C3

Arhitectura sistemelor de calcul

Lect. univ. dr. Cristian ȘTEFAN
lc.stefan.mi@spiruharet.ro
Placa de bază (motherboard)
• cea mai mare placă de circuit imprimat (PCB)
din sistem, interconectează toate celelalte
componente prin intermediul interfețelor
specifice, le alimentează de la sursă
• dedicată unor serii specifice de procesoare
(e.g. Intel sau AMD), desktop sau server
• are un număr limitat de sloturi de memorie,
sloturi de extensie, porturi SATA etc.
• diverse formate: ATX, BTX, micro, E-ATX…

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Sursa:
https://a
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dex.php?
option=c
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=139&Ite
mid=69&
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Sursa: www.pcworld.com/article/3331157/asus-rog-mothership-is-like-a-surface-pro-for-gaming.html
Placa de bază este un sandwich

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Sursa: www.gigabyte.com/webpage/16/article_12_ud3.htm
Lecția video

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Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2pd3Y6aBag
Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnAFTMaS5R0
Lecția video

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lt8cu8IMLOM 8
Microprocesorul (VLSI)

• circuit integrat digital de uz general, cu

regiștri, ce procesează date binare de
intrare conform instrucțiunilor din
memoria sa, rulând pe baza ceasului de
timp real (oscilator de frecvență definită), și
produce rezultate
• folosește atât logică booleană, cât și logică
digitală secvențială
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Tipologie Sursa: http://hardwarebee.com/fpga-vs-asic-difference/

Microprocesoare

Uz general (GPP) Dedicate (ASP)

Procesor semnal
ASIC
(DSP)

Computer CPU Microcontroller

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Caracteristici principale
• frecvență de lucru (GHz) și turbo
• număr de nuclee (cores) și HyperThreading
• tip de soclu (LGA 2066, socket SP3)
• lungimea cuvântului (32bit, 64bit)
• proces de fabricație (5-14nm) și TDP
• memorie cache, memorie RAM adresabilă
• suport virtualizare, grafică inclusă etc.
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Sursa>www.researchgate.net/publication/303094852_Cryptocurrency_Value_Formation_An_empirical_study_leading_to_a
_cost_of_production_model_for_valuing_Bitcoin 12
 Schimbări de paradigmă după 2000
• de la una la 4 instrucțiuni/ciclu de ceas
(superscalar)
• de la una la 8 operații per instrucțiune (SIMD)
• de la unul la mai multe nuclee (cores)

Sursa: www.slideshare.net/ateeqateeq/study-of-various-factors-affecting-performance-of-multi-core-processors
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Evoluție

Sursa: https://twitter.com/sehnaoui/status/845020744883015680 14
 Waffer-ul de siliciu

Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/article/1840-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built-part-3/ 15
Cu cât crește suprafața, crește costul

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JAWz9Da5og 16
Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtuUANbaEFI
Evoluție (2)

Sursa: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor1.htm 18
Evoluție (3)

Sursa: http://www.oocities.org/cfleri/history.html 19
Evoluție (4)

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqOCC65HkCQ 20
Sursa: https://imagazin.ro/intel-isi-sarbatoreste-cea-de-50-
aniversare-acesta-e-prilejul-perfect-de-si-gasi-o-noua-directie/21
Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8v1BB0UaDs /
Miniaturizarea

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Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/news/64106-amd-shows-off-next-generation-polaris-10-gpu.html
 Rularea speculativă a codului

Sursa: https://www.anandtech.com/show/838/8

Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/article/1821-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built/
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 Călcâiul lui Achile

https://danielmiessler.com/blog/simple-explanation-difference-
meltdown-spectre/

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Sursa:https://www.macrumors.com/2018/02/22/intel-government-meltdown-spectre-disclosure/
Lecția video

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8O3mRwJeqs0 26
 CPU vs GPU

Sursa> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308730753_GPU-
based_parallel_computing_of_energy_consumption_in_wireless_sensor_networks 27
Interacțiunea CPU- GPU

Sursa> https://insujang.github.io/2017-04-27/gpu-architecture-overview/ 28
Soclul procesorului

PGA

LGA

Sursa: https://asmed.com/comptia-a-cpu-
socket/
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Schema de ansamblu – Sandy Bridge

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Sursa: https://www.corsair.com/it/pl/blog/overclocking-the-2nd-generation-intel-core-processor-family
Memoria sistemului

Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/article/1821-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built/ 32
Structura logică

Sursa: http://www.oocities.org/cfleri/main.html 33
Integrarea cu sistemul – Sandy Bridge

Sursa: https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/datasheets/2nd-gen-core-
desktop-vol-1-datasheet.pdf 34
Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJn-qPHtfzI
 36
Sursa: https://www.extremetech.com/computing/155082-intels-silvermont-revealed-after-a-five-year-snooze-intel-is-finally-ready-to-crush-arm
 Mecanismul regiștrilor

Sursa: http://www.oocities.org/cfleri/main.html
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Sursa: https://davidlim2007.wordpress.com/category/hardware/interrupts/hardware-interrupts/
Mecanismul IRQ

Sursa: https://davidlim2007.wordpress.com/category/hardware/interrupts/hardware-interrupts/ 38
Mecanismul cache (inst. + data)

Sursa: https://codeburst.io/understanding-hardware-to-push-performance-to-the-max-and-then-
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some-part-1-c048021114e3
Mecanismul QPI

Sursa: http://www.qdpma.com/SystemArchitecture/SystemArchitecture_QPI.html 40
SiFive: către un CPU open-source*
*nu se cere la examen!

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNnCok1H3-g
Diferențe de performanță

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Sursa: https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/intel-core-i9-9900k-9th-gen-cpu,5847-8.html
Performanță per watt

Sursa: https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/223022-the-myths-of-moores-law 43
 44
Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AwdkGKmZ0I
Limitările de frecvență

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Sursa: http://www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm
 Decelerarea termică

https://www.hackster.io/news/do-you-need-to-use-a-fan-for-cooling-with-the-new-raspberry-pi-4-6d523ca12453 46
Răcire vs. frecvența de lucru

Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJkIVg0upJ4 47
Probleme de răcire la iMac (900C)

Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yvY-tYh0bM 48
Ce face Intel, oprit la 14nm? Subțiază pastila de siliciu!

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uWXfoX1x3A 49
 Laptop serviciu vs. personal 

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Sursa: www.cpu-world.com/Compare/850/Intel_Core_i5_Mobile_i5-4310U_vs_Intel_Core_i7_Mobile_i7-8750H.html
CPU-Z performanță – serviciu vs. personal

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52
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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdUgHxxVZcU
Răcirea cu lichid

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Sursa: https://bizon-tech.com/bizon-z5000.html
Comparație de performanță

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Sursa> www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_y-AcTqJX0
i5 1035G4 in ThinkBook 15-IIL i7 10750H in IdeaPad Creator 5

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+23%

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58
Cryocooling i9 – CoolerMaster ML360

Sursa> www.youtube.com/watch?v=e295NaVldZs 59
VRM – alimentarea corectă a CPU/GPU

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Sursa> www.techpowerup.com/review/asus-rog-strix-b550-f-gaming-wifi/4.html
Lecția video

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA
 62
Sursa: https://www.slideshare.net/insideHPC/ibm-power9-features-and-specifications
Big Data & Deep Learning - viziunea Power 10

Sursa> https://blog.itechsol.com/moving-ibm-i-to-power9/ 63
Sursa> www.slideshare.net/insideHPC/ibm-power9-features-and-specifications 64
 65
Sursa: https://www.slideshare.net/mandieq/openpower-update-for-linux-on-power-revolution-event
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Sursa> https://www.ps3blog.net/2006/04/04/nvidia-rsx-and-ps3-audio/
USAF Condor – PS3 cluster

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Sursa> www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/the-playstation-supercomputer/
Optimizări – HyperThreading, SpeedStep

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Sursa: https://www.neweggbusiness.com/a/processor-glossary/id-252
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Sursa> https://opendata.blender.org/
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Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uWXfoX1x3A
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Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uWXfoX1x3A
Team Blue vs Team Red – Cinebench

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Sursa: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYqG31V4qtA și www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFTMBTDGTx8
Sursa> www.redmondpie.com/ps5-vs-ps4-specs-sony-officially-reveals-full-specifications-of-its-upcoming-
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playstation-5-gaming-console/
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Core i7 1185G7 pe 10nm Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wfd3cO2gVHE
Translatarea codului

Sursa: https://www.techspot.com/article/1821-how-cpus-are-designed-and-built/ 75
 76
Sursa> http://zcb.tripod.com/referat/info/microp.htm
Overclocking (nerecomandat!!)

Sursa: https://gamegavel.com/is-overclocking-worth-it/ 77
Sursa> https://lab501.ro/stiri/amd-ryzen-threadripper-depaseste-5100mhz-racit-cu-azot-lichid 78
Viitorul începe azi: in-chip water cooling

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Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdUgHxxVZcU
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Sursa> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bWA3BNx3A0
 Cel mai cel – Intel Xeon Phi 

Sursa:
https://software.intel.com/en-
us/xeon-phi

Sursa: https://www.zdnet.com/article/intel-xeon-phi-co-processor-simplifies-supercomputing/ 81
 Viitorul începe azi – Photonics*

Sursa: https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/analysis/the-chip-that-saw-the-light/ 82
*nu intră la examen!
 Viitorul începe azi – Quantum Comp.*
*nu se cere la examen!

https://blog.daimler.com/en/2018/11/07/quantum-computers-future-
daimler-google-ibm-technology/

https://towardsdatascience.com/the-need-promise-
and-reality-of-quantum-computing-4264ce15c6c0 83
 Amuzament – chipul buclucaș*

*nu se cere la examen!

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-10-04/the-big-hack-how-china-used-a-tiny-chip-to-infiltrate-america-s-top-companies 84
 Amuzament – Chipworks și 3D*

https://nhanced-semi.com/technology/about-3d-ics/ 85
*nu se cere la examen!
 Lecția video – CPU 1 și 2

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sK-49uz3lGg Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvDBJC_akyg

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Lecția video CPU 3 – pentru Assembler

Sursa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sK-49uz3lGg 87
Q&A
88