Camelia Neagu

LIMBA ENGLEZ 1
- suport de curs -

EDITURA UNIVERSITII NICOLAE TITULESCU

BUCURETI

2017
Acest material este destinat uzului studenilor, forma de nvmnt la distan.

Coninutul cursului este proprietatea intelectual a autorului/autorilor; designul, machetarea i

transpunerea n format electronic aparin Departamentului de nvmnt la Distan al
Universitii Nicolae Titulescu din Bucureti.

Acest curs este destinat uzului individual. Este interzis multiplicarea, copierea sau
difuzarea coninutului sub orice form.
 UNIVERSITATEA NICOLAE TITULESCU DIN BUCURETI
DEPARTAMENTUL PENTRU NVMNTUL LA DISTAN

Camelia Neagu

Limba englez 1
Editura Universitii Nicolae Titulescu

Calea Vcreti, nr. 185, sector 4, Bucureti

Tel./fax: 0213309032/0213308606
Email: editura@univnt.ro

ISBN: 978-606-751-413-1
CUPRINS
INTRODUCERE ................................................................................................................................................ 7
OBIECTIVELE CURSULUI ............................................................................................................................. 7
COMPETENE ................................................................................................................................................. 7
RESURSE I MIJLOACE DE LUCRU ............................................................................................................. 8
STRUCTURA CURSULUI ............................................................................................................................... 9
TEME DE CONTROL ....................................................................................................................................... 9
CERINE PRELIMINARE PENTRU PARCURGEREA CURSULUI . ............................................................ 10
DURATA MEDIE DE STUDIU INDIVIDUAL ................................................................................................ 10
EVALUAREA ................................................................................................................................................... 10
BIBLIOGRAFIE: ............................................................................................................................................... 11
UNITATEA 1: ORDINEA CORECT A CUVINTELOR N LIMBA ENGLEZ ..................................... 12
(WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH) .................................................................................................................... 12
1.1. INTRODUCERE ......................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2. OBIECTIVE ................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.3. CONINUT. ................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.4. DEZVOLTARE APTITUDINILOR ......................................................................................................... 15
1.5. S NE REAMINTIM... ............................................................................................................................. 15
1.6. REZUMAT ................................................................................................................................................ 15
1.7. TEST ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
1.8. BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................................... 13
UNITATEA 2: REGATUL UNIT MONARHIE CONSTITUIONAL. ................................................ 17
(THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY) .................................................................................... 17
2.1. INTRODUCERE ....................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2. OBIECTIVE .............................................................................................................................................. 17
2.3. CONINUT. .............................................................................................................................................. 17
2.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR....................................................................................................... 19
2.5. S NE REAMINITIM... . ........................................................................................................................... 20
2.6. REZUMAT ................................................................................................................................................ 20
2.7. TEST ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.8. BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................................... 21
UNITATEA 3: VORBIREA DIRECT I INDIRECT . ........................................................................... 22
(DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH) ...................................................................................................... 22
3.1. INTRODUCERE ....................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2. OBIECTIVE .............................................................................................................................................. 22
3.3. CONINUT. .............................................................................................................................................. 22
3.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR....................................................................................................... 25
3.5. S NE REAMINTIM... ............................................................................................................................. 26
3.6. REZUMAT ................................................................................................................................................ 26
3.7. TEST ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.8. TEMA DE CONTROL 1 ........................................................................................................................... 27
3.9. BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................................... 27
UNITATEA 4: THE SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW ................................................................................ 28
4.1. INTRODUCERE ....................................................................................................................................... 28
4.2. OBIECTIVE .............................................................................................................................................. 28
4.3. CONINUT. .............................................................................................................................................. 28
4.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR....................................................................................................... 29
4.5. S NE REAMINTIM... ............................................................................................................................. 31
4.6. REZUMAT ................................................................................................................................................ 31

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 4.7. TEST ......................................................................................................................................................... 31
4.8. BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................................... 31
UNITATEA 5: VERBUL. TIMPURILE VERBULUI ................................................................................. 32
(THE VERB. VERB TENSES) ..................................................................................................................... 32
5.1. INTRODUCERE ....................................................................................................................................... 32
5.2. OBIECTIVE .............................................................................................................................................. 32
5.3. CONINUT. .............................................................................................................................................. 32
5.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR....................................................................................................... 34
5.5. S NE REAMINTIM... ............................................................................................................................. 35
5.6. REZUMAT ................................................................................................................................................ 35
5.7. TEST ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.8. BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................................... 36
UNITATEA 6: SISTEMUL JUDICIAR....................................................................................................... 37
(THE JUDICIARY) ...................................................................................................................................... 37
6.1. INTRODUCERE ....................................................................................................................................... 37
6.2. OBIECTIVE .............................................................................................................................................. 37
6.3. CONINUT. .............................................................................................................................................. 37
6.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR....................................................................................................... 38
6.5. S NE REAMINTIM... ............................................................................................................................. 39
6.6. REZUMAT ................................................................................................................................................ 39
6.7. TEST ......................................................................................................................................................... 40
6.8. TEMA DE CONTROL 2 ........................................................................................................................... 41
6.9. BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................................... 41
LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE .......................................................................................................... 42

6
 LIMBA ENGLEZ 1

Coordonator curs: lect.univ.dr. Camelia NEAGU

INTRODUCERE

Limba englez 1 se adreseaz n principal studenilor din anul I, semestrul I, din

cadrul sistemului de nvmnt la Distan (ID) al Universitii Nicolae Titulescu,
Facultatea de Drept, cu un nivel mediu de cunoatere a limbii engleze i dorete s le ofere
acestora posibilitatea de a recapitula cunotinele acumulate i de a-i nsui noi elemente
noiuni generale din limbajul juridic. De asemenea, cursul i propune dezvoltarea unor
strategii care s conduc la autonomia studenilor n nvare, prin contientizarea nevoilor
personale, efort individual i autoevaluare permanent.
Cursul este structurat n 6 uniti de nvare. Textele sunt nsoite de exerciii, care au
rolul de a facilita procesul de nelegere i de a favoriza acumularea lexical.

OBIECTIVELE CURSULUI

Obiectivele cursului sunt:

1. s formeze deprinderilor necesare pentru a folosi limba englez n mod flexibil i eficient
att n scopuri sociale ct i profesionale
2. s mbogeasc vocabularul studenilor prin achiziia de termeni juridici n limba englez.
3. s creasc ncrederea studenilor n capacitile personale de ndeplinirea sarcinilor
comunicative n limba englez

COMPETENE

Competenele pe care trebuie s le dobndeasc studenii se nscriu n precizrile

oferite de Cadrul European Comun de Referin pentru Limbi: nvare, Predare, Evaluare
(2001). Astfel, nivelul pe care l au studenii la nceputul acestui curs ar trebui s fie B1 sau
B2, i ne dorim ca nivelul atins la finalizare (sfritul anului al II-lea = patru semestre de
studiu) s fie B2+ sau chiar C1.

Competenele de comunicare lingvistic pe care studentul le poate dobndi cuprinde

urmtoarele componente:

1. Competena lingvistic general: s se exprime clar i fr a lsa impresia c

este nevoit s restrng ceea ce vrea s spun;
a. competena lexical: s stpneasc o gam bogat de vocabular pentru subiectele
legate de domeniul juridic i subiectele cele mai generale;
b. competena gramatical: s menin un control gramatical bun, s nu fac greeli care
s conduc la nenelegeri;

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 c. competena fonologic: pronunie i intonaie fireti;
d. competena ortografic: s produc un text scris coerent, clar i inteligibil ce respect
regulile curente de dispunere n pagin i de organizare.

2. Competena sociolingvistic: s se exprime cu siguran, simplu i politicos ntr-

un registru oficial i neoficial potrivit cu situaia i persoanele n cauz.

3. Competena pragmatic:

a. competena discursiv:
- s poat face o descriere sau alctui un discurs clar dezvoltnd i argumentnd
punctele importante cu ajutorul detaliilor i al exemplelor semnificative;
- s poat interveni ntr-o discuie ntr-o manier adecvat;
- s poat utiliza cu eficacitate o varietate de cuvinte de legtur pentru a marca clar
legturile dintre idei.

b. competena funcional:
- s poat comunica cu spontaneitate, demonstrnd adeseori o remarcabil uurin i o
facilitate de exprimare chiar i n enunurile complexe i destul de lungi;
- s poat transmite o informaie amnunit n mod fiabil.

RESURSE I MIJLOACE DE LUCRU

Propunem utilizarea urmtoarelor resursele si mijloacele de lucru:

prezentul curs practic de limba englez;
o gramatic a limbii engleze, pentru referine (s poat fi consultat la nevoie1);
un dicionar general englez-romn, romn englez;
un dicionar juridic englez-romn / romn-englez2

De asemenea, sugerm i folosirea resurselor digitale online (e.g.

www.wikipedia.com, www.britannica.com pentru clarificarea unor termeni i concepte
specific limbajului juridic; www.esl-lounge.com student pentru explicaii privind regulile
specific limbii engleze; www.linguee.com pentru traduceri).

1
Sugerm urmtoarele variante posibile:
Fleischhack, Eric; Schwarz, Hellmut (2009) English Grammar, Bucureti: ALL Educational
Vince, Michael (2008) - Macmillan English Grammar In Context Student's Book Intermediate,
London: Macmillan
Preda, Ioan; Levichi, Leon (2008) Gramatica limbii engleze, Bucureti: Gramar
Docherty, Vincent; Brough, Sonia (2009) Gramatica standard a limbii engleze, Bucureti:
Niculescu
2
Sugerm urmtoarele variante posibile:
Dicionar dicionar juridic englez-romn / romn-englez, (2008), Bucureti: C.H.Beck
Dicionar dicionar juridic englez-romn / romn-englez, (2009), Bucureti: Lumina Lex

8
 STRUCTURA CURSULUI

Cursul pentru semestrul I este compus din 6 uniti de nvare, dup cum urmeaz:
1. Unitatea de nvare 1 ORDINEA CORECT A CUVINTELOR N LIMBA ENGLEZ
(WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH)
2. Unitatea de nvare 2 - REGATUL UNIT MONARHIE CONSTITUIONAL (THE
UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY)
3. Unitatea de nvare 3 - VORBIREA DIRECT I INDIRECT (DIRECT AND
REPORTED SPEECH)
4. Unitatea de nvare 4 IZVOARELE DREPTULUI ANGLO-SAXON (THE SOURCES
OF ENGLISH LAW)
5. Unitatea de nvare 5 VERBUL. TIMPURILE VERBULUI (THE VERB. VERB
TENSES)
6. Unitatea de nvare 6 - SISTEMUL JUDICIAR (THE JUDICIARY)

Fiecare unitate este alctuit din:

1. INTRODUCERE se ofer o scurt descriere a coninutului unitii de nvare.

2. OBIECTIVE reprezint ceea ce studenii trebuie s ating prin parcurgerea unitii
respective (aceste obiective sunt stabilite pentru a coordona procesul de nvare,
pentru a-i motiva pe studeni s-i nsueasc coninutul i de asemenea pentru a-i
ajuta s se autoevalueze).
3. CONINUT aceast seciune include fie explicaii cu privire la regulile specific
limbii engleze, fie un text care conine informaii despre Regatul Unit
4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR include activiti menite s dezvolte
competenele lexicale i de traducere, necesare exprimrii corecte n domeniul juridic.
5. S NE REAMINTIM puncteaz principalele aspecte furnizate n unitate pn la
momentul respectiv.
6. REZUMAT n aceast seciune se ofer o sintez a principalelor puncte dezbtute n
cadrul unitii de nvare, fcndu-se legtura cu urmtoarele uniti de nvare.
7. TEST rezolvrile vor fi dezbtute n cadrul tutorialelor
8. BIBLIOGRAFIA

Cheia exerciiilor este postat pe platforma eLis.

TEME DE CONTROL

Acest curs conine i 2 TEME DE CONTROL:

TEMA DE CONTROL 1

Lund n considerare detaliile personale, informaiile privind educaia i experiena de

via, precum i competenele dumneavoastr, redactai-v propriul CV n limba englez.
Putei porni de la modelul oferit de: europass.cedefop.europa.eu/europass/.../CVTemplate.

9
TEMA DE CONTROL 2

Descriei sistemul de guvernare din Romnia n comparaie cu cel din Anglia. Urmrii
n descrierea dumneavoastr urmtoarele puncte:

eful statului: numire, funcii i puteri relaia sa cu celelalte organe ale statului;
puterea legislativ: alctuire, funcii i puteri relaia sa cu celelalte organe ale statului;
puterea executiv: alctuire, funcii i puteri relaia sa cu celelalte organe ale statului.

Rezolvarea celor dou teme de control reprezint 30% din nota final.
Prima tem de control trebuie rezolvat i ncrcat pe platforma e-lis, o sptmn nainte de
prima ntlnire tutorial prevzut n orar, iar cea de-a doua tem, cu o sptmn nainte de
cea de-a doua ntlnire tutorial prevzut n orar.

CERINE PRELIMINARE PENTRU PARCURGEREA CURSULUI

Este necesar un nivel cel puin mediu de limba englez pentru parcurgerea acestui curs (de
exemplu obinerea cel puin a calificativului B1 la examenul de bacalaureat sau al unui
calificativ similar).

DURATA MEDIE DE STUDIU INDIVIDUAL

90 minute pentru fiecare unitate.

EVALUAREA

La sfritul semestrului studentul va primi o nota care va fi compus din:

1. 70% evaluarea final, care va avea loc n sesiunea de examene, sub form scris.
2. 30% evaluarea pe parcurs, prin notarea celor dou teme de control obligatorii.

Examenul scris de la sfritul semestrului I va evalua competenele lingvistice,

sociolingvistice i pragmatice dobndite prin parcurgerea unitilor de nvare 1-6 i va avea
o durat de 60 de minute.

Structura examenului scris poate fi urmtoarea:

1. Un text i ase ntrebri. Trebuie s citii textul i s alegei varianta corect de rspuns
(A, B, C sau D).
2. Un text cu 15 spaii goale. Fiecare spaiu gol reprezint un cuvnt sau o expresie.
Trebuie s citii textul i s alegei cuvntul sau expresia potrivit (A, B, C sau D).

10
3. Opinia cu privire la o afirmaie dat. Trebuie s redactai un text (200-240 de cuvinte)
cu argumente susinnd sau combatnd ideea prezentat.
4. Traducerea unui text de 60-70 de cuvinte, preluat dintr-o text asemntor ca tematic
celor incluse n acest manual.
5. Retroversiunea a 5 propoziii/fraze care s conin structuri gramaticale sau funcii ale
limbii revizuite n cadrul unitilor din semestrul I.

BIBLIOGRAFIE:

1. Caraiman, Carmen Daniela (2013). Limba engleza pentru juristi. Bucureti: Editura
Universitar
2. Dracsineanu, Ctlin; Haraga, Radu (2012). Manual de limba englez pentru
profesioniti. Iai: Editura Polirom
3. Fleischhack, Eric; Schwarz, Hellmut (2009) English Grammar. Practice Book,
Bucureti: ALL Educational
4. Seidl, Jennifer; Schwarz, Hellmut (2012). English Grammar, Bucureti: ALL
Educational
5. Walenn, Jeremy (2009). English for law in higher education studies. London: Garnet
Publishing.

11
 Unitatea 1: ORDINEA CORECT A CUVINTELOR N LIMBA ENGLEZ
(WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH)

Coninut:

1.1. Introducere
1.2. Obiective
1.3. Coninut
1.4. Dezvoltare lexical
1.5. S ne reaminitim
1.6. Rezumat
1.7. Test
1.8. Bibliografie

1.1. INTRODUCERE

Acest capitol expune regulile de organizare a cuvintelor n propoziie, aplicate n

limba englez. Studenii ar trebui s acorde o atenie sporit acestui capitol deoarece
necunoaterea regulilor de organizare a cuvintelor n propoziie atrage dup sine
comiterea unui numr foarte mare de greeli de topic n limba englez.

1.2. OBIECTIVE

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

s foloseasc n ordine corect prile de propoziie n limba englez,
semnalnd diferenele de topic existente ntre englez i romn;
s sesiseze poziia corect a adverbelor de frecven n propoziie (observnd
diferenele care apar n funcie de predicat i de timpurile folosite).

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 de minute.

1.3. CONINUT

Folosirea corect a ORDINII CUVINTELOR N PROPOZIIE prezint o

importan deosebit n limba englez. Limba englez este o limba analitic, avnd
puine forme flexionare, de aceea, locul pe care-l ocup cuvintele n propoziie are un
rol important n identificarea funciilor lor sintactice.

Ordinea cuvintelor n propoziie trebuie studiat i datorit diferenelor de topic dintre

romn i englez.

n limba romn, poziia prilor de propoziie difer de cea a cuvintelor englezeti n

dou privine:

12
 a) Limba romn are mai multe forme flexionare i deci locul cuvintelor nu este
att de important, iar subiectul nu este exprimat de obicei, verbul romnesc
fiind marcat formal pentru persoan i numr:

I never see him there (engl.)

Niciodat nu-l vd acolo (romn)
(Eu) Nu-l vd niciodat acolo.
(Eu) Nu-l vd acolo niciodat.

b) Unele pri de propoziie n limba romn ocup de obicei alte locuri dect
prile de propoziie corespunztoare din limba englez.

Englez: Romn:
He speaks English well. El vorbete bine englezete.
(Subiect + predicat + compl. direct + (Subiect + predicat + circ. mod.
circ. mod) + compl. direct)

Exemple
1. Comparai topica propoziiei englezeti cu topica propoziiei romneti, observnd
c n romn topica este mult mai flexibil:

(Compl. circ. de timp)Subiect + Predicat + Compl. direct + Compl. indir. +

Compl. circ. de mod + Compl. circ. de loc + (Compl. circ. de timp).

(After dinner) She said good night to them quickly in the hall (after dinner).

(Dup cin) le-a spus noapte bun repede n hol (dup cin) sau

(Dup cin) le-a spus repede noapte bun n hol (dup cin).

2. Adverbele de frecven (usually*, sometimes*, never, often, rarely/seldom, always)

stau naintea predicatului dac acesta este exprimat printr-un verb aflat la un timp
simplu (deci NU continuu** sau perfect***):

She never pleads in criminal cases.

Law students often simulate cases as part of their academic training.

* Usually and sometimes can be placed at the beginning/at the end of the sentence or
immediately before the predicate:

(Usually) We prepare our pleadings carefully (usually). sau

We usually prepare our pleadings carefully.

(Sometimes) she asks this senior counsel for advice (sometimes). sau
She sometimes asks this senior counsel for advice.

** Adverbs of frequency are used between the verb to be and the present participle
(with continuous tenses):

13
They are always asking me questions about the day of the crime because they suppose
I am the real offender!

*** Adverbs of frequency are used between the verb to have and the past participle
(with perfect tenses):

She has never agreed with such a clause in the contract!

!!! If adverbs of frequency are used with the verb to be, they are placed after this
verb:

Mr. Johanson is always on time when he expects a client at the office.

I. Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:

1. I appreciate very much this internship period.

.
2. The witness testified yesterday without hesitation.

3. She checks her knowledge in this law encyclopedia often.

II. Traducei urmtoarele propoziii n limba englez:

1. Descrie-ne tot ce ai vzut ieri la locul faptei, te rog.

2. Te rog, citete-mi declaraia martorului.
3. Comunic-ne rezultatul procesului imediat ce-l afli!
4. I-am cumprat sptmna trecut asistentei noastre un dicionar explicativ de
termeni juridici.
5. Medalia de aur a fost acordat echipei romne pentru performana ei extraordinar la
concursul de procese simulate.
6. Nu este nevoie s-mi napoiezi cursul de drept constituional. i-l fac cadou.

III. Punei n ordinea corespunztoare cuvintele de mai jos:

1. The/is/about/like/thing/I/this faculty/great/research department/its.

2. A/smuggling/building/man/apprehended/in/ was/who/this/dealt with.
3. We/read/the/before/file/must/and/about/forgotten/it/have.
4. Unfortunately/caused/year/are/crimes/juveniles/by/every/many.
5. An/by/injured/rescued/from/the/burning /a/dog/was/woman/building.

IV. Punei complementele circumstaniale din paranteze la locul potrivit n

propoziie, preciznd funcia lor sintactic:

1. I am working on my graduation project (now).

2. He has had his dinner (already).
3. The last lesson was difficult (unusually); this one is easy (enough).
4. I have believed them (never).
5. His behavior cannot be explained (entirely).

14
6. You can excuse yourself for the reason (hardly).
7. He goes to the seaside (usually, in July).
8. Look at those sentences (tonight).
9. He speaks English (in the classroom, always).
10. He comes (sometimes, on Saturdays, to my place).

1.4. DEZVOLTARE APTITUDINILOR

I. Completai spaiile libere cu termenii de mai jos (conform exemplului dat):

authority court to govern Judge

law enforcement agency lawyers legal action legal system
legislation Rule the judiciary tribunal

1. A body that is appointed to make a judgement or inquiry. tribunal

2. A countrys body of judges.
3. An act or acts passed by a law-making body.
4. Legal proceedings.
5. An official body that has authority to try criminals, resolve disputes, or make other
legal decisions.
6. An organization responsible for enforcing the law especially the police.
7. A senior official in a court law.
8. The body or system of rules recognized by a community that are enforceable by
established process.
9. The control resulting from following a communitys system of rules.
10. Members of the legal profession.
11. To rule a society and control the behavior of its members.
12. Behavior recognized by a community as binding or enforceable by authority.

1.5. S NE REAMINTIM...

Topica limbii engleze este diferit de cea din limba romn ntr-o mare msur.
Ca limb sintetic, romna i-a conservat formele flexionare, de aici flexibilitatea
topicii romneti. n schimb, engleza, ca limb analitic, a pierdut foarte multe forme
flexionare, ceea ce a dus la rigidizarea topicii ei.

1.6. REZUMAT

n limba englez, nu se pune niciodat un complement circumstanial ntre

predicat i complementul direct/ complementul indirect;
complementele circumstaniale au o ordine strict de folosire n limba englez:
C.C.M + C.C.L + C.C.T(Adverbial of Manner + Adverbial of Place +
Adverbial of Time);
urmtoarele complemente circumstaniale de timp pot sta la nceputul sau la
sfritul propoziiei: last week/month/year, next week/month/year, this
week/month/year, in 2010, at noon/at midnight/at weekend, in the future/in the
morning/in the afternoon, during the 1st semester, on Monday/Friday etc.

15
n unitile urmtoare vom recapitula i alte reguli specifice limbii engleze.

1.7. TEST

I. Schimbai ordinea complementelor. Folosii to sau for naintea complementului

indirect.

Ex: Show us the album. Show the album to us.

1. Please, pass me the dictionary.

2. Fetch me a glass of water.
3. Please, send your parents my regards.
4. He didnt forget to buy his sister a ticket.
5. Tell the children this funny story.
6. He offered everyone flowers.
7. Andrew owes Betty some money.
8. William handed her some pictures.
9. I have written John a letter.
10. They told us the news.
11. She offered everyone present a copy of the text.

II. Completai spatiile libere cu prepoziiile care lipsesc pentru a forma

complemente prepoziionale:

1. She never speaksthis subject.

2. He still depends.. his parents.
3. Do you agree . me?
4. She waited. you for half an hour.
5. The boy insisted doing it himself.
6. Please, look . the book Ive bought.

1.8. BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Caraiman, Carmen Daniela (2013). Limba engleza pentru juristi. Bucureti:

Editura Universitar
2. Fleischhack, Eric; Schwarz, Hellmut (2009) English Grammar. Practice
Book, Bucureti: ALL Educational
3. Seidl, Jennifer; Schwarz, Hellmut (2012). English Grammar, Bucureti: ALL
Educational

16
 Unitatea 2: REGATUL UNIT MONARHIE CONSTITUIONAL
(THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY)

Cuprins:

2.1. Introducere
2.2. Obiective
2.3. Coninut
2.4. Dezvoltare abilitilor de traducere
2.5. S ne reaminitim
2.6. Rezumat
2.7. Test
2.8. Bibliografie

2.1. INTRODUCERE

Studiind aceast unitate de nvare, vei dobndi noiunile de baz privind rolul
i structura Parlamentului Marii Britanii, rolul Monarhului n conducerea Statului,
atribuiile Primului Ministru i ale Cabinetului condus de acesta, precum i despre
alegerile generale din Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii.

2.2. OBIECTIVE

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

s ofere informaii generale despre puterea legislativ din Marea Britanie;

s precizeze atribuiile Monarhului Britanic n guvernarea statului;
s ofere informaii generale despre puterea executiv din Marea Britanie.

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.

2.3. CONINUT

THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional

monarchy and a unitary state, which is made up of Great Britain (England, Scotland
and Wales) and of Northern Ireland. All four countries of the Kingdom are represented
in Parliament at Westminster, which is the supreme legislative authority in the United
Kingdom.

The three main powers in the British state are: the legislative power, the executive
power and the judiciary. The legislative power is the power of making, altering or

17
repealing the laws and it belongs to Parliament.

The Parliament is the legislative body, which is constitutionally composed of the

Monarch, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The judiciary is represented
by the Supreme Court and all the other courts of law in the UK.

The Queen represents the people as the Head of State, but the real power lies in
Parliament.

The House of Commons or the Lower House consists of 650 Members of Parliament
(MPs) who each represent a constituency. They are salaried members elected by
universal adult suffrage. Members of the House of Commons are elected at a General
Election, which must be held every five years, but it is often held at more frequent
intervals.

The House of Lords or the Upper House has around 1,200 members and is made up of
hereditary and life peers and peeresses, including the law lords appointed to undertake
judicial duties of the House, and the archbishops and bishops of the Church of
England.

The Sovereign formally summons and dissolves Parliament and generally opens new
sessions of Parliament with a speech from the throne. The Queen reigns but does not
rule.
The full duration of Parliament is five years. No bill can become law until it has been
sanctioned or read three times by both Houses and has finally received the royal
assent.
The Constitutional principles, rules and practices of the United Kingdom have never
been codified; they derive from state law, from common law and from the conventions
of the constitution.

General Elections are held every five years, though the Prime Minister may call one
earlier and if a MP dies or retires a by-election is held in her or his constituency. MPs
win their seats in Parliament by a majority vote.

The Party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of
supporters in the House of Commons forms the Government; its leading members are
chosen by the Prime Minister (PM) who forms the Cabinet.
The Party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official
Opposition.
Parliaments main functions are debating, passing legislation and examining the
actions of the Government.

The Speaker of the House of Commons is elected from the members to preside over
the House immediately after each new Parliament is formed. He is required to be
impartial over parliamentary procedure and the traditional guardian of the rights and
privileges of the House of Commons.

The Government consists of the ministers appointed directly by the Crown on the
recommendation of the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is the Head of the government and presides over meetings of the

18
Cabinet. He consults and advises the Monarch on government business, supervises
and, to some extent, coordinates the work of the various ministries and departments
and is the principal spokesman for the Government in the House of Commons.

The Cabinet is the nucleus of government; its members consist of a small group of the
most important ministers who are selected by the Prime Minister. The size of the
Cabinet is about 23 and its main function is to determine, control and integrate the
policies of the government for submission to Parliament.

The Lord Chancellor and the Law Officers of the Crown.

The Lord High Chancellor and the Law Officers of Great Britain presides over the
House of Lords both in legislative capacity and as a final court of appeal.

I. Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:

a. The Lord Chancellor is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers.

.
b. Norther Ireland is a part of Great Britain.

c. The Speaker is the head of the House of Lords.

II. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri:

1. What does Parliament consist of?

2. What does the Sovereign formally do?
3. Who are the members of the House of Lords?
4. What do the terms peer and peeress mean?
5. What does the House of Commons consist of?
6. At what intervals must a General Election be held?
7. What is the Prime Ministers first duty?
8. Who becomes the official Opposition?
9. What does the Speaker do during debates in Parliament?
10. What are the criteria that must be take into account in electing the Speaker?

2.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR

I. Traducei n englez urmtoarele propoziii:

1. Camera Comunelor este format din 630 membrii salariai alei prin sufragiu
universal de ctre populaia adult.
2. Primul Ministru alege membrii Guvernului din partidul care ctig majoritatea
locurilor n Parlament.
3. Preedintele Camerei Comunelor este propus de Guvern dup consultri cu
opoziia.
4. n Camera Lorzilor, autoritatea suprem Lordul Cancelar are puteri mai mici ca
Preedintele Camerei Comunelor (The Speaker).
5. Membrii Camerei Comunelor reprezint autoritatea final n emiterea legilor.

19
II. Traducei n limba romn urmtorul text:

Laws can be seen as a set of rules which are meant to govern behavior between
people. Law, the body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions
and legislation, is used to govern society and to control the behavior of its members. In
modern societies, a body with authority, such as a court or the legislature, makes the
law; on the other hand the police must make sure the law is observed. In addition to
enforcement, a body of expert lawyers is needed to apply the law. This is the role of
the judiciary, the body of judges in a particular country.

2.5. S NE REAMINITIM...

- Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii este o monarhie constituional, ceea ce nseamn c

Regele/Regina este eful statului, dar acesta/aceasta nu poate aciona dect n
limitele impuse de prevederile Constituiei.
- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, puterea legislativ a statului i revine exclusiv
Parlamentului;
- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Puterea executiv este reprezentat de Primul
Ministru (eful Guvernului) i de Cabinetul de Minitri (ale crui edine sunt
prezidate de Primul Ministru).

2.6. REZUMAT

- Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii este o monarhie constituional;

- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Parlamentul este bicameral (the House of Lords
& the House of Commons);
- The Lord Chacellor este Preedintele Camerei Lorzilor, n timp ce the Speaker este
Preedintele Camerei Comunelor;
- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, alegerile generale se organizeaz o dat la 5 ani;
- pentru Camera Lorzilor nu se organizeaz alegeri, membrii acestei camere fiind
alei de Monarh la recomandarea Primului Ministru sau a Camerei Lorzilor.

Vom continua s aflm informaii despre Regatul Unit i n urmtoarele uniti ale
acestui manual.

2.7. TEST

I. Completai spaiile libere cu cuvintele corespunztoare:

assent Constitution repealing branches duration

executive that is altering convoke prorogue
power law sanctioned retires both
but earlier held elections constituency

1. The British. consists of two great . , the legislative and the . power.
2. The legislative power, . the power of making, . or . the laws,
belongs to Parliament.

20
3. The Queen alone can Parliament or . , or dissolve it.
4. The full .. of an MP`s term of office is 5 years.
5. No bill can become until it has been or read three times by .. Houses
and has received the royal .
6. General . are held every five years, . the Prime Minister may call one..,
and if a MP dies or . a by-election is . in her or his

II. Completai spaiile libere cu adverbele potrivite:

annually mainly impartially dangerously usually fluently carefully

1. He was fined because he was driving ..

2. You must cross the road
3. He speaks English..
4. An arrested person will be granted bail if he cannot be brought before the
court within a day.
5. The Pleading competition is held
6. Criminal law is concerned with crimes against the community as a whole.
7. Judges must act

2.8. BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Caraiman, Carmen Daniela (2013). Limba engleza pentru juristi. Bucureti:

Editura Universitar
2. Dracsineanu, Ctlin; Haraga, Radu (2012). Manual de limba englez pentru
profesioniti. Iai: Editura Polirom
3. Walenn, Jeremy (2009). English for law in higher education studies. London:
Garnet Publishing.

21
 Unitatea 3: VORBIREA DIRECT I INDIRECT
(DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH)

Cuprins:

3.1. Introducere
3.2. Obiective
3.3. Coninut
3.4. Dezvoltare lexical
3.5. S ne reaminitim
3.6. Rezumat
3.7. Test
3.8. Tem de control 1
3.9. Bibliografie

3.1. INTRODUCERE

n aceast unitate de nvare, vei putea revizui noiunile de baz privind folosirea
corect a vorbirii indirecte n limba englez. Vorbirea indirect este folosit frecvent n
limbajul de zi cu zi, iar buna cunoatere a acesteia este strns legat de regulile
concordanei timpurilor, specifice limbii engleze.

3.2. OBIECTIVE

Dup studierea acestei uniti de nvare, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

- s foloseasc n mod corect vorbirea indirect n limba englez
- s evite greelile frecvente de concordan a timpurilor.

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.

3.3. CONINUT

VORBIREA DIRECT I INDIRECT

Exist dou posibiliti de redare a spuselor cuiva: prin vorbire direct i indirect.

n vorbirea direct (Direct speech) se reproduc ntocmai cuvintele persoanei care le-a
rostit:

He asked me: Where is Dan?

M-a ntrebat: - Unde este Dan?

Folosirea timpurilor n vorbirea direct nu este afectat de timpul predicatului din

22
propoziia principal:

He is saying,Ill see you tomorrow.

He has said,I met her last night.
He said, Ive just arrived.

n vorbirea indirect (Indirect/Reported speech) o a treia persoan red spusele cuiva,

fr a reproduce totdeauna ntocmai cuvintele sale:

John said to Peter, Shall I meet you at the station tomorrow?

John suggested that he should meet Peter at the station the next day.

Transformarea vorbirii directe n vorbire indirect (change from Direct to Indirect

Speech).
Cnd spusele cuiva sunt trecute de la vorbirea direct la cea indirect, procedeu
frecvent utilizat n conversaie, au loc anumite schimbri att n propoziia principal
ct i n propoziia completiv direct:

Modificrile sunt de dou feluri:

generale, care afecteaz orice fel de enun reprodus;
specifice, caracteristice fiecrui tip de propoziie: enuniativ, interogativ,
exclamativ, imperativ.

Modificrile generale

Pronumele personal, reflexiv si posesiv se schimb dup neles: persoana I i a II-a

devin persoana III-a (DAR pronumele rmne neschimbat cnd vorbitorul i
reproduce propriile lui cuvinte).
Pronumele/adjectivele demonstrative i adverbele de loc i timp sunt nlocuite cu altele
care exprim deprtarea:

This that Today - That day

These those Yesterday - The day before
Here there The day before yesterday - Two days before
Now then Tomorrow - The next day/ following day
The day after tomorrow - In two days time
Next week - The next/following week
Last week - The previous week/ the week before
A year ago - A year before/ the previous year

Folosirea timpurilor n vorbirea indirect

Present devine Past
Past Tense devine Past Perfect
Present Perfect Tense devine Past Perfect
Past Perfect rmne neschimbat
Future devine Future-in-the-Past

Exemplu:
Mr. Brown said to his wife:Ive been very busy today.
Mr. Brown told his wife that he had been very busy that day.

23
Modificrile specifice se refer la verbele care trebuie folosite n fiecare fel de
propoziie reprodus (enuniativ, interogativ, exclamativ, imperativ).

a. Propoziiile enuniative

Verbul to say cnd nu este urmat de complement indirect se pstreaz;

n celelalte cazuri to say devine tell + complement indirect

Cathy said she didnt understand the lesson.

Cathy told the teacher she didnt understand the question.

b. Propoziiile interogative

Verbul to say este nlocuit cu verbe ca: to ask, to wonder, to want, to know, to
inquire.

Why is Tom angry?, Helen said to me.

Helen wondered why Tom was angry.

Propoziia secundar se va introduce cu conjuncia if, whether, how, when, where.

Would you attend our meeting?, the students asked their professor.
The students wanted to know whether their professor would attend their meeting.

Schimbrile de timp n propoziiile interogative au loc la fel ca n cele enuniative:

Where have you been? He wanted to know where we had been.

What is Tom doing? He wanted to know what Tom was doing.
When will you leave? He wanted to know when they would leave.

c. Propoziiile exclamative

Ele devin propoziii enuniative n vorbirea indirect.

Exclamaiile cu what, how, Oh!, Ah! devin completive directe introduse de that:

How very kind of him to help us with our luggage! mother said.
Mother exclaimed that it was very kind of him to help them with their luggage.

d. Propoziiile imperative

Ele devin n vorbirea indirect propoziii infinitive

Afirmative:
He said, Sit down, Peter.
He told Peter to sit down.

Negative:
He said,Dont interrupt the speaker please.
He asked them not to interrupt the speaker.

24
 Verbul la imperativ se transform n verb la infinitiv cu to/not to.

I. Corectai greelile n frazele de mai jos:

1. The witness swore he will say the truth.

.
2. The lawyer wondered how he has entered the room.
.
3. We will become good practitioners when we will start working in law firm or in the
Bar.
.

II. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii n vorbirea indirect folosind n propoziia

principal verbe la Past Tense (say, tell, ask, wonder, promise, order, advise):

1. What are you studying?

2. Has Paul left any message for me?
3. Could you make up this prescription for me?
4. I dont take sugar in my tea.
5. What a lovely day!
6. Ill be back in half an hour.
7. Why should I do this?
8. Lets play tennis, now!

III. Traducei urmtoarele propoziii n limba englez.

1. Voia s tie de ce prietenii mei au plecat aa devreme.

2. Profesorul i-a ntrebat pe studeni dac au neles lecia sau nu.
3. Funcionarul ne-a sftuit s citim cu atenie instruciunile nainte s deschidem cutia.
4. Doctorul ne-a spus ca nimeni nu are voie sa vorbeasc cu pacientul pn a doua zi.
5. Ei au spus ca ar fi ajuns la timp dac n-ar fi pierdut autobuzul.

3.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR

I. Dai echivalentul romnesc la fiecare din cuvintele de mai jos, apoi alctuii
cte o propoziie cu fiecare din ele:

1. barrister 6. Minister of Justice

2. solicitor 7. Attorney General
3. prosecutor 8. Solicitor General
4. judge 9. to pursue
5. to take an oath 10. law graduates

II. Traducei urmtorul text n limba romn:

Law serves a variety of functions. Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a
peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society. Courts contribute to social stability by
resolving disputes in a civilized fashion. Property and contract laws facilitate business

25
activities and private planning. Laws limiting the powers of government help to
provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible. Law has also
been used as a mechanism for social change; for instance, at various times laws have
been passed to inhibit social discrimination and to improve the quality of individual
life in matters of health, education, and welfare.

3.5. S NE REAMINTIM...

Vorbirea indirect reproducere spusele unei persoane, folosind verbe specifice

(reporting verbs) n acest scop: to ask, to say, to comment, to exclaim, to wonder, to
order, to underline, to offer etc.
Vorbirea direct este marcat prin ghilimele, deoarece n limba englez nu se
folosete linia de dialog. n schimb, vorbirea indirect nu este marcat prin ghilimele.

3.6. REZUMAT

Trecerea de la vorbirea direct la cea indirect presupune efectuarea

urmtoarelor modificri:
de persoan (pers.1 => pers. a 3-a);
de timp (toate timpurile coboar cu o treapt: prezentul devine trecut, iar
trecutul devine trecut perfect, n timp ce viitorul cu will se transform n
viitor-n-trecut);
de compl.circ. de timp/loc (now => then, here => there etc.);
de pronume demonstrativ (this => that, these => those)

Vom continua recapitularea unor reguli importante ale limbii engleze n unitile
urmtoare.

3.7. TEST

I. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la vorbirea indirect, fcnd schimbrile de

pronume necesare:

1. Our teacher says, If you work hard, you will succeed.

2. They always say, These exercises are too difficult for us.
3. Doris is saying, Behave yourself, Peter.
4. The teacher has said to the students, I want to have a look at your homework.
5. I always say, I dont like to be late.
6. John and Tom are saying, We havent done our homework.

II. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la vorbirea indirect opernd schimbrile de

timp i adverbe, dup un verb la Past Tense:

He said (that). sau He told me/us (that)

1. I read this book a long time ago.

2. They are having an English class now.
3. Ill give you an answer as soon as I can.

26
4. We watched TV last night.
5. Weve never been here before.
6. I know what the teacher will say.
7. I cant answer this question; its too difficult for me.
8. I shall try to finish this today.
9. I talked to them yesterday.
10. Ill be very busy next week.

3.8. TEMA DE CONTROL 1

Lund n considerare detaliile personale, informaiile privind educaia i

experiena de via, precum i competenele dumneavoastr, redactai-v propriul CV
n limba englez. Putei porni de la modelul oferit de:
europass.cedefop.europa.eu/europass/.../CVTemplate

Aceast tem de control trebuie nccat n contul dumneavoastr, pe platforma

eLis, la rubrica TEME ONLINE, cu o sptmn nainte de primul tutorial.

Tema de control 1 reprezint 15% din nota dumneavoastr final.

3.9. BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Caraiman, Carmen Daniela (2013). Limba engleza pentru juristi. Bucureti:

Editura Universitar
2. Fleischhack, Eric; Schwarz, Hellmut (2009) English Grammar. Practice
Book, Bucureti: ALL Educational
3. Seidl, Jennifer; Schwarz, Hellmut (2012). English Grammar, Bucureti: ALL
Educational

27
 Unitatea 4: THE SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW
(IZVOARELE DREPTULUI ANGLO-SAXON)

Cuprins:

4.1. Introducere
4.2. Obiective
4.3. Coninut
4.4. Dezvoltare lexical
4.5. S ne reaminitim
4.6. Rezumat
4.7. Test
4.8. Bibliografie

4.1. INTRODUCERE

n aceast unitate de nvare, vei studia principalele surse ale legislaiei din
Marea Britanie, dobndind o mai bun nelegere a ctorva principii fundamentale
specifice pentru dreptul anglo-saxon, cunoscut sub numele de common law.

4.2. OBIECTIVE

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil s precizeze sursele
principale ale legislaiei britanice.

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.

4.3. CONINUT

THE SOURCES OF THE ENGLISH LAW

From the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main
categories: they may be written or unwritten. The expression written law signifies
any law that is formally enacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression
unwritten law signifies all unacted law.

In England unwritten law is predominant, for more of their law derives from judicial
precedents than from legislative enactment.

Two principal sources of law are worth to be mentioned: Legislation and Judicial
Precedent.

28
Legislation is enacted law and it was studied at Constitutional Law (Constitution and
Government).

Judicial Precedent is the principle of justice enforced in English law by the rule of
stare decisis (keep to what has been decided previously).
English law is, to a large extent, based on case-law. The rules of common law have
been evolved inductively from decision to decision involving similar facts.

A distinctive feature of the English system is that, because the English judge has power
to make new law, his position in the legal system is central.
The judge may simply be obliged to consider the former decision as part of the
material on which his present could be based or he may be obliged to decide in the
same way as that in which the previous case was decided. In the latter case the
precedent is said to be binding. So another feature of the English system is the
doctrine of the binding case.

Cases of first impression are based upon facts, which bear no resemblance to the
facts of any previous case.

The administration of justice is not a simple process of matching precedents. The

judges have a field of choice in making their decisions. But they do not exercise their
discretion in an arbitrary way; they rest their judgments upon general principles.

Corectai greelile n enunurile de mai jos:

1. The common law system is specific for France and Belgium.

2. The judicial precedent does not ensure a homogenous jurisprudence in the UK.
3. Romanian law is primarily based on case-law.

4.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR

I. Punei cuvintele de mai jos n spaiile libere ale textului:

Common Law Roman Law

Napoleonic Code The Ten Commandments

A. .. , which evolved in the 8th century BC, was still largely a blend of custom and
interpretation by magistrates of the will of the gods.
B. .. evolved from the tribal and local laws in England. It began with common
Customs, but over the time it involved the courts in law-making that was responsive to
changes in society. In this way the Anglo-Norman rulers created a system of
centralized courts that operated under a single set of laws that replaced rules laid down
by earlier societies.
C. . formed the basis of all Israelite legislation. They can also be found in the laws of
other ancient peoples.
D. . refers to the entire body of French law, contained in five codes dealing with
civil, commercial, and criminal law.

29
II. Completai spatiile libere cu verbele cu particul separabil de mai jos:

to break down to look down upon smb.

to put up to go down
to make up for to break up
to cut down to make up (a quarrel)
to turn down

1. You have to with your new job.

2. I hear prices have already
3. Im sorry for being late but my car
4. Many foreign tourists at the hotel in Brasov.
5. He has missed for a month, so he has to for his absence.
6. I dont like her because she on people.
7. You have to your expenses.
8. You cannot their invitation to dinner.
9. Im happy that they their quarrel.
10. School in June.

III. Translate into Romanian, using, if necessary, a dictionary (you can check
your answers by reading the Romanian Constitution):

Art. 73
(1) Parliament passes constitutional, organic, and ordinary laws.
(2) Constitutional laws shall be pertaining to the revision of the Constitution.
(3) Organic laws shall regulate:
a) the electoral system; the organization and functioning of the Permanent Electoral
Authority;
b) the organization, functioning, and financing of political parties;
c) the statute of Deputies and Senators, the establishment of their emoluments and
other rights;
d) the organization and holding of referendum;
e) the organization of the Government and of the Supreme Council of National
Defence;
f) the state of partial or total mobilization of the armed forces and the state of war;
g) the state of siege and emergency;
h) criminal offences, penalties, and the execution thereof;
i) the granting of amnesty or collective pardon;
j) the statute of public servants;
k) the contentious business falling within the competence of administrative courts;
l) the organization and functioning of the Superior Council of Magistracy, the courts of
law, the Public Ministry, and the Court of Audit;
m) the general legal status of property and inheritance;
n) the general organization of education;
o) the organization of local public administration, territory, as well as the general rules
on local autonomy;
p) the general rules covering labour relations, trade unions, employers' associations,
and social protection;
r) the status of national minorities in Romania;

30
s) the general statutory rules of religious cults;
t) the other fields for which the Constitution stipulates the enactment of organic laws.
(Constitution of Romania)

4.5. S NE REAMINTIM...

n sistemul de drept anglo-saxon, dreptul cutumiar este un important izvor al dreptului.

4.6. REZUMAT

In sistemul de drept anglo-saxon, jurisprudenta (case-law) este un important

izvor de drept. Common-law se constituie din: hotarrile judecatoreti, cutume i
tradiii juridice. Judecatorul este un creator al legii, el nu doar interpreteaz legea.
O cauz poate fi soluionat pe baza unui precedent judiciar, care a fost
pronunat cu mult timp n urm.

Vom continua s aflm informaii despre Regatul Unit i n urmtoarele uniti

ale acestui manual.

4.7. TEST

I. Explicai n limba englez principiul precendentului judiciar (the principle of the

judicial precedent).

II. Alctuii zece propoziii folosind urmtorii termeni:

1. to deprive smb. of liberty = a priva pe cineva de libertate

2. to make an appeal = a face recurs
3. to give evidence = a depune mrturie
4. to comply with a decision = a se supune unei hotrri
5. to impose a fine = a impune o amend
6. to state the cause = a-i apra cauza
7. to punish with imprisonment = a pedepsi cu nchisoarea
8. to plead not-guilty = a pleda pentru nevinovie
9. to discharge a defendant = a pune n libertate un acuzat
10. to pass a sentence = a pronuna o sentin.

4.8. BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Caraiman, Carmen Daniela (2013). Limba engleza pentru juristi. Bucureti:

Editura Universitar
2. Dracsineanu, Ctlin; Haraga, Radu (2012). Manual de limba englez pentru
profesioniti. Iai: Editura Polirom
3. Walenn, Jeremy (2009). English for law in higher education studies. London:
Garnet Publishing.

31
 Unitatea 5: VERBUL. TIMPURILE VERBULUI
(THE VERB. VERB TENSES)

Cuprins:

5.1. Introducere
5.2. Obiective
5.3. Coninut
5.4. Dezvoltare lexical i traducere
5.5. S ne reaminitim
5.6. Rezumat
5.7. Test
5.8. Bibliografie

5.1. INTRODUCERE

n aceast unitate de nvare, se vor revizui dou timpuri folosite n mod

frecvent n limba englez:
prezentul simplu
prezentul continuu.

5.2. OBIECTIVE

Dup studierea acestei uniti de nvare, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

s deprind folosirea corect a prezentului simplu i continuu
s evite confuziile dintre cele dou timpuri, frecvente n cazul vorbitorilor de
romn

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 de minute.

5.3. CONINUT

VERBUL. TIMPURILE VERBULUI

Categoria gramatical a timpului (Tense) se refer la ordinea evenimentelor n timp,

aa cum este perceput aceasta de vorbitor. Este foarte important ca vorbitorul s
sesizeze din ce perspectiv este prezentat aciunea sau, altfel spus, n ce segment de
timp este plasat aciunea (prezent, trecut sau viitor).

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 TIMPUL PREZENT

Timpul prezent simplu (Present Tense Simple). Se folosete pentru a exprima:

o aciuni repetate, cu caracter obinuit sau permanent; adverbele cu care
este cel mai des ntlnit sunt: usually, frequently, generally, ever, never,
often, seldom; every day/month/week/year; once/twice/three times a
week, etc;
o o stare sau aciune permanent.
o adevruri general valabile.

E.g.: I always teach English.

He works in a bank.
For minor offences, the police normally fine the offender.

Timpul present continuu (Present Tense Continuous). Se folosete pentru a

exprima:
o aciuni n desfurare n momentul vorbirii; adverbele folosite sunt:
now; at the moment; today.
o aciuni care reflect un proces, o dezvoltare, o evoluie.
o aciuni viitoare, cnd intervine voina vorbitorului.

Este format din: To be (present) + vb. ing

E.g.: Look! It is raining.

It is getting dark.
Im studying, now.
What are you doing tonight?
Im visiting my mother tomorrow.

N.B. Verbe care nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu:

Verbe care arat percepii senzoriale:

to feel, to hear, to see, to taste, to smell, to touch, to notice

Verbe care arat sentimente:

to love, to hate, to wish, to desire, to like, to dislike, to prefer

Verbe care arat posesia:

to own, to owe, to belong to, to keep, to possess, to hold, to have

DAR: to have se poate folosi la aspectul continuu dac nu se refer la posesie:

Im having lunch.

Verbe care arat procese mentale:

To know, to intend, to believe, to trust, to doubt, to forget, to find, to
mean, to remember, to think, to understand, to expect.

Verbele modale (can, must, may, shall, will, need, dare).

33
Corectai greelile din enunurile de mai jos:

1. The smuggler is thinking that no one has noticed him while crossing the border
with the stolen jewels.
.
2. The court clerk is hating to work for so many hours in court every day.
.
3. Do not disturb the manager now, he discusses with the secretary.
.

5.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR

I. Mai jos avei cteva expresii tipice folosite n limbajul de drept. Ce prepoziii
folosii cu aceste expresii?

1. to accuse someone of something.

2. to be liable something.
3. to sentence someone a punishment.
4. to claim damages something.
5. to be entitled compensation.
6. to bring a case someone.
7. to be guilty an offence.
8. to fine someone something.
9. to bring an action somebody.
10. to comply a decision.

II. Folosii aceste expresii n propoziii alctuite de dumneavoastr.

III. Traducei urmtorul text n limba romn:

The Law Course at Cambridge is intended to give a grounding in the

principles of law viewed from an academic rather than a vocational perspective. There
are opportunities to study the history of law and to consider the subject in its wider
social context. The emphasis is on principle and technique.
Skills of interpretation and logical reasoning are developed, and students are
encouraged to consider broader questions such as ethical judgement, political liberty
and social control.
Although many undergraduates who read law do so with the intention of
practicing, many do not, preferring instead to go into administration, industrial
management or accountancy. Candidates intending to read law need not to have
studied only particular subject at school. It is as common for undergraduates to have a
scientific or mathematical background at A-level as it is for them to have studied
history or languages.
(Cambridge University Prospectus, 1988-1989).

34
5.5. S NE REAMINTIM...

Spre deosebire de limba romn, verbul englezesc are patru aspecte: simplu,
continuu, perfect i perfect continuu.
Aspectul continuu al verbului indic faptul c o aciune este n curs de
desfurare la un moment dat, n timp ce aspectul simplu face referire la aciuni care se
petrec n mod obinuit i nu la un moment dat.

n semestrul urmtor vom recapitula i alte reguli specifice limbii engleze.

5.6. REZUMAT

Prezentul simplu se folosete pentru a exprima:

aciuni repetate, obinuite;
adevruri general-valabile;
aciuni viitoare care sunt parte a unui program oficial (a se vedea mersul
trenurilor, de exemplu).

Prezentul continuu se folosete pentru a exprima:

aciuni care se afl n curs de derulare n momentul de fa;
aciuni temporare;
aciuni viitoare planificate.

5.7. TEST

I. Punei verbele date n parantez la forma corect, prezentul simplu sau

continuu:

1. I (to write) a letter now.

2. I (to drink) tea every morning.
3. you (to understand) me now?
4. I (not to work) today.
5. He always (to work) at home on Saturdays.
6. We (to translate) the lesson now.
7. Where you (to work) this week? In Bucharest or in New York?
8. What you (to do) next week?
9. She (to like) swimming.
10. The telephone (to ring) at the moment.

II. Traducei n limba englez:

1. Cte ore de englez avei pe sptmn?

2. Casa aceasta mi aparine.
3. Mergei la birou n fiecare diminea?
4. In Anglia plou destul de des.
5. Cresc preurile. Luna aceasta totul este mai scump.
6. Cine este brbatul cu care vorbete n acest moment?
7. Mergem la teatru sau la opera o dat pe lun.
8. Verioara mea lucreaz la o firm de publicitate.

35
 9. Cnd se deschide banca?
10. mi vizitez prinii n fiecare sptmn.
11. Preul acestei cri este foarte mare. Nu-mi permit s mi-o cumpr.
12. Astzi lansm pe pia un nou produs.
13. Despre ce discutai acum? De ce nu suntei ateni?
14. Calculatorul nu face niciodat greeli.
15. Sptmna aceasta lucrez numai dup-amiaz.

5.8. BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Caraiman, Carmen Daniela (2013). Limba engleza pentru juristi. Bucureti:

Editura Universitar
2. Fleischhack, Eric; Schwarz, Hellmut (2009) English Grammar. Practice
Book, Bucureti: ALL Educational
3. Seidl, Jennifer; Schwarz, Hellmut (2012). English Grammar, Bucureti: ALL
Educational

36
 Unitatea 6: SISTEMUL JUDICIAR
(THE JUDICIARY)

Cuprins:

6.1. Introducere
6.2. Obiective
6.3. Coninut
6.4. Dezvoltare lexical i traducere
6.5. S ne reaminitim
6.6. Rezumat
6.7. Test
6.8. Tem de control 2
6.9. Bibliografie

6.1. INTRODUCERE

n aceast unitate de nvare, vei studia cteva noiuni generale privind sistemul
judiciar din Marea Britanie.

6.2. OBIECTIVE

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

s ofere informaii generale cu privire la puterea judectoreasc din Marea
Britanie
s expun modul de ierarhizare a instanelor de judecat din ara noastr
(judectorii courts of first instance, tribunale-tribunals, curi de apel courts
of appeal i ICCJ The High Court of Cassation and Justice, precum i curi cu
jurisdicie special special courts/courts with special jurisdiction).

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.

6.3. CONINUT

THE JUDICIARY

Responsibility for the administration of the juridical system lies with the Lord
Chancellor and with the Home Secretary, the Secretary of the State for Scotland, and
the Minister of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland.

Judges are appointed by the Crown, on the advice of the Prime Minister. A judge holds
office until he retires, and his judicial independence is guaranteed.

37
Magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor, the
Secretary of State for Scotland, or the Governor of Northern Ireland.
There is no single body of law in the U.K. There is, however, a similarity between the
separate systems of England and Wales and of Northern Ireland.
A feature common to all systems of law in Britain is that there is no complete code.

The sources of law include Acts of Parliament and subordinate legislation made under
powers conferred by Parliament and a large amount of unwritten or common law.

Another feature is the distinction between Criminal law concerned with the wrongs
against community and Civil law concerned with the rights, duties and obligations of
individual members of the community.

Most prosecutions in England and Wales are initiated and conducted by the police.

The police service in Great Britain is linked with the local government and subject to
the influence and control of the Home Secretary and the Secretary of State for
Scotland. In Northern Ireland it is controlled by an Inspector General. In Scotland, the
police make the preliminary investigations but the Public Prosecutor decides whether
or not to prosecute.

Throughout the U.K. it is the law that as soon as anyone is arrested, he must be
charged and brought before the court with the least possible delay. If he cannot be
brought before the court within a day, he will usually be granted bail.

Corectai greelile din enunurile de mai jos:

1. In the UK magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Speaker.

2. Acts of Parliament are not considered sources of law in the UK.

.
3. The Prime Minister does not have any role in appointing judges in the UK.

6.4. DEZVOLTAREA APTITUDINILOR

I. Dai echivalentele romneti la urmtoarele cuvinte i expresii apoi alctuii

propoziii cu ele:

responsibility lies with;

to hold office;
to be concerned with;
Minister of Home Affairs;
criminal law;
civil law;
on behalf of;
decisions of the courts;

38
 to prosecute;
to be brought before the court;
to be charged;
to be granted bail.

II. Alegei echivalentele romneti pentru cuvintele i expresiile englezeti:

1. to be entitled to vote a. circumscripie electoral

2. by-elections b. sufragiu
3. suffrage c. alegeri pariale
4. to resign d. a avea drept de vot
5. constituency e. a demisiona
6. House of Lords f. Ministru de interne
7. to summon g. Camera Lorzilor
8. archbishop h. a convoca
9. Minister of Home Affairs i. a numi (ntr-o funcie)
10. to appoint j. arhiepiscop

III. Traducei n romn urmtorul fragment din Constituia Romniei:

ARTICLE 124
(1) Justice shall be rendered in the name of the law.
(2) Justice shall be one, impartial, and equal for all.
(3) Judges shall be independent and subject only to the law.
(The Romanian Constitution)

IV. Traducei n englez urmtorul fragment din Constituia Romniei:

ARTICOLUL 125
(1) Judectorii numii de Preedintele Romniei sunt inamovibili, n condiiile legii.
(2) Propunerile de numire, precum i promovarea, transferarea i sancionarea
judectorilor sunt de competena Consiliului Superior al Magistraturii, n condiiile
legii sale organice.
(3) Funcia de judector este incompatibil cu orice alt funcie public sau privat, cu
excepia funciilor didactice din nvmntul superior.
(Constituia Romniei)

6.5. S NE REAMINTIM...

Numirea magistrailor se face n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii de ctre Monarh, la

recomandarea Primului Ministru. Judectorii sunt independeni i inamovibili
(irremovable).

6.6. REZUMAT

Lordul Cancelar mpreun cu Minitrii de interne ai Angliei, Scoiei i Irlandei

de Nord rspund de buna administrare a justiiei n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii.
Judectorii numii de Coroan, la sugestia Primului Ministru britanic, sunt

39
independeni i inamovibili.
Cercetarea penal este desfurat de organele de poliie judiciar.

Vom continua s aflm informaii despre Regatul Unit i n manualul din semestrul
urmtor.

6.7. TEST

I. Alegei cuvntul corect i completai spatiile libere:

1. The met urgently at 10 Downing Street to decide Government policy on the

economic crisis.

a. civil service b. ministries c. Cabinet of Ministers

2. Generally, a Bill becomes an Act of Parliament when it has received the of both
Houses of Parliament and the Sovereign.

a. assent b. ratification c. consent d. enactment

3.The President of the House of Lords is called the .

a. Speaker b. Lord Chancellor c. Prime Minister d. peer

4. The House of Commons consists of 650 Members of Parliament who each represent
a.

a. state b. house c. county d. constituency

5. If an MP dies or retires or is given a peerage a is held on his or her constituency.

a. by-election b. general election c. electoral roll d. election

6. The three parts of the Parliament are the monarch, lords and .

a. people b. government c. commons d. bishops

7. No can become law until it has been sanctioned or read three times by both
houses and received the royal assent.

a. bill b. act c. code d. ratification

II. Traducei n limba romn:

The Government is formed by the party with majority support in the Commons. The
Queen appoints its leader as Prime Minister. As head of the Government the Prime
Minister appoints about 100 ministers. About 20 ministers make up the Cabinet, the
senior group making the major policy decisions. Ministers are collectively responsible
for government decisions and individually responsible for de decisions adopted by

40
their own departments. The second largest party forms the official Opposition, with its
own leader and 'shadow cabinet'.
(http://www.britannia.com/gov/gov4.html)

6.8. TEMA DE CONTROL 2

Descriei sistemul de guvernare din Romnia n comparaie cu cel din Anglia.

Urmrii n descrierea dumneavoastr urmtoarele puncte:
eful statului: numire, funcii i puteri relaia sa cu celelalte organe ale
statului;
puterea legislativ: alctuire, funcii i puteri relaia sa cu celelalte organe
ale statului;
puterea executiv: alctuire, funcii i puteri relaia sa cu celelalte organe
ale statului.

Aceast tem de control trebuie nccat n contul dumneavoastr, pe platforma

eLis, la rubrica TEME ONLINE, cu o sptmn nainte de cel de-al doilea tutorial.

Tema de control 2 reprezint 15% din nota dumneavoastr final.

6.9. BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Caraiman, Carmen Daniela (2013). Limba engleza pentru juristi. Bucureti:

Editura Universitar
2. Dracsineanu, Ctlin; Haraga, Radu (2012). Manual de limba englez pentru
profesioniti. Iai: Editura Polirom
3. Walenn, Jeremy (2009). English for law in higher education studies. London:
Garnet Publishing.

41
 LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE
(LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH)

TRANSLATION
INFINITIVE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
INTO ROMANIAN
to arise arose arisen a se ridica
to awake awoke/awaked awaked a se trezi
to be was/were been a fi
to bear bore borne a purta
born a nate
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a ncepe
to bend bent bent a ndoi
to bid bid bid a ruga
to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a muca
to bleed bled bled a sngera
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a crete
a educa
to bring brought brought a aduce
to build built built a cldi
to burn burnt burnt a arde
to burst burst burst a crpa
to buy bought bought a cumpra
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde
to choose chose chosen a alege
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a se tr
to cut cut cut a tia
to know knew known a ti
to lay laid laid a pune
to lead led led a conduce
to leave left left a lsa
to lend lent lent a mprumuta
to let let let a lsa
to lie lay lain a zcea
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a nsemna
to meet met met a ntlni
to pay paid paid a plti
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi

42
to ride rode ridden a clri
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a rsri
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cuta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a pune
to shake shook shaken a scutura
to shoot shot shot a mpuca
to show showed shown a arta
to shrink shrank shrunk a se strnge
to shut shut shut a nchide
to sing sang sung a cnta
to sink sank sunk a se scufunda
to sit sat sat a edea
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
to spend spent spent a cheltui
to spring sprang sprung a izvor
to stand stood stood a sta
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a lipi
to strike struck struck a lovi
to swear swore sworn a jura
to sweep swept swept a mtura
to swim swam swum a nota
to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a nva
to tear tore torn a rupe
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a se gndi
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to understand understood understood a nelege
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to weep wept wept a plnge
to win won won a ctiga
to wind wound wound a rsuci
to write wrote written a scrie

43