Signaling i protocolul SS7

ISDN Integrated Services

Digital Network
 Signaling

Signaling schimbul de informatii specific pentru stabilirea si

controlul conexiunilor, precum si pentru transferul datelor user
user, gestionarii retelelor de telecomunicatii

Funcii:
Conexiuni
Stabilire
Control
Transferul informaiilor
ntre utilizatori
De management
Signaling

Arii de funcionare
 Signaling de supervizare

Informaii despre starea liniilor i a circuitelor

Abonatul on/off hook

Ocuparea circuitelor de legtur
 Signaling de adrese

Routarea apelului spre cel apelat

ntre switchuri interregister signaling
 Starea apelului audible-visual

Sunarea aparatului chemat

Ringback, Busyback, AllTrunksBusy
Signaling

Tehnici de signaling
 Transferul informaiei de signaling prin:

Durata pulsurilor

Combinaia de pulsuri

Frecvena semnalului

Combinaia de frecvene

Prezena ori absena unui semnal

Cod binar

Tensiune i direcie de curent continuu
 Signaling

Tipuri de Signaling de supervizare

 In-band

Semnalizarea este facut n intervalul de voce
(300-3400 Hz) pe o frecven ntre 2000 i 3000Hz
(avem semnal vocal slab)

Tipuri
 SF Single Frequency
 2VF Two Frequency (line
signaling si address signaling)

Problema: talk-down: activare/dezactivare incorecta a

echipament supervizare prin secventa de tonuri de voce
(pentru SF mai ales)
Signaling

 Out-of-band

Semnalizarea se face peste 3400Hz la sistemele
vechi: 3700 sau 3825Hz

La sistemele digitale se folosete un canal
separat de 56 ori 64 kbps doar pentru
semnalizare
Reprezinta un sistem SF
Signaling

Non-Compelled signaling
 Durata fiecrei uniti de signaling este
important (call set-up, proceed to send, end-
of-pulsing)

Compelled signaling
 Se folosete obligatoriu ACK ca raspuns;
simplitate si adaptabilitate

Link-by-link
 Toate informaiile de conectare sunt trimise
pentru fiecare link, de catre fiecare nod tranzit

End-to-end
 Switchul celui care transmite comunic cu
fiecare hop n parte, trimite doar informaia
minim necesar
 Signaling

Associate
 Liniile de semnalizare
merg mpreun cu liniile de
voce

Quasi-asociate
 Liniile sunt separate dar
totui merg paralel

Neasociate
 Linii total separate pt. voce i pt. switching
Signaling System #7 (SS7)
SS7

SS7 este standard pentru transfer de date
digital dedicat pentru inter-switch signaling

Forma de Common Channel Sgnaling (out of
band)

Standard independent de echipamente (switch)
sau tehnologii transmisie

Optimizat pentru
 sisteme digitale
 Transferul informaiilor de tranzacii
interprocesor n ordine corect, fr pierderi
SS7

Ofer
 Supervizarea circuitelor
 Signaling de adrese
 Signaling de starea/progresul apelului
 Notificarea de alerte

Folosit pentru
 ISDN
 dar i pentru PSTN-urile digitale
SS7
SS7 ca functionalitate:

Setting up, gestionare, terminare apeluri;

Apeluri cu valoare adaugata: inaintare apel,
apel bazat pe trei faze handshaking ,
identificare apelant

Local Number Portability (LNP);

Servicii Wireless: Personal Communications
Services (PCS), wireless roaming, autentificare
abonat mobil
SS7

Componente de reea SS7

 SSP Signal Switching Point

Acestea sunt switchuri de telefon aflate la
captul reelei de SS7, conectate direct la
liniile de telefoane

Ofer pornirea, switchingul i terminarea
apelurilor
SS7

Componente de reea SS7

 STP Signal Transfer Point

Acestea sunt switchurile de pachet ale
reelei SS7

Acestea primesc i trimit mai departe
mesajele de signaling

Au i capacitai de rutare
SS7

Componente de reea SS7

 SCP Signaling Control Point

Acestea sunt baze de date care ofer
informaii suplimentare pentru servicii
avansate de procesare ale apelurilor
(taxare, informatii clienti ..)
SS7

De multe ori STP-urile i SCP-urile se
instaleaz n perechi din motive de
redundan
Plane de operare
SS7

Arhitectura de baz
a unei reele SS7

STP W i X au funcii redundante, n astfel de conexiune se

numesc mated

SSP-urile au cte un link spre fiecare STP

STP-urile din reele diferite sunt interconectate n acest fel
(vezi poza), care se numete quad
SS7

Tipuri de linkuri
 A link (access link) este
interconectarea STP-urilor
cu SSP-uri sau SCP-uri
(signaling end-ponts).
Folosit doar pt. transfer de
signaling
 B link (bridge)
interconectare STP-uri
 C link (cross link) pentru
a interconecta STP-uri care
indeplinesc functii identice;
sunt pereche (mated)
 D link (diagonal) pentru
interconectarea STP-urilor
in quad (intre perechi STP
primare si secundare)
SS7
 E link (extended link)
pentru a conecta un SSP i la
alte STP-uri (cele legate prin
A link)
 F link (fully associated)
pentru a crea o conexiune
direct ntre doua SSP-uri
sau SCP-uri (signaling end
points)
Arhitectura protocolului
 Arhitectura protocolului
Patru nivele arhitecturale:
- Message Transfer Part (MTP) ocupa primele 3 nivele
- Nivelul 4 are componentele:
-signaling connection control part (SCCP);
impreuna cu MTP formeaza network service part (NSP)
-ISDN user part (ISUP)
-transaction capabilities application part (TCAP),
divizat in:
Operations, maintenance and administration
pat (OMAP)
Application Service elements (ASE)
SS7

Layer-ele protocolului
 Physical Layer

Definete caracteristicile fizice i electronice ale legturilor de
signaling

Se folosete un canal digital de 56 sau 64 kbps

 Message Transfer Part Level 2

Acesta este de fapt Link Layer, asigur c dou SP-uri
(Signaling Point) pot schimba mesaje unul cu cellalt.

Funcionaliti: error checking, flow control, sequence
checking,
 Message Transfer Part Level 3

Extinde funcionalitile oferite de MTP level 2 pentru a oferi
servicii de reea. Asigur transferul mesajelor de signaling
ntre oricare dou SP-uri, indiferent dac ele sunt conectate
direct sau nu.

Capabiliti: Node addressing, routing, alternate routing,
congestion control,
SS7

Layer-ele protocolului cont.
 Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)

Ofer funcii de adresare si rutare care nu sunt prezente n
MTP

 ISDN User Part (ISUP)

Aceasta definete mesajele i protocolul folosit pentru a realiza
i a ntrerupe apeluri de voce sau de date n cadrul PSTN-ului
i managementul reelei de trunk-uri prin care se realizeaz
apelul respectiv

Cu toate c numele conine ISDN, acest ISUP este folosit chiar
i pentru apelurile non-ISDN n momentul de fa
SS7
 Informaiile de signaling sunt transmise n
pachete numite Signaling Unit (SU)

Tipuri:
 Message Signal Unit (MSU)

Acesta conine toate mesajele de signaling
pentru serviciile oferite de SS7
 Link Status Signal Unit (LSSU)

Informaii legate de starea celor dou SP-uri de
la captul unui link
 Fill-in Signal Unit (FISU)

Acestea sunt n continuu transmise n
perioadele n care nici MSU-uri nici LSSU-uri nu
sunt de transmis
SS7

Adresarea SP-urilor
 Adresarea este de trei nivele

Network
 Cluster
 Member
 Fiecare este un numr ntre 0 i 255
 Acestea mpreun se numesc: the three
point address
Concluzii

SS7 este un protocol dezvoltat n
exclusivitate pentru signaling

El folosete out-of-band signaling i
associated+quasi-associated mode

Este structurat similar cu OSI n mai multe
layere

Viitorul lui SS7
 Deja au aprut aplicaiile IMS (IP Multimedia
Subsystem), pe care le putem ntlni i sub
denumirile de VoIP i SIP.
 Acestea vor fi succesorii lui SS7, dar pentru acest
lucru este nevoie nc de mult vreme pn cnd
operatorii i amortizeaz costurile i echipamentele
curente.
Integrated Services
Digital Network
(ISDN)
 ISDN?
Simultaneous transmission of digitized voice and data on the same
digital transmission link and by the same digital exchanges
ISDN Benefits

Carries a variety of user traffic, such as digital
video, data, and telephone network services,
using the normal phone circuit-switched
network

Offers much faster call setup than modems by
using out-of-band signaling (D channel)
 Often less than one second

Provides a faster data transfer rate than
modems by using the 64-kbps bearer channel
(B channel)
 Can combine multiple B channels to bandwidth of
128 kbps

Can negotiate PPP links
ISDN Devices

Terminal Adapter (TA) - Converter device that converts

standard electrical signals into the form used by ISDN -
allows non-ISDN devices to operate on an ISDN network.

Terminal Equipment Type 1 (TE1) - Compatible with the
ISDN network. Example: Telephones, personal computers,
fax machine or videoconferencing machine.

Terminal Equipment Type 2 (TE2) - Not compatible with the
ISDN network. Example: Analog phone or modem, requires
a TA (TE2 connects to TA).

Network termination type 1 & 2 (NT1 and NT2) - A small
connection box that physically connects the customer site
to the telco local loop, provides a four-wire connection to
the customer site and a two-wire connection to the network
(PRI CSU/DSU).
ISDN Components and Reference Points
ISDN Components and Reference Points

NT-1 (Network Terminator-1)
 An NT-1 is an interface box that converts ISDN
data into something a PC can understand (and
vice versa). It works a little like a cable TV
descrambler for ISDN signals, and is often built
into ISDN adapters.

TA (Terminal Adapter)
 This chunk of hardware converts the data it
receives over ISDN to a form your computer
can understand. Sometimes mistakenly called
an ISDN modem or a digital modem, a terminal
adapter handles data digitally and does not
need to modulate or demodulate an analog
signal. Terminal adapters can be an internal
board or an external board that connects to the
computer through the serial port.
ISDN Reference Points

U - Two wire cable that connects the
customers equipment to the
telecommunications provider

R - Point between non-ISDN
equipment (TE2) and the TA

S - Four-wire cable from TE1 or TA to
the NT1 or NT2

T - Point between NT1 and NT2
ISDN Reference Points
ISDN Protocols

E-series protocolsTelephone
network standards for ISDN.

I-series protocolsSpecify ISDN
concepts and interfaces.

Q-series protocolsStandards for
ISDN switching and signaling.

Operate at the physical, data link,
and network layers of the OSI
reference model
ISDN Protocols

Physical layer ISDN protocols
 BRI (ITU-T I.430) / PRI (ITU-T I.431)

Defines two ISDN physical layer frame formats
 Inbound (local exchange to ISDN customer)
 Outbound (ISDN customer to local exchange )

Data link layer ISDN protocols

 LAPD signaling protocol (ITU-T Q.920 for BRI and Q.921 for
PRI) for transmitting control and signaling information over the
D channel

LAPD frame format similar to ISO HDLC frame format

Network layer ISDN protocols
 ITU-T I.930 and ITU-T Q.931 defines switching and signaling
methods using the D channel.
ISDN Physical Layer

ISDN physical-layer frame formats are 48 bits long, of which 36

bits represent data
ISDN Data Link Layer

Frame format is very similar to that of HDLC

ISDN Network Layer

Two Layer 3 specifications are used
for ISDN signaling:
 ITU-T I.450 (also known as ITU-T Q.930)
 ITU-T I.451 (also known as ITU-T Q.931)
 Together, these protocols support:

User-to-user circuit-switched connections

User-to-user packet-switched connections

A variety of standards for:
 Call establishment
 Call termination
ISDN Encapsulation

The two most common
encapsulations:
 PPP
 HDLC

ISDN defaults to HDLC.

PPP is much more robust.
 Open standard specified by RFC 1661
 Supported by most vendors
ISDN Services
BRI

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

 Two 64 Kbps B channels, one 16 Kbps D channel, and
48 Kbps worth of framing and synchronization.
 Available data bandwidth: 128 Kbps (2 x 64 Kbps)
 User bandwidth: 144 Kbps (128 Kbps + a 16 Kbps D
channel)
 Total line capacity: 192 Kbps (144 Kbps + 48 Kbps
framing)

Each B channel can be used for separate applications
 Such as Internet and Voice

Allows individual B channels to be aggregated together
into a Multilink channel
ISDN Services PRI

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

 A PRI connection can assign various 64 Kbps channels to both
ISDN and analog modem connections
 North America and Japan PRI service has 23 * 64 Kbps B
channels, one 64 Kbps D channel, and 8 Kbps of
synchronization and framing for a total bit rate of up to 1.544
Mbps (same as T1)
 Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world PRI service
has 30 * 64 Kbps B channels, one 64 Kbps D channel, and 64
Kbps of framing and synchronization for a total bit rate of up
to 2.048 Mbps (same as E1)

Each B channel to be used for separate
applications including voice, data and Internet

Multiple B channels can be Multilinked together
Referine

Guerrero Ibez ISDN lecture notes

Roger L. Freeman:
Fundamentals of Telecommunication
 Capitolul 7 i 14

Wikipedia:
Signaling System #7
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS7

International Engineering Consortium
Web ProForums: Signaling System 7
 http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/ss7