ccc

cc
1.1.7 Materiale pentru zugrveli, vopsitorii
cc


cc
 c c

c  c
 c
 
c  cc
c  cc  
c

  c
cc
c  c
cc   c c
c 
c cc  ccc
 c
c  c  

c c 
cc


cc
 c c c c
c ccc c
c 
 c
c c
c

  c
c

c c 

c

 c
 c
 c c
c
c
c
c
 cc



cc

c
 c
c cc
c
c c c
!  c
c 
c  
c
 c  c c
c c

cc c  c  c
 c
 c c

c
c

ccc
c
c
c

c

cc
c




c

 cc
 cc  c  c
c
cc
c

cc
 c
ccc
c cc c
c c c
cc

c

 c
cc c
c
cc
c
cc
1.2. Alctuirea generala a construciilor
1.2.1. Factori determinani concepia i alctuirea construciilor
cc
"
 c
 

c
c c 

c

cc cc#c
c  c c
  
c c


c
cc

c
cc
$  cc
c 

c
c  cc

c c  cc c c




c
c c c cc
cc

 
cc  
c
c c

c
 c
c c cc 
c

c  ccc
c%

c

 c
cc
c 
c
c

c
cc
&


  c 
cc  c
c
c  
c 
cc 

c
 ccc
  cc 
c
c

cc 
c

 c c cc
 

 
ccc
c
c  

cc

c
cc
c
 c
c
ccc  c  cc c
 c 
c
c  c
c' c

c
c


c  cc
cc   cc  c

cc

c
(

#
c


c  c
 c
cccc  c cc



 
c

c  cc
c
cc
 c
c



 c
c
=

  

    



0
c

cc


c 
cc ccc 

c 
c

c
 

c


 c 

cc


' 

c
c

cc 
c)***c
 c
 
c c c
c c

c
c c
c 
c 
c c

c
 c

c c+#

c c
c

c c c

c 

c c c
 
ccc c

c 


c c c


c c c! c
 c 
 c 

c
c cc 
c
 

c
cc
 

c



c c
' c
c  c
c
c c c


c 

cc

c

cc 
cc
c
cccccc,


c
c

 c
c c c
cc  
c
c


 c)***c c


c,


cc


c c c
c
c cc
c
c

 
c


c
  c 
c
c  c

c c c
c c

c  
 c
 

cc
c
cc
c

c c c
c

c
"c--c!c
 

c
c cc


c c c  
c c

.ccc c c

c c 
c%cc 

.c/cc


.c-cc 
.c0cc
cc .c1c c
c.c2cc

ccc .c3cc

c c.c4cc


cc
.c5c
c

c
ccc
5c
!cc
c cc
ccc c
c# c
cc c c
c# c
  c
c

cc c

c
c c
ccc

cc
cc"c--c
c
c


c
cc"c--cc c cc cc 
c c
c


c!
c 
cc
c

c c
c( 

c  cc
cc c cc
c!c6c c c
c cc c
c c
c c

c
c
#c
c,c6c!c6c c c
c cc c( 
c,c!cc c 7 c c


c c
c cc
c


cc c
c
c c c 
c
c c

cc 
c 

c
cc


c
c' c
c c
c c c

c 
c ***cc

c#
c
c c cc

c
c
 

c c
c

cc
c c cc
 c 
c
cc
cc#
c
cc c
c c

cc
c8

c
c
c c cc

c
 c c c
cccc 
 
c
cc
c

c
cc
ccc
c
cc 
c

c cc

cc
 c  c  cc cc c
cc


c cc

cc
c
c

c

c
c
c c c
c
c7c
c c cc#
c
 c cc
c
c

cc c 
c
c c
c
 c
c

cc
 c
c
 
c


cc

c c
c


c
cc c@
 
cc 
c
c c c
c c

cc
 c
"-0c
cc
Acoperiul c c

c
c


c

c
c c c
c"c--
c
cc


c"--ccc-0c
c c
c  c
c c

c
 c 
c
c  c
c
c

c
c

 

c c

c 

c 
c c 
cc


c
cc
c 
c

c
cc
1.2.2.2. Elementele componente ale cldirilor
9 

cc
7c 

c7cc


cc 
c c cc c
c$c

c c c
c
ccc c
cc c cc c
c
.c c

c

c c c
c


ccc c c c 
c c c c
 7 c c


c

 c 
 
ccc c
 c

c
  c 
c
c
  c&
 
c
 c
c 
c
c c c 
c' 

cc

c cc
 
c

cc

c cc
 
c c 
c

c+ c
c 
c c

c
cc cc
cc"
c c


c
 cc c c cc

c
c c cc! c cc
cc  c

cc 

c
 
c c
cc
cc
 
c  cc c c c 
c

c cc


c 
#c
3c
c
cc
! c c c
 c c

c
! c


c
 c
c
c c

cc  c
cc
cc

c c c
 c c
c
c$/c15cc
cc4c2*c.c
cc
7c
c c,0(/cc
cc1-*.c
cc
cc
7c
c
 
c
 c c

c,0!/cc
cc1c-*c.c
cc
cc
c cc
 c!8c30cc!84*cc c
cc
c 
c

c
cc c 
c
c

c 
c
cc c 
ccc

cc42*cc
c
c
cc c
cc
! c
ccc c
 c

:c
c c
c  c
c

c 
c+c
cc
cc
c
 c
c
c
cc
ccc
 c c
(c
c
  c
c


c

 c  
c
8c
c

  c
 c c
ccc
 c c  c
cc

 ccc.cc

 c
cc
 c
cc .c
c
cc
,
c
c
c

c
c
 cc c
c
c c
 

cc
c
c

c  c 
c

c
c
cc
cc
--3c!c
 c
c
 c c
cc
! c
c
 c c c

c 

c
cc
c c
c  c
c

c


c 
c 
c

c c
 
c
  c
c cc
 c c

c

c
 c  cc
8c
 c c
c
 c
 c
c  
ccc

c! c


c cc
cc
ccc
cc
8c

 c

c
c
 c
 c
c

c
cccc
c
c c c 
c 
c-3;c c cc
8c
 cc
c c c
c
c c  c cc c
02*<--3<41.c02*<--3<==c
8cc cc
 c
c
>?cc
 cc c c
c

cc 

 
c
c

cc

c

c
c
c c
cc
8cc c
cc c  
c>$c
cc
@c
cc


c
c
 c  c
& c
 
c

c
 c
c
c
 c  c
c

cc 
cc
c%c
 c  c c
cc


c
 c

c c

c
c
 c
c
 c
c
ccc&
c
cc

c

cA**c-c***c8cBcc
c
cc

c  
c c
c
c

cc
c


 c
c

c
   c
cc  
c
Bc

c cc cc  c ccc
 cc
c
 c
c
 cccc
c
ccc
c

cBc
ccc

c cc
 
c
cc
$
c
c
c
 cc cc
c  c"#

c cc#cc
 c c
c
c
cc
8
c
cc
 c  c
 c#

c cc

c c c

c
c
cc
 c


c
  c
cc

--4c

c
 c 
c
cc


c
 c
  
c
c

c
 
c

cc
cc c cc c
  c
cc
c c
c
 c
c
c
c  cc c
c


c

c c

cc  
cc
cc 

c

c
c

c c
c
 
c
cc


c
c
  c
 cc
c

 cc

c
c!c
 

c

c
c
 c  
c c c c

c
c
ccc
7 c
c


c
c

c
c
ccc
7c cccc
ccc
c
cccc



c
  
c
c

cccc c 
c c c
c c  c# c c
cc


c  c
 c  
cc

c c
c
c 
cc
.c

c

.c


c
c
cc
 .c

c
c
cc
.c

c
c
ccccc c
.c

 c
 c

c
c
cc
.c

c c
cc
c

c
 c
  
c
c
c cc
c

cc
c
c
cc  c
c c 
c
 


c
c   c c# c
c  c
c c
 
c%c

c cc


c
c 
cc 
c


 cc

cc
ccc
 c

cc
 c   cc cc
7c
c

c

c c
c 
c c
cc
 c
c c c

c
c

c
 
c
cc


c
 c 
c

  c
c c

cc

 c
c  cc c

c

 
c
c
c
  cc

c  c
 c
 
c

  c cc 
c
 c .c

c
c
ccc! c
 c

c
  c
c
c
c
c
c c
  c
cc
ccc
cc
--5c

c
 cc
 c
cc


cc
 c c

c  c
 c
 
c  cc
c  cc  
c

  c
cc
c  c
cc   c c
c 
c cc  cc
 c
c  c  c
c


c c 
cc
cc


cc
 c c c c
c ccc c
c 
 c
c c
c

  c
c

cc
 c 

c

 c
 c
 c c
c
c
c
c
 cc



c

cc

c

 c
c cc
c
c c
 c
! c
c
 c
c 
c  
c
 c  c c
c c

cc c  c  c
 c
 c c
c

c

ccc
c
c
c

c


c
c
c




c

 cc
 c
cc  c  c
c
cc
c

cc
 cc

ccc
c cc c
c c c
cc

c
 c
cc c
c

cc
c
cc
-0c%
c 

c
c  c
cc
-0-c"
 c
c 

cc

c  c
cc
"
 c
 

c
c c 

c

cc cc#c
c  c c
  
c c


c
cc

c
cc
$c
  cc
c 

c
c  cc

c c  cc c c




c
c c c cc
cc

 
cc  
c
c c

c
 c
c c cc 
c

c  ccc
cc
%

c
c

 c
cc
c 
c
c


c
cc&


  c 
cc
  c
c
c  
c 
cc 

c ccc
  cc 
c

c

cc 
c

 c c cc 

 
ccc

c
c  

cc

c
cc
c
 cc
ccc  c
  cc c
 c 
c
c  cc' c

c
c


c
  cc
cc   cc  c

cc
c
(

c
#
c


c  c
 c
cccc  c cc


 
c


c  cc
c
cc
 c
c



 c
!
c
 

cc 
c 
 c
c
 cc
0
c

cc


c 
cc ccc 

c 
c

c
 

c


 cc
 

c
c



' 

c
c


cc 
c)***c
 c 
c c c
c c

c
c
 c
c 
c 
c c
c
 c

c c+#

c c
c

c c
 c

c 

c c c 
ccc c

c 


c c c



c c c! c c 
 c 

c
c cc
 
c
 

c
cc
 

c


c ' c
c  c
c
c
 c c


c 

cc

c

cc 
cc
c
,


c
c

 c
c c c
cc  
c
c


 c)***c c


c,


cc


c c c
c
c cc
c
c

 
c


c
  c 
c
c  c

c c c
c c

c  
 c
 

cc
c
cc
c

c c c
c

c

"c--c!c
 

c
c cc

cc c
 
c c

.cc
c
 c c

c c 
c
%cc 

.c/cc


.c-c
c
 
.c0c
c

cc .c1c
c
cc2c
c

ccc c3c
c

cc c4c
c

ccc c5c
c

c
ccc

5c
!cc
c cc
ccc c

c# c

c
c c
 c
c#   c
c

cc c


c
c c

ccc


Ccc
cc
"c--c
c
c


c
cc
"c--cc c cc cc 
c c
c

c!
c 
cc c


c c
cc
( 

c  cc
cc c cc
c!c6c c c
c cc c
c c
c c

c
c
#c
c,c6c!c6c c c
c cc c( 
c,c!cc c 7 c c


c c
c cc
c


cc c
c
c cc
c
c 
c
c c

cc 
c 

c
cc

c
cc
' c
c c
c c c

c 
c)***cc

c#
c
c c cc

c
c
 

c c
c
c
c
c c cc
 c 
c
cc
cc#
c
cc c
c c

cc
cc
8

c
c
c c cc

c
 c c c
cccc 
 
c
cc
c

c
cc
ccc
c
cc 
c

c cc

c
c
 c  c
  cc cc c
cc

c cc

cc
c
c

c

c
c
c c c
c
c7c
c c c#
c
 c cc
c
c

cc c 
c
c c
c
 c
c

cc
cc
%
c
c c

c
c


c

c
c c cc

cc
"c--
c
cc
c

cc
"c
--cc-0c
cc
 c
c  c
c c

c
 c 
c
c  c
c
c

c
c

 

c c

c 

c 
c c 
cc


cc
cc

cc
c 
c

c
c
c
cc
-000c+ c 
 c
c c
cc
 

cc
7c 

c7cc


cc 
c c cc c
cc
$c

c c c
c
cc c
cc c
 cc c

c


.c
c

c

c c c
c


ccc c c
 c 
c
 c c c 7 c 


c

 c 
 
ccc c
 c

c
  c
 
c
c  c&
 
c
 c
c 
c
c c c 
c
' 

c
c

c cc 
c

c
c

c cc
 
c c 

c
+ c
c
 
c c

c

cc cc

cc"
c c


c cc
c
c c c cc

c
c c cc! c
 cc

cc  c
cc 

c
 
c
cc
 c
cc
cc
 
c  cc c c c 
c
c cc


c 
#c
cc

 c
c
 
c
cc
c c
c


c
cc c

 c
 
c
c c
c
c c c
c
c

cc
 c"c-0c
cc
ccc
cc
 c
c

c



c
 c

cc c
c  
cc
c
c
  c
c
c
c7 c cc
c 
 cc

c
c

c cc 
c
cc
 c  
c

 cc7 cc
c
 
c 

 c  c c

c 
c c c


 cc
c

cc

c
c  c
c
c7 c
c
 c c 
 cc
c
c c
c 
c
c& c
 
c  c
c
c

c
 
c c
c7
c

c
cc
c

c
 c

c
c
c
 
c
c
" 
c
 c c
c

c cc
c c
c
ccc
c cc
 
c
> c
 c c  
c  c c 
cc c 
c 
cc
c c 


c  c
 c

c

cc c
c  c

 
c
c
#
c
c
c cc
-1c
c
!c
 c c  
c  c c 
cc c

c 
ccc c 


c
c c
  c

cc c
cc c

 
c
c

c
c
c
c"c-1c
c

,7
c
 c c 
c
c  c 
c

cc c
c c
c# c
"c1c
,7
c
cc c
cc c 
  c c c c  c

cc c cc 
c
 c
c 
#c%c7
cc c 
c
cc
c
c
c cc cc

c
cc

c"c-3cc
cc c c c"c-1c8
cc
 c
c
ccc
 c
 cc c
c

 c 
c
cc c
ccc c
c
cc
"c
-1c
+ c
c

c .cc

.cc7
.cc

.cc

c

.cc
cc c c
=c

c
ccc
cc
&

c

 c c

c
c  c 
c

cc c
c c

c c
c"1c
% 
c

 c cc 

cc cc c
c

 c 
c
c

cc c
cccc

c
cc
> ccc
 ccc c c
c
c c c 
c
c
 c


c c c"c-2c


c c 
c
 cc
c
c7c c
c  c c
c
cc

c
cc
"-2c> ccc

c
 
.ccc

 
.cc


Dc
%c
 c cc
c
 c
c ccc
cc

-3c
cc
Ac
8
c
 c c 
c#c c

c7c cc  c
c
 c


c


 ccc
c
cc  c ccc
c
c
 c
 
c"c-4c
cc
"-3c%c

ccc

.ccc c

.cc
c 

.ccc
c

ccc
-*c
"-c
4c
,c
 
c


c
c c
.cc

c
 
.cc

c
 
c
cc
,c
 c c
cc cc c cc 
c c

cc 

c cc
 c
c
 c

c c

ccc c c cc

c
 c


c
cc

cc
c
c
c
c

ccc
c

 c c
cc
cc
 cc#
c  c
Ec
c
 cc 
c c
c

c c c
c c

c 
c c


c
c c
c c
c


c


c
"c-5c
"c
-5c
E
c
c


c
cc
 c c
cc
c c
 
c
cc

c  c
c c
c
c

c 

cc


c  c
c 
7 c ccc
c
c  c 
c
c



c  c c cc


c
c


c cc
c 
c
cc
c
+ c 
c

c cc
c

c  c

c c

c c
c c  
cc

c
  c 
c
c  c' c cc c 
c c 
c
cc
 

 
c c 
c

cc 
c
cc cc 

c
cc
+ cc 

 
c

c
cc 

 
c
c cc
c
c
c  
c

 c c c
 
c
cc
 

 

c

c
 c
c
c
c 

 

c c


c c
c7 c c
c
c
c c7
c%c cccc7c
c
c


c c

cc

cc
 cc c
c

 cc

c
c  c
c

c
+ c 
cc c

c
c
cc c#cc c c
c

c c
ccc# c%c c
ccc7c
c
c
c

c c

cc
c


ccc
c  cc

c

c cc
 c
+ cc 
cc

c

c
 
cc

c
ccc
c
  c

cc
c00c



c
 c
c

c
c c c
c
 c
c
cc
+ cc 
cc

cc
c c

c c
c

ccc c c

c
c
7 c
c c c c 
cc
 c c 
c
cc 

 
c
c

c c

c

c
 c 

c

c   c 
c c
c 
cc
cc 
c
cc
cc
+ cc 
c

c

c
c
c  cc c
cc 
cc
c c
7 c c c
c


c
c


cc  cc# cc0  
c c 
c
c  
c
cc
 c
c c
cc

+ cc 
cc
c


c c c


c

 cc
c
 c


c
c7

cc
cc
+ cc 

c
 c 
c
 c#



c 
c
c c, c
 cc 

 
c c
c
ccccc
#
c
 c

cc c
cc 

c
c  c
c
c

cc 
cc 
c
c

c
cc 
cc
   c#c c

cc 

c c cc

cc 
#

c

  c  c
cc
' 

c 
cc
 
cc

c
cc
/

 cc
c
c 
cc
 c c 


c 
cc

c#
c 
c
c
cc
c
cc

c
c 
 c
c
' 

c 
cc


c

c cc
c 
c

c
c
c 
c
c c

c
cc
cc

c
 c c  cc
 c
cc
Ec#
cc


c
 c


c ccc


c
c
 c

cc c

c
#c
7 c cc
c 
cc


c

c
cc cc
c cc
 c
c

c 
c

 c
7 c
c
c
cc
c
c
c
2" 
c c
c
 c

c
c

 c c


c
c
 c


cc


c

c c c 
c 
cc  

c
c
c
FF GH

 FGHF8 ;8=;A/I+ J8=AAJ82=1JJ 
c
c

FF 


 
 F0**=F*AF#


  


c
c

FFGGG F F3-21=020F0=0=2*0188 !&"I

K3c
c