C3

Arhitectura sistemelor de calcul

Lect. univ. dr. Cristian ȘTEFAN
lc.stefan.mi@spiruharet.ro
Placa de bază (motherboard)
• cea mai mare placă de circuit imprimat (PCB)
din sistem, interconectează toate celelalte
componente prin intermediul interfețelor
specifice, le alimentează de la sursă
• dedicată unor serii specifice de procesoare
(e.g. Intel sau AMD), desktop sau server
• are un număr limitat de sloturi de memorie,
sloturi de extensie, porturi SATA etc.
• diverse formate: ATX, BTX, micro, E-ATX…

2
Sursa:
https://a
rchive.te
chplaybo
y.com/in
dex.php?
option=c
om_cont
ent&task
=view&id
=139&Ite
mid=69&
limit=1&l
imitstart
=3

3
 4
Sursa: www.pcworld.com/article/3331157/asus-rog-mothership-is-like-a-surface-pro-for-gaming.html
Lecția video

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2pd3Y6aBag 5
Lecția video

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnAFTMaS5R0 6
Lecția video

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lt8cu8IMLOM 7
Microprocesorul (VLSI)

• circuit integrat digital de uz general, cu

regiștri, ce procesează date binare de
intrare conform instrucțiunilor din
memoria sa, rulând pe baza ceasului de
timp real (oscilator de frecvență definită), și
produce rezultate
• folosește atât logică booleană, cât și logică
digitală secvențială
8
Tipologie Sursa: http://hardwarebee.com/fpga-vs-asic-difference/

Microprocesoare

Uz general (GPP) Dedicate (ASP)

Procesor semnal
ASIC
(DSP)

Computer CPU Microcontroller

9
Caracteristici principale
• frecvență de lucru (GHz) și turbo
• număr de nuclee (cores) și HyperThreading
• tip de soclu (LGA 2066, socket SP3)
• lungimea cuvântului (32bit, 64bit)
• proces de fabricație (14nm) și TDP
• memorie cache, memorie RAM adresabilă
• suport virtualizare, grafică inclusă etc.
10
Sursa>www.researchgate.net/publication/303094852_Cryptocurrency_Value_Formation_An_empirical_study_leading_to_a
_cost_of_production_model_for_valuing_Bitcoin 11
 Schimbări de paradigmă după 2000
• de la una la 4 instrucțiuni/ciclu de ceas
(superscalar)
• de la una la 8 operații per instrucțiune (SIMD)
• de la unul la mai multe nuclee (cores)

Sursa: www.slideshare.net/ateeqateeq/study-of-various-factors-affecting-performance-of-multi-core-processors
12
Evoluție

Sursa: https://twitter.com/sehnaoui/status/845020744883015680 13
 Waffer-ul de siliciu

Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/article/1840-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built-part-3/ 14
Lecția video

15
Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtuUANbaEFI
Evoluție (2)

Sursa: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor1.htm 16
Evoluție (3)

Sursa: http://www.oocities.org/cfleri/history.html 17
Evoluție (4)

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqOCC65HkCQ 18
Sursa: https://imagazin.ro/intel-isi-sarbatoreste-cea-de-50-
aniversare-acesta-e-prilejul-perfect-de-si-gasi-o-noua-directie/19
Lecția video

20
Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8v1BB0UaDs /
Miniaturizarea

21
Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/news/64106-amd-shows-off-next-generation-polaris-10-gpu.html
 Rularea speculativă a codului

Sursa: https://www.anandtech.com/show/838/8

Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/article/1821-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built/
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 Călcâiul lui Achile

https://danielmiessler.com/blog/simple-explanation-difference-
meltdown-spectre/

23
Sursa:https://www.macrumors.com/2018/02/22/intel-government-meltdown-spectre-disclosure/
Lecția video

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8O3mRwJeqs0 24
 CPU vs GPU

Sursa> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308730753_GPU-
based_parallel_computing_of_energy_consumption_in_wireless_sensor_networks 25
Interacțiunea CPU- GPU

Sursa> https://insujang.github.io/2017-04-27/gpu-architecture-overview/ 26
Soclul procesorului

PGA

LGA

Sursa: https://asmed.com/comptia-a-cpu-socket/
28
Schema de ansamblu – Sandy Bridge

29
Sursa: https://www.corsair.com/it/pl/blog/overclocking-the-2nd-generation-intel-core-processor-family
Memoria sistemului

Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/article/1821-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built/ 30
Structura logică

Sursa: http://www.oocities.org/cfleri/main.html 31
Integrarea cu sistemul – Sandy Bridge

Sursa: https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/datasheets/2nd-gen-core-
desktop-vol-1-datasheet.pdf 32
Lecția video

33
Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJn-qPHtfzI
 34
Sursa: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/155082-intels-silvermont-revealed-after-a-five-year-snooze-intel-is-finally-ready-to-crush-arm
 Mecanismul regiștrilor

Sursa: http://www.oocities.org/cfleri/main.html
35
Sursa: https://davidlim2007.wordpress.com/category/hardware/interrupts/hardware-interrupts/
Mecanismul IRQ

Sursa: https://davidlim2007.wordpress.com/category/hardware/interrupts/hardware-interrupts/ 36
Mecanismul cache (inst. + data)

Sursa: https://codeburst.io/understanding-hardware-to-push-performance-to-the-max-and-then-
37
some-part-1-c048021114e3
Mecanismul QPI

Sursa: http://www.qdpma.com/SystemArchitecture/SystemArchitecture_QPI.html 38
SiFive: către un CPU open-source*
*nu se cere la examen!

39
Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNnCok1H3-g
Diferențe de performanță

40
Sursa: https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/intel-core-i9-9900k-9th-gen-cpu,5847-8.html
Performanță per watt

Sursa: https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/223022-the-myths-of-moores-law 41
 42
Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AwdkGKmZ0I
Limitările de frecvență

43
Sursa: http://www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm
 Decelerarea termică

https://www.hackster.io/news/do-you-need-to-use-a-fan-for-cooling-with-the-new-raspberry-pi-4-6d523ca12453 44
Răcire vs. frecvența de lucru

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJkIVg0upJ4 45
Probleme de răcire la iMac 0
(90 C)

Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yvY-tYh0bM 46
Ce face Intel, oprit la 14nm? Subțiază pastila de siliciu!

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uWXfoX1x3A 47
 Laptop serviciu vs. personal ☺

48
Sursa: www.cpu-world.com/Compare/850/Intel_Core_i5_Mobile_i5-4310U_vs_Intel_Core_i7_Mobile_i7-8750H.html
CPU-Z performanță – serviciu vs. personal

49
50
Răcirea cu lichid

51
Sursa: https://bizon-tech.com/bizon-z5000.html
Cryocooling i9 – CoolerMaster ML360

Sursa> www.youtube.com/watch?v=e295NaVldZs 52
VRM – alimentarea corectă a CPU/GPU

53
Sursa> www.techpowerup.com/review/asus-rog-strix-b550-f-gaming-wifi/4.html
Comparație de performanță

54
Sursa> www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_y-AcTqJX0
Lecția video

55
Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA
 56
Sursa: https://www.slideshare.net/insideHPC/ibm-power9-features-and-specifications
Big Data & Deep Learning - viziunea Power 10

Sursa> https://blog.itechsol.com/moving-ibm-i-to-power9/ 57
Sursa> www.slideshare.net/insideHPC/ibm-power9-features-and-specifications 58
 59
Sursa: https://www.slideshare.net/mandieq/openpower-update-for-linux-on-power-revolution-event
 60
Sursa> https://www.ps3blog.net/2006/04/04/nvidia-rsx-and-ps3-audio/
USAF Condor – PS3 cluster

61
Sursa> www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/the-playstation-supercomputer/
Optimizări – HyperThreading, SpeedStep

62
Sursa: https://www.neweggbusiness.com/a/processor-glossary/id-252
Amuzament: EPYC win – 64 cores, 128 threads

63
Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuLsrr79-Pw
 64
Sursa> https://opendata.blender.org/
 65
Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uWXfoX1x3A
 66
Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uWXfoX1x3A
Team Blue vs Team Red – Cinebench

67
Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYqG31V4qtA și www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFTMBTDGTx8
Sursa> www.redmondpie.com/ps5-vs-ps4-specs-sony-officially-reveals-full-specifications-of-its-upcoming-
68
playstation-5-gaming-console/
 69
Core i7 1185G7 pe 10nm Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wfd3cO2gVHE
Translatarea codului

Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/article/1821-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built/ 70
Overclocking (nerecomandat!!)

Sursa: https://gamegavel.com/is-overclocking-worth-it/ 71
Sursa> https://lab501.ro/stiri/amd-ryzen-threadripper-depaseste-5100mhz-racit-cu-azot-lichid 72
 73
Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bWA3BNx3A0
 Cel mai cel – Intel Xeon Phi ☺

Sursa:
https://software.intel.com/en-
us/xeon-phi

Sursa: https://www.zdnet.com/article/intel-xeon-phi-co-processor-simplifies-supercomputing/ 74
 Viitorul începe azi – Photonics*

Sursa: https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/analysis/the-chip-that-saw-the-light/ 75
*nu intră la examen!
 Viitorul începe azi – Quantum Comp.*
*nu se cere la examen!

https://blog.daimler.com/en/2018/11/07/quantum-computers-future-
daimler-google-ibm-technology/

https://towardsdatascience.com/the-need-promise-
and-reality-of-quantum-computing-4264ce15c6c0 76
 Amuzament – chipul buclucaș*

*nu se cere la examen!

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-10-04/the-big-hack-how-china-used-a-tiny-chip-to-infiltrate-america-s-top-companies 77
 Amuzament – Chipworks și 3D*

https://nhanced-semi.com/technology/about-3d-ics/ 78
*nu se cere la examen!
 Lecția video – CPU 1 și 2

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sK-49uz3lGg Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvDBJC_akyg

79
Lecția video CPU 3 – pentru Assembler

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sK-49uz3lGg 80
Q&A
82