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12
INFECIA CU HELICOBACTER PYLORI LA COPII:
Date actuale
Dr. Victoria Hurduc, Prof. Dr. D. Dragomir, Dr. Andreea Manda
Spitalul Clinic de copii Dr. Victor Gomoiu, Bucureti
REZUMAT
Infecia cu H. pylori afecteaz aproximativ 50% din populaia globului, fiind dobndit predominant n copilrie, la vrst mic, cu o
prevalen corelat cu factorii socio-economici. Evoluia infeciei cronice cu H. pylori variaz de la gastrit asimptomatic pn la
ulcer peptic i cancer gastric. Recent, suele citotoxice de H. pylori au fost incriminate n etiopatogenia unui spectru larg de afeciuni
extragastrice idiopatice de natur variat: cardiovasculare, imunologice, dermatologice, hepatobiliare i n particular la copii, anemia
sideropenic refractar i deficitul creterii. Diagnosticul infeciei cu H. pylori continu s fie o provocare pentru medicul practician din
ntreaga lume. Endoscopia digestiv superioar rmne metoda gold standard de diagnostic a infeciei cu H. pylori, acurateea
diagnosticului fiind ameliorat prin introducerea testului respirator cu 13C-uree i determinarea antigenelor fecale cu anticorpi monoclonali.
Antibiorezistena suelor de H. pylori interfer cu rata eradicrii infeciei.
Autorii prezint datele recente privind epidemiologia, patogeneza, diagnosticul i tratamentul infeciei cu H. pylori la copii. Aceast
trecere n revist se concentreaz asupra unor aspecte importante ale infeciei cu H. pylori , necesare n practica medical curent.
Cuvinte cheie: Helicobacter pylori; epidemiologie; patogenie; diagnostic; tratament; copii
ABSTRACT
Helicobacter pylori infection in children: an updated review
Helicobacter pylori infection affects half of worlds population and is most likely acquired in childhood, at very young age, with a
prevalence that depends on the socioeconomic conditions. The outcome of chronic H. pylori infection varies from asymptomatic gastritis
to peptic ulceration and gastric malignancies. Recently, H. pylori has been associated with a miscellany of extragastric diseases, such
as cardiovascular, immunological, dermatologic and various other pathologies, especially with iron deficiency anaemia and subnormal
growth in childhood. The diagnosis of H. pylori infection continues to challenge practicing physicians around the world. Upper endoscopy
and biopsy remain the gold standard for the diagnosis of pediatric H. pylori infection, the diagnostic accuracy being improved by the use
of urea breath test and stool antigen test. Antibiotic resistance remains a problem that interferes with the rate of eradication.
The autors reviewed data from recent pediatric issues, concerning the epidemiologic pathogenetic, clinical and diagnostic aspects of
H. pylori infection. This review focuses on many aspects of this infection that are relevant to the clinician.
Key words: Helicobacter pylori; epidemiology; pathogenesis; diagnosis; treatment; children
altor factori cu aciune toxic direct, respectiv cito- creterea ei ctre vrsta de 60 de ani (efect de cohor-
toxina vacuolizant Vac A, proteina asociat citoto- t), Malaty HM i colab, 2002. Condiiile socio-
xinei Cag A, lipopolizaharidul, .a) i permit economice deficitare, mediile nchise (instituionali-
supravieuirea nelimitat n mediul gastric ostil, la zarea copiilor), aglomerarea intrafamilial, nivelul
nivelul interfeei dintre mucus i celulele epiteliale sczut al sanitaiei, umectarea biberonului, premas-
gastrice fiind un germene extracelular (figura 2). ticaia, contactul cu lichidul de vrstur, gastroscopia,
srutul, sunt considerai factori favorizani ai infeciei.
II. DATE EPIDEMIOLOGICE
III. ASPECTE PATOGENICE
Infecia cu H. pylori este dobndit predominant
n copilrie, cu o inciden maxim la sugari i copiii H. pylori este un germene extracelular, adaptat
cu vrsta mai mic de 3-5 ani (Rowland M, 2006). supravieuirii la nivelul niei ecologice reprezentat
Contaminarea cu H. pylori se realizeaz prin transmi- de mucoasa gastric, care de altfel, este bine protejat
tere interuman (contact interpersonal), omul fiind fa de infeciile bacteriene. Colonizarea gastric cu
principalul rezervor natural (transmitere fecal-oral, H. pylori determin un rspuns imun local i sistemic
oral-oral sau gastric-oral). variabil, care nu asigur clearance-ul bacterian ci,
Achiziia precoce a infeciei cu H. pylori este in- dimpotriv, contribuie la generarea leziunilor muco-
criminat n etiopatogenia aterosclerozei determinat sale gastroduodenale i, implicit, la modularea evo-
de infecia precoce a endoteliului vascular (ipoteza luiei naturale a gastritei associate acestei infecii
infecioas), care ulterior, declaneaz un process cronice. Paradoxal, cu toate c H. pylori este un ger-
inflamator autoimun (Liuba P, 2005). mene neinvaziv care ar trebui s genereze un rspuns
H. pylori colonizeaz mucoasa gastric a peste imun celular de tip T-helper 2 (Th-2), particular
50% din populaia globului (Sherman PM, 2004). El germenilor extracelulari, acesta induce un rspuns
se comport ca un germene comensal, supravieuind imun cu fenotip predominant de tip Th-1, propriu
o perioad nelimitat n stomacul unor indivizi asimp- germenilor intracelulari (Suerbaum S, Michetti P,
tomatici, care prezint gastrit documentat histologic, 2002). Rspunsul imun de tip Th-1 este demonstrat
sau ca un germene patogen asociat predominant cu prin creterea expresiei epiteliale gastrice a antigenelor
boal peptic gastroduodenal (ulceroas sau neulce- de histocompatibilitate de clasa a-II-a (n special HLA-
roas) i adenocarcinom sau limfom gastric. Studiile DR), precum i a titrului citokinelor proinflamatorii:
epidemiologice au permis ncadrarea H. pylori drept interferonul- (IFN- ), factorul de necroz tumoral
agent carcinogen de grup I, din anul 1994. (TNF-a), interleukina (IL)-8, IL-1, IL-6 (Garhart CA,
Infecia cu H. pylori este universal rspndit, cu 2004). Creterea expresiei epiteliale gastrice a
mari diferene geografice i prevalen corelat cu moleculelor prezentatoare de antigen (HLA - clasa
statusul socio-economic al populaiei studiate. Aceasta a-II-a), mpreun cu infiltratul cu celule T din lamina
variaz de la 6-16% n rile dezvoltate, pn la 60- propria, ilustreaz efortul sistemului imun al gazdei,
95% n rile n curs de dezvoltare (Bures Ian, 2006). realizat cu scopul eficientizrii rspunsului imun local
n cazul celor din urm, incidena anual a infeciei fa de H. pylori (Krauss-Etschmann i colab, 2005).
oscileaz ntre 3-10% (fa de 0,5% n rile dezvol- Polarizarea rspunsului imun mucosal ctre feno-
tate), corespunztor unei prevalene de aproximativ tipul Th-1 poate fi indus de producia antral crescut
90% la vrsta de 15 ani (Mgraud F, 1995). Studiile de IL-18, consecutiv infeciei cu H. pylori (Tomita T
epidemiologice recente subliniaz tendina actual de i colab, 2001). Citokinele de tip Th-1 promoveaz
scdere a frecvenei infeciei cu H. pylori la copii, i inflamaia gastric, n contrast cu cele de tip Th-2 care
exercit un rol protector fa de aceasta. Rspunsul
imun preponderent de tip Th-1 i apoptoza indus n
mod direct de H. pylori sau indirect, prin intermediul
mediatorilor imuni elaborai de neutrofile ca rspuns
fa de infecia cu H. pylori, pot favoriza persistena
gastric nelimitat a acestuia (Wang J i colab, 2001).
Dezechilibrul cronic dintre proliferarea celular epite-
lial i apoptoz (moartea celular programat) poate
conduce la atrofia mucoasei gastrice, reprezentnd
prima secven a succesiunii de evenimente particulare
Figura 2
Helicobacter pylori. Microscopie electronic. Bacterii situate procesului de carcinogenez gastric (Hofman P i
la nivelul interfeei dintre mucus i celulele epiteliale gastrice colab, 2004).
REVISTA ROMN DE PEDIATRIE VOL. LV, NR. 3, AN 2006 311
Copiii infectai cu H. pylori i anemie sideropenic, mediind comunicarea dintre snge i ficat. Nivelul
expui unor factori socioeconomici defavorabili, pot crescut al leptinei, evideniat la pacienii cu ciroz
dezvolta retard staturoponderal peripubertar mai frec- hepatic este incriminat n patogeneza anorexiei i a
vent fa de cei infectai cu H. pylori dar fr anemie, accenturii catabolismului, particulare acestei afec-
sau fa de cei neinfectai. n aceste condiii, retardul iuni.
staturoponderal afecteaz predominant creterea statu- Rolul leptinei n reglarea aportului alimentar i
ral (Choe YH i colab, 2000). Colonizarea precoce meninerea greutii corporale se realizeaz prin
cu H. pylori (naintea vrstei de 2 ani) poate predis- controlul feed-back exercitat asupra centrului saietii.
pune la malnutriie i deficitul creterii, determinat de Postul determin scderea nivelului sanguin al leptinei
rspunsul inflamator sistemic, reliefat prin concentra- i implicit a stimulrii nucleilor hipotalamici, stimulnd
iile tisulare i sanguine crescute ale citokinelor pro- aportul alimentar. Dimpotriv, ingestia substanelor
inflamatorii: IL-1b, IL-8 i probabil IL-6 (Passaro DJ nutritive favorizeaz creterea produciei i secreiei
i colab, 2002). de leptin n adipocite, realiznd un feed-back negativ
Infecia cu H. pylori a fost incriminat i n etiologia asupra centrului saietii din hipotalamus.
sindromului de moarte subit a sugarilor, precum i a Pacienii infectai cu H. pylori prezint o concen-
infeciilor respiratorii nalte recurente sau a otitei medii, traie tisular gastric crescut a leptinei, fapt care suge-
fr a putea fi demonstrat concret (Pattison CP, 1997; reaz c leptina poate contribui att la apariia
Pitkaranta A i colab, 2005). anorexiei i a deficitului creterii, ct i la meninerea
Numeroase studii recente sunt consacrate rolului rspunsului inflamator local particular gastritei cronice
protector, controversat, al infeciei cu H. pylori asupra active.
evoluiei bolii de reflux gastroesofagian (Pallet S i
colab, 2004). V. METODE DIAGNOSTICE
Majoritatea autorilor sunt de acord c eradicarea
infeciei cu H. pylori la copii nu se coreleaz cu accen- Diagnosticul infeciei cu H. pylori poate fi realizat
tuarea simptomatologiei de reflux gastroesofagian, cu prin tehnici variate, invazive (care detecteaz bacteria
toate c infecia cu H. pylori poate preveni dezvoltarea n fragmentele bioptice prelevate endoscopic) i nein-
esofagitei de reflux erozive, prin hiposecreia acid vazive (care permit diagnosticul indirect al bacteriei
pe care o induce (Koike T i colab, 2001; Levine A i n diverse prelevate bioptice: ser, saliv, materii fecale
colab, 2004). Pacienii cu boal de reflux gastroeso- i aerul expirat). Aceste teste pot fi utilizate pentru
fagian infectai cu serotipul Cag A+ de H. pylori pot fi diagnosticul iniial al infeciei cu H. pylori, sau pentru
protejai fa de dezvoltarea complicaiilor acesteia, confirmarea eradicrii postterapeutice a bacteriei,
n special fa de esofagul Barrett, prin inducerea gas- definit prin absena evidenierii sale dup un interval
tritei atrofice multifocale cu hiposecreie acid conse- minim de patru sptmni de la terminarea tratamen-
cutiv i potenarea terapiei concomitente cu inhibitorii tului. Existena unui numr mare de tehnici diagnostice
pompei de protoni (Vican JJ i colab, 1998). sugereaz c nici una dintre ele nu este perfect n
Studiile imunohistochimice au evideniat creterea orice situaie (Mgraud F, 1996). Sensibilitatea i speci-
cantitii de leptin la nivelul celulelor epiteliale gas- ficitatea unui test sunt punctele de referin pentru
trice provenind de la subiecii infectai cu H. pylori definirea metodei gold standard capabil de a
(Breidert M i colab, 1999). Leptina este un hormon diagnostica infecia cu H. pylori. Sensibilitatea unui
sintetizat n adipocite, care regleaz aportul alimentar test diagnostic semnific capacitatea sa de a oferi un
prin furnizarea de semnale aferente ctre centrul saie- rezultat pozitiv tuturor pacienilor infectai, iar speci-
tii din hipotalamus (nucleul paraventricular i arcuat). ficitatea decurge din abilitatea sa de a oferi un rezultat
Leptina particip la meninerea homeostaziei meta- negativ celor neinfectai.
bolice prin reglarea metabolismului lipidic, modularea Conform unui studiu comparativ publicat de Thijs
secreiei de insulin la nivelul celulelor b-pancreatice JC (1995), toate testele diagnostice ale infeciei cu
i stimularea adaptrii termogenetice. n plus, leptina H. pylori au o sensibilitate adecvat (mai mare de
este implicat i n reglarea rspunsului imun proin- 90%) i o specificitate excelent, mai puin cele
flamator prin stimularea fagocitozei n macrophage serologice.
i creterea produciei de cytokine Th-1 i Th-2. Acurateea diagnosticului infeciei cu H. pylori este
n condiii fiziologice, leptina este concentrat i crescut n mod considerabil prin utilizarea conco-
depozitat la nivelul mucoasei gastrice, acionnd n mitent a cel puin dou metode diagnostice, n special
manier paracrin i autocrin asupra celulelor epite- n cazul monitorizrii tratamentului de eradicare a
liale prin intermediul receptorilor si funcionali. Lep- bacteriei, remiterea simptomatologiei nefiind un factor
tina gastric este secretat direct n circulaia portal, predictiv al eradicrii.
316 REVISTA ROMN DE PEDIATRIE VOL. LV, NR. 3, AN 2006
opiune terapeutic alternativ pentru pacienii claritro- Recent au fost propuse scheme terapeutice de
micino-rezisteni (Fujimura S i colab, 2004). salvare, drept alternative la cea de-a doua linie de
Diferite echipe de experi au propus multiple sche- eradicare bazat pe un IPP. Terapiile alternative de
me terapeutice de eradicare a infeciei pediatrice salvare asociaz Rifabutin cu amoxicilin i un IPP
simptomatice cu H. pylori. Acestea se bazeaz pe timp de 10zile, cu un nivel al eradicrii H. pylori de
mono-bi-tri i chiar cvadruple terapii, dintre care, cele peste 80% (Hojo M i colab, 2001), sau cu o eficien
mai eficiente i mai frecvent administrate sunt triplele mai bun, levofloxacin cu rifabutin sau amoxicilin
terapii. Grupul European pentru studiul H. pylori reunit i un IPP (Zullo A i colab, 2006). n prezent, fluoro-
la Maastricht n anul 2000, recomand un tratament chinolonele sunt considerate ca fiind o alternativ tera-
iniial de prim linie, cu o tripl terapie de durat scurt peutic eficient, n cazul pacienilor cu tulpini claritro-
(7 zile), bazat pe asocierea unui IPP cu doi dintre micino-rezistente de H. pylori (Fujimura, 2004).
urmtorii ageni antimicrobieni: amoxicilin, claritro- Antibiorezistena crescut a H. pylori fa de
micin i metronidazol, administrat preferabil bico- claritromicin (de pn la 45% dup Kato i colab,
tidian. 2002) i metronidazol, a condus la validarea recent
Antibiorezistena primar a H. pylori fa de cla- a unei noi scheme terapeutice, cu caracter secvenial
ritromicin i metronidazol a condus la diminuarea i durat de 10 zile, definit printr-o rat de eradicare
treptat a ratei de eradicare a celor trei variante de crescut de peste 90% (Graham DY, 2006). Terapia
tripl terapie de prim linie. secvenial propus n anul 2000 de Zullo A i colab,
Absena eradicrii bacteriei impune administrarea const n administrarea iniial, dual, a unui IPP cu
terapiei de linia a doua, preferabil cu durat de 14 amoxicilin, timp de alte 5 zile, urmat de o tripl
zile, reprezentat tot de o tripl terapie (IPP plus doi terapie cu un IPP plus claritromicin i metronidazol,
ageni antimicrobieni), caracterizat prin substituia timp de 5 zile. Nivelul crescut al eradicrii o reco-
claritromicinei sau a metronidazolului, administrate mand drept o bun alternativ terapeutic a triplei
anterior. Datorit antibiorezistenei secundare fa de terapii convenionale, att la adult, ct i la copii (Fran-
claritromicin sau metronidazol, indus probabil de cavillo R i colab, 2005).
tripla terapie de prim linie, este preferabil ca aceasta Studii recente propun terapii alternative care supri-
s nu asocieze cele dou substane (IPP + claritromi- m temporar activitatea bacteriei, dintre care cele mai
cin + metronidazol, pentru evitarea dublei rezistene eficiente par a fi sucul de merior i broccoli (Galan
(Kato S i colab, 2004). Principalii factori de risc MV, 2004; Shmuely H i colab, 2004). Probioticele
incriminai n absena eradicrii H. pylori sunt repre- (ageni microbieni vii cu efecte benefice asupra trac-
zentai de compliana pacienilor, antibiorezistena tului gastrointestinal) moduleaz colonizarea cu H.
primar/secundar, administrarea prealabil a unui pylori la copii, prin reducerea ncrcturii gastrice
tratament cu IPP sau utilizarea acestuia n doze prea bacteriene (Linsalata M i colab, 2004). Consumul
mici, secreia salivar redus a IPP, amoxicilinei i regulat de Lactobacillus-acidophilus/-johnsonii/-
metronidazolului, suele bacteriene citotoxice de H. brevis i a Bifidobacterium lactis poate suprima, fr
pylori (Broutet N i colab, 2003). a eradica, infecia cu H. pylori (Cruchet i colab, 2003;
Prezena genei Cag A (sue citotoxice, ulcerogene Wang KY i colab,2004).
de H pylori) constituie un factor predictiv al eradicrii Eradicarea infeciei cu H. pylori ar trebui s con-
H. pylori (De Francesco V i colab, 2001). duc la eliminarea virtual a cancerului gastric, consi-
n practica curent, evaluarea sensibilitii H. pylori derat cea de-a doua malignitate la nivel mondial (Crone
fa de antibiotice este recomandat n condiiile J i Gold BD, 2004). Studiile de bacteriologie molecu-
absenei eradicrii acestuia, dup a doua linie tera- lar ofer relaii valoroase privind patogeneza
peutic. afeciunilor asociate infeciei cu H. pylori, dar se
Autorii americani recomand cvadrupla terapie impun studii suplimentare pentru stabilirea rolului rs-
alctuit dintr-un IPP asociat cu sruri de bismut punsului imunofiziologic al gazdei, ca factor predictiv
(subsalicilat sau subcitrat) i dou antibiotice, drept al bolii. Vaccinarea profilactic i terapeutic aplicat
terapie de a doua alegere, sau chiar de prim linie, cu cu succes pe modelele animale, s-a dovedit dificil la
o rat a eradicrii de peste 85%, dup o administrare om, parial datorit cunoaterii insuficiente a imunolo-
de 14 zile (Hojo M i colab, 2001). giei gastrice umane (Sherman PM, 2004).
REVISTA ROMN DE PEDIATRIE VOL. LV, NR. 3, AN 2006 319
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