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Rezonana magnetic cardiac (RMC) s-a dezvoltat n ultimii ani ca o metod valoroas n
patologia cardiovascular n general i n boala coronarian ischemic (BCI) n particular, att
din punct de vedere diagnostic ct i prognostic.
Aceast metod imagistic non-invaziv furnizeaz informaii cuprinztoare, complementare
ecocardiografiei i celorlalte modaliti imagistice prin obinerea unor imagini de nalt
rezoluie spaial, fr expunerea la radiaii ionizante. Pentru a contura mai bine rolul actual al
RMC n evaluarea pacientului cu BCI suspectat sau cunoscut, am structurat aceast scurt
punere la punct sub forma unor rspunsuri la cteva din ntrebrile care apar frecvent n
practica clinic la aceti pacieni.
Ischemie miocardic inductibil?
Detectarea prezenei ischemiei inductibile printr-un test imagistic non-invaziv de stress intr
n discuie la dou categorii mari de pacieni:
1. Pacienii cu BCI suspectat, simptomatici prin angin tipic/atipic (sau echivalente de
angin) i probabilitate pretest intermediar pentru BCI obstructiv
2. Pacienii cu BCI cunoscut, care redevin simptomatici la un interval de timp dup
revascularizare, sau pentru testarea semnificaiei hemodinamice a unei stenoze
coronariene intermediare detectate angiografic1.
Adiional, efectuarea unui astfel de test la pacienii asimptomatici cu un profil de risc nalt
pentru BCI poate fi, de asemenea, adecvat2.
Comparativ cu alte modaliti imagistice, avantajele unui examen de stress prin RMC sunt:
Testarea de stress prin RMC se poate efectua cu ajutorul a dou clase de ageni
farmacologici:
1. Vasodilatatoare de tip adenozin sau dipiridamol induc o hipoperfuzie miocardic
relativ n teritoriul coronarian distal unei stenoze semnificative hemodinamic, prin
furt ctre teritoriile sntoase. Aceast hipoperfuzie va fi vizualizat la RMC n
primele secunde dup injectarea contrastului sub forma unui defect tranzitor indus de
stress, dar nu n condiii de repaus (defect ireversibil) i n absena unei cicatrici
miocardice (a captrii tardive de Gd) la nivelul respectiv (Figura 1). RMC cu stress
vasodilatator a dovedit o performan diagnostic superioar comparativ cu tehnicile
nucleare (SPECT) i cu ecocardiografia 3-6.
2. Ageni inotropi dobutamin a crei utilizare are aceeai raiune ca n
ecocardiografia de stress, respectiv efectele inotrop i cronotrop pozitive ale
dobutaminei. Un test pozitiv pentru ischemie presupune apariia unor tulburri noi de
cinetic segmentar n teritoriul unei stenoze coronariene semnificative hemodinamic
n timpul infuziei de dobutamin plus/minus atropin cu un protocol similar
ecocardiografiei. RMC cu dobutamin a dovedit o acuratee diagnostic i un profil de
siguran cel puin similare ecocardiografiei n detectarea ischemiei miocardice 5,7.
Alegerea agentului stressor la RMC se bazeaz att pe expertiza centrului n care se
efectueaz examinarea ct i pe evaluarea contraindicaiilor/riscurilor legate de cele dou
tipuri de ageni folosii (Tabel 1)1.
Adiional testrii ischemiei, la categoriile de pacieni mai sus menionate, RMC permite
evaluarea funciei sistolice ventriculare globale i regionale (secvenele dinamice Cine) n
repaus i a prezenei cicatricilor ischemice (captare tardiv de Gd), ambele cu rol diagnostic i
prognostic.
Studii recente arat c la pacienii clinic stabili cu infact miocardic acut examinarea prin RMC
este sigur ncepnd chiar din primele zile postreperfuzie, inclusiv dup implantare de stent13.
RMC, prin arsenalul su de secvene, permite caracterizarea miocardului n toate etapele
injuriei ischemice acute:
Edem i inflamaie - aprute foarte rapid dup ocluzia unei artere coronare cu ajutorul
secvenelor cntrite T2, sensibile la coninutul tisular crescut de ap (secvene de edem).
Miocardul din teritoriul distal arterei coronare ocluzionate va fi vizualizat cu semnal alb
intens, strlucitor, diferit fa de miocardul normal i reprezint aria miocardului la risc (de
necroz) (Figura 2).
Injuria ireversibil miocardic ce n absena reperfuziei precoce progreseaz ntr-o manier
dependent de timp dinspre subendocard ctre subepicard - prin secvenele de captare tardiv
a contrastului, la 10-15 minute dup administrarea de Gd. Miocardul necrotic va fi vizualizat
ca o arie alb, de hipercaptare tardiv de Gd, diferit de miocardul normal, negru (Figura 2).
Bazat pe cele de mai sus, RMC furnizeaz date prognostice legate de remodelarea post
infarct:
Diferena n suprafa dintre aria la risc din secvenele de edem i extensia hipercaptrii
tardive de Gd reprezint miocardul salvat prin reperfuzie, parametru direct proporional cu
durata ocluziei care are un rol critic n prezicerea remodelrii ventriculare postinfarct.
Prezena extensiei transmurale a captrii tardive de Gd (infarct transmural) reprezint un
predictor independent puternic pentru o remodelare negativ dup PCI14,15.
Prezena afectrii microcirculaiei coronariene, n ciuda recanalizrii epicardice cu success
prin PCI extinzndu-se ca gravitate de la obstrucie microvascular (fenomen de no
reflow) pn la distrucie microvascular cu extravazare sangvin i hemoragie n infarct este un factor prognostic negativ indepentent al remodelrii dup infarctul acut de miocard.
Aceasta se vizualizeaz n primele sptmni dup evenimentul acut, n secvenele tardive
post Gd sub forma unei zone centrale/subendocardice hipointense (negre) n centrul ariei de
hipercaptare de Gd a infarctului (albe) (Figura 2) 14-20.
Evaluare volumelor i funciei ventriculare sistolice globale i regionale, adiional evalurii
extensiei infarctului, nu numai n faza acut ci i la 1-3 luni distan de la eveniment ofer o
apreciere i mai robust a procesului de remodelare negativ postinfarct cu implicaii
prognostice legate de apariia insuficienei cardiace i a evenimentelor aritmice21,22.
Nu n ultimul rnd, RMC joac un rol important n diagnosticul potenialelor complicaii
postinfarct acut de miocard15,23.
Figur
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Endocardit
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