) Subordonata condiional tip II condiie ireal i improbabil, dar nu imposibil.
I should read this book if I had time. - Eu a citi aceast carte dac a avea timp.
Se observ c n exemplul de mai sus verbul este la modul condiional, timpul prezent, iar n regent verbul este
modul subjonctiv, timpul prezent. n aceast situaie condiia devine probabil. n acest caz aciunea din regent pare mai
degrab s nu se realizeze sau presupunerea din regent pare s fie n contradicie cu realitatea ori faptele cunoscute.
He would buy this palace if he had money. - El ar cumpra acest palat dac ar avea bani.
If he were to go on a journey round the world he would be very happy. - Dac el ar fi/ trebui/ urma s mearg ntr-o
cltorie n jurul lumii ar fi foarte fericit.
He would be very happy if he were to go on a journey round the world. - El ar fi foarte fericit dac ar fi s plece/mearg
ntr-o cltorie n jurul lumii.
c) Subordonata condiional tip III condiie imposibil
n situaia aceasta verbul din regent este la modul condiional perfect, iar cel din regent este la modul subjonctiv
perfect. Condiiile sunt trecute, sunt deci imposibil de ndeplinit.
If I had had time I should have read the book. - Dac a fi avut timp a fi citit cartea.
sau:
I should have read the book if I had had time. - Eu a fi citit cartea dac a fi avut timp.
I should have spoken to that Englishman if I had been able to speak English. - A fi vorbit cu englezul acela dac a fi tiut
englezete.
sau:
Had I been able to speak English I should have spoken to that Englishman. - S fi tiut eu s vorbesc englezete a fi
vorbit cu englezul acela.
If you treat us kindly, we'll do anything for you. - Dac ne tratezi (ne vei trata) amabil vom face orice pentru tine.
If you listened to us, you wouldn't make mistakes. - Dac tu ai asculta de noi n-ai face greeli.
If you ever have any trouble, let us know. - Dac avei/ai vreodat vreo suprare, d-ne de tire.
If it were to rain, you would get wet. - Dac ar fi s plou, v-ai uda.
Should you change your mind, let me know. - Dac s-ar ntmpla s te rzgndeti, d-mi de veste.
Give it back to him, or I'll tell your mother. - D-i-l napoi c altfel i spun mamei tale.
2.2.15. Subordonata condiional concesiv (The Alternative Conditional Concessive Clause)
He will pay for everything, whether he likes it or not. - El va plti pentru tot, chiar dac i place sau nu.
Wherever you live, you have to work hard. - Oriunde (indiferent unde) trieti, trebuie s munceti serios/mult.
Wherever you lived, you'd have to work hard. - Oriunde ai locui/tri ar trebui s munceti mult.
2.3. CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR (THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonat cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. n limba englez
timpul verbului din subordonat trebuie s se subordoneze timpului verbului din regent. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile
verbelor din regente dicteaz folosirea anumitor timpuri n subordonatele lor.
Exist n acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut i aplicat.
Regula I: Dac n regent verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense n subordonat se poate folosi orice
timp.
Regula II: Dac n regent verbul este la trecut n subordonat el trebuie s fie la unul din cele trei timpuri trecute ale
limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the Past.
Regula III: Dac verbul din regent este la viitor n subordonatele condiionale i temporale, el trebuie s fie la Present
Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar dac subordonata este completiv direct verbul va fi la viitor.
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REGENT
I. Verbul este la prezent
SUBORDONAT
verbul poate fi la orice timp
129
he/she
I/we
they
his/her
my/our
his/hers
mine
that
that day
the day before or the previous day
the month before
two/three days before
there
then
yesterday or that day
our
me
you
us
ours
yours
these
last week
last night
last year
on this day
tonight
tomorrow
their
him/her
me/us
them
theirs
ours
those
the week before
the night before
the year before
on that day
that night
the next day or the
following day
Exemple:
"This is my brother" he said.
He said that that was his brother.
"These are our friends" they said. They said that those were their friends.
"You are in our garden" they said. They said that we were in their garden; They said that I was in their garden.
"I can come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he could come by his motor-car; John said that he was able
to come by his motor-car.
"I shall come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would come by his motor-car.
"I came by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I have come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I should come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would have come by his motor-car.
"Yesterday was my birthday" John said. John said that the previous day had been his birthday.
"You can see us if you turn on the light" they said. They said that we could see them if we turned on the light.
"You will find us at home if you come earlier" they said. They said that we/I would find them at home if we/I came
earlier.
"You can see me if you open your eyes" he said. He said that I could see him if I opened my eyes.
2.4.1. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor generale
ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot primi rspunsul da sau nu.
"Do you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew him.
"Did you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had known him.
"Are you living in this town"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I was living in that town.
"Will you come with us"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I would come with them.
"Is he going to read this book"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he was going to read that book.
"Was he going to read this book ? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he had been going to read that book.
"Can you come with me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I could come with him.
"Must you go there now"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had to go there then.
"Did you have to go there with them"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had had to go there with them.
2.4.2. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor speciale
ntrebrile speciale sunt cele care:
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131
132
"Whose else are these books"? he asked me. He asked me whose else those books were.
Ale cui altcuiva sunt aceste cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ale cui altcuiva erau crile acelea.
"To whom can you give this money"? he asked me. - "Who(m) can you give this money to"? he asked me. He asked
me to whom I could give that money. - He asked me who(m) I could give that money to.
Cui poi da aceti bani? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cui pot/puteam s dau banii aceia.
"To whom else can you give this money"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else can you give this money to"? he asked me. He
asked me to whom else I could give that money. - He asked me whom/who else I could give that money to.
Cui altcuiva poi da aceti bani? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cui altcuiva i pot/puteam da eu banii aceia.
"Whom do you see"? he asked me. He asked me whom I saw.
Pe cine vezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pe cine vd.
"Whom else do you see"? he asked me. He asked me whom/who else I saw.
Pe cine altcineva vezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pe cine altcineva vd. - El m-a ntrebat pe cine mai vd.
"About whom are you talking"? he asked me. - "Who(m) are you talking about"? he asked me. He asked me about
whom I was talking. - He asked me whom/who I was talking about.
Despre cine vorbeti? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat despre cine vorbesc.
"About whom else can we talk"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else can we talk about"? he asked me. He asked me about
whom else we could talk. - He asked me who(m) else we could talk about.
Despre cine altcineva putem discuta?, m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat despre cine altcineva putem discuta.
"After whom is the dog running"? he asked me. - "Who(m) is the dog running after"? he asked me. He asked me after
whom the dog was running. - He asked me who(m) the dog was running after.
Dup cine alearg cinele? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dup cine alearg cinele.
"After whom else was the dog running"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else was the dog running after"? he asked me. He
asked me after whom else the dog was running. - He asked me who(m) else the dog was running after.
Dup cine altcineva alerga cinele? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dup cine altcineva alerga cinele.
"Go and fetch a doctor" he told me. He told me to go and fetch a doctor.
Du-te i adu un doctor, mi-a zis el. El mi-a zis s merg (s m duc) s aduc un doctor.
"At whom are you looking"? he asked me. - "Who(m) are you looking at"? he asked me. He asked me at whom I was
looking. - He asked me who(m) I was looking at.
La cine priveti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat la cine privesc eu.
"Because of whom are you late"? he asked me. He asked me because of whom I was late. - He asked me who(m) I was
late because of.
Din cauza cui ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat din cauza cui am ntrziat.
"On whose account are you late"? he asked me. - "Whose account are you late on"? he asked me. He asked me on
whose account I was late. - He asked me whose account I was late on.
Din cauza cui ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat din cauza cui am ntrziat.
"Due to what are you late"? he asked me. He asked me due to what I was late.
Datorit crui fapt ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat datorit crui fapt am ntrziat.
"Due to whom are you late"? he asked me. He asked me due to whom I was late. - He asked me who(m) was I late due
to.
Datorit cui ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat datorit cui am ntrziat.
"Because of whom else are you late"? he asked me. He asked me because of whom/who else I was late.
Din cauza cui altcuiva ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat din cauza cui altcuiva am ntrziat.
"Due to whom else are you late"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else are you late due to"? he asked me. He asked me due to
whom else I was late. - He asked me whom/who else I was late due to.
Datorit cui altcuiva ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat datorit cui altcuiva am ntrziat.
"Before whom were you sitting"? he asked me. He asked me before whom I had been sitting. - He asked me who(m) I
had been sitting before.
n faa cui edeai tu, m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat n faa cui edeam eu.
"Before whom else were you sitting"? he asked me. He asked me before whom else I had been sitting.
n faa cui altcuiva edeai tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat n faa cui altcuiva edeam eu.
"Between whom are you going to sit"? he asked me. -"Who(m) are you going to sit between? he asked me. He asked
me between whom I was going to sit.
ntre cine intenionezi s ezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ntre cine intenionez eu s ed/stau.
"Between whom else did you sit"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else did you sit between"? he asked me. He asked me
between whom else I had sat. - He asked me who(m) else I had sat between.
ntre cine altcineva ai stat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ntre cine altcineva am stat.
"Beyond whom do you live"? he asked me. - "Who(m) do you live beyond"? he asked me. He asked me beyond whom
I lived.
Dincolo de cine locuieti? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dincolo de cine locuiesc.
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"By whom is this book written"? he asked me. - "Who(m) is this book written by"? he asked me. He asked me by
whom that book was written. - He asked me who(m) that book was written by.
De cine este scris cartea aceasta? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine este scris cartea aceasta/aceea.
"By whom else were you seen"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else were you seen by"? he asked me. He asked me by whom
else I had been seen. - He asked me who(m) else I had been seen by.
De cine altcineva ai fost vzut? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine altcineva am fost eu vzut.
"Far from whom do you live"? he asked me. He asked me far from whom I lived.
Departe de cine locuieti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat departe de cine locuiesc.
"Far from whom else were you"? he asked me. He asked me far from whom else I had been.
Departe de cine altcineva erai tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat departe de cine altcineva eram eu.
"For whom will you write this letter"? he asked me. - "Who(m) will you write this letter for"? he asked me. He asked
me for whom I should write that letter. - He asked me whom I should write that letter for.
Pentru cine vei scrie aceast scrisoare? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pentru cine voi scrie eu scrisoarea aceea.
"For whom else will you buy books" he asked me. - "Who(m) else will you buy books for"? he asked me. He asked me
for whom else I should buy books. - He asked me whom else I should buy books for.
Pentru cine altcineva vei cumpra cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pentru cine altcineva voi cumpra cri.
"From whom do you have this present"? he asked me - "Who(m) do you have this present from"? he asked me. He
asked me from whom I had that present. - He asked me whom I had that present from.
De la cine ai acest cadou? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de la cine am cadoul acesta/acela.
"From whom else do you have these presents"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else do you have these presents from"? he
asked me. He asked me from whom else I/we had those presents. - He asked me who(m) else I/we had those presents
from.
De la cine altcineva ai aceste cadouri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de la cine altcineva am cadourile acelea/acestea.
"Near whom are you going to sit"? he asked me. - "Who(m) are you going to sit near"? he asked me. He asked me
near whom I was going to sit. - He asked me who(m) I was going to sit near.
Lng cine ai de gnd s ezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat lng cine am eu de gnd s ed/stau.
"Near whom else did you sit"? he asked me. -"Who(m) else did you sit near"? he asked me. He asked me near whom
else I had sat. - He asked me who(m) else I had sat near.
Lng cine altcineva ai stat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat lng cine altcineva am stat (eu).
"Of what did they die"? he asked me. - "What did they die of"? he asked me. He asked me of what they died. - He
asked me what they died of.
De ce au murit ei? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de ce au murit ei.
"About whom are you speaking"? he asked me. - "Who(m) are you speaking about"? he asked me. He asked me
about whom I was speaking. - He asked me who(m) I was speaking about.
Despre cine vorbeti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat despre cine vorbesc eu.
"Of what kind of music are you fond? he asked me. - "What kind of music are you fond of"? he asked me. He asked
me of what kind/sort of music I was fond. - He asked me what kind of music I was fond of.
De ce fel de muzic eti amator? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de ce fel/gen de muzic sunt amator.
"Past whom did they hurry"? he asked me. - "Who(m) did they hurry past"? he asked me. He asked me past whom
they hurried. - He asked me who(m) they hurried past.
De cine au trecut ei n grab? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine au trecut ei n grab.
"Through whom did you receive this letter'? he asked me - "Who(m) did you receive this letter through"? he asked me.
He asked me through whom I received that letter. - He asked me whom I had received that letter through.
Prin cine ai primit scrisoarea aceasta? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine am primit scrisoarea aceea.
"Through whom else can you receive books"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else can you receive books through"? he asked
me. He asked me through whom else I could receive books. - He asked me who(m) else I could receive books through.
Prin cine altcineva poi primi cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine altcineva pot primi eu cri.
"With whom will you go on the trip"? he asked me. - "Who(m) will you go on the trip with"? he asked me. He asked
me with whom I should go on the trip. - He asked me who(m) I should go on the trip with.
Cu cine vei merge n excursie? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cu cine voi merge eu n excursie.
"Shall I tell you a novel"? he asked me. He asked me if he should tell me a novel.
S-i povestesc un roman? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac s-mi povesteasc un roman.
"Where is the boy you spoke to?" he asked me. He asked me where the boy I had spoken to was.
Unde este biatul cu care ai vorbit? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat unde este biatul cu care am vorbit.
"Do you know that three and three make six"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew that three and three make
six.
tii c trei plus trei fac ase? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac tiu c trei plus trei fac ase.
"I dreamed that I was flying" he said. He said (that) he had dreamed that he had been flying.
Am visat c zbor, a zis el. El a zis c a visat c zboar. etc.
134
135
They went home, ate a little, took the ball and began to play football. - Au mers acas, au mncat puin, au luat mingea i
au nceput s joace fotbal.
d) ntre subordonatele de acelai fel:
He talked to me about the books that he read, that he had to read and that he liked to read. - Mi-a vorbit despre crile pe
care le-a citit, pe care trebuie s le citeasc i pe care i plcea s le citeasc.
n numerele lungi, virgula are n limba englez rolul punctului n limba romn.
1, 000, 000 - 1. 000. 000
Linia de desprire (The Dash)
Linia de desprire marcheaz o idee nedeterminat sau o pauz lung, asemntoare cu aceea redat prin punct, iar
uneori preia locul virgulei:
"This will bring them here -when"? - -Asta i va aduce aici -cnd?
"It's -it's a very fine day!" said a timid voice at her side. - -Este -este o zi foarte frumoas! zise o voce timid (de) lng ea.
Liniua de unire i de desprire (The Hyphen)
Se mai numete cratim. Apare n cuvintele compuse:
up -to -date - modern
kind - hearted - bun la suflet
a sewing - machine - o main de cusut
Ghilimelele (The Inverted Commas)
Ghilimelele n limba englez marcheaz vorbirea direct:
"I've not made up my mind", he said. - - Nu m-am hotrt, zise el.
2.4.5. Desprirea cuvintelor n silabe
Cuvintele compuse se despart n respectivii componeni:
Monday - Mon/day
textbook - text/book
schoolboy - school/boy
understand - under/stand
Prefixele i sufixele se despart de cuvintele la care se gsesc ataate:
understanding - under/stand/ing
scholarship - scholar/ship
misunderstanding - mis/under/stand/ing looked - look/ed
improvement - improve/ment
smaller - small/er
Terminaia s la plural, sau la persoana a treia a verbelor sau de la genitivul sintetic nu se poate separa /despri de
cuvntul respectiv.
speaks - speaks
the girls' - the girls'
boys - boys
the boy's - the boy's
Iar acum, n final, celor ce doresc s-i fac o imagine mai cuprinztoare asupra regulilor de punctuaie, le propun s
rsfoiasc lucrri ale prozatorilor englezi, americani, australieni etc. Acolo vor putea gsi exemple edificatoare.
136
I
Present
Infinitive
to arise
to awake
to backbite
to be
to bear
to beat
to become
to beg
to begin
to bend
to beset
to bid
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to blend
to bless
to blow
to break
to breed
to bring
to broadcast
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to cast
to catch
to chide
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to clothe
to come
to cost
to creep
to crow
to cut
to dare
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
I
137
Present
Infinitive
to find
to flee
to fly
to forbear
to forbid
to forecast
to forego
to forknow
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forsake
to forswear
to freeze
to gainsay
to get
to gird
to give
to go
to grave
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to inlay
to keep
found
fled
flew
forbore
forbade
forecast(ed)
forewent
foreknew
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
forsworn
froze
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
gave
went
graved
ground
grew
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
found
fled
flown
forborne
forbidden
forecast(ed)
foregone
foreknown
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
forsworn
frozen
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
given
gone
graved/ graven
ground
grown
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid/hidden
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
Present
Participle
finding
fleeing
flying
forbearing
forbidding
forecasting
foregoing
foreknowing
foreseeing
foretelling
forgetting
forgiving
forsaking
forswearing
freezing
gainsaying
getting
girding
giving
going
graving
grinding
growing
hanging
having
hearing
hidding
hitting
holding
hurting
inlaying
keeping
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lade
to lay
to lead
to lean
to leap
to learn
to leave
to lend
knelt/ kneeled
knit/ knitted
knew
laded
laid
led
leant/ leaned
leapt/ leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laden/laded
laid
led
leant/leaned
leapt/leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
kneeling
knitting
knowing
lading
laying
leading
leaning
leaping
learning
leaving
lending
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
let
lay
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
let
lain
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
letting
lying
lighting
losing
making
meaning
meeting
I
Present
Past Tense
II
Past Tense
Past Participle
III
Past Participle
IV
Present
138
Infinitive
to melt
melted
to misgive misgave
to mislay
mislaid
to mislead
misled
to mistake
mistook
to misunder- misunderstood
stand
to mow
mowed
to outride
outrode
to outrun
outran
to overcast overcast
to overcome overcame
to overdo
overdid
to overeat
overate
to overfeed overfed
to overlie
overlay
to overrun
overran
to oversee
oversaw
to overset
overset
to oversleep overslept
to overtake overtook
to overthrow overthrew
to partake
partook
to pay
to put
to read
to rend
to repay
to reset
to retell
to rid
to ride
to ring
to rise
to rive
to run
to saw
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake
to shear
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
I
Present
Infinitive
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
rode
rang
rose
rived
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
sheared/ shore
shed
shone
shod
shot
showed
shrank
II
Past Tense
melted /molten
misgiven
mislaid
misled
mistaken
misunderstood
mowed/mown
outridden
outrun
overcast
overcome
overdone
overeaten
overfed
overlain
overrun
overseen
overset
overslept
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
ridden
rung
risen
riven/rived
run
sawn/sawed
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewen
shaken
shorn/sheared
shed
shone
shod
shot
shown/showed
shrunk
III
Past Participle
Participle
melting
misgiving
mislaying
misleading
mistaking
misunderstanding
mowing
outriding
outrunning
overcasting
overcoming
overdoing
overeating
overfeeding
overlying
overrunning
overseeing
oversetting
oversleeping
overtaking
overthrowing
partaking
paying
putting
reading
rending
repaying
resetting
retelling
ridding
riding
ringing
rising
riving
running
sawing
saying
seeing
seeking
selling
sending
setting
sewing
shaking
shearing
shedding
shining
shoeing
shooting
showing
shrinking
IV
Present
Participle
139
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to slit
to smell
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spill
to spin
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to string
to strive
to swear
to sweep
to swell
to swim
to swing
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread
to unbend
to unbind
to undergo
to undersell
to
understand
to undertake
to undo
to upset
to wake
I
Present
Infinitive
to wear
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slit
smelt
sowed
spoke
sped/ speeded
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun/span
spat/spit
split
spoilt /spoiled
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
unbent
unbound
underwent
undersold
understood
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid/sliden
slit
smelt
sown/sowed
spoken
sped/speeded
spelt/speld
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat/spit
split
spoilt/spoiled
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck/ stricken
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swollen/ swelled
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden/trod
unbent
unbound
undergone
undersold
understood
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
sleeping
sliding
slitting
smelling
sowing
speaking
speeding
spelling
spending
spilling
spinning
spitting
spiting
spoiling
spreading
springing
standing
stealing
sticking
stinging
stinking
striking
stringing
striving
swearing
sweeping
swelling
swimming
swinging
taking
teaching
tearing
telling
thinking
throwing
thrusting
treading
unbending
unbinding
undergoing
underselling
understanding
a (se) nchide
a cnta; a uiera
a se scufunda, a cdea la fund; a scdea/amortiza
a edea, a sta jos, a poza ca model
a omor/asasina/ ucide, a masacra
a dormi, a adormi
a aluneca, a se da pe ghea, a se furia/ strecura
a crpa/spinteca/ despica, a face o deschiztur n
a mirosi, a adulmeca
a semna, a nsmna
a vorbi/gri, a rosti
a accelera, a goni, a merge cu vitez, a se grbi
a ortografia, a rosti un cuvnt liter cu liter
a cheltui/consuma/ epuiza; a petrece timpul
a (se) revrsa/ vrsa/mprtia
a toarce/fila/ rsuci, nvrti/ roti
a scuipa/expectora; a ploua mrunt
a (se) scinda/ descompune/ diviza/dezbina/ dezintegra
a strica/ deteriora/altera/rsfa; a prda/ jefui
a ntinde/desfura, a desface, a lungi, a mprtia
a sri/ni, a ncoli/rsri, a izvor; a exploda
a sta n picioare, a se ine drept; a fi, a se afla
a fura/terpeli, a amgi/seduce, a cuceri
a nfige/nepa/ introduce/mplnta; a (se) lipi, a adera
a mpunge/nepa/ rni; a nela/amgi, a ustura
a mirosi urt, a pui, a duhni
a (se) lovi/izbi/ ciocni, a bate; a prinde rdcini
a lega cu sfoara; a ntinde coarda, a nira pe a
a se strdui/ lupta/zbate, a-i da osteneala, a tinde/nzui
a jura, a depune jurmntul; a njura
a mtura, a terge praful
a umfla, a mri; a bomba
a nota, a pluti, a trece not; a inunda
a se legna/ balansa/roti/nvrti, a oscila/ pendula
a lua, a mprumuta; a pune mna
a nva pe cineva, a instrui, a preda, a da lecii
a rupe/sfia, a distruge; a smulge
a spune/povesti, a exprima; a arta/ indica
a (se) gndi/ crede, a imagina/nchipui
a (se) arunca/ lansa/ azvrli; a lepda, fta
a mplnta/ vr/ndesa
a clca/pi, a pi/clca pe
a (se) ntinde/ destinde/relaxa
a dezlega/ desface, a desprinde, a slobozi, a elibera
a suferi/ndura/ suporta, a trece prin
a vinde mai ieftin, a vinde sub preul de cost
a nelege/pricepe, a sesiza
undertook
undid
upset
woke/woked
II
Past Tense
undertaken
undone
upset
waked/woken
III
Past Participle
wore
worn
undertaking
undoing
upsetting
waking
IV
Present
Participle
wearing
140
to weave
to wed
to weep
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to withhold
to withstand
to write
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrote
woven/wove
wedded/wed
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
written
weaving
wedding
weeping
winning
winding
withdrawing
withholding]
withstanding
writing
141