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I. The Indefinite Article: A/ AN (Articolul nehotarat)
A este folosit:
- inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu sunetul [ju]: e.g. a uniform (o uniforma)/ a university (o
universitate)/ a U.F.O. (un OZN)/ a European committee (un comitet european)
An este folosit:
- inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu “h” mut: e.g. an hour (o ora)/ an heir (un mostenitor)/ an
heiress (o mostenitoare)/ an honour (o onoare)
- inaintea literelor si numerelor pronuntate sau scrise cu o vocala: e.g. an M [em] (un m), an N
[en] (un n), an S [es] (un s), an 8 (eight) (un opt)
FOLOSIRE:
e.g. A boy and a girl were waiting at the door. The boy was smiling while the girl looked
nervous.
(Un baiata si o fata asteptau la usa. Baiatul zambea in timp ce fata arata nervoasa.)
3. folosit cu sensul de “one”, “any”, “it doesn’t matter which” (unul/ una, oricare, nu
conteaza care):
e.g. My sister has a black dress. (Sora mea are o rochie neagra.)
e.g. A Mr. James is asking about you. (Un {oarecare} domn James intreaba de tine.)
e.g. Birds of a feather flock together./ We are of an age. (Cine se aseamana se aduna./
Noi avem aceeasi varsta.)
e.g. a hundred (o suta), a thousand (o mie), a minute (un minut), a mile (o mila), a couple
(o pereche), a score (un grup de 20)
e.g. not a word (nici un cuvant), not a trace (nici o urma), not a thought (nici un gand)
9. folosit in expresii:
e.g. one at a time (unul odata), at a draught = in one gulp (dintr-o inghititura)
e.g. once a month (o data pe luna), twice a year (de doua ori pe an), three times a week
(de trei ori pe saptamana), 40 miles an hour (40 de mile pe ora), 5 euro a kilo (5 euro pe kg)
e.g. She is a singer. (Ea este o cantareata.)/ He is a man. (El este un barbat.)/ I am an
Orthodox. (Sunt Ortodox.)
!!! Dupa verbele “to elect (a alege), to appoint (a desemna), to name (a numi)” se
foloseste articolul zero atunci cand substantivul denota o functie detinuta de o singura persoana
la un moment dat:
e.g. He was appointed president of the company. (El a fost numit presedintele
companiei.)
e.g. She started out as a teacher, but turned dancer. (Ea a inceput ca profesoara, dar [si-a
schimbat meseria si] s-a facut/ a devenit dansatoare.)
12. se foloseste in fata lui “few” si “little” care obtin un inteles pozitiv:
e.g. Few (folosit cu substantive numarabile) pupils (insemnand nu multi) want to learn
more nowadays. (Putini elevi vor sa invete mai mult in zilele noastre.)
Quite a few pupils (many pupils) want to study to become doctors nowadays. (Chiar
multi elevi vor sa invete ca sa devina doctori in zilele noastre.)
I know a little (mult/ destul) about what happened that night. (Stiu ceva despre ce s-a
intamplat in acea noapte.)
14. folosit in urmatoarele constructii: a lot of (o multime de)/ a plethora of/ a flurry of/
a wealth of/ a great deal of/ an amount of/ a great many + noun plural/ many a + noun
singular ( toate inseamana o multime de)
e.g. She has a plethora of friends/ a lot of friends/ many a friend/ a great many friends. =
Ea are multi prieteni.
e.g. Mary has bought a puppy. The puppy is black. (Mary a cumparat un catelus.
Catelusul este negru.)
2. inaintea unui substantiv care este vazut ca unic sau nume de cladiri,
monumente sau locuri asociate cu ideea de unicitate (acestea includ si referirile
istorice):
e.g. the Sun (soarele), the Earth (Pamantul), the Moon (luna), the air (aerul), the
Bible (Biblia), the Lord (Dumnezeu), the universe (universul), the Milky Way (Calea
Lactee), the French Revolution (Revolutia franceza), the Second World War (BUT:
World War II) (Al doilea Razboi Mondial), the Ice Age (Epoca de Gheata), the
Renaissance (Renasterea), the Sphinx (Sfinxul), the Acropolis, the Taj Mahal, the
equator (ecuatorul), the Anctartic (Anctartica), the South (Sudul), the North
(Nordul), etc.
3. inaintea lui “one (unul), other (altul), rest (restul), last (ultimul), first (primul),
only (singurul), next (urmatorul)”:
e.g. Leave the new ones here, but bring the rest with you. (Lasa-le pe cele noi
aici, dar adu-le pe restul cu tine.)
The first to enter the room was Tom. (Primul care a intrat in camera a fost
Tom.)
e.g. She was by far the best at English. (Ea este de departe cea mai buna la
engleza.)
e.g. The second thing we did was eat. (Al doilea lucru pe care l-am facut a fost sa
e.g. the Queen Mary, the Titanic, the Orient Express, the Comet
e.g. The Odeon, The British Museum, the Tate (Gallery), The Patria, the Ritz
Hotel, etc.
e.g. the Atlantic Ocean (Oceanul Atlantic), the Black Sea (Marea Neagra), the
Danube (Dunarea), the Suez Canal (Canalul Suez), the Lake of Constance (lacul Constanta)
- deserturi:
e.g. the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Himalayas, the Carpathians, the Rocky Mountains
- stramtorile:
e.g. the Bering Strait (Stramtoarea Bering), the Bosphorus Strait (Stramtoarea
Bosfor), the Strait of Gibraltar (Stramtoarea Gibraltar), etc.
- paduri
e.g. the Black Forest (Padurea Neagra), the Coronado National Forest, etc.
e.g. The Sudan (Sudanul), The Congo (Congo), The Argentine (Republic)
(Argentina), The Vatican (Vaticanul), The Hague (Haga)
e.g. to play the clarinet/ the piano/ the harp (A canta la clarinet/ pian/ harpa)
to dance the tango/ the rumba/ the waltz (a dansa tango/ rumba/ vals)
e.g. The rich should help the poor. (Bogatii ar trebui sa ii ajute pe saraci.)
e.g. The Browns are very rich. (Familia Brown este foarte bogata.)
e.g. The Romanians (romanii), the Russians (rusii), the Welsh (galezii), the Dutch
(olandezii), the Chinese (chinezii)
e.g. the King (Regele), the Queen (Regina), the President (Presedintele), the
Prince of Wales (Printul de Wales)
e.g. the top of the mountain (varful muntelui), the edge of the cliffs (marginea
stancilor)
e.g. in the house (in casa), at the table (la masa), to the cinema/ theatre (la cinema/
teatru), in the sky (pe cer), at the radio (la radio), in the village (in sat), in the morning
(dimineata), etc.
DAR NU: on TV (la televizor), at sea (pe mare), at work (la munca), at home
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(acasa), at dawn (in zori), at dusk (la apus), at noon (la pranz), at night (noaptea), at
midnight (la miezul noptii), by day/ night (ziua/ noaptea), at 5 o’clock (la 5 fix), on holiday
(in vacanta), by car/ bus/ train (cu masina/ trenul/ autobuzul), on foot (pe jos)
e.g. This is the Jane I told you about. (Aceasta este acea Jane de care ti-am spus.)
- DAR: Jane is nice. (Jane este draguta.)
The lunch I had with you was very good. (Pranzul pe care l-am luat cu tine a fost
foarte bun.) - DAR; Lunch is my favourite meaL. (Pranzul este masa mea preferata.)
e.g. I was at the seaside in (the) summer. (Am fost la mare vara.)
E.g. James Thompson was chairman of the Committee. (James Thompson era
presedintele comitetului.)
2. dupa substantivele “rank (rang)” and “title (titlu)” si dupa “to turn”(a
deveni), “to elect (a alege)”, "to appoint (a desemna)", "to name (a numi)"
e.g. She was daughter of the PM. (Ea era fiica Primului Ministru.)
James Smith, father of twins, was here today. (James Smith, tata de gemeni,
a fost aici azi.)
e.g. Child though she was, she knew a lot of things. (Desi era copil, stia multe
lucruri.)
9. in expresii:
e.g. by hand (de mana), at hand (la indemana), on foot (pe jos), from head to
foot (din cap pana in picioare), from top to toe (din cap pana in picioare), by
chance (din intamplare), by mistake (din greseala), at present (in prezent), at first
sight (la prima vedere), for ages (de veacuri), hand in hand (mana in mana), day by
day (zi de zi), arm in arm (brat la brat), from cover to cover (din scoarta in
scoarta), from corner to corner (din colt in colt), face to face (fata in fata), from
dawn to dusk (din zori pana la asfintit), from beginning to end (de la inceput pana
la sfarsit), from right to left (de la dreapta la stanga), from west to north (de la vest
la nord), husband and wife (sot si sotie), cheek to cheek (obraz langa obraz), on
deck (pe punte) etc.
e.g. He entered the room with the cigar in the mouth, looking very displeased. (El
a intrat in camera cu trabucul in gura, aratand foarte nemultumit.) =>
He entered the room, cigar in mouth, looking very displeased. (El a intrat in
camera, trabuc in gura, aratand foarte nemultumit.)
e.g. Love is wonderful when there is still hope. (Dragostea este minunata cand mai
este inca speranta.)
13. cu nume proprii. DACA numele proprii au adjective descriptive in fata cu care
formeaza o unitate compacta old (batran), young (tanar), dear (drag), poor (sarac),
honest (onest) atunci se pune tot articolul zero: :
e.g. I know George from school. (Il stiu pe George din scoala.)
Poor, old John always talks too much. (Saracul batranul John intotdeauna
vorbeste prea mult.)
e.g. Professor Smith will replace Dean Mitchel. (Profesorul Smith il va inlocui pe
decanul Mitchel.)
e.g. We always have lunch together on Monday. (Noi intotdeauna luam pranzul
impreuna lunea.)
May is a wonderful month to get married. (Mai este o luna minunata in care
sa te casatoresti.)
EXCEPTII: The Sudan, The Congo, The Vatican, The Argentine (Republic), The
Hague, The Netrerlands, The Republic of Indonesia, The Bronx
e.g. Elbrus, Vesuvius, Mont Blanc, Everest, Cyprus, Rhodes, Corfu, Easter Island,
Hawaii
e.g. Lake Ontario, Lake Superior, Loch Lamond (Loch = Lake), Hudson Bay (Golful
Hudson)
- Nume de strazi, parcuri si piete (!!! daca sunt dintr-o tara straina atunci
primesc THE: e.g. The Rue de Rivoli in Paris):
e.g. Oxford Street, Pall Mall, Hyde Park, Russell Square, Washington Square
EXCEPTII PENTRU PODURI: The Golden Gate Bridge, The Severn Bridge
e.g. I have to take bus 23. (Trebuie sa iau autobuzul numarul 23.)
23. atunci cand cuvintele: bed (pat), church (biserica), college (colegiu),
university (universitate), school (scoala), court (judecatorie), hospital (spital), prison
(inchisoare), sea (mare) sunt folosite cu scopul pentru care au fost create se
foloseste Articolul Zero.
My mother is very sick, so we are taking herto hospital. (Mama mea este
We are going to bed because we are tired. (Noi ne ducem la culcare pentru ca
suntem obositi.)
DAR daca punem THE in fata acestor cuvinte, inseamna ca ele suntfolosite cu alt
scop decat cel initial:
e.g. She went to the prison to visit her husband. ( who was there because he had
committed a crime) (Ea s-a dus la inchisoare sa il viziteze pe sotul ei - care era acolo
pentru ca a comis o crima.)
He goes to the church on Monday to talk with the priest. (El se duce la biserica
lunea ca sa vorbeasca cu preotul.)
We are going to the hospital to visit our mother who is there because she is sick.
(Noi ne ducem la spital sa o vizitam pe mama noastra care este acolo pentru ca este
bolnava.)
I am going to the bed to get the coat on it and then we can leave. (Ma duc pana
la pat sa iau haina de pe el si pe urma putem pleca.)
24. cu boli atat articolul zero cat si articolul hotarat sunt folosite:
DAR: He’s got pneumonia./ He's got malaria. (El are pneumonie./ El are
malarie.)
e.g. to have a cough (a avea o tuse)/ a headache (o durere de cap)/ a sore throat (un
gat dureros)
e.g. to catch (a) cold (a raci), to have (a) toothache (a avea o durere de dinti), to
have (a) stomach-ache (a durea stimacul) , to have (a) backache (a avea o durere de spate)
e.g. Jim’s Cafe, Harrods, Lloyds Bank, Glasgow Airport, Edinburgh Castle, Windsor
Castle
The Prancing Pony (inn = han) (Poneiul in Doua Picioare)/ The Inn of the
Prancing Pony (Hanul Poneiul in Doua Picioare)
... Prancing Pony was ... inn in ... village of Bree, where ... Frodo and his friends first
met ... Strider.
(The Prancing Pony pt. ca este nume de han care nu are nume propriu in el/an pt. ca
vorbim de han pentru prima oara si cuvantul INN (han) incepe cu o vocala/ the pentru
ca avem OF in constructie/ si zero pentru Frodo si Strider pt. ca sunt nume proprii)
d) -/ a/ the/ -/ -