ASOCIAŢIA ARHEO VEST

TIMIŞOARA

ARHEOVEST

III1

-IN MEMORIAM FLORIN MEDELEȚ-

Interdisciplinaritate în Arheologie și Istorie

Timişoara, 28 noiembrie 2015

JATEPress Kiadó
Szeged
2015
Editori:
Sorin FORŢIU
Andrei STAVILĂ

Consilier științific:
Dorel MICLE

Coperta: Aurelian SCOROBETE, http://www.reinhart.ro/

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© ArheoVest, Timișoara, 2015

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bibliografică

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 HABITAT STRUCTURES IN THE EARLY AND MIDDLE
LA TÈNE PERIOD FROM THE BANAT REGION.
FEATURE No. 14 DISCOVERED AT
MOȘNIȚA VECHE-DEALUL SĂLAȘ

Andrei Georgescu*, Cristian Floca**

* Muzeul Banatului, Timișoara; andreigva@yahoo.com

** Asociația ArheoVest, Timișoara; cfloca87@gmail.com

Rezumat. Structurile de habitat din perioada timpurie și mijlocie a celei de-a doua vârste a
fierului au fost rareori cercetate pe teritoriul actual al României. Cercetările de mare amploare,
cauzate de construcțiile imobiliare și de infrastructură desfășurate în ultimii ani, au dus la
îmbogățirea semnificativă a cunoștințelor noastre despre așezările specifice acestei perioade.
O astfel de descoperire este și cea de la Moșnița Veche-Dealul Sălașului. Situl a fost reperat
în urma cercetărilor perieghetice sistematice desfășurate de Universitatea de Vest și Asociația
ArheoVest. Astfel, pentru a preveni distrugerea obiectivului arheologic de iminentele construc-
ții imobiliare din zonă, a fost demarată o campanie de cercetare arheologică preventivă. În urma
acestei cercetări a fost scoasă la iveală, printre altele, o structură de habitat databilă la începutul
perioadei mijlocii a epocii La Tène. Locuința C.14 reprezintă astfel prima descoperire cu carac-
ter domestic cercetată și publicată pe actualul teritoriu al Banatului istoric. În urma cercetării
acestui complex arheologic au fost scoase la iveală importante dovezi cu privire la tehnicile
de construcție și materialele utilizate, dar și informații cu privire la activitățile meșteșugărești
și metalurgice din acele vremuri. Informațiile provenite în urma acestor cercetări ne relevă fap-
tul că în secolele III–II îHr Banatul, era conectat la fenomen cultural prezent în vestul Bazinului
Carpatic, dar era în strânsă legătură și cu regiunile extracarpatice și sud-dunărene. Această
diversitate culturală poate fi pusă pe seama rutelor comerciale care leagă Banatul de centrul
Europei, Peninsula Balcanică și spațiul extracarpatic.

Cuvinte cheie: La Tène timpuriu și mijlociu, Banat, structuri de habitat, meșteșuguri,

metalurgie.

Throughout time, settlements have always been less studied in comparison

to necropolises on the territory of modern day Romania. This fact is owed to the
more spectacular inventory found in graves compared to the fragmented and less
diverse one found in habitat structures. It is due to this reason that the habitat of the
early and middle La Tène period in the eastern Carpathian Basin is virtually
unknown. If we analyse the Banat region alone, we could easily observe that, so far,
no archaeological feature linked to the habitat of the communities of the period
mentioned above, has yet been published.

299
 Only a few studies have dealt with settlement structures discovered on the
territory of present-day Romania1. Concerning the main artefacts that are found in
settlements structures, the ceramic fragments, two major studies have been made so
far concerning the Late Iron Age period 2 . Some studies have focused only on
regional aspects of the ceramics3 while others followed only some specific features
of these artefacts4.
1. The Moșnița Veche-Dealul Sălaș site
Moșnița Veche is a village situated in the central area of the Timiș County
and it is part of the Moșnița Nouă commune (Pl. 1).
Systematic field surveys organized by the West University of Timișoara staff
and students and ArheoVest Association members have brought significant informa-
tion concerning the number of archaeological sites known in the administrative bor-
ders of the Moșnița Nouă commune5. It was on this occasion that the archaeological
objective from “Dealul Sălaș” was found6. The site is located 1,9 km West of the Or-
thodox church from Moșnița Veche and 1,95 km North-West from the Orthodox
church from Moșnița Nouă. It is placed on a hill that was formed through constant
alluvial depositions (Pl. 2). The hill is elevated 3 m higher than the surrounding area
and was probably even higher in the past. Modern agricultural works have levelled
much of the hummock that covers an area of around 6 ha. The hill is surrounded by
two river branches that belonged to the former Bega–Timiș interfluve. These creeks
were probably drained out during the modern period, becoming the fossil meanders
that can be seen today (Pl. 3). The placement of the settlement in such environment
is characteristic for the Late Iron Age communities from the Carpathian Basin. It
seems that these populations preferred loess and sandy soils7. It was also noticed that
the early and middle La Tène period settlements are placed on terraces or hills placed
in the vicinity of rivers8. Most likely these high places were the most suitable places
for habitation in the marshy plains of the early and middle La Tène period. The rural
communities of this age relied mainly on agriculture animal husbandry which required
the presence of fresh water nearby and fertile soils9.
Little evidence of a La Tène settlement in the boundaries of the Moșnița Nouă
was known until present. The only information regarding this manner comes from
Florin Medeleț, who mentions the discovery of a Roman Republican coin minted by
C.PLAVTIVS and dated 47 BC10. The archaeologist we pay homage to in this volume,

1
Ferencz, 1997; Berecki, 2008.
2
Crișan, 1969; Moscalu, 1983.
3
Nèmeti, 1988a; Ferencz, 2007.
4
Zirra, 1978; Németi, 2010; Pupeză, 2012a; Idem, 2012b.
5
Măruia et alii, 2012.
6
Ibidem, p. 579-613.
7
Berecki, 2009, p. 9.
8
Ibidem, p. 13.
9
Jerem, 2003, p. 197.
10
Medeleț, 1994, p. 270.

300
also signals a possible Thracian type fibula discovered in the area and kept in the de-
posits of the Banat Museum of Timișoara11. The systematic field surveys mentioned
earlier also brought to light material that could indicate the presence of several Late
Iron Age sites in this area12. The closest contemporary discoveries are the ones from
Remetea Mare-Gomila lui Pituț, a necropolis excavated by Fl. Medeleț13.
2. The 2014 excavations and structure No. 14
Recent intensive real-estate developments in the area have made it necessary
that rescue excavations investigate some of the sites most likely to be affected by near
future constructions. The 2014 excavations have unearthed medieval features, a Late
Iron Age structure and some prehistoric pits (Pl. 4/1).
The La Tène structure (Pl. 4, Pl. 5) was found at the depth of 0,60 m from
the current walking surface. It had a rectangular shape with each side having a length
of 4,80 m. The maximum depth of the pit was 0,60 m. The filling of the feature was
composed from several layers, with different consistency, that were the result of debris
being thrown into the pit. The stratigraphy and the fact that some of the shards found
in the lower layers were part of the same vessels as the ones from the upper layers,
suggested the fact that the backfilling of the feature was made in a short period of
time. After the removal of the debris layers, a clay floor was found. Upon this level
two postholes were noticed. They were placed in the Eastern and Western edge of
the feature. The postholes had a diameter of around 0,25 m to 0,30 m and a maximum
depth of 0,30 m from the floor level. The positioning of the posts suggests that the
ridge beam of the roof had an East–West orientation.
This type of dwelling represents the most frequently found structure in the
Carpathian Basin. It requires a minimum amount of building materials and can be
erected in a short period of time. The dwelling covers a surface of around 23 m2.
Considering the depth of the feature and those of the postholes, we can estimate a
length of 2,5–3 m for the posts that sustained the roof. This means that the distance
from the ridge beam of the roof to the floor of the structure would have been of ap-
proximately 2,20–2,70 m. This height would allow the house to be erected without the
help of ladders or scaffoldings. The ridge beam of the roof was probably made from
a single tree trunk and had a length of around 5 m. Around the edges of the feature
no other postholes were identified. This could mean that the side walls of the house
were erected using the soil that was excavated from the pit. Timár Lőrinc also sug-
gests that this technical solution is best suitable for rectangular structures with rounded
corners14. The A-framed roof could have been constructed using a beam system placed
perpendicular on the ridge beam. It is likely that these beams were covered with hay

11
Medeleț mss. Information received from dr. Aurel Rustoiu whom we gratefully thank once
more.
12
Măruia et alii, 2012, p. 255
13
The excavation revealed 17 graves dated to the end of the early La Tène period. The
inventory from 3 more other that were destroyed was recovered by Fl. Medeleț who was able
to reconstruct the funerary rite of these graves (information received from A. Rustoiu)
14
Timár, 2007, p. 211.

301
or reeds. The wooden structure was connected using iron staples, some of which were
found in the filling of the feature. No traces of a possible entrance were noticed. The
access inside the building could have been made using a wooden ladder. For a pit that
has a depth of around 0,50–0,60 m, two steps would have been sufficient15.
From a planimetric point of view, this kind of structure belongs to the type
2a in the typological systems created by Raymund Karl 16 and Horváth László 17 .
Most of the time, these type of structures rarely covered surfaces larger than 20 m2,
although some exceptions are recorded18. Structures with an identical plan have not
been yet documented on the territory of present-day Romania. Half-sunken dwell-
ings have been found at Berveni19, Pișcolt-Lutărie20, Biharea21, Lazuri-Lubi Tag22, Ciu-
mești-Bostănărie23, Berea-La Soci24, Cicir-La Gropi25 or Florești-Polus Center26.
An interesting observation concerns the orientation of these structures. In
most of the cases the buildings have an East–West orientation. In the Carpathian Basin
we can see this preference at Ciumești-Bostănărie (3 dwellings), Pișcolt-Lutărie,
Berea-La Soci27, Florești-Polus Center28, Cicir-La Gropi (all 6 dwellings)29 or Gara-
bonc-Ofalu, Balatonmagzaród-Homoki dűlő, Hahót-Tsz major30, Sájopetri-Hosszu-
dűlő31, Sárvár32, Göttlesbrunn33, Michelstetten34. We can assume that the orientation
of the house was chosen for a more efficient use of natural daylight and heat.
3. The finds from feature No. 14
The most frequently found artefacts in habitat structures are ceramic fragments.
The same situation is present in feature No. 14 from Moșnița Veche. Due to the fact
that the hill was inhabited ever since the Neolithic period, prehistoric shards were
present in the backfilling of the feature. A first step in analyzing the material was sepa-
rating the prehistoric shards from the Late Iron Age ones. The prehistoric material

15
Timár, 2007, p. 213.
16
Karl, 1996, p. 52, Abb. 10.
17
Horváth, 1987, p. 69.
18
Karl, 1996, p. 53-54, Tab. 5.
19
Németi, 1986, p. 75, fig. 1/1.
20
Idem, 1992, p. 101, fig. 30/1.
21
Dumitrașcu, 1979, p. 46-47.
22
Németi, 1997, p. 80-81.
23
Zirra, 1980, p. 42-62, Pl. VII, X, XII, XIV, XXIV, XXXI, XXXVI, XLIV.
24
Ibidem, p. 66.
25
Crișan, 1968, p. 246; Rustoiu, 2013, p. 4-5, Fig. 4.
26
Pupeză, 2008, Pl. III; Pl. VIII.
27
Németi, 1986, p. 75, fig. 1/1.
28
Pupeză, 2008, Pl. III; Pl. VIII.
29
Rustoiu, 2013, p. 4-5, Fig. 4.
30
Horváth, 1987, 3. kép/1-2; 5. kép/3-5.
31
Timár, 2007, p. 202, Fig. 5
32
Szilasi, 2006, p. 252.
33
Karl, Prochaska, 2005, p. 15 Abb.2/1.
34
Lauermann, 2010, p. 16-21.

302
belonged to the Neolithic period (The Foeni Culture), early and late Bronze Age
(Baden and Cruceni–Belegiš cultures)35. Besides the ceramic fragments, a series of
silex and obsidian flints which can be dated to same periods were found.
A total number of 191 ceramic frag-
ments were analyzed from this feature. The
burning of the pottery was classified using
the typological system created by Owen S.
Rye based on macroscopic observation made
on the core of the sherds after previously
making a fresh dent in them36.
Out of the 191 ceramic fragments,
85% were hand-made and 15% were wheel
thrown. The hand-made – wheel thrown pot-
tery ratio differs from one settlement to an-
other. For instance, at Ciumești-Bostănărie it
can be noticed that the wheel-thrown pottery
is prevalent 37 . In the vicinity of the above
mentioned settlement, at Berea-La Soci, the
number of hand-made pottery fragments is
higher38. The same situation can be found at
the settlements from Morești-Podei 39 and
Kállósemjén40. A special situation is found at
the Zalău-Dealul Lupului settlement, where
in all 16 habitat structures that were exca-
vated the wheel-thrown is almost absent 41 . Fig. 1. Stylised cross-sections that
This aspect can be caused by different motifs. show different firing types in fine
On one hand, hand-made pottery is more effi- texture clay (column A) and
cient in household activities like cooking and coarse texture clay (column B)42.
storing food43. It could also be possible that the preference for hand-made pottery can
have a social-cultural motivation that needs a more thorough investigation.
Concerning the functionality of the pottery, it was noticeable that the majority
of the ceramic vessels were the ones used for serving food. The same situation can be
found in the settlements from Ciumești, Berea44 or Morești45. Another common fea-
35
We would like to thank Dr. Dragoș Diaconescu and Dr. Alexandru Szenmiklosi for the help
offered for determining the prehistoric ceramic fragments.
36
Rye, 1981, fig. 104.
37
Zirra, 1980, Pl.VIII.
38
Ibidem, Pl.VIII.
39
Ibidem, Pl.VIII.
40
Almássy, 2001, p. 48-49 apud Berecki, 2008, p. 41.
41
Pupeză, 2012a, p. 108.
42
after Rye, 1981.
43
Pupeză, 2012b, p. 326.
44
Zirra, 1980, Fig. VIII.

303
ture in all the above mentioned settlements is the low percentage of pottery used for
drinking.
Regarding the firing of the pottery, we could notice 4 main types for the hand-
made pottery (A0, A9, B9 and B10) and 3 for the wheel-thrown (A3, A9, B8). In both
cases we can see a preference for non-oxidizing firing, which gives the vessel a dark
brownish-gray colour.
Another technological feature analyzed was the temper. We opted for a mac-
roscopic analysis using a magnifying glass. The results showed us that for the wheel-
thrown pottery, the preferred temper was sand with a small grain, silicates and small
sherd fragments. For the hand-made pottery the craftsmen preferred to add also larger
sherd fragments (some reaching 2 cm) alongside the material mentioned above. Of
course these statements must be treated with care because they contain a high dose
of subjectivism. Further microscopic analysis might allow us to discern between
what was already present in the extracted clay and what was added by the craftsmen.
This could prove highly valuable since etnoarchaeological studies have shown that
the preference for one type of temper or another can be culturally determined46.
One last general aspect of the pottery discussed here is the decoration. In ce-
ramic studies, decoration has always been interpreted as a mean to communicate cer-
tain cultural or social aspects47. It was also noticed that when the consumer group
becomes larger than the producers group, the pottery becomes nothing more than a
commercial product48. It is in this context that the role of decoration in ceramic pro-
duction is mainly that of attracting customers rather than expressing certain cultural
values49.
Returning to the ceramic discovered in Moșnița Veche, we noticed that the
percentage of wheel-thrown (29%) and hand-made (25%) decorated fragments is
nearly equal. The most frequently decorated parts of the vessels are the neck (68%),
the rim (14%) and the middle-body (12%). The least decorated parts were the lower-
body, the handle and the base of the pots. The fact that most of the decorations are
present on the most visible part of the pot might bring an extra argument for the com-
mercial value of the ornaments. Of course, we must take into consideration the small
numbers of handles found in the filling of the feature.
4. Wheel-thrown pottery
The wheel-thrown pottery category is formed mainly from bowls. Most of
them have a greyish colour but some are dark and brown coloured. The great majority
of bowls were fired in a non-oxidant environment, the most frequently used type of
firing being A9. The rim diameter of the bowls varies from 24 cm to 28 cm. The temper
used for these vessels was silicate with fine sand and small pottery fragments. Two
types of decoration were found on these vessels. The first one is an embossed circu-

45
Berecki, 2008, Fig. 27.
46
Dietler, Herbich, 1998, p. 253.
47
Ibidem, p. 254.
48
Idem, 1994, p. 469.
49
Gosselain, 2008, p. 38.

304
lar stripe placed on the upper part of the bowl. The second type of decoration is an
incised stripe placed below the rim.
Analysing the morphology of these bowls we noticed that the most frequent
shape is the “S-shaped” profile bowl (Pl. 7; Pl. 8). These vessels are frequently en-
countered in the early La Tène period. In western Romania, this type of pottery was
found in hut no. 9 from Cicir-La gropi50, dated in the LtB2b–C1 phase, or at Văr-
șand51. In Transylvania such bowls were discovered at Gligorești-La Holoame, and
dated at the beginning of the middle La Tène period52. In the necropolis from Pișcolt
these vessels are found only in the first phase of the cemetery dated in the LtB1b–
LtB2a period 53. In other cemeteries, like the ones from Csővár54 or Bercel55, in eastern
Hungary, they are dated in the LtC1 phase. This shows that in certain communities
ceramic fashions change more quickly while others are more conservative.
A second type of bowl found in feature no. 14 is the frustoconic shaped
bowl with the rim overturned towards the exterior (Pl.10/6). Such bowls were found
at Florești-Polus Center56, dated in the 3rd or 2nd century BC, and at Nyiregháza, in a
possible ceramic workshop, dated in the LtC1 period57.
The third type of bowl from the analysed feature has a frustoconic shape
with a straight rim and a short straight neck (Pl.8/2). Similar vessels are found at the
settlement from Morești and are dated in the middle La Tène period58.
Unfortunately the second group of wheel-thrown pottery, the large vessels,
consists of fewer fragments and no pot shapes could have been reconstructed (Pl. 9).
The decoration of the pottery is the same as for the bowls. The only difference is that
the incised stripes are found in pairs and placed on the body of the pot. The firing was
done both in the presence and without oxygen. The colour of the pots varies from grey
to brown. The temper was the same as the one used for the bowls. Some fragments
also had small pieces of chalk as temper.
One pot fragment can be a good dating tool. The fragment is an overturned
rim (Pl. 10/4). These types of rim are frequently found on bowls and large vessels
from the middle La Tène period. The closest similar finds come from Ciumești59 and
Sebeș-Podul Pripocului60.

50
Rustoiu, 2013, p. 6, Fig. 5/2-5.
51
Maráz, 1982b, p. 115, IV/4.
52
Ferencz, 2007, Pl. XXXI/2
53
Németi, 1988b, p. 53, Fig. 3 M31/3; p. 55, Fig. 4 M36/11; p. 62, Fig. 9 M180/8.
54
Hellebrandt, 1999, p. 104, Pl. II/10.
55
Ibidem, p. 154, Pl. XLV/4.
56
Pupeză, 2008, Pl. VII/6.
57
Almássy, Pop, 2014, p. 179, Pl. 3/10.
58
Berecki, 2008, p. 101, Pl. 9/6, 8.
59
Zirra, 1980, Pl. IX/1.
60
Horedt et alii, 1967, Fig. 10/2.

305
 5. Handmade pottery
The most numerous artefacts found in the filling of feature No. 14 belong to
the handmade ware group. Judging from the quality of the pottery we can distinguish
two categories: coarse ceramics and fine ceramics. The coarse pottery is characterised
by irregular firing of the pot, large ceramic fragments used as temper and porous
surfaces that often have shallow cracks. These pots are very friable and often break
in the areas were the small ceramic fragments were used as temper. Probably some
of these vessels were used for cooking. It is possible that due to their fragility they
were not used for longer periods of time. Secondary burning marks were no always
visible due to the fact that most of ceramic fragments come from the upper part of
the pots.
The fine ware category is characterized by smooth and polished surfaces.
Very often the large pieces of ceramic are missing from the temper. This group is con-
sisted mostly from bowls, cups and trays.
Most of the handmade ware consists of bowls. The first category of handmade
bowls is the one with grooves decoration on the rims. Two types of grooving tech-
niques were found. The first one is made from oblique veneers (Pl. 12/3, 7) while
the other one by oblique reliefs (Pl. 11/1). These kinds of bowls have their origins in
the early Iron Age period, being found at Szeged-Algyő61, Remetea Mare-Gomila lui
Gabor62, Remetea Poganici-Dealul Păscoani63 or Valea Timișului-Rovină64. In the
Banat region they continued to be used in the Late Iron Age as suggested by the dis-
coveries from Remetea Mare-Gomila lui Pituț65, Iaz66 , both dated in LtB2–C1 phase
or in the Peștera Omului (Man’s cave)67 , roughly dated in the 4th–2nd century BC.
The bowl with reliefs resembles the one discovered at Pruniș68 in Transylvania, dated
in the LtB2 phase. The bowl with oblique veneers has close analogies in the settle-
ment from Szeged-Kiskundorzsma69.
Another type of bowls is the one with arched walls (Pl. 13/1, 2). This kind of
vessel is very frequently found throughout the Carpathian Basin. The closest analo-
gies come from Cicir70, Șeușa71 or Ciumești72.
An interesting bowl shape is the one with straight neck and globular body
(Pl. 13/3). The body of the vessel is decorated with vertical reliefs. Such pottery form

61
Matuz, 2000, p. 163, 9. kép/1, 2, 4.
62
Medeleț, 1991, p.67, Fig. 12/A-B.
63
Gumă, 1993, Pl. CV/B.15.
64
Ibidem, Pl. LXXXIX/4.
65
Rustoiu, Ursuțiu, 2013, Fig. 12/1.
66
Bona, Rogozea, 1986, Pl. VI/2.
67
Petrescu, 2000, Pl. CXXV/3; CXXVI/5; CXXVIII/1-4, 6-7; CXXIX/1-2, 4-6; CXXX/1, 3-6,
8; CXXXI/1-2, 5.
68
Crișan et alii, 1995, Fig. 1/2.
69
Piling, Ujvári, 2012, p. 244, Pl. 6/5
70
Rustoiu, 2013, p. 6, Fig. 5/12.
71
Ferencz, 2007, Pl. LXXI/7.
72
Zirra, 1980, Pl. XXII.

306
is typical for the final period of the Early Iron Age. Similar bowls were found at
Sopron-Krautacker73, dated in the HaD3 phase and at Szajk, dated in the early La
Tène period74.
Another ceramic category is represented by the deep bowls. Most of the deep
bowls shapes are specific to the end of the Early Iron Age period and the beginning
of the Late Iron Age. The deep bowl with arched walls (Pl. 16/3) found in feature No.
14 has analogies in the settlement from Szajk75 or in the cemetery from Szeged-Kis-
kundorzsma76 both dated in the LtA phase.
The frustoconic shaped bowls with straight rim are also specific to the late
Hallstatt – early La Tène period (Pl 14/1; Pl. 15/2; Pl. 16/2). Similar examples come
from the settlement from Gyulavári77, dated in the Scythian horizon.
The last type of deep bowls presented in this study is the one that resemble the
wheel-thrown models (Pl. 17/2). Similar pots were found at Ciumești78 or Berveni79.
The jar vessels from found inside feature No. 14 have different shapes and
decorations. Most of them have straight or slightly arched walls. The most frequent
shape of jars is the one with arched walls and straight neck and rim (Pl. 19/2; Pl. 20/1;
Pl. 22/1, 2). These pots are usually decorated with a row of oblique incisions placed
under the neck. The origin of these wares comes from the late Hallstatt period. Similar
pots were found at Unterpleichfeld80, Straubing81, Sopron82 or Szajk83.
This ware category benefits from a wide range of decorations. Among these
we can mention alveoli rows made with finger impressions, small incisions rows or
oblique incisions rows. Some vessels had relief decorations like hoofs, girdles or but-
tons. These kinds of decorations are found over a large are and cover a large timespan.
6. Drinking vessels
The scarce finds that comprise the drinking vessels category consists only of
some cup fragments. Only one of these cups could have been fully reconstructed. It
had a frustoconic shape, with a slightly heightened handle (Pl. 25). The handle was
decorated with a cylinder shaped button. The tradition of decorating cup handles with
buttons dates from the Early Iron Age period. In the late Hallstatt period such cups
are found at Szentlörinc84, Szajk85, Târgu Mureș86 sau Ferigile87. Similar shaped cups
73
Schwelnuss, 2011, p. 367, Abb.7
74
Gáti, 2014, p. 136, Pl. 7/12.
75
Ibidem, p. 136, Pl. 7/32.
76
Piling, Ujvári, 2012, p. 247, Pl. 9/7.
77
Gyucha, 2002, p. 79, 6. kép/1; p. 84, 11. kép/4.
78
Zirra, 1980, Pl. XX.
79
Németi, 1986, p. 79, Fig. 2/3-4.
80
Schussman, 2013, p. 96, Abb. 22/4.
81
Tappert, 2010, p. 276, Fig. 9/9.
82
Schwelnuss, 2011, p. 367, Abb. 7.
83
Gáti, 2014, p. 136, Pl. 7/16.
84
Jerem, 1968, p. 200, Fig. 22/2.
85
Gáti, 2014, p. 120, Fig. 5.
86
Pârvan, 1926, p. 535, Fig. 283.

307
with button decorated handle were found in the cemeteries from Zimnicea88 or Dub-
nik89, which are dated towards the end of the early La Tène phase. The other two cup
fragments also had a frustoconic shape with heightened handle (Pl. 24/1, 2).
7. Ceramic discs and trays
This ceramic category has been less approached by specialists. Its function-
ality can be linked with the preparing and serving of food. An interesting aspect is the
fact that all of the ceramic disc fragments had strong secondary burning marks, while
the tray fragments had none. Also, decorations were found only on the trays (Pl. 26).
They were placed on the rim of the trays. The diameter of these artefacts varied from
18 cm to 22 cm. Similar objects were found in the settlements from Olteni90, Panic91,
Zalău-Dromet, Ciurea or Poiana92.
8. The technical ceramics
In this category we included those ceramic products used in different crafting
activities. These artefacts, although found in secondary position are useful for iden-
tifying different crafting activities that took place within the community.
The metallurgical activities are attested by the presence of iron slag but also
by two special ceramic objects. The first one is a crucible that had a frustoconic shape
(Pl. 27/1). The inner channel had a circular profile shape. The inner and outer sides
of the crucible had vitrification traces. Similar objects were found at Sopron-Krauta-
cker93 and Sárvár94. Another ceramic object that signals the metallurgical activities
that occur in the settlement from Moșnița Veche is a tuyere fragment. The fragment
has a bi-frustoconic shape with one orifice for air entrance and two for air evacuation
(Pl. 27/2). This kind of artefacts are rarely found, therefore there are very few analo-
gies for this piece. Some tuyere fragments were found at Wetzlar95 and Polgár96. A
possible ore reduction furnace was recently found in the settlement from Ménföcsa-
nak97. In the same feature a tuyere was found. A similar tool with two holes for air
evacuation was found at Bradown but dating from the Roman period98. Another ar-
gument for ore reduction activities in the settlement from Moșnița Veche is a furnace
fragment found in feature no. 14 (Pl. 28). It is very well burned and has a brick-like
colour. Similar objects were found in the settlement from Wetzlar99.

87
Vulpe, 1967, Planșa VI/9(20).
88
Alexandrescu, 1980, p. 82, Fig. 28/1.
89
Bujna, 1989, Taf. XXV/A.18.
90
Sîrbu et alii, 2006, p. 244, Fig. 7/1.
91
Pop, Pupeză, 2006, p. 193, Pl. I, Fig. 3/4, 7.
92
Ibidem, p. 205, Pl. XIII, Fig. 2/1, 3-4.
93
Schwelnuss, 2011, p. 365, Abb. 6/A.
94
Botond, 2006, p. 252.
95
Schäfer, 2014, p. 39, Fig. 8.
96
Rustoiu, 2009, p. 18, Fig. 2/6.
97
Tankó, 2014, p. 158, Plate 5.
98
Ibidem, p. 159, Plate 6/3.
99
Schäfer, 2014, p. 40, Fig. 9.

308
 It is widely believed that subsistence metallurgy was practiced in most of the
Late Iron Age settlements100. In these communities iron was obtained exploiting the
surface outcrops. A recent study, concerning the Bohemian Late Iron Age rural set-
tlements proposes a hypothetical model regarding the iron consumption and resources
exploitation for such a community101. They established that a small rural community
would require approximately 50 kg of iron in the course of one generation102. This
quantity could be achieved through two iron smelting cycles each year, which would
require the use of 16 m3 of wood each generation103.
Weaving activity in the settlement from Moșnița Veche-Dealul Sălaș is doc-
umented through the discovery of some loom weights and spindle whorls. The loom
weights had a frustoconic shape and most of them were found clustered in the south-
eastern part of the feature.
All these finds were discovered in secondary position which means that they
cannot be used for determining the functionality of structure No. 14.
9. Bone, stone and iron objects
The bone objects found in the filling of feature No. 14 represent a pin, a pos-
sible spatula (Pl. 29/2) and another object whose functionality could not be deter-
mined. The bone has 6 cm in length, with one end being sharpened and the other having
a trapezoidal shape (Pl. 29/1). Bone pins are not frequently found in settlements. Simi-
lar artefacts were discovered at Nitra104 or Michelstetten105.
The stone objects category is comprised mainly from silex and obsidian flints
that were in secondary position and probably belong to an earlier horizon. Another
stone object found in the feature`s filling is a weight. The object was fragmented and
had parallelipipedal shape (Pl. 30/2). It could be possible that the artifact was used as a
fishing weight.
The few iron objects found represent slag fragments (Pl. 30/1) and staples frag-
ments (Pl. 29/7) that were probably used in the building of the structure.
10. The dating of the feature and final considerations
As we have seen so far, the filling of feature No. 14 from Moșnița Veche con-
tained material specific for the late Hallstatt period and early and middle La Tène peri-
ods. We must also consider the fact that the filling of the feature dates the abandon-
ment of the structure and not the period when the building functioned. The presence
of the earlier materials, although in secondary position might sustain the possibility
that the settlement might have begin its existence earlier, probably at the end of the
Early Iron Age and the beginning of the Late Iron Age. Considering the ceramic mate-
rial specific tot the middle La Tène period, we might presume that the structure was
abandoned during the second half of the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the next
100
Venclová, Dreselová, 2013.
101
Ibidem.
102
Ibidem, p. 296.
103
Ibidem, p. 300.
104
Březinová, 2014, p. 197, Plate 1/3.
105
Lauermann, 2010, Taf. 63/1.

309
one. If we assume that such a structure was used during the course of one genera-
tion, then the construction date of the building can be approximated around the first
half of the 3rd century BC.
A 14C sample taken from a bone found on the floor of the structure was sent to
the newly developed laboratory from Szeged University. The results provided us with
a 2083 BP ± 83 date. The large standard deviation can caused by the small number of
samples analysed so far by the laboratory or by the small quantity of collagen found
in the bone sample. After calibrating the data using OxCal v.4.2.4 we obtain a 68,2 %
probability for the interval between 203 calBC and 17 calAD, and an 82,5 % proba-
bility for the interval between 264 calBC – 71 calAD. Thus, if we eliminate the peri-
ods of time for which no material evidence was found in the filling of feature, we
obtained a dating of around the end of the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the next
one for the bone sample and for the filling of the feature as well.

Fig. 2. The calibration curve of the 14C sample taken from the feature No. 14.
Considering this dating, the settlement from Moșnița Veche-Dealul Sălaș is
contemporary with the settlements from Szeged-Kiszkundorzma, Cicir-La Gropi,
Ciumești-Bostănărie or Berveni.
The discovery form Moșnița Veche-Dealul Sălaș proves the existence of a 3rd
century settlement in this area. The material found inside the filling of the structure
might suggest a longer lifespan of the settlement, stretching from the early La Tène
period to beginning of the middle La Tène phase.
The characteristics of the feature show that this structure fits very well into
pattern present in this period in the Carpathian Basin. These habitat structures suggest
the practical approach of the inhabitants and lack of care for any social differentiating

310
elements. In fact, the social segmentation of societies in this period is more visible in
the funerary contexts rather than the domestic ones.
Some instruments unearthed while excavating feature No. 14 suggest that
crafting activities did occur in the settlement form Moșnița Veche. It is likely that
these were subsistence crafting, aimed at procuring the basic needs of the community.
We can assume that more complex items (like adornments or weapons) were created
by specialized artisans that migrated from one community to another in search of new
customers.
In conclusion we can point out that the rural aspect of the settlements from
the Carpathian Basin in the early and middle La Tène period is also found at Moșnița
Veche and the Banat region. This however contrasts with the fortified settlements,
symbols of a different type of elite class that were found in the Banat region at the
end of the Early Iron Age. It remains to be seen what caused the decline of this elite
and the drastic social changes that occurred in the 3rd century BC.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Aurel Rustoiu and Conf. Univ.
Dr. Gelu Florea for generous help and advices offered. Also, we would like to thank
Lect. Univ. Dr. Dorel Micle for allowing us analyse this material.
The absolute dating of the sample was carried out in the project EnviArch
(Development of complex Geochronological and Geophysical laboratories for saving
Archaeological heritage and solving Environmental problems), project code: HURO/
1101/126/2.2.1, to: Luminescence Dating Laboratory, Department of Physical Geo-
graphy and Geoinformatics, University of Szeged, Hungary. We express our gratitude
to the project managers, Dr. György Sipos and Dr. Petru Urdea, for providing us the
dating and the results.

311
Pl. 1. 1. The position of the Moșnița Veche village within the Timiș county
and Romania. 2. The position of the Moșnița Veche-Dealul Sălaș site.

312
Pl. 2. 1. Topographic map of the site with the houses that were already erected
(large squares) and the excavated surfaces.

313
Pl. 3. 1. Possible river branches that were active before modern draining works
2. On-site photo of the “Dealul Sălaș” hill (NW view).

314
 Pl. 4. 1. Photo of the structure’s floor (from south).
2. Photo after the entire filling has been removed (from west).

315
Pl. 5. The drawing plan of feature No. 14.

316
Pl. 6. Ideal reconstruction of the structure.

317
 Pl. 7 Pl. 8

Pl. 9 Pl. 10
Plates 7–10. Wheel-thrown ware from feature No. 14.

318
Pl. 11 Pl. 12

Pl. 13 Pl. 14

319
Pl. 15 Pl. 16

Pl. 17 Pl. 18

320
Pl. 19 Pl. 20

Pl. 21 Pl. 22

321
 Pl. 23 Pl. 24

Pl. 25 Pl. 26
Plates 11–26. Hand-made ware from feature No. 14.

322
Pl. 27. 1. Crucible fragment; Pl. 28. Ore reduction furnace
2. Tuyere fragment. fragment.

Plate 29. 1–5. Bone; 6–8. Iron. Plate 30. 1. Iron; 2. Stone.

323
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