On style, stylistics and translation
Mariana
Prof. Mariana Neagu
The development of stylistics (I)
- Charles Ballys French school (expressive
stylistics)
- Croces individual stylistics
- Russian formalism (formalist stylistics)
- Prague Structuralism (Jakobson)
the last two:
- no strict separation of linguistics and
literature
- strongly influenced functionalist theories of
translation (Reis and
Vermeer 1984)
Jakobsons views: concerned with the form
of the text, but also take in
such notions as the cognitive, the cultural
and the pragmatic.
Another development important for stylistics
- The New Criticism or Text-based criticism (I.
A. Richards 1924 and W.
Empson1930)
- focus on the words on the page of the
literary text
- neglect of the authors background, the
readers background
The development of stylistics (II)
- Hallidays systemic-functional school of
linguistics (the 1970s) textual
stylistics
- Snell-Hornby 1995: one of the few
pe de stil, stilistic i traducere Prof.
Neagu dezvoltarea stilistic (i) - Charles Bally
lui francez coal (expresiv stilistic) - Croce
individuale ale stilistic - rus formalism
(formalist stilistic) - Praga structuralism
(jakobson) ultimii doi: - niciun stricte de
separare de lingvistic i literatur - puternic
influenat funcionalist teorii de traducere
(Reis i Vermeer 1984) jakobson lui vizionri:
n cauz cu form de text, dar, de asemenea
s ia n astfel de noiuni ca cognitive, cultural
i pragmatic. un alt dezvoltare de important
pentru stilistic - pentru nou critici sau de tip
text critici (I. A. Richards 1924 i W.
empson1930) - se concentreze pe "cuvinte
pe pagina de" a textului literar - neglijare a
autorului fundal, cititor de fundal de
dezvoltare a stilistic (ii) - Halliday lui
sistemic-funcional scoala de lingvistic
(1970) - textual stilistic - Snell-hornby 1995:
una dintre cele cteva traducere teoreticieni
s ia n considerare stil n detaliu. - o
descriere tinde s se bazeze pe devreme
STYLISTIC teorii (lipitoare i scurt 1981),
precum i funcionalist abordri (Reiss i
Vermeer 1984) cognitive stilistic - a avut
recent un impact asupra traducere, n partea
de lucru de savani, cum ar fi tabakowska
(1993), gutt (2000), dahlgreen (2000), boase
beier (2003, 2004) - - implic o preocupare
cu sociale i culturale factori (prin conceptul
de context ca un cognitive entitate) un
interdisciplinar perspectiv pe stilistic -
stilistic intersecteaz cu alte domenii de
lingvistic: - lingvistic istoric, dialectology,
sociolingvistic, psiholingvistica. mai recent
ea interfee cu analiza discursului i
pragmatic. - are o relaie strns cu: -
retoric, poetic, pragmatic, semiotica i
semantics ceea ce este scopul de a STYLISTIC
studii? - "scopul de a cel mai STYLISTIC studii
este de a nu pur i simplu pentru a descrie
formal caracteristici ale texte pentru propriile
lor dragul, dar, n scopul de a arta lor
funcional semnificaie de interpretare a text;
translation theorists to consider
style in detail.
- her description tends to rely on early
stylistic theories (Leech and
Short 1981) and functionalist approaches
(Reiss and Vermeer 1984)
Cognitive Stylistics
- Has recently had an impact on translation,
in the work of scholars
such as Tabakowska (1993), Gutt (2000),
Dahlgreen (2000), Boase Beier
(2003, 2004)
- - involves a concern with social and cultural
factors (through its
concept of context as a cognitive entity)
An interdisciplinary perspective on stylistics
- Stylistics intersects with other areas of
linguistics:
- historical linguistics, dialectology,
sociolinguistics,
psycholinguistics. More recently it interfaces
with discourse analysis and
pragmatics.
- It has a close relationship with:
- rhetoric, poetics, pragmatics, semiotics and
semantics
What is the goal of stylistic studies?
- the goal of most stylistic studies is to not
simply to describe the
FORMAL features of texts for their own sake,
but in order to show their
FUNCTIONAL significance for the
sau n scopul de a se refer literare efecte sau
teme lingvistice declaneaz n cazul n care
acestea sunt simit s fie relevante". (Wales,
2001: 372) e.g.the efect de groaz sau
suspans n Poe lui groap i pendulul - lung
propoziii i descriptiv limb butoi de
amontillado - dialoguri i monologuri spune-
poveste inima - scurt propoziii, exclamaii,
retoric propoziii tipuri de stilistic (i)
lingvistic vs. literare stilistic 1. lingvistic
stilistic: - este un descriptiv lingvistic
abordare a stilistic bazat pe furnizarea de
modele i metode de STYLISTIC analiz a
textelor, mai ales texte literare, cu nici o
ngrijorare deosebit cu efectele lor i
funcia. (ghasala, 2011: 18) - se concentreaz
pe noiunea de STYLISTIC alegere tipuri de
stilistic (ii) 2. literare stilistic - este stydy
literare stil de la un lingvistic perspectiv -
de asemenea, este numit 'funcional "sau"
funcionalist' stilistic pentru sale ngrijorare
cu limba funcii, iniial care decurg din
Halliday functionala lingvistic (1964). - este
complementar lingvistic stilistic - sale mari
probleme sunt "nu att de mult" ce "ca" de
ce "i" cum "(lipitoare i scurt, 1981: 13) - se
concentreaz pe STYLISTIC deviaia tipuri de
stilistic (III) 3. cognitive stilistic -" a extinde
Rapid cmp la interfa ntre lingvistic, studii
literare i a stiintelor cognitive. cognitive
stilistic combin un fel de riguroase i
detaliate analiza lingvistic de texte literare,
care este tipic de stilistic tradiie, cu o i
sistematic, teoretic, informat considerare de
cognitive structuri i procesele care stau la
baza de producie i de primire a limbii.
"(semino i culpeper, 2002: ix) cognitive
stilistic prin urmare, la fel ca stilistic
materie de lingvistic, astfel nct prea are
psihologie chestiune a cognitive lingvistic.
dar, n cazul n care vom localiza cognitive
stilistic? - n cadrul cognitive lingvistic - n
cadrul cognitive psihologie de lectur (Steen,
2002), ceea ce face distincia cognitive
stilistic din alte felul de STYLISTIC modele?
interpretation of the text; or in order to
relate literary effects or themes to linguistic
triggers where these are
felt to be relevant. (Wales, 2001: 372)
e.g.the effect of horror or suspense in Poes
The Pit and the Pendulum long sentences
and descriptive language
The Cask of Amontillado dialogues and
monologues
The Tell-Tale Heart short sentences,
exclamations, rhetorical
sentences
Types of stylistics (I)
linguistic vs. literary stylistics
1. linguistic stylistics:
- is a descriptive linguistic approach to
stylistics based on providing
models and methods of stylistic analysis of
texts, especially literary
texts, with no special concern with their
effects and function. (Ghasala,
2011: 18)
- focuses on the notion of stylistic choice
Types of stylistics (II)
2. literary stylistics
- is the stydy of literary style from a linguistic
perspective
- is also termed functional or functionalist
stylistics for its
concern with language functions, originally
deriving from Hallidays
-" principalele sale pune accentul pe mentale
reprezentare mai degrab dect pe text
reprezentare. "(Simpson, 2004: 92) definiiile
stil (i) Geoffrey i Michael scurt. 1981. stil n
ficiune. lingvistic introducere n englez
fictiv proz. Londra i New York: Longman:"
modul n care limba este utilizat ntr-o
anumit context, de o anumit persoan,
pentru un anumit scop i aa mai departe. ""
distincie ntre ce un scriitor are de spus, i
cum este prezentat cititor, st la baza unul
dintre primele i mai persistent conceptul de
stil: cea a stil ca "rochie de gndire". - dei
acest metafora stil ca un fel de podoab
"sau" acoper "de gndire sau neles nu mai
este larg curent, este frecvent apare n
Renaterii i raionalist declaraii pe stil, i
implicit. definiiile stil (ii) ara Galilor (2001:
371): - pentru set sau suma lingvistic
caracteristici care par a fi caracteristic dac
de nregistrare, gen sau perioad. - pentru
set de caracteristici specifice, sau
caracteristic a unui autor: ei / lui idiolect sau
limb obiceiuri, trase pe general stoc a limb
n orice perioad dat. (idem, Ibidem) stil ca
alegerea (i) - Bally, Ullmann, guiraud, cresot:
in limba exist STYLISTIC i neutru variante
Stephen Ullmann. 1973. neles i stil.
colectate lucrri. Oxford: Busuioc Blackwell ,,
p. 40 - opiniile difer ca la ceea ce constituie
esena de stil. unii ar fi de acord cu Proust
nct stil este de a scriitor ce culoare este de
a pictor: aceasta este o chestiune nu a
tehnicilor dar de extrem de personal n
modul de viziune. - lipitoare i scurt (1981): -
stil const din alegerile fcute din repertoriul
de limb, adic, ceea ce opiuni sunt fcute
de un anumit autor, ntr-un anumit gen, sau
ntr-un anumit text. stil ca alegerea (ii) -
STYLISTIC alegeri se poate face la diferite
niveluri de limba: - lexical (de ex Poe lui
generos de utilizare a Latin sau francez
cuvinte) - gramaticale (de ex scurt concis
propoziii i al frazelor Poe lui Masque de
rou moarte) - fonologic - grafologic (de ex
functional linguistics (1964).
- is complementary to linguistic stylistics
- its big issues are not so much what as
why and how
(Leech and Short, 1981: 13)
- focuses on stylistic deviation
Types of stylistics (III)
3. cognitive stylistics
- a rapidly expanding field at the interface
between linguistics, literary
studies and cognitive science. Cognitive
stylistics combines the kind of
rigorous and detailed linguistic analysis of
literary texts that is typical
of the stylistics tradition with a systematic
and theoretically informed
consideration of the cognitive structures and
processes that underlie the
production and reception of language.
(Semino and Culpeper, 2002: IX)
Cognitive Stylistics
Therefore, just as stylistics matters to
linguistics, so too does
psychology matter to cognitive linguistics.
But, where shall we locate cognitive
stylistics?
Poe lui duioie din cratime i Capitals) dou
sensuri de stilul" - stil 1 este mod de a face
discursului, inclusiv gen variabile ca mediu,
tip, profesional registru i aa mai departe.
(discursul stil): de exemplu lg de ficiune, lg
de narative, lg. de persuation, lg. de politic,
lg. a vorbi, lg. de internet. - stil 2 este mod de
a face limb itsellf, dat precedent
constrngeri (stil propriu): de exemplu lg de
E. A. Poe, lg. de ori, etc. discursul stil i stil
propriu - n cazul de discurs stil exist ct mai
multe categorii ca exista genuri, subgenuri i
supergenres. - n cazul n stil propriu exist
ct mai multe categorii ca exista productori
sau grupuri de productori de gen de
evenimente. implicaii pentru practica de
traducere - pentru problema principal: cum
translator intelege un text - STYLISTIC
caracteristici ale unui text pot fi legate de: - o
anumit Register - un anumit autor /
translator referinele (i) - ghasala, hasa. 2011.
cognitive stilistic i translator. Londra:
sayyab cri. - lipitoare, Geoffrey i Michael
scurt. 1981. stil n ficiune. lingvistic
introducere n englez fictiv proz. Londra i
New York: Longman. referinele (ii) - semino,
Elena i Ionatan culpeper. EDS. 2002.
cognitive stilistic: limb i cunoatere n
analiza de text. Amsterdam: John benjamins -
Simpson, Paul. 2004. stilistic. o resurs carte
pentru studeni. Londra: Routledge. - Steen,
Gerard. 2002. metafor n Bob Dylan lui
"uraganul": gen, limb i stil. n semino i
culpeper, pp.183-210. referinele (III) - Wales,
katie.2001. un dicionar de stilistic. ediia a
2. Londra: Pearson educaie limitted.

- Within cognitive linguistics

- Within the cognitive psychology of reading

(Steen, 2002)

What distinguishes cognitive stylistics from

other sorts of stylistic
models?

- its main emphasis is on mental

representation rather than on textual

representation. (Simpson, 2004: 92)

Definitions of style (I)

Geoffrey and Michael Short. 1981. Style in

Fiction. A Linguistic

Introduction to English Fictional Prose.

London and New York: Longman:

the way in which language is used in a given

context, by a given person,

for a given purpose and so on.

the distinction between what a writer has

to say, and how it is presented

to the reader, underlies one of the earliest

and most persistent concept of

style: that of style as the dress of thought.

- although this metaphor of style as some

kind of adornment or covering

of thought or meaning is no longer widely

current, it frequently appears in

renaissance and rationalist pronouncements

on style, and is implicit.

Definitions of style (II)

Wales (2001: 371):

- The set or sum of linguistic features that

seem to be characteristic

whether of register, genre or period.

- The set of features peculiar to, or

characteristic of an author:

his/her idiolect or language habits, drawn

upon the general stock of the
language in any given period. (idem, ibidem)

Style as choice (I)

- Bally, Ullmann, Guiraud, Cresot: in language

there are stylistic and

neutral variants

Stephen Ullmann. 1973. Meaning and Style.

Collected Papers. Oxford: Basil

Blackwell,, p. 40

- opinions differ as to what constitutes the

essence of style. Some

would agree with Proust that style is to the

writer what colour is to the

painter: it is a matter not of techniques but

of highly personal mode of

vision.

- Leech and Short (1981):

- style consists of choices made from the

repertoire of the language,

i.e. what choices are made by a particular

author, in a particular genre,

or in a particular text.

Style as choice (II)

- Stylistic choices can be made at different

levels of language:

- lexical (e.g. Poes generous use of Latin or

French words)

- grammatical (e.g. short concise sentences

and phrases in Poes The

Masque of the Red Death)

- phonological

- graphological (e.g. Poes fondness of dashes

and capitals)

Two senses of style

- Style 1 is way of doing discourse, including

genre variables like

medium, type, professional register and so

on. (discourse style): e.g.

Lg of fiction, lg of narrative, lg. of persuation,

lg. of politics, lg. of

talk, lg. of internet.

- Style 2 is way of doing language itsellf,

given previous constraints (style

proper): e.g. lg of E. A. Poe, lg. of The Times,

etc.

Discourse Style and Style Proper

- For discourse style there are as many

categories as there are genres,

subgenres and supergenres.

- For style proper there are as many

categories as there are producers

or groups of producers of genre events.

Implications for the practice of translation

- The main issue: how the translator

understands a text

- Stylistic features of a text can be related to:

- a particular register

- a particular author/translator

References (I)

- Ghasala, Hasa. 2011. Cognitive Stylistics

and the Translator. London: Sayyab

Books.

- Leech, Geoffrey and Michael Short. 1981.

Style in Fiction. A

Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional

Prose. London and New York:

Longman.

References (II)

- Semino, Elena and Jonathan Culpeper. eds.

2002. Cognitive Stylistics:

Language and Cognition in Text Analysis.

Amsterdam: John Benjamins

- Simpson, Paul. 2004. Stylistics. A Resource

Book for Students. London:

Routledge.

- Steen, Gerard. 2002. Metaphor in Bob

Dylans Hurricane: Genre,

language and style. In Semino and Culpeper,

pp.183-210.

References (III)

- Wales, Katie.2001. A Dictionary of Stylistics.

2nd edition. London:

Pearson Education Limitted.