DOU TOPOARE DIN PIATR APARINND EPOCII BRONZULUI DESCOPERITE LA TULUCETI, JUDEUL GALAI

COSTIN CROITORU (BRILA, ROMNIA), VASILE DIACONU (TRGU NEAM, ROMNIA)

Cuvinte cheie: topoare de piatr, epoca bronzului, Tuluceti, Galai Rezumat. n aceast scurt intervenie autorii introduc n circuitul tiinific dou topoare din piatr aflate n prezent n colecia colar din Tuluceti, judeul Galai. Din nefericire, singurele repere relative la contextul descoperirii se rezum la semnalarea teritoriului localitii. n aceste condiii, puinele aprecieri asupra acestor artefacte s-au fcut ntrun cadru amplu, exclusiv pe baza analogiilor cunoscute n momentul de fa. Materialele prezentate aici, mpreun cu semnalarea unor informaii inedite, jaloneaz prezena n zona Tulucetiului a unor situri arheologice aparinnd epocii bronzului, altfel neatestate pn n prezent, n ciuda numeroaselor descoperiri arheologice, din diverse epoci. Astfel, este de ateptat ca cercetrile arheologice viitoare s se soldeze i cu identificarea unor complexe din epoca bronzului, cu att mai mult cu ct ne aflm la mic distan de cunoscutele situri arheologice din epoca bronzului de la Folteti i Stoicani, att de importante pentru cunoaterea nceputurilor perioadei metalelor. Analiza atent a unor colecii colare1 ofer, nu de puine ori, surprize plcute nu numai prin varietatea materialului arheologic, dar i

Aceast lucrare a fost finanat de Autoritatea Naional Romn pentru Cercetare tiinific, CNCS UEFISCDI, numrul proiectului PN-II-RU-TE-2012-3-0216. 1 Preferm aceast sintagm pentru a desemna grupajul eterogen al unor obiecte cu (posibil) potenial istoric (sau cultural-artistic), aflate n diverse coluri muzeale, mai ales pentru a sublinia cumva caracterul voit didactic, dei suntem contieni i n cazul judeului Galai afirmaia se confirm cu prisosin c materiale arheologice se

ISTROS, XIX, 2013, Brila, p. 45-60

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prin calitatea lui. Din pcate, n lipsa personalului specializat, acestea se pstreaz cel mai frecvent fr nici o consideraie relativ la norme elementare de conservare. Mai mult, reprezentnd rodul strdaniei unor pasionai scormonitori locali, n cele mai multe situaii materialul este lipsit de locul exact al descoperirii i, evident, al contextului arheologic. n atare condiii, valorificarea unor artefacte (re)identificate n cadrul acestor colecii colare tinde s conteze exclusiv n privina susinerii unor tipologii, ori pentru a ilustra difuziunea n teritoriu a unui anume tip de descoperiri. Este i cazul coleciei din localitatea Tuluceti, judeul Galai, unde se gsesc numeroase piese preistorice sau din etape cronologice mai trzii2. n rndurile urmtoare ne propunem s facem cunoscute dou piese litice care se afl n colecia amintit i care sunt importante prin prisma faptului c argumenteaz prezena unor comuniti ale epocii bronzului, altfel neatestate pn n momentul de fa prin alte materiale arheologice, n ciuda numeroaselor descoperiri de pe teritoriul comunei3. Inedite nc sunt descoperirile funerare, fortuite, din spatele grii Tuluceti. Materialul osteologic recuperat se afl actualmente n colecia colar din localitate (nota bene, prin grija domnului nvtor pensionar Amelian Chiril, cel care ne-a i oferit cu deosebit amabilitate detalii despre condiiile descoperirii). Dup toate aparenele este vorba despre dou morminte de nhumaie, cu ocru defuncii fiind depui n poziie chircit, fr alt inventar funerar. Din punct de vedere cronologic, acestea se dateaz n perioada de tranziie de la eneolitic la epoca bronzului (cultura Iamnaia). Mai mult, cercetrile arheologice ntreprinse n acest an, n punctul Rpa Blaia, aflat la sud-est de localitate s-au soldat, ntre altele, i cu identificarea unor fragmente ceramice rulate, caracteristice epocii bronzului4. Este de notat i posibilitatea ca pe teritoriul comunei s mai fi fost descoperit ntmpltor o unealt litic: n pmntul galben adus la S.R.N. (?) de la Tuluceti n anul 1953, a fost identificat un obiect din

pstreaz i n coleciile altor instituii rurale: primrii, cmine culturale sau biserici ori n domeniul privat. 2 Vezi, de exemplu, Croitoru, Apostu 2013. 3 O trecere n revist a acestor descoperiri la Croitoru 2013, 162 -165; Croitoru 2013a, 589-594. 4 Materiale inedite aflate n curs de prelucrare.

Dou topoare din piatr aparinnd epocii bronzului descoperite la Tuluceti 47

piatr (L = 8 cm., l = 5. cm.), de forma unei lame de topor actual, prevzut cu trei caneluri pentru legat de coad5. Pentru c topoarele de care ne vom ocupa n rndurile urmtoare reprezint descoperiri fortuite, este necesar o discuie asupra lor ntr-un cadru amplu, pe baza analogiilor cunoscute n acest moment. ns, nainte de a formula aprecieri de ordin tipologic, cronologic i cultural, vom face o descriere succint a pieselor pentru cunoaterea parametrilor morfodimensionali ai acestora6. Toporul T1 (fig. 1/1) este oval n plan, feele ventral i dorsal sunt plate, iar profilul este drept7. Perforaia este cilindric, bine finisat i amplasat mai aproape de muchie. Tiul este drept, iar ntreaga suprafa a toporului a fost foarte atent lefuit. Obiectul amintit a fost confecionat din andezit de nuan verzuie. Nu prezint urme evidente de uzur n zona tiului, iar loviturile din vecintatea perforaiei se datoreaz unor intervenii moderne, cel mai probabil suferite n timpul descoperirii. Dimensiuni: lungime = 10,5 cm; lime maxim = 5 cm; diametrul perforaiei = 1,5 cm; grosime maxim = 3,5 cm. Piesa provine din zona vestic a satului Tuluceti, dar nu este menionat contextul arheologic n care a fost gsit. Toporul T2 (fig. 1/2) are corpul alungit, fiind uor ngroat n zona perforaiei pentru fixarea cozii. Piesa are profilul drept, dar fiind pstrat n stare fragmentar nu putem preciza care era forma muchiei. Tiul este foarte puin arcuit. Perforaia se gsete mai aproape de muchie, n zona cu lime maxim, iar ntreaga suprafa a fost bine lefuit. Obiectul a fost confecionat dintr-o roc dur, magmatic, de culoare verzuie, cel mai probabil un andezit. Dimensiuni: lungime = 12 cm; limea tiului = 4,5 cm. Toporul provine din zona Rpa Blaia, aflat n partea de sud-est a satului Tuluceti. ***

5 6

Croitoru 2013, 163, nota 1028. Lungimea reprezint distana de la ceaf la ti, limea reprezint distana dintre faa ventral i cea dorsal, iar grosimea distana dintre cele dou laterale ale piesei. 7 Dei nemenionat n text, piesa a fost ilustrat artistic la Chiril 2012, 24, fig. 1/1.

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Dup aceast succint prezentare se impun cteva observaii care pot s ofere unele repere de ordin tipologic i, implicit, anumite coordonate cronologice. Exemplarul T1 are o form comun, ntlnit din eneoliticul final i pn la sfritul epocii bronzului, ceea ce ridic anumite probleme legate de o ncadrare cronologic precis. Artefacte similare au aprut n diferite medii culturale ale epocii bronzului, dar vom aminti selectiv doar cteva analogii: Cajvana (jud. Suceava)8, Oglinzi (jud. Neam)9, Doaga (jud. Vrancea)10, Mreti (jud. Vrancea)11, Luncavia (jud. Tulcea)12, Grlia (jud. Constana)13, Trzii (jud. Vaslui)14, Topraisar (jud. Constana)15, sau ntr-un punct necunoscut din nordul Dobrogei16. i n mediile culturale ale bronzului timpuriu din nordul Mrii Negre se cunosc topoare de acest tip17. Pe teritoriul Galaiului o pies cu morfologie asemntoare, a fost identificat ntmpltor la Blbneti18. Exemplarul T2, chiar dac nu s-a pstrat integral, prin detaliile morfologice pe care le prezint poate fi inclus n categoria armelor, mai precis n grupa topoarelor de lupt cu muchie cilindric. Potrivit clasificrii lui Al. Vulpe, exemplarul nostru ar trebui ncadrat n categoria A19 sau, conform unei alte propuneri tipologice, n rndul topoarelor de lupt de tip A20. Artefacte similare sunt cunoscute la Rcciuni (jud. Bacu)21, Oneti (jud. Bacu)22, Vizantea (jud. Vrancea)23 etc., dar i n culturile

8 9

Niculic et al. 2004, 274, fig. 3/8. Pies inedit, aflat n colecia colii din localitate. Provine dintr -un sit al culturii Noua. 10 Bobi, Apostu 1997, pl. 3/2. 11 Bobi, Apostu 1997, pl. 4/2. 12 Vasiliu 1995, 99-100, pl. IV/3. 13 Munteanu 1991, 410, fig. 12. 14 Coman 1980, 199, fig. 109/6. 15 Vasiliu 1996, 16, pl. II/1. 16 Vasiliu 1996, 13, pl. II/4. 17 Kloko 2006, fig. 32/6; fig. 43/5; fig. 47/9 -11. 18 Dragomir 1996, 353, fig. 1/2 (dei fr context arheologic, piesa a fost atribuit aspectului cultural Stoicani-Aldeni); Croitoru 2013, 37, A. 19 Vulpe 1959, 270-273. 20 Diaconu 2010, 8. 21 Tudor 1973, 285, fig. 2/2. 22 Vasiliu 2010, 306, pl. I/3. 23 Bobi, Apostu 1997, pl. 6/4.

Dou topoare din piatr aparinnd epocii bronzului descoperite la Tuluceti 49

epocii bronzului din zona nord-pontic24. Pe teritoriul Galaiului o pies cu morfologie asemntoare, de asemenea fragmentar, a fost identificat la Folteti25. Un aspect care merit reinut este cel privitor la materia prim din care au fost confecionate cele dou topoare. Utilizarea unor roci vulcanice, n special andezite, constituie o bun dovad a faptului c topoarele n discuie nu sunt simple unelte, iar acest lucru este evideniat i prin grija cu care au fost prelucrate. n plus, tiul exemplarului T1 nu este foarte bine ascuit, ceea ce ne arat c ntrebuinarea sa n operaiuni de tiere/cioplire nu era recomandat. Cel mai probabil acest topor, dar i exemplarul fragmentar, au putut ndeplini funcia unor arme sau chiar a unor simboluri sociale, aa cum s-a presupus i n alte cazuri26. Faptul c au fost lucrate din andezit, care nu se gsete n zona de sud a Moldovei, cele mai apropiate surse fiind n eruptivul Carpailor Orientali27, reprezint o bun dovad c astfel de obi ecte aveau un statut aparte n inventarul litic al epocii bronzului. n aceast ordine de idei credem c trebuie luat n considerare posibilitatea c cele dou topoare s fi fost importate din alte zone, mai apropiate de ariile-surs de materie prim. Evident nu se exclude nici ipoteza conform creia, membrii comunitilor locale s nu fi importat produsul finit ci doar s fi procurat materia prim sub form de galei. Aa cum am mai precizat, este dificil s propunem o ncadrare cronologic i cultural precis pentru cele dou piese litice, n lipsa unor contexte arheologice de care ar putea fi legate. Pe teritoriul localitii Tuluceti sunt cunoscute extrem de puine mrturii arheologice ce pot fi atribuite epocii bronzului, oricum inedite. Aminteam mai sus o informaie potrivit creia, n zona grii Tuluceti au fost descoperite ntmpltor cteva morminte de nhumaie, cu schelete presrate cu ocru. De asemenea, pe teritoriul localitii sunt cunoscui mai muli tumuli28 i nu excludem posibilitatea ca exemplarul T1 s fi fcut parte din inventarul unor complexe funerare ale epocii bronzului. n ceea ce privete cellalt topor, T2, trebuie spus c prezena lui n zona Rpa Blaia, aflat n partea de sud-est a satului Tuluceti, este susinut de descoperirile
24 25

Berezanskaja et al. 1986, fig. 6/22; fig. 13/6. Dragomir 1996, 355, fig. 2/1; Croitoru 2013, 80, C. 26 Schuster, Munteanu 1995, 83; Diaconu 2010, 16-18; Rogozea, Dinc 2012, 78. 27 Cotoi, Grasu 2000, 81. 28 Brudiu 2003, 114, 118-119, nr. 220, 263-269; Croitoru 2013, 164-165, H-K.

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recente, aa nct este de ateptat ca cercetrile arheologice viitoare s se soldeze i cu identificarea unor complexe din epoca bronzului. Mai mult, n acest context trebuie s amintim i faptul c ne aflm la mic distan de siturile arheologice din epoca bronzului de la Folteti i Stoicani, att de importante pentru cunoaterea nceputurilor procesului de transformare al comunitilor neo-eneolitice spre prima epoc a metalelor29. La finalul acestei note, considerm c prin publicarea celor dou piese am adus o completare la stadiul cunotinelor referitoare la epoca bronzului din zona de sud a Moldovei, dar mai ales n ceea ce privete rspndirea i frecvena anumitor tipuri de artefacte din piatr. Descoperirea i valorificarea pe criterii tiinifice a ct mai multor materiale litice identificate n contexte clare din punct de vedere cronologic/cultural, va permite o nuanare i din punct de vedere funcional a acestor piese.

Costin Croitoru Muzeul Brilei (Romnia) E-mail: costin_croitoru1@yahoo.com Vasile Diaconu Muzeul de Istorie i Etnografie Trgu Neamt (Romnia) E-mail: diavas_n82@yahoo.com

29

Mai recent Bjenaru 2010, 203-212.

TWO STONE AXES FROM THE BRONZE AGE DISCOVERED IN TULUCETI, GALAI COUNTY
COSTIN CROITORU (BRAILA, ROMANIA), VASILE DIACONU (TRGU NEAM, ROMANIA)

Keywords: stone axes, Bronze Age, Tuluceti, Galai Abstract. This short article aims to introduce in the historiography two stone axes included at this moment in a school collection in Tuluceti, Galai County. Unfortunately, the only reference point in what the context of the findings is concerned is the locality. Under these circumstances, the very few commentaries on these artefacts have been made only within a wider framework, exclusively relying on analogies. The materials presented here and certain unpublished data mark a number of archaeological sites chronologically dated during the Bronze Age, sites that have not been attested yet, despite the significant number of archaeological findings from other eras in the same area. Therefore, it is highly probable for future archaeological surveys to bring to light some complexes of the Bronze Age, all the more if one considers the small distance between this area and the important archaeological sites from Folteti and Stoicani, which are highly significant for acquiring information with regard to the beginning of the Bronze Age. The thorough analysis of a school collection1 may often provide pleasant surprises, both in point of variety and in point of quality of the archaeological material. Unfortunately, as the staff is not specialised, the

This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-TE-2012-3-0216. 1 We have opted for this syntagm to designate the eclectic collection of objects that might have historical (or cultural-artistic) significance found in various museums especially for didactic purposes, although we are fully aware that there can be archaeological material preserved in the collections of other rural institutions: mayor houses, cultural houses, churches or private dwellings. This aspect is fully confirmed in the case of Galai County.

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artefacts are preserved, more often than not, without any consideration for the basic conservation norms. Moreover, as they are the fruit of the efforts of some aficionado local diggers, the findings often lack any information with regard to the precise place of discovery and, naturally, with regard to the archaeological context. In these circumstances, the valorisation of such artefacts (re)discovered in these school collections tends to be useful only to support a typology or to illustrate the distribution of a certain type of findings in a given area. This is also the case for the collection from Tuluceti village, County of Galai, where there are numerous prehistoric artefacts and also findings belonging to more recent chronological stages2. In what follows, we aim at presenting two lithic pieces of the aforesaid collection, important in that they support the argument of the presence of some Bronze Age communities, yet unattested by other archaeological findings, despite the significant number of findings on the territory of the village3. The fortuitous funerary findings behind Tuluceti train station are yet to be published. The osteologic material recovered is at present in the village school collection (NB! in custody of retired schoolmaster Amelian Chiril, who has also kindly provided us the details of the discovery). Apparently, there are two ochre burials, the deceased were crouched and there was no other funeral inventory. Chronologically, they can be dated in the transition period from Aeneolithic to Bronze Age (Jamnaja culture). Moreover, the archaeological survey carried out this year at the site Rpa Blaia (south-east of the village) has brought about, among other findings, the identification of rolled pottery fragments specific to Bronze Age4. It is worth mentioning that another lithic tool may have been fortuitously discovered in the village: in the yellow soil brought to S.R.N. (?) from Tuluceti in the year 1953, there has been identified a stone object; (length = 8 cm, width = 5 cm) in the form of a blade of a present-day axe, with three slits for tying it to the haft5. As the axes in focus are fortuitous findings, they should be analysed in a broader framework, based on analogies known at the present
2 3

See also Croitoru, Apostu 2013. A review of these findings is available in Croitoru 2013, 162-165; Croitoru 2013a, 589594. 4 Unpublished material under processing. 5 Croitoru 2013, 163, f. 1028.

Two stone axes from the Bronze Age discovered in Tuluceti, Galai County

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moment. Nonetheless, before any typological, chronological or cultural assessment, we will briefly describe the pieces in order to present their morpho-dimensional parameters6. The axe A1 (fig. 1/1) is oval in plan, its ventral and dorsal facets are flat, and its profile is even7. The eye is cylindrical, neatly finished and placed closer to the edge. The cutting edge is straight and the entire surface of the axe has been carefully polished. This object has been made of greenish andesite. There are no obvious usage traces in the blade area and the smashes around the eye have been the result of a more recent intervention, most probably during the finding. Dimensions: length = 10.5 cm; maximum width = 5 cm; eye diameter = 1.5 cm; maximum thickness = 3.5 cm. This piece was identified in the western area of Tuluceti village, but there is no mention of any archaeological context. The axe A2 (fig. 1/2) is elongated and slightly thickened in the area of the eye for fixing the heft. The piece has a straight profile, however, as it was only partially preserved, it is impossible to determine the shape of the edge. The cutting edge is slightly bowed. The eye is closer to the edge, in the maximum width area and the entire surface is well polished. It was made of a greenish magmatic, hard rock, most probably, andesite. Dimensions: length = 12 cm; blade width = 4.5 cm. This axe was found in the area Rpa Blaia, in the south-east area of Tuluceti village. *** Following this brief presentation, a few observations which may provide some typological and chronological coordinates are in order. The piece A1 has a common shape from the end of Aeneolithic to the end of the Bronze Age, which makes precise chronological determination difficult. Similar artefacts have been identified in various
6

Length = distance from the poll to the cutting edge; width is the distance between the ventral and dorsal facet; thickness is the distance between the two edges of the piece. 7 Although it is not mentioned in the text, the piece was artistically illustrated in Chiril 2012, 24, fig. 1/1.

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cultural horizons of the Bronze Age. A few analogies have been selected: Cajvana (Suceava County)8, Oglinzi (Neam County)9, Doaga (Vrancea County)10, Mreti (Vrancea County)11, Luncavia (Tulcea County)12, Grlia (Constana County)13, Trzii (Vaslui County)14, Topraisar (Constana County)15, or in an unknown place in the north part of Dobruja16. In the cultural environment north of the Black Sea there have also been found axes with similar typology17. In Galai County, an artefact with similar morphology has been fortuitously identified in Blbneti18. The axe A2, although not fully preserved, may be included in the category of weapons judging by its morphological features. More precisely, it may be included in the category of battle axes with cylindrical edge. According to Al. Vulpes classification, this piece should be considered an A19 or, according to another typological proposal, an A20-type battle axe. Similar artefacts have been discovered in Rcciuni (Bacu County)21, Oneti (Bacu County)22, Vizantea (Vrancea County)23 etc., but also within the Bronze cultures north of the Black Sea24. An artefact with similar morphology has been also identified in Folteti (Galai County)25.

8 9

Niculic et al. 2004, 274, fig. 3/8. Unpublished finding present in the village school collection. Found in a site belonging to Noua culture. 10 Bobi, Apostu 1997, pl. 3/2. 11 Bobi, Apostu 1997, pl. 4/2. 12 Vasiliu 1995, 99-100, pl. IV/3. 13 Munteanu 1991, 410, fig. 12. 14 Coman 1980, 199, fig. 109/6. 15 Vasiliu 1996, 16, pl. II/1. 16 Vasiliu 1996, 13, pl. II/4. 17 Kloko 2006, fig. 32/6; fig. 43/5; fig. 47/9-11. 18 Dragomir 1996, 353, fig. 1/2 (although there is no archaeological context, this finding has been attributed to Stoicani-Aldeni cultural aspect); Croitoru 2013, 37, A. 19 Vulpe 1959, 270-273. 20 Diaconu 2010, 8. 21 Tudor 1973, 285, fig. 2/2. 22 Vasiliu 2010, 306, pl. I/3. 23 Bobi, Apostu 1997, pl. 6/4. 24 Berezanskaja et al. 1986, fig. 6/22; fig. 13/6. 25 Dragomir 1996, 355, fig. 2/1; Croitoru 2013, 80, C.

Two stone axes from the Bronze Age discovered in Tuluceti, Galai County

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An aspect worth mentioning is the raw material these axes have been made of. Using volcanic rock, especially andesite, is evidence for the fact that the two axes are not mere tools, and this is also stressed by their careful polishing. What is more, the cutting edge of the axe A1 is not too sharp, which proves that it was not recommended for cutting or splintering operations. Most probably, this axe, as well as the fragmented piece, might have functioned as weapon or even as social symbol, as assumed in other cases26. The use of andesite, which cannot be found in the south part of Moldavia, the nearest source for this rock being the volcanic mountains in the Oriental Carpathians27, represents solid evidence that such objects had a special status in the lithic inventory of the Bronze Age. On a different note, we should take into account the fact that the two axes might have been imported from other areas, nearer to the raw-material source. Another hypothesis worth considering is that the members of the local community might have not imported the final product, but only raw material. As previously stated, a chronological and cultural framework is difficult to identify for the two lithic pieces, as there is no archaeological context to refer to. Very few archaeological findings that can be attributed to the Bronze Age have been identified so far in Tuluceti area; and they are yet to be published anyway. We have provided above some information regarding the burials with skeletons covered in ochre discovered behind Tuluceti train station. Also, there have been discovered many tumuli28 in this locality and we do not rule out the possibility that the axe A1 to have been part of the inventory of a Bronze Age funeral complex. In what the other axe, A2, is concerned, mention should be made that its presence in Rpa Blaia area, in the south-eastern area of Tuluceti village, is supported by more recent discoveries, so that it is possible that the future archaeological surveys to bring to light some Bronze Age complexes. Moreover, in this context, we should also mention that these findings are within small distance from the Bronze Age sites identified in Folteti and Stoicani, which are particularly important for the information

26 27

Schuster, Munteanu 1995, 83; Diaconu 2010, 16-18; Rogozea, Dinc 2012, 78. Cotoi, Grasu 2000, 81. 28 Brudiu 2003, 114, 118-119, no. 220, 263-269; Croitoru 2013, 164-165, H-K.

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regarding the beginning of the transition process of the neo-Aeneolithic communities towards the first Metal Age29. Drawing a conclusion of this short note, we may say that the publication of these two artefacts contributes to the knowledge on the distribution of the Bronze Age communities in south Moldavia and also on the distribution and rate of occurrence of stone artefacts. The finding and scientific-oriented valorisation of the lithic materials identified in chronologically and culturally defined contexts will eventually lead to a better understanding of their functionality, as well.

Bibliography: Bjenaru 2010: R. Bjenaru, About the Terminology and Periodization of the Early Bronze Age in the Carpathian-Danube Area, in vol. Signa Praehistorica. Studia in honorem magistri Attila Lszl septuagesimo anno (ed.: N. Bolohan, F. Mu, F. A. Tencariu), Iai, 2010, 203-212. Berezanskaja et al. 1986: S. S. Berezanskaja, V. V. Otroenko, N. N. erednienko, I. N. arafutdinova, Kultury epochi bronzy na territorii Ukrainy, Kiev, 1986. Bobi, Apostu 1997: V. Bovi, A. E. Apostu, Contribuii la ntocmirea catalogului topoarelor-ciocan cu gaur de nmnuare, descoperite n zona de curbur a Carpailor, Vrancea. Studii i comunicri, XI, 1997, 33-50. Brudiu 2003: M. Brudiu, Lumea de sub tumulii din sudul Moldovei. De la indo-europeni la turanicii trzii. Mrturii arheologice, Bucharest, 2003. Chiril 2012: A. Chiril, Monografia comunei Tuluceti. Revizuit i adugit, Galai, 2012. Coman 1980: G. Coman, Statornicie, continuitate. Repertoriul arheologic al judeului Vaslui, Bucharest, 1980. Cotoi, Grasu 2000: O. Cotoi, C. Grasu, Uneltele din piatr lefuit din eneoliticul Subcarpailor Moldovei, Iai, 2000. Croitoru 2013: C. Croitoru, Galai. Repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice i numismatice, Galai, 2013.
29

More recently Bjenaru 2010, 203-212.

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Croitoru 2013a: C. Croitoru, Depre descoperirile arheologice de la Tuluceti, judeul Galai. Note de lectur (VII), in Studii de Istorie, II, 2013, 589-594. Croitoru, Apostu, 2013: C. Croitoru, G. Apostu, Two Mediaeval Axes Discovered in Tuluceti (Galai County), in Arheologia Moldovei, XXXVI, 2013 (in print). Diaconu 2010: V. Diaconu, Consideraii privind topoarele de lupt din piatr specifice epocii bronzului din regiunile est-carpatice ale Romniei, Revista Arheologic (S.N.), V, no. 1, 2010, 5-21. Dragomir 1996: I. T. Dragomir, Vestiges archeologiques typiques de leneolithique, du bronze et du premier age de fer trouves en Moldavie meridionale, n Monografia arheologic a Moldovei de Sud, I, Danubius, XVI, 1996, 353-363. Kloko 2006: V. I. Kloko, Ozbroennja ta vijckova sprava Davnogo naselennja Ukraini (5000900 . P..), Kiev, 2006. Munteanu 1991: M. Munteanu, Topoare, alte piese de piatr i nsemne ale puterii din epoca bronzului, din sud-estul Romniei, Pontica, XXIV, 1991, 407-418. Niculic et al. 2004: B. P. Niculic, V. Budui, I. Mare, Consideraii privind unele topoare de piatr, din epoca bronzului, descoperite n Podiul Sucevei, Suceava, XXIX-XXX, 2004, 267-315. Rogozea, Dinc 2012: O. C. Rogozea, R. Dinc, Considerations on the discovery of a Bronze Age stone axe in the karst basin of Ciclova (Oravia Town, Cara-Severin County), Annales dUniversit Valahia Trgovite. Section dArchologie et dHistoire, T. XIV/2, 2012, 75-80. Schuster, Munteanu 1995: C. Schuster, M. Munteanu, Consideraii privind unele topoare din epoca bronzului gsite la sud de Carpai, Memoria Antiquitatis, XX, 1995, 79-84. Tudor 1973: E. Tudor, Un mormnt de la nceputul epocii bronzului de la Rcciuni, n Studii i Cercetri de Istorie Veche, 24, no. 2, 1973, 283-288. Vasiliu 1995: I. Vasiliu, Mormintele cu ocru de la Luncavia - Movila Mocua, Peuce, XI, 1995, 89-115. Vasiliu 1996: I. Vasiliu, Topoare de piatr din epoca bronzului aflate n coleciile Muzeului de Arheologie din Tulcea, Peuce, XII, 1996, 926.

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Vasiliu 2010: I. Vasiliu, Topoare de piatr din epoca bronzului aflate n coleciile Muzeului de Istorie Oneti, Memoria Antiquitatis, XXVXXVI (2008-2010), 2010, 305-321. Vulpe 1959: Al. Vulpe, Depozitul de la Tufa i topoarele cu ceafa cilindric, n Studii i Cercetri de Istorie Veche, 10, no. 2, 1959, 265-275.

Costin Croitoru Museum of Braila (Romania) E-mail: costin_croitoru1@yahoo.com Vasile Diaconu Museum of History and Ethnography Trgu Neamt (Romania) E-mail: diavas_n82@yahoo.com

Two stone axes from the Bronze Age discovered in Tuluceti, Galai County

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Fig. 1. Topoare din piatr descoperite la Tuluceti / Stone axes discovered in Tuluceti.

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Costin Croitoru, Vasile Diaconu

Fig. 2. Locul descoperirii topoarelor / Place of discovery.