C4

Arhitectura sistemelor de calcul

Lect. univ. dr. Cristian ȘTEFAN
lc.stefan.mi@spiruharet.ro
Tipuri de memorie
RAM

cache ROM

ODD HDD/SSD

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 3
Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3_ZqnqLyVo
Memoria RAM

• Random Access Memory

• chip, foarte rapidă față de hard disk (20X)
• mult mai mică decât stocarea permanentă
• pierde conținutul la întreruperea
alimentării, folosită de programele active
• modulară, ușor de înlocuit, desktop/laptop
• diverse standarde constructive (DDRx)
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CPU-Z specificații

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Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XETZoRYdtkw
SRAM vs DRAM

SRAM: alimentare constantă DRAM: reîmprospătare periodică

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Sursa: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/different-types-ram-random-access-memory/
 Tipuri de memorie RAM

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Sursa: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/overview-of-threat-mitigations-in-windows-10
 Caracteristici principale

• capacitate (GB): max. 256GB/modul

• frecvență de lucru (MHz): 1333, 2666, 4000
• format: DIMM, SODIMM, LPDDR etc.
• tensiune alimentare: 1,2V; 1,35V; 1,5V etc.
• generație: DDR3, DDR4, DDR5, GDDR6
• latențe (CAS, RAS, RAS to CAS): 16-16-16-39
• corecție erori (ECC) - prezentă de obicei pe server
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_timings 9
Canalele de memorie

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORwQL6dojXY
Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWDirCg-Wu8
Single Data Rate vs. Double Data Rate

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVad0c2cljo
Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKTc9toqgU0 13
Ordinea completării sloturilor

Sursa: https://forums.overclockers.co.uk/threads/quad-channel-memory-question.18833737/ 14
15
Diferența între generații

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJkIVg0upJ4 16
Gigabyte i-RAM (2005, SATA)

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Sursa: https://hackaday.com/2015/01/18/pci-i-ram-working-without-a-pci-slot/
Un test comparativ de memorie

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Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHJ16hD4ysk
Și rezultatele – diferențe infime

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHJ16hD4ysk
Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVad0c2cljo
Amuzament

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iwgyzX-76g
Memoria (EEP)ROM

• Read Only Memory – deși e programabilă

• mică (16-32 MB), conține codul BIOS/UEFI
• nevolatilă, păstrează setările și ora pe baza
acumulatorului CR2032
• uneori modulară, alteori lipită pe placă
• unele plăci de bază oferă dual BIOS, top hat
flash etc.
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Chip-ul de BIOS

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 BIOS vs UEFI

Sursa:
www.howtogeek.com/56958/htg-
explains-how-uefi-will-replace-the-bios
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Lecția video

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGz0Io_dh_I 25
Hard disk

• suport magnetic de stocare pe termen lung

• nevolatil, dar sensibil la temperatură,
șocuri/vibrații, câmpuri magnetice
• bazat pe platane rotative și capete de citire
• datele sunt stocate pe o pistă micronică,
spirală, de la exteriorul discului către
interior; este divizată în sectoare
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Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHRc-QMoUE4
Primele hard-disk-uri

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Sursa: https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/
Hard disk - primă generație (10MB, 1960)

4MB vs iPhone X

Sursa:
https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresti
ng/comments/bzhium/what_a_4_megabyte_h
arddrive_looked_like_in_1965/

Sursa: sixfivezerotwo / Reddit 29

Hard disk – caracteristici principale

• capacitatea (GB, teoretic și formatat): 16TB

• formatul (2,5” – laptop; 3,5” – desktop/server)
• interfața (SATA/SAS) și generația (2, 3)
• viteza de rotație (5400/7200/10000/15000)
• număr platane, scop (arhivare, video, NAS,
performanță/economie, server etc.),
tehnologii moderne - Helium, HAMR
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Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWKo_dMUw7M
32
 33
Sursa: https://animagraffs.com/hard-disk-drive/
Stocarea magnetică a datelor

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Sursa: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2015/07/30/data-hard-drive/
SMR vs conventional magnetic

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Sursa> http://wp.xin.at/archives/tag/smr
MBR vs GPT (>2TB)

Sursa: https://www.minitool.com/partition-disk/mbr-vs-gpt-guide.html 36
Interfețe – IDE (PATA) vs. SATA

Sursa:
http://www.computer
upgradesrepairs.co.uk/
hdd.htm

Sursa:
Sursa: https://www.programering.com/a/MjN4EDMwATU.html https://www.gearbest.com/blog/
37
how-to/what-is-microdrive-2860
Interfețe – SCSI și SAS

DELL SCSI FUJITSU UltraSCSI

Sursa:
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-
port-difference-between-SSD-SAS-
and-SSD-SATA

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Viteza de rotație

Sursa: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hard-Disk-Drive-Spindle-Motor-System-Design-For-
TPI-Chao/2aea9c7a2078abd5ae471ef2184ba8b334c7480f 39
 Hard disk-uri dedicate

Sursa: https://farahaznill.com/2017/06/21/perbezaan-warna-dan-fungsi-storage-western-digital-mengikut-warna-biru-
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merah-purple-hijau-hitam-dan-gold/
Hard disk – recuperare date

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3lPghtUucs 41
Hard disk – depanare

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o16cc9OgW7Y 42
 43
Sursa> www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-hard-drive-stats-q3-2020/
 Hard disk array – RAID

Sursa: https://changeaas.wordpress.com/2014/10/29/what-raid-should-you-choose-to-making-a-shift-
into-more-performance-for-less-via-koolfit-and-kio-networks/ 44
Lecția video

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-OCdTeZLac 45
 RAID controller (H700)

Sursa: https://www.lelong.com.my/dell-perc-h700-k883j-512mb-sas2108-6gb-s-sas-raid-controller-pci-e-
bee-I6037875-2007-01-Sale-I.htm 46
Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzzavO5a4OQ 47
Hard disk S.M.A.R.T.

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Solid State Drive

Sursa: https://www.performance-computer.com/learn/ssds-compared/ 49
SATA SSD vs. M2 SSD

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvfIeTieXOI 50
 SSD – tipologie celule

Sursa: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/NAND- Sursa: https://www.delkin.com/technology/flash-endurance/

technology-SLC-MLC-TLC_fig2_305909055/

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 SSD - interiorul

https://www.anandtech.com/show/7173/sa
msung-ssd-840-evo-review-120gb-250gb-
500gb-750gb-1tb-models-tested/2
Sursa: https://sharecodex.com/hdd-vs-ssd-vs-sshd/ 52
SSD vs HDD – diferențe

Sursa: https://www.transcend-info.com/Support/FAQ-1121

Sursa: https://sharecodex.com/hdd-vs-
ssd-vs-sshd/ 53
Diferența de viteză

Sursa: https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1563874 54
 55
Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZ2B5sn31qc
SSHD

Sursa: https://www.ps4storage.com/ps4-pro-ssd-vs-sshd/ 56
Lecția video

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cyMTl_QXSc 57
Viitorul stocării datelor (100TB - 40K $)

Sursa: https://www.anandtech.com/show/12541/unlimited-5-year-endurance-100-tb-ssd 58
SSD-ul viitorului - Liqid LQD4500
w/ 8x 4TB Sabrent Rocket gen.3 NVMe

Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zC03p4j_5Yc 59
USB flash drive

Sursa: http://usbthumbdrive.com.my/flash-drive-history-and-evolution/ 60
 Tipuri de memorie flash

Sursa: https://www.edn.com/design/automotive-design/4016158/Flash-memory-101-An-introduction-to-NAND-
flash-item-1/ 61
 Cartele flash și unitatea de citire

Sursa: https://phlearn.com/magazine/xqd-cards-everything-you-need-to-know-plus-what-is-cfexpress/ 62
SSD vs HDD – test practic

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 SAN și NAS

Sursa: https://www.ansnetworks.com/storage-
area-networks-2/

Sursa: https://www.lifewire.com/san-vs-nas-818005 64
45 drives x 8TB = 360T in 4U design – vs 5U84 from Seagate
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Sursa> https://www.backblaze.com/blog/backblaze-storage-pod-museum/
Stocarea pe bandă magnetică

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Sursa: https://www.tech-coffee.net/archive-backups-with-veeam-and-starwind-virtual-tape-library/
 Optical Disk Drive

67
Sursa: Wikipedia
Optical Disk Drive - capacitate

Single Side, Single Layer

Single Side, Double Layer
Double Side, Single Layer
Double Side, Double Layer

Sursa: http://www.sonnettech.com/es/product/rackmacmini-bluray-burner.html 68
 69
Sursa: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-dvd-r-and-dvdr/
CD vs DVD laser in IR

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Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9lbrr04XBQ
 Protecția memoriei - ASLR

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Sursa: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/overview-of-threat-mitigations-in-windows-10
Protecția memoriei - DEP

Sursa: https://www.neweggbusiness.com/a/processor-glossary/id-252 72
Amuzament – 225 discuri, 3PB

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtZXMj_gUjU 73
 Viitorul începe azi – 3D Xpoint

Sursa:
https://www.extr
emetech.com/ext
reme/211087-
intel-micron-
reveal-xpoint-a-
new-memory-
architecture-that-
claims-to-
outclass-both-
ddr4-and-nand
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 SSD - PCIe
960 GB
PCIe 3.0 x4
up to 2,6GB/sec
seq. read speed
up to 2,2GB/sec
seq. write speed
550k IOPS read,
575k IOPS write

Sursa: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/memory-storage/solid-state-
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drives/consumer-ssds/optane-ssd-9-series/optane-ssd-905p-series/905p-1-5tb-aic-20nm.html
Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzzavO5a4OQ 76
The world is not enough  by Liqid

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Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MXhGABtuCA
Viitorul începe azi - MRAM

Sursa: https://semiengineering.com/challenges-in-making-and-testing-mram/

Sursa:
https://www.everspin.com/togg
le-mram-technology

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 Viitorul începe azi - HAMR

Sursa> www.techpowerup.com/250203/seagate-achieves-milestone-in-hamr-hdds-16-tb-units-internally-tested 79
80
Lăcomie, patente și minciuni

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEzLDqELh70 81
Q&A
82