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pentru femei (raport = 1,2). Riscul corespunzător de a dezvolta PD a fost de 2,0% pentru bărbați și 1,3%
pentru femei (raport = 1,5).
Associa
Abunda
Effe tion
nce in Effect
ct with
of Referen
Taxon of Remarks
PD vs. smoki ces
coff higher
Control ng
ee urate
s
levels
Together with Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes constitute over 90% of [72]
distal gut microbiota.
Positively associated with
levels of the
neuroprotective gut
[35, 39,
Prevotellaceae ↓ hormone Ghrelin.
73]
Increased abundance
reported in ankylosing
spondylitis.
Breakdown of
carbohydrates and
mucous. Abundance
correlates with fiber, fruit,
and vegetable [36–38,
consumption and is 40, 42–
inversely related 44, 54,
Prevotella ? ↑? ↑
to Bacteroides abundance. 55, 60–
Prevotella copri has been 63, 69,
associated with 74]
rheumatoid arthritis. Low
abundance has been
associated with autism
and type I diabetes.
Bacteroidacea
e
Abundance positively
associated with protein-
[40, 54,
and animal-fat-rich
Bacteroides ? ↓ ↓ 55, 60–
“western” diet and
63]
inversely related
to Prevotella abundance.
Firmicutes ↓ Together with [72]
Bacteroidetes constitute
over 90% of distal gut
Associa
Abunda
Effe tion
nce in Effect
ct with
of Referen
Taxon of Remarks
PD vs. smoki ces
coff higher
Control ng
ee urate
s
levels
microbiota.
Higher abundance was not
Ruminococca
↑ PD specific in confounder [35]
ceae
adjusted analysis.
Obtain nutrients by
Ruminococcu breaking down cellulose.
↓ [52]
s albus Ferments glucose and
xylose.
May perform several
beneficial roles including
immunomodulation,
interference with enteric
pathogens, and
maintenance of healthy
Lactobacillace [35, 73,
↑ intestinal microflora.
ae 75, 76]
Inversely associated with
levels of the
neuroprotective gut
hormone Ghrelin.
Modulate activity of
enteric neurons.
Clostridiaceae ↓ in confounder adjusted
↑ [35]
(IV) analysis
Around 100 species that
include common free-
Clostridium ↓ [62]
living bacteria, as well as
important pathogens.
Proteobacteria ↑ [54, 55]
A large family of bacteria
that includes, along with
many harmless symbionts,
also familiar pathogens.
Enterobacteria [35, 52,
↓ Abundance associated
ceae 77]
with PIGD symptoms in
PD patients. Increased
abundance reported in
autistic children.
Escherichia ↓ Includes hundreds of [16, 62]
coli different strains that are
involved in food
Associa
Abunda
Effe tion
nce in Effect
ct with
of Referen
Taxon of Remarks
PD vs. smoki ces
coff higher
Control ng
ee urate
s
levels
digestion, but some can
cause intestinal and extra-
intestinal infections.
Invade gut mucosa in PD.
Was negatively related to
Bradyrhizobia
↑ constipation in PD [35]
ceae
microbiota study.
Actinobacteria ↓ [54, 55]
Bifidobacteria
ceae
Ubiquitous,
endosymbiotic inhabitants
of the gastrointestinal
tract, vagina, and mouth.
Some strains are
considered important
probiotics. May exert
beneficial health effects
Bifidobacteriu such as immune [61, 62,
↑
m modulation, inhibition of 64, 78]
pathogens, and
bioconversion of dietary
compounds into bioactive
molecules. Improve gut
mucosal barrier and lower
levels of
lipopolysaccharide in the
intestine.
Verrucomicrob
ia
Was positively related to
Verrucomicro
↑ constipation in PD
biaceae
microbiota study.
Este demn de remarcat faptul că, spre deosebire de cafeină [87], urat [88,89,90] și
flavonoide [91], care par a fi asociate cu un risc mai scăzut de PD doar la bărbați,
dar nu și la femei, o relație inversă puternică între fumat și Riscul de PD a fost
observat în mod constant atât la bărbați, cât și la femei, din populație. Această
relație sugerează că nicotina sau alți compuși din tutun ar putea fi un agent
terapeutic excelent.
Mai mult, unele studii clinice timpurii mici au raportat o toleranță slabă a nicotinei
transdermice. De exemplu, într-un studiu care a inclus 24 de pacienți PD
nefumători care au primit un tratament transdermic cu nicotină pe parcursul a 25 de
zile, 14 participanți au avut efecte secundare precum greață, vărsături și amețeli, iar
10 dintre ei s-au retras din studiu [108]. Aceste posibile efecte adverse evidențiază
importanța înțelegerii efectului potențial al dozei mici de nicotină obținută din alte
surse, cum ar fi alimentele solanacee comestibile.