LECTIA I TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV Exista doua aspecte in limba engleza: simplu si continuu.

In general, timpurile simple se folosesc atunci cnd accentul se pune pe actiunea propriu-zisa, iar timpurile continue se folosesc atunci cnd accentul se pune pe durata actiunii, pe perioada de timp in care aceasta are loc. In explicarea intrebuintarii timpurilor continue se va intlni formularea actiune in plina desfasurare". Aceasta inseamna ca actiunea a inceput inainte de momentul la care se face referire si va continua dupa acel moment. Exista un numar de verbe in limba engleza care nu se folosesc la forma continua, deoarece ideea de durata e inclusa in continutul lor semantic. Ex. to want, to like, to dislike, to understand, to owe, to matter, to love, to hate, to belong, to believe, to remember, to know. A. Present Tense Simple Afirmativ Negativ I or! I do not "don#t$ or! %ou or! %ou do not "don#t$ or! &e's(e'it or!s &e's(e'it does not "doesn#t$ )e or! )e do not "don#t$ or! %ou or! %ou do not "don#t$ or! *(e+ or! *(e+ do not "don#t$ or! Interogativ ,o I or!- ,o e or!,o +ou or!- ,o +ou or!,oes (e's(e'it or!- ,o t(e+ or!Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune regulata, obisnuita, in perioada prezenta. Ex. )(at do +ou do- ".u ce te ocupi-$ I am a student. )(at time do +ou usuall+ (ave brea!fastPresent Tense Contin o s

or!

/e con0uga verbul to be" la timpul prezent si se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I am or!ing )e are or!ing. %ou are or!ing %ou are or!ing &e's(e'it is or!ing *(e+ are or!ing Negativ I am not or!ing. %ou are not "aren#t$ or!ing. &e's(e'it is not "isn#t$ or!ing. )e are not "aren#t$ or!ing. %ou are not "aren#t$ or!ing. *(e+ are not "aren#t$ or!ing. Interogativ Am I or!ing- Are e or!ingAre +ou or!ing- Are +ou or!ingIs (e's(e'it or!ing- Are t(e+ or!ingPresent Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune in plina desfasurare in momentul prezent. Ex. )(ere are +ou goingI am going to sc(ool. ,e asemenea poate arata o actiune care se desfasoara pe timp limitat in perioada prezenta. Ex.: I go to sc(ool b+ bus t(is ee!. 1+ fat(er is ta!ing me in (is car. 2neori se poate folosi timpul 3resent *ense .ontinuous cu adverbul always, pentru a arata o actiune repetata. In acest caz, exista o conotatie afectiva "nemultumire$ sau actiunea respectiva este caracteristica pentru acea persoana. Ex. %ou are al a+s losing +our t(ings. %ou are al a+s grumbling (en I as! +ou to (elp me in t(e !itc(en. E!er"itii " Present Simple si Present Contin o s

1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Simple) la interogativ si negativ: Nota: 4erbul to (ave", atunci cnd nu inseamna a avea, a poseda", ci este parte dintr-o expresie "to (ave brea!fast, to (ave a s(o er, to (ave a part+$, formeaza negativul si interogativul cu a0utorul auxiliarului to do". 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?. I love m+ brot(er. /(e tal!s too muc(. I understand +ou. %ou pla+ t(e piano ver+ ell. I al a+s believe +ou. &e remembers m+ p(one number. *(e+ live in <uc(arest. &e (as a (ot bat( ever+ da+. I trust m+ friend. I (ave lunc( at one o#cloc!.

2. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Continuous) la negativ si interogativ: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?. It is raining. I am (aving a al!. &e is telling t(e trut(. %ou are t+ping a letter. *(e+ are s imming in t(e river. 1+ friend is earing a ne dress. 1+ mot(er is resting. )e are stud+ing Englis(. Ann is !nitting. *(e c(ild is learning to pla+ t(e piano.

3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Present Simple sau la Present Continuous: 5. 6. 7. tea. 8. 9. I "not go$ s(opping because it "rain$. )(at +ou "do$ on /unda+s&e usuall+ "drin!$ coffee but no (e "drin!$ In England it often "rain$. I "not li!e$ t(at bo+.

:. &e usuall+ "spea!$ so @uic!l+ t(at I "not understand$ (im. ;. %ou "li!e$ t(is boo!=. %ou "dream$ at nig(t%es, I "dream$ ever+ nig(t. >. I can#t ans er t(e p(one no because I "coo!$. 5?. &o +ou usuall+ "get$ to or!I usuall+ "go$ b+ bus, but no because I am late. I "ta!e$ a taxi as (e

55. *(e manager can#t receive +ou no "(ave$ an intervie . 56. %ou " rite$ to Ao(n no %es, I "be$. I al a+s " rite$ to (im on (is birt(da+. 57. )(ere +ou "(urr+$*o t(e t(eatre, as I "not act.

ant$ to miss t(e first

58. /(e al a+s "borro $ boo!s from me and never "remember$ to give t(em bac!. 59. %ou "go$ to or! ever+ da+%es, of course, except /aturda+s and /unda+s. 5:. )(+ +ou "smo!e$ so muc(5;. )(o +ou " ait$ forI " ait$ for Ao(n, but (e is late, as usual. 5=. I al a+s "(ave$ a rest after lunc(.

5>. )(at +ou "t(in!$ ofI "t(in!$ of m+ mot(er 0ust no . 6?. %ou "!no $ 4. Traduceti in limba engleza: 5. Iarna ninge. 6. ,uminica el nu se scoala devreme. 7. Eu nu studiez seara. 8. .e faci- .itesti sau privesti la televizor9. /ecretara tocmai bate la masina un referat. :. Ea merge la cumparaturi smbata. ;. Acum imi fac temele la engleza. =. Bu-mi place cafeaua. >. .e carte citesti5?. Ca ce ora se scoala Ao(n dimineata55. .e faci tu in zilele libere56. .ui ii telefonezi57. El nu merge la scoala cu metroul, merge pe 0os. 58. ,e ce desc(izi fereastra59. Adesea citesc carti englezesti. 5:. Ea isi face baga0ul. 5;. .t de des le scrii parintilor tai5=. .nd merg la mare imi place sa inot mult. 5>. .lientul tocmai isi alege o perec(e de pantofi. #. Past Tense Simple 3ast *ense /imple se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei D ed in cazul verbelor regulate. Ex. to or! D or!ed ,aca verbul este neregulat, 3ast *ense trebuie invatat din tabelul de verbe neregulate care indica cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I D infinitiv, forma II- 3aste *ense, forma III D participiul trecut. Ex. to spea! D spo!e D spo!en Afirmativ (at time is it-

or!ed I'+ou'(e's(e'it' e't(e+ spo!e Negativ or! I'+ou'(e's(e'it' e't(e+ did not spea! Interogativ or!,id I'+ou'(e's(e'it' e't(e+ spea!Eorma prescurtata a lui did not este didnt "I didn#t or!$. 3ast *ense /imple arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp trecuta, terminata. Este timpul de naratiune. /e traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus. Ex. %esterda+ I ent for a al!. "Ieri am mers al plimbare.$ Cast +ear I travelled to England. "Anul trecut am calatorit in Anglia.$ Past Tense Contin o s /e formeaza prin con0ugarea verbului to be" la trecut "3ast *ense$ si adaugarea formei -ing a verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I as or!ing )e ere or!ing %ou ere or!ing %ou ere or!ing &e's(e'it as or!ing *(e+ ere or!ing Negativ I as not or!ing )e ere not or!ing %ou ere not or!ing %ou ere not or!ing &e's(e'it as not or!ing *(e+ ere not or!ing Eormele prescurtate sunt: as not D asn#t I asn#t or!ing. ere not D eren#t *(e+ eren#t or!ing. Interogativ )as I or!ing- )ere e or!ing)ere +ou or!ing- )ere +ou or!ing)as (e's(e'it or!ing- )ere t(e+ or!ingArata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut. /e traduce, de obicei, cu imperfectul. Ex. *(is time +esterda+, I as atc(ing *4. "Ieri pe vremea asta priveam la televizor.$

Adesea, in aceeasi fraza, este posibil sa apara un verb folosit la 3ast .ontinuous si un verb folosit la 3ast /imple. In acest caz, verbul la 3ast .ontinuous "tradus cu imperfectul$, reprezinta fundalul de timp pe care se petrece actiunea exprimata de 3ast /imple "tradus cu perfectul compus$. Ex. )(ile I as crossing t(e street, I met Ao(n. Este, de asemenea, posibil sa apara intr-o fraza timpul 3ast .ontinuous in mod repetat. In aceasta situatie, ambele verbe se traduc cu imperfectul, ele aratnd actiuni paralele, in plina desfasurare, intr-un moment trecut. Ex. )(ile Ao(n as reading, (is sister as atc(ing *4. "In timp ce Ao(n citea, sora lui privea la televizor.$ E!er"itii " Past Tense Simple si Contin o s Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la Past Tense Simple:
1.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?.
1.

I sleep until > o#cloc! ever+ da+. &e meets Ao(n on /unda+s. %ou spea! Englis( ell. %ou drin! too muc(. %ou as! too man+ @uestions. I pla+ football. I o n t o umbrellas. I li!e to (ave a coffee in t(e morning. *(at sounds interesting. I al a+s ma!e ca!es on /unda+s.

Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la negativ si interogativ: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?. &e t(oug(t about +ou. *(e+ dran! all t(e ine. I (ated (im. &e c(anged (is librar+ boo! ever+ da+. I sold m+ car. )e or!ed ver+ (ard. &e came (ome late. I en0o+ed travelling. &e translated t(e text. &e forbade (er to do t(is.

Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Tense Simple sau Continuous:

1.

5. )(en +ou "come in$, I tal! on t(e p(one. 6. )(en I first "meet$ (im, (e " or!$ in a ban!. 7. )(ile (e "learn$ to drive, (e "(ave$ an accident. 8. As I " rite$, someone "ring up$. 9. )(ere +ou "go$ (en I "meet$ +ou:. )(at +ou "do$ t(is time +esterda+;. )(en I "enter$ t(e classroom, t(e teac(er " rite$ on t(e blac!board. =. )(en I "arrive$, s(e "(ave$ dinner. >. *(is time last /unda+, I " atc($ a film on *4. 5?. &e suddenl+ "realize$ t(at (e "not ear$ (is glasses.
1.

Traduceti in limba engleza:

5. /oarele nu a apus la ora = aseara. 6. Ai dormit bine noaptea trecuta7. Ieri nu am mers la bazinul de inot. 8. 1-am sculat trziu ieri dimineata. 9. ,uminica trecuta prietenii mei au 0ucat sa(. :. Ieri pe vremea asta ploua. ;. .e faceai martea trecuta la ora ; dimineata=. 1a pregateam sa merg la facultate. >. In timp ce imi cautam pasaportul am gasit aceasta fotografie vec(e. 5?. <aietii 0ucau carti cnd l-au auzit pe tatal lor intrnd in casa. 55. Ei au ascuns imediat cartile si si-au scos manualele de scoala. 56. .nd te-ai intors de la munte57. .nd ai cumparat acest televizor58. Ieri mi-am pierdut manusile. 59. <atea un vnt puternic cnd am iesit din casa. 5:. 2nde ti-ai petrecut concediul vara trecuta5;. Ieri m-am sculat devreme, mi-am luat micul de0un si apoi am plecat la scola. 5=. Acum doua zile am cazut si mi-am rupt piciorul. 5>. /aptamna trecuta am fost bolnav si nu am mers la scoala. 6?. El a dat primul examen saptamna trecuta.

65. 66.

.ine a cstigat meciul alaltaieriIn timp ce ploua, eu conduceam masina spre /inaia. C. Present Perfe"t Simple

*impul 3resent 3erfect /imple se formeaza prin con0ugarea verbului to (ave" la prezent, la care se adauga forma a treia "participiul trecut$ a verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I (ave or!ed )e (ave or!ed %ou (ave or!ed %ou (ave or!ed &e's(e'it (as or!ed *(e+ (ave or!ed Negativ I (ave not "(aven#t$ or!ed. &e's(e'it (as not "(asn#t$ or!ed. Interogativ &ave I or!ed&as (e's(e'it or!ed*impul 3resent 3erfect este un timp de relatie. El arata o legatura intre trecut si momentul prezent. *impul 3resent 3erfect /imple se foloseste in urmatoarele situatii: arata o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua pna in prezent. .u acest sens se folosesc de obicei prepozitiile since "din, incepnd din$ si for "de, timp de$.

Ex. I (aven#t seen Ao(n for t o mont(s. "Bu l-am vazut pe Ao(n de doua luni.$ I (aven#t seen Ao(n since /eptember. "Bu l-am vazut pe Ao(n din septembrie.$ I (ave !no n Ao(n for t o +ears. "Il cunosc pe Ao(n de doi ani.$ I (ave !no n Ao(n since 5>>?. "Il cunosc pe Ao(n din 5>>?.$ arata o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata. In acest caz, folosirea lui este insotita de adverbe precum: toda+, t(is ee!, t(is mont(, t(is +ear.

Ex. I (ave seen t o films t(is

ee!.

"Am vazut doua filme saptamna aceasta.$ ,aca adverbul de timp este t(is morning", folosirea timpului verbal este conditionata de momentul in care se face afirmatiaF daca aceasta este in cursul diminetii "pna la ora 56$ sau dupa amiaza. Ex. ora 5? a.m. I (aven#t got up earl+ t(is morning. ora 6 p.m. I didn#t get up earl+ t(is morning. *raducerea celor doua propozitii in limba romna este identica. Bu m-am sculat devreme azi dimineata. arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate in prezent sau care, dintr-un motiv sau altul, intereseaza in prezent.

Ex. &ave +ou seen &amlet"Ai vazut &amlet-$ I (ave lost m+ umbrella . I must bu+ a ne one. "1i-am pierdut umbrela. *rebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua.$ *rebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul 3resent 3erfect. In acest caz, se foloseste 3ast /imple. Ex. I lost m+ umbrella +esterda+. I must bu+ a ne one. ,e asemenea, daca se pune o intrebate referitoare la trecut care incepe cu (en", nu se poate folosi timpul 3resent 3erfect, intruct (en" reprezinta un moment precizat in trecut. Ex. )(en did +ou see &amletI sa it last ee!. *impul 3resent 3erfect nu poate fi folosit cu un adverb de timp precizat in trecut. /e foloseste cu adverbe de timp neprecizat care leaga trecutul de prezent. Adverbe de timp neprecizat care se aseaza intre auxiliar si verb: often, never, seldom, al a+s, ever, alread+, 0ust. Ex. &ave +ou ever been to England"Ai fost vreodata in Anglia-$

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Bo, I (ave never been to England. %es, I (ave often been to England. Adverbe de timp neprecizat care stau la sfrsitul propozitiei: latel+, +et "in propozitii negative$. Ex. &e (asn#t returned (ome +et. "El nu s-a intors inca acasa.$ I (aven#t seen (im latel+. "Bu l-am vazut in ultimul timp.$ ,upa cum se poate observa, timpul 3resent 3erfect /imple se traduce in romneste fie cu prezentul, fie cu perfectul compus, in functie de context. Present Perfe"t Contin o s /e formeaza cu 3resent 3erfect /imple al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I (ave been or!ing )e (ave been or!ing %ou (ave been or!ing %ou (ave been or!ing &e's(e'it (as been or!ing *(e+ (ave been or!ing Negativ I (ave not "(aven#t$ been or!ing. &e (as not "(asn#t$ been or!ing. Interogativ &ave I been or!ing&as (e been or!ing*impul 3resent 3erfect .ontinuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare, cu accent pe durata, intre un moment trecut si prezent. Ex. I am tired because I (ave been or!ing all da+. "/unt obosit pentru ca am muncit toata ziua.$ ,e asemene, poate arata probabilitatea ca actiunea inceputa in trecut, care continua in prezent, sa continue si in viitor. Ex. It (as been raining for t(ree (ours. If it doesn#t stop soon, e s(all (ave floods. "3loua de trei ore. ,aca nu se opreste in curnd, vom avea inundatii.$ .a si 3resent 3erfect /imple, se poate traduce cu prezentul sau cu perfectul compus din limba romna. E!er"itii " Present Perfe"t Simple si Contin o s olositi Present Per!ect Simple in locul in!initivelor din paranteze:
1.

11

5. )(ere +ou "be$- I "be$ to t(e mar!et. 6. %ou " ater$ t(e flo ers7. &e 0ust "leave$ (ome. 8. I "lend$ (im some mone+ toda+. 9. *(ere isn#t an+ train service because t(e engine D drivers "go$ on stri!e. :. )ould +ou li!e a ca!e;. Bo, t(an! +ou, I 0ust "(ave$ one. =. I alread+ "see$ t(is film. >. &e "not come$ (ome +et. 5?. I "not be$ to t(e seaside t(is +ear. 55. I "bu+$ a ne (ouse. %ou must come and see it. 56. %ou "visit$ t(e 4illage 1useum57. %ou ever "eat$ caviar58. I "not rite$ to m+ friend for t(ree mont(s. 59. It "not rain$ since ,ecember. 5:. %ou ever "drive$ a car5;. &e al a+s "rel+ on$ (is friend. 5=. %ou "read$ /orescu#s last boo!5>. %ou "pa+$ t(e telep(one bill6?. &e "not go$ to bed +et. 65. &o long +ou "live$ (ere66. I "live$ (ere for one +ear. olositi Present Per!ect Simple sau Continuous in locul in!initivelor din paranteze:
1.

5. &e "fis($ for t o (ours but (e "catc($ not(ing +et. 6. )e "!no $ eac( ot(er for several +ears. 7. *(e radio "pla+$ since ; a.m. I#m tired of it. 8. I "s(op$ all da+ and I ant to (ave a rest no . 9. &o long +ou " ear$ glasses:. I "coo!$ all t(e morning. ;. &o man+ dis(es +ou "coo!$=. )(+ +ou "be$ in t(e garden so long>. I " ater$ t(e flo ers. 5?. &e "sleep$ for 5? (ours no . It#s time e o!e (im up. 55. I "as!$ +ou to clean +our room for t o da+s. )(en are +ou going to do it56. Ever since t(at oman came to or! (ere, s(e "tr+$ to ma!e trouble.

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olositi Present Per!ect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple in locul in!initivelor:
1.

5. I "lose$ m+ pen. %ou "not see$ it an+ (ereBo, I (aven#t. )(en +ou "use$ it last6. %our ever "tr+$ to give up smo!ing%es, I "tr+$ last +ear but I "not succeed$. 7. %ou "see$ +our mot(er t(is ee!Bo, s(e "leave$ for <rasov a ee! ago. 8. %ou "be$ out of or! long9. I am not out of or! no . I "get$ a 0ob last mont(. :. I " ear$ m+ (air long since I "be$ a little girl. ;. /(e "c(ange$ a lot since I "see$ (er last. =. I "do$ a lot of or! since I "get up$ in t(e morning. >. *(e c(ild "pla+$ t(e piano since I "return$ from sc(ool. 5?. It "rain$ since e "leave$ <uc(arest. 55. &e "be$ ver+ ill since t(e (olida+s "begin$. Traduceti in limba engleza !olosind Past Tense Simple sau Present Per!ect Simple sau Continuous:
1.

5. .ine te-a invatat sa vorbesti engleza att de bine6. 2nde ti-ai petrecut vacanta anul acesta7. 1-am gndit adesea sa-mi iau carnet de conducere. 8. ,e ct timp inveti engleza9. 4remea s-a incalzit in ultimul timp. :. El este ministru de doi ani. ;. *raduc un text de doua ore si nu l-am terminat inca. =. El a scris numai doua scrisori de cnd a plecat in strainatate. >. 2n copil a spart geamul. *rebuie sa-l inlocuim. 5?. Binge de doua ore. 55. Am mers pe 0os 5? !m pna acum. 56. 1ergem pe 0os de la ora 7. 57. ,e cnd mi-am cumparat masina, am mers arareori pe 0os la slu0ba. 58. Ca ce te-ai uitat59. A fost un accident. 5:. .u cine ai votat la ultimele alegeri5;. Bu am mers la vot. Am stat acasa si nu am regretat nici o clipa. 5=. Ai vazut ziarul de azi-

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5>. A plecat Ao(n6?. ,a, a plecat acum o ora. 65. *i-ai luat de0a micul de0un66. ,a, l-am luat la ora =. 67. Ai mai fost in acest oras68. ,a, am petrecut o luna aici, acum doi ani. 69. Ei lucreaza la aceasta casa de un an si nu au terminato inca. D. Past Perfe"t Simple /e formeaza cu verbul to (ave" la 3ast *ense /imple, la care se adauga forma III "past participle$ a verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I (ad or!ed. Negativ I (ad not "(adn#t$ or!ed. Interogativ &ad I or!edAcest timp are aceeasi forma la toate persoanele. Este, ca si 3resent 3erfect, un verb de relatie, dar, in acest caz, este vorba de o relatie intre doua momente trecute. Arata o actiune trecuta care a avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni sau a unui moment din trecut. Ex. %esterda+ at > o#cloc! I (ad (ad brea!fast. "Ieri la ora > luasem micul de0un.$ )(en +ou rang me up, I (ad finis(ed riting m+ (ome or!. ".nd mi-ai telefonat, terminasem de scris temele.$ .a sens, ec(ivalentul in limba romna al acestui timp este mai mult ca perfectul. /e poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul sau perfectul compus.

Past Perfe"t Contin o s /e formeaza cu 3ast 3erfect /imple al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I (ad been or!ing. Negativ I (ad not "(adn#t$ been or!ing. Interogativ &ad I been or!ing-

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Aceste forme se pastreaza la toate persoanele. *impul 3ast 3erfect .ontinuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente trecute. ,e asemenea, cnd in aceeasi fraza in propozitia principala se afla un verb la 3ast *ense, 3ast 3erfect .ontinuous poate prelua functiile lui 3resent 3erfect .otinuous in propozitia secundara. Ex. )(en (e entered t(e room, s(e (ad been t+ping for one (our. ".nd el a intrat in camera, ea batea la masina de o ora.$ After Ao(n (ad been atc(ing *4 for 5? minutes, (e got bored. ",upa ce Ao(n privise "a privit$ la televizor 5? minute, s-a plictisit.$ &e said it (ad been raining for t(ree da+s. "El a spus ca ploua de trei zile.$ ,upa cum se observa, acest timp se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfectul din limba romna. E!er"itii " Past Simple si Contin o s Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Per!ect Simple:
1.

5. After t(e+ "finis($ dinner, t(e+ dran! some coffee. 6. /(e said s(e alread+ "be$ to England. 7. &e as!ed me (et(er I "meet$ Ao(n before. 8. /(e discovered (er c(ild "not tell$ t(e trut(. 9. &e told me (e "catc($ some fis( on t(at da+. :. At 7 o#cloc! on Erida+, I "return$ from sc(ool. ;. *(e (ouse as muc( smaller t(en (e "t(in!$ at first. =. *(e fire "spread$ to t(e next building (en t(e firemen arrived. >. )e ere s(oc!ed to (ear s(e "not pass$ t(e exam. 5?. *(e c(ild "eat$ all t(e ca!es before (is mot(er became a are of it. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Per!ect Continuous:
1.

5. )(en I left (ome, it "rain$ for one (our. 6. )(en e met t(em, t(e+ " ait$ for t(e bus for (alf an (our. 7. )(en I arrived (ome, mot(er "coo!$ for t o (ours. 8. )(en s(e sat for t(e exam, s(e "stud+$ t(e sub0ect for a ee!.

15

9. )(en I rang (er up, s(e " rite$ letters for one (our. :. )(en s(e decided to (ave a rest, s(e "clean$ and "dust$ for 9 (ours. ;. After Aane "s im$ for (alf an (our, s(e felt c(ill+. =. )(en I called on (er unexpectedl+, I realized s(e "(ave$ a part+. >. )(en e reac(ed t(e top, e "climb$ for ; (ours. 5?. )(en e arrived at /inaia, somebod+ told us it "rain$ for (ours. Puneti verbele din paranteza la Past Per!ect Simple sau Continuous sau la Past Tense Simple:
1.

5. *(e professor "spea!$ for 5? minutes (en I "enter$ t(e (all. 6. After Ao(n "listen to$ t(e ne s bulletin, (e "go$ do nstairs to (ave dinner. 7. &e "tell$ me (e "be$ to t(e t(eatre t(e da+ before. 8. )e "as!$ (im (at countries (e "visit$. 9. &e "learn$ Englis( for t o +ears before (e "go$ to England for t(e first time. :. /(e 0ust "go$ out (en I "call at$ (er (ouse. ;. *(e river became deeper after it "rain$ (eavil+ for a fe (ours. =. After Ao(n "leave$, s(e "tell$ me t(e+ "be$ friends for five +ears. >. After e " al!ed$ for an (our, e "realize$ e "lose$ our a+. 5?. )(en I "find out$ (e "get married$, I "ring up$ (im and "congratulate$ (im. Traduceti in limba engleza !olosind Past Per!ect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple:
1.

5. 1i-a parut rau ca il 0ignisem. 6. El mi-a multumit pentru ceea ce facusem pentru el. 7. ,e indata ce a terminat de scris lucrarea, a inmnat-o profesorului. 8. El nu facuse nimic inainte de a-mi cere mie sfatul. 9. ,e indata ce au plecat musafirii, am mers la culcare. :. .nd am a0uns la statia de autobuz, mi-am dat seama ca imi lasasem poseta acasa.

16

;. /ecretara mi-a spus ca directorul vorbea la telefon de o 0umatate de ora. =. Ei mi-au spus ca locuiau in Eranta din 5>=?. >. Bu ti-am telefonat pentru ca am crezut ca plecasesi in strainatate. 5?. Ei au calatorit in multe tari dupa ce s-au casatorit. E. $ t re Tense Simple /e formeaza cu shall sau will la persoana I, ill la persoana II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I "s(all$ ill go )e "s(all$ ill go %ou ill go %ou ill go &e's(e'it ill go *(e+ ill go Negativ I "s(all$ ill not go )e "s(all$ ill not go %ou ill not go %ou ill not go &e's(e'it ill not go *(e+ ill not go Eorma scurta pentru s(all not" este shant, iar pentru ill not" este wont. Interogativ /(all I go- /(all e go)ill +ou go- )ill +ou go)ill (e's(e'it' go- )ill t(e+ go*rebuie remarcat faptul ca la interogativ persoana I, se foloseste numai s(all". Acest timp arata o actiune viitoare obisnuita. /e traduce cu viitorul din limba romna. Ex. I "s(all$ ill meet (im next ee!. "Il voi intlni saptamna viitoare.$ $ t re Contin o s /e formeaza cu viitorul simplu al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I "s(all$ ill be going. %ou ill be going. &e's(e'it ill be going. )e "s(all$ ill be going. %ou ill be going. *(e+ ill be going. Negativ

17

I "s(all$ ill not be going. %ou ill not be going. &e's(e'it ill not be going. )e "s(all$ ill not be going. %ou ill not be going. *(e+ ill not be going. Interogativ /(all I be going- /(all e be going)ill +ou be going- )ill +ou be going)ill (e's(e'it be going- )ill t(e+ be goingAcest timp arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment viitor. Ex. At t(ree o#cloc!, I ill be travelling to England. "1ine la ora trei voi calatori spre Anglia.$ /e traduce cu viitorul din limba romna. $ t re Perfe"t Simple /e formeaza cu shall sau will, la care se adauga infinitivul trecut al verbului de con0ugat. "(ave G forma III$. Afirmativ I "s(all$ ill (ave gone. %ou ill (ave gone. &e's(e'it ill (ave gone. )e "s(all$ ill (ave gone. %ou ill (ave gone. *(e+ ill (ave gone. Negativ I "s(all$ ill not (ave gone. %ou ill not (ave gone. &e's(e'it ill not (ave gone. )e "s(all$ ill not (ave gone. %ou ill not (ave gone. *(e+ ill not (ave gone. Interogativ /(all I (ave gone- /(all e (ave gone)ill +ou (ave gone- )ill +ou (ave gone)ill (e's(e'it (ave gone- )ill t(e+ (ave goneAcest timp arata o actiune anterioara unei alte actiuni sau unui moment viitor. /e traduce cu timpul viitor anterior din limba romna. Ex. <+ t(ree o#cloc! tomorro , I ill (ave reac(ed 3redeal. "1ine pna la ora trei voi fi a0uns la 3redeal.$ $ t re Perfe"t Contin o s

18

/e formeaza cu Euture 3erfect al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con0ugat. Ex. I "s(all$ ill (ave been going. )(en +ou come (ome, I ill (ave been stud+ing for t(ree (ours. .nd vei veni tu acasa, voi studia "voi fi studiat$ de trei ore. Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente viitoare. /e traduce cu viitorul simplu sau cu viitorul anterior din limba romna. Este un timp rar folosit. $ t re%in%t&e%Past Simple /e formeaza cu should "persoana I$ sau would "toate persoanele$, la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I "s(ould$ ould go )e "s(ould$ ould go %ou ould go %ou ould go &e's(e'it ould go *(e+ ould go Negativ I "s(ould$ ould not go )e "s(ould$ ould not go %ou ould not go %ou ould not go &e's(e'it ould not go *(e+ ould not go Eorma scurta de la s(ould not" este shouldnt, iar cea de la ould not" este wouldnt. Acest timp este folosit in concordanta timpurilor pentru a arata o actiune posterioara unui moment sau unei actiuni din trecut. Ex. &e said (e ould be late. "El a spus ca va intrzia.$ Intruct nu poate fi intlnit dect in propozitii secundare "dupa un verb la timpul trecut in propozitia principala$, nu se pune problema folosirii lui a interogativ dect in intrebari dis0unctive. $ t re%in%t&e%Past Contin o s /e formeaza cu Euture-in-t(e-3ast /imple al verbului to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con0ugat. I s(ould " ould$ be going. Este un timp sestul de rar folosit. 3reia functiile lui Euture *ense .ontinuous intr-o propozitie secundara, atunci cnd in principala se afla un verb la trecut. Ex. &e said t(at at 7 o#cloc!, t(e next da+, (e ould be travelling to England.

19

"El a spus ca in ziua urmatoare, la ora 7, va calatori spre Anglia.$ Alte mi'loa"e (e e!primare a viitor l i 3resent /imple G adverb de timp viitor. Intr-un astfel de context, arata un program precis, bine stabilit.

Ex. I leave for Condon tomorro . "3lec'voi pleca la Condra mine.$ 3resent .ontinuous G adverb de timp viitor. Arata o intentie, un aran0ament prealabil pentru viitorul apropiat.

Ex. I am meeting Ao(n t(is morning. "Il intlnesc'il voi intlni pe Ao(n in dimineata aceasta.$ Expresia to be going to" G infinitiv. Arata de asemenea o intentie sau o probabilitate.

Ex. I am going to read t(is boo!. "4oi citi'am de gnd sa citesc aceasta carte.$ It is going to rain. E!er"itii " timp rile )$ t re* Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul uture Simple:
1.

5. I "!no $ t(e results in t(ree da+s# time. 6. %ou "be$ in Condon tomorro . 7. %ou "recognize$ (im (en +ou see (im8. I "remember$ t(is da+ all m+ life. 9. I am sure +ou "li!e$ t(is boo!. :. &e "be$ pleased if +ou invite (im. ;. I am sure I "succeed$. =. %ou "remember$ to post m+ letter>. I (ope I "pass$ t(e exam. 5?. %ou "not find$ a solution if +ou don#t !no t(e trut(.
1.

(ole

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul uture Continuous:

20

5. *(is time next mont(, I "s im$ in t(e sea. 6. )(en +ou reac( /inaia, it probabl+ "rain$. 7. ,on#t ring (er up at = o#cloc! p.m. /(e " atc($ *4. 8. %ou "need$ t(e vacuum cleaner tomorro or ma+ I borro it9. I am sure (en I arrive (ome, t(e bab+ "cr+$. :. Cet#s (urr+ to t(e beac(. *(e sun "rise$ in 5? minutes. ;. &e "stud+$ all da+ tomorro . =. *(is time next da+, e "climb$ t(e mountain. >. *omorro morning at = o#cloc!, I "(ave$ brea!fast. 5?. ,on#t expect me (ome for dinner, I " or!$ at t(e office till late at nig(t. 3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul uture Per!ect Simple sau Continuous: 5. In a ee!#s time, e "ta!e$ our exam. 6. I "finis($ reading t(e ne spapers b+ lunc( time. 7. Bext +ear, t(e+ "be married$ for 69 +ears. 8. If e don#t (urr+, t(e sun "rise$ before e reac( t(e beac(. 9. <+ t(e end of t(e season, one (undred t(ousand people "spend$ t(eir (olida+s at t(e seaside. :. <+ t(e time +ou come (ome, I "coo!$ for t o (ours. ;. )(en I ta!e t(e exam, I "read$ all t(e boo!s on t(e bibliograp(+ list. =. <+ t(e beginning of next ee!, I " or!$ on t(is paper for a mont(. >. <+ 9 o#cloc!, +ou "see$ all t(e ex(ibits in t(e museum. 5?. <+ t(e end of t(e mont(, I "pa+ off$ all m+ debts. 4. Traduceti in limba engleza !olosind unul din tipurile de viitor: 5. 3na anul viitor pe vremea aceasta, vor fi economisit 9 milioane. 6. .e faci mine dimineata la ora 557. 4oi vizita trgul international. 8. Am cumparat o masina de scris si voi invata sa bat. 9. 3na la sfrsitul lunii, voi fi vazut acest film de 9 ori. :. *renul va fi plecat inainte de a a0unge noi la gara. ;. 3na la ora 5, ea va fi terminat curatenia in casa.

21

=. 4ineri, intre orele 56 si 5, ei vor avea ultima ora de engleza. >. El va studia in biblioteca luni de la ora 5 la 9. 5?. ,in cauza grevei soferilor de autobuze multa lume va merge pe 0os la slu0ba, mine. 55. 2ite ce am cumparat la o licitatieH 56. E un obiect frumos. 2nde il vei puneLECTIA II CONCORDANTA TIMPURILOR .oncordanta timpurilor se aplica, desigur, nu in propozitii, ci in fraze. Ea consta in aceea ca folosirea unui anumit timp in propozitia principala obliga la folosirea unui timp adecvat in propozitia secundara. .e inseamna un timp adecvat" se va vedea in continuare. Propo+itia prin"ipala
1.

un timp present"

3resent *ense /imple, 3resent *ense .ontinuous, 3resent 3erfect /imple, 3resent 3erfect .ontinuous Propo+itia se" n(ara Irice timp cerut de sens Propo+itia prin"ipala ! un timp past" 3ast *ense /imple, 3ast *ense .ontinuous, 3ast 3erfect /imple, 3ast 3erfect .ontinuous Propo+itia se" n(ara Irice alt timp past" Ex! a" Past Tense # actiune simultana # Past Tense &e said (e as ill. "El a spus ca este bolnav.$ &e said (e as going to sc(ool. "El a spus ca merge la scola.$ b" Past Tense # actiune anterioara # Past Perfect

22

&e said (e (ad returned (ome a ee! before. "El a spus ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamna inainte.$ I arrived (ome after it (ad stopped raining. "Am a0uns acasa dupa ce incetase ploaia.$ Nota ,: $aca intr-o fra%a e&ista doua propo%itii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat! Ex. /(e said s(e (ad forgotten (ere s(e (ad put (er glasses. "Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus oc(elarii.$ c" Past Tense # actiunea posterioara # 'uture-in-the-Past &e said (e ould leave t(e next da+. "El a spus ca va pleca a doua zi.$ /(e promised (er mot(er s(e ould (elp (er. "Ea i-a promis mamei sale ca o va a0uta.$ Nota -. $aca intr-o fra%a e&ista doua propo%itii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala! 'uture-in-thePast se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau conditionala" se intrebuintea%a Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate" sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate"! Ex. &e said (e ould come to see me (en (e (ad time. "El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada cnd va avea timp.$ &e said (e ould come to see me after (e (ad finis(ed or!. "El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada dupa ce va termina lucrul.$ &e said (e ould bu+ a car if (e (ad mone+. "El a spus ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani.$
1.

un timp future"

*eoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu e!"eptia propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitor. /ituatiile cel mai des intlnite sunt urmatoarele:

23

a.

'uture # actiune simultana # Present

I ill read t(is boo! (en I (ave time. "4oi citi aceasta carte cnd voi avea timp.$ I ill (ave finis(ed stud+ing (en +ou come (ome. "4oi fi terminat de studiat cnd vei veni tu acasa.$ b. Euture D actiune anterioara D 3resent 3erfect

I ill go to England after I (ave received a visa. "4oi merge in Anglia dupa ce voi obtine viza.$ E!"eptii (e la "on"or(anta timp rilor cnd propozitia secundara exprima un adevar general valabil. Ex. *(e teac(er told t(e pupils ater boils at 5?? o.. 3rofesorul le-a spus elevilor ca apa fierbe la 5?? o.. 6. cnd propozitia secundara este atributiva. Ex. *(e boo! I am reading no as given to me b+ m+ brot(er. .artea pe care o citesc acum mi-a fost data de fratele meu. 7. .nd propozitia secundara este comparativa.
1.

Ex. Cast +ear I or!ed more t(an I (ave done t(is +ear. Anul trecut am muncit mai mult dect anul acesta. Nota. )n limba engle%a contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci c*nd verbul din propo%itia principala este la trecut! Se poate int*lni, de e&emplu, o formulare de tipul+ ,e said he loves me"! -ste posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa a.unga regula! Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii rom*ni de limba engle%a sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt pre%entate mai sus! E!er"itii " "on"or(anta timp rilor

24

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect (3ast *ense /imple sau .ontinuous)" av#nd in vedere simultaneitatea actiunilor din propozitia principala si cea secundara:
1.

5. It as clear t(e+ "tal!$ business again. 6. I believed +ou "be$ at t(e seaside. 7. I understood +ou "be$ a painter. 8. *(e+ didn#t !no t(at I "pla+$ football. 9. &e realized (e "not remember$ Ao(n#s p(one number. :. I as not sure if +ou "spea!$ Englis(. ;. Coo!ing out of t(e indo , s(e sa t(e sun "s(ine$ brig(tl+. =. &e as!ed me if I usuall+ "read$ t(at ne spaper. >. %ou didn#t tell me +ou "(ave to$ t+pe t(is report. 5?. &e as in a (urr+ because (e " ant$ to catc( t(e train. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect (3ast 3erfect /imple sau .ontinuous)" tin#nd seama de relatia de anterioritate e$primata de verbul din propozitia principala sau din cea secundara:
1.

5. /(e told me (is name after (e "leave$. 6. /(e didn#t even sa+ t(an! +ou after all I "do$ for (er. 7. After I "(ear$ t(e ne s, I congratulated (im. 8. )(en I arrived, t(e concert alread+ "begin$. 9. )(en it started to rain, e "dig$ in t(e garden for an (our. :. &e didn#t admit t(at (e "steal$ t(e boo!. ;. &e 0ust "leave$ (ome (en (e came across Ao(n. =. %esterda+ I boug(t a ne umbrella because I "lose$ m+ old one. >. )(en (e finall+ reac(ed Condon, (e as tired because (e "travel$ for t(ree da+s. 5?. I didn#t t(in! t(at boo! to be a nice birt(da+ present for +ou because I "read$ it and I "not en0o+$ it. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul uture%in% t&e%Past" av#nd in vedere !aptul ca propozitia secundara e$prima o actiune posterioara celei din principala:
1.

5. *(e+ said t(e+ "remain$ at t(e seaside for anot(er ee!.

25

6. &e (oped (e "finis($ reading t(e boo! in t o da+s. 7. I t(oug(t +ou soon "(ave$ a (olida+. 8. I as not sure I "remain$ at (ome t(at evening. 9. &e believed t(e stri!e "end$ ver+ soon. :. &e promised (e "drive$ me (ome. ;. )e all believed (e " in$ t(e competition. =. As ages (ad gone up, e supposed prices "go up$, too. >. &e as sure (e "pass$ t(e exam and (e promised (e "give$ a part+ after ards. 5?. )(en I (eard t(e main actor as ill, I as sue t(e performance "be cancelled$. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Present Simple sau Present Per!ect Simple:
1.

5. I ill pa+ m+ debts after I "receive$ m+ salar+. 6. )e s(all start dinner as soon as t(e guests "arrive$. 7. <+ t(e time +ou "finis($ translating t(e text, I s(all (ave t+ped all t(e letters. 8. After (e "repair$ t(e car, (e ill drive to /inaia. 9. I ill bu+ a car (en I "(ave$ enoug( mone+. :. %ou ill be surprised (en +ou "see$ (o ell s(e "loo!$. ;. %ou ill be surprised (en +ou "see$ (o muc( s(e "c(ange$. =. As soon as t(e (olida+s "begin$, t(is beac( ill become ver+ cro ded. >. I ill go on pla+ing t(e piano till (e "tell$ me to stop. 5?. After s(e "learn$ to t+pe, s(e ill ta!e a 0ob as a secretar+. 55. &e ill rite to me after (e "arrive$ in England. 56. *(e train ill (ave left before e "reac($ t(e station. 57. )(en t(eir first bab+ "be born$, t(e+ ill (ave been married for five +ears. 58. )(en I "finis($ t(e boo!, I ill lend it to +ou. 59. I ill never forget (at +ou 0ust "tell $ me. 5:. %our mot(er ill be upset (en s(e "notice$ +ou "brea!$ t(e vase. 5;. %ou ill get a s(oc! (en +ou "see$ t(e mess in t(at room.

26

5=. %ou on#t be able to spea! about t(is boo! till +ou "read$ it. 5>. It is said t(at one Englis(man ill not spea! to anot(er before t(e+ "be$ introduced. 6?. After +ou "drin!$ a coffee, +ou ill feel better. '. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect" tin#nd seama de e$ceptiile de la concordanta timpurilor: 5. I didn#t !no at (at temperature t(is metal "melt$. 6. *(e teac(er told t(e pupils (at t(e capital of 1exico "be$. 7. I asn#t a are Jerman "be$ suc( a difficult language. 8. In 5>>=, t(e Komanians travelled less t(an t(e+ "do$ t(is +ear. 9. Cast +ear +ou spo!e Englis( less fluentl+ t(an +ou "do$ no . :. Cast nig(t I "read$ t(e boo! (ic( +ou "read$ no . ;. Cast nig(t I met t(e couple (o soon "move$ next door to me. =. Cast +ear I earned more mone+ t(an I "earn$ in t(e next five +ears. >. *(e boo! I "read$ in t(e last fe da+s as lent to me b+ Ao(n. 5?. I found out t(at +oga "be$ a ver+ useful practice. (. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect" respect#nd toate regulile de concordanta a timpurilor" precum si e$ceptiile: 5. I ill come as soon as I "finis($ m+ or!. 6. &e told me (e never "see$ t(e sea. 7. &e told me (ibernating animal "not eat$ in inter. 8. *(e+ "!no $ eac( ot(er for a long time before t(e+ finall+ got married. 9. I (oped it "not rain$ (en I "arrive$ at t(e beac(. :. )(en e "go$ to see t(em last nig(t, t(e+ ere listening to music, t(e+ said t(e+ "listen to$ music since 9 o#cloc!. ;. )(en +ou as!ed me (ere I "spend$ m+ (olida+s, I "not decide$ +et. =. I ill do it (en I " ant$ to, not before. >. &e as ver+ upset because I "be$ late.

27

5?. I did not !no t(at +ou " ear$ glasses since c(ild(ood. 55. I as surprised t(at (is son "fail$ t(e exam, (e "trust$ (is son and (e "not expect$ suc( a t(ing to (appen. 56. )(en I finall+ arrived (ome, I "be$ ver+ (ungr+ because I "not eat$ an+t(ing all da+. 57. &e said (e "(ave to$ rite do n m+ address as (e "not remember$ it ot(er ise. 58. %ou ill never !no (o muc( I "suffer$. 59. A ee! ago, (e decided (e "c(ange$ (is 0ob. 5:. &e discovered to (is (orror t(at (e "eat$ t(e orms in t(e c(erries. 5;. After (aving visited Ital+, m+ friends told me t(ere "be$ man+ small (ouses and narro streets in 3adua. 5=. I (oped t(e compan+ (ere I " or!$ "not go$ ban!rupt. 5>. After e (ave finis(ed dinner, e "drin!$ coffee and brand+. 6?. &e as ver+ tired and (e "(ope$ (e "(ave$ time to rest t(at afternoon. ). Traduceti in limba engleza: 5. Bu mi-am amintit ca ne cunoscusem cu un an inainte. 6. Bu am stat acasa sa te astept pentru ca nu stiam cnd vei veni. 7. /ecretara mi-a spus ca directorul este ocupat. 8. /tiam ca esti in <ucuresti. 9. Era foarte suparat ca isi pierduse dictionarul si nu era sigur ca va gasi unul nou in librarii. :. I-am promis ca ii voi scrie cnd voi a0unge la Condra. ;. &otul nu si-a dat seama ca politia il urmarea de o saptamna. =. Iti voi spune adevarul dupa ce il voi afla eu insami. >. *ata imi va da un cadou dupa ce voi lua examenul. 5?. 1asina pe cae o voi cumpara va fi importata din Jermania. 55. 1-a intrebat cte litere sunt in alfabetul c(inez si nu am putut sa-I raspund. 56. 3olitistul ma va intreba ce am vazut in timpul accidentul.

LECTIA III

28

MODUL CONDITIONAL SI $RA/ELE CONDITIONALE Present Con(itional 0"on(itional pre+ent1 /e formeaza cu should si would la persoana I si would la persoanele II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul prezent al verbului de con0ugat. Afirmativ I s(ould' ould go )e s(ould' ould go %ou ould go %ou ould go &e's(e'it ould go *(e+ ould not go Negativ I s(ould' ould not go )e s(ould' ould not go %ou ould not go %ou ould not go &e's(e'it ould not go *(e+ ould not go Eorme prescurtate: s(ouldn#t, ouldn#t. Interogativ /(ould I go- /(ould e go)ould +ou go- )ould +ou go)ould (e's(e'it go- )ould t(e+ go/e traduce cu conditionalul prezent din limba romna "as merge, ai merge, ar merge etc.$. Past Con(itional 0"on(itional tre" t1 /e traduce cu s(ould' ould la care se adauga infinitivul trecut "(ave G forma III a verbului de con0ugat$. Afirmativ I s(ould' ould (ave gone %ou ould (ave gone &e's(e'it ould (ave gone )e s(ould' ould (ave gone %ou ould (ave gone *(e+ ould (ave gone

29

Negativ I s(ould' ould not (ave gone %ou ould not (ave gone &e's(e'it ould not (ave gone )e s(ould' ould not (ave gone %ou ould not (ave gone *(e+ ould not (ave gone Interogativ /(ould I (ave gone- /(ould e (ave gone)ould +ou (ave gone- )ould +ou (ave gone)ould (e's(e'it (ave gone- )ould t(e+ (ave gone/e traduce cu conditionalul trecut din limba romna "as fi mers, ai fi mers, ar fi mers etc.$. $ra+ele "on(itionale 0If%Cla ses1 Exista trei tipuri de fraze conditionale: Tipul / Propo%itia principala Propo%itia secundara 'uture Present I will go to t(e seaside if t(e eat(er is fine. "4oi merge la mare daca vremea va fi buna.$ I will sta+ at (ome if it rains! "4oi sta acasa daca va ploua.$ Tipul Propo%itia principala Propo%itia secundara Present 0onditional Sub.onctiv cu forma de Past Tense I would go to t(e seaside if t(e eat(er were fine. "As merge la mare daca vremea ar fi buna.$ I would sta+ at (ome if it rained! "As sta acasa daca ar ploua.$ Nota ,. Trebuie sa se tina seama ca sub.onctivul folosit in propo%itia secundara are forma lui Past Tense Simple la toate verbele, cu e&ceptia verbului to be", unde

30

se int*lneste forma were" la toate persoanele! Tipul 1 Propo%itia principala Propo%itia secundara Past 0onditional Sub.onctiv cu forma de Past Perfect I ould (ave gone to t(e seaside if t(e eat(er (ad been fine. "As fi mers la mare daca vremea ar fi fost buna.$ I ould (ave sta+ed at (ome if it (ad rained. "As fi stat acasa daca ar fi plouat.$ Nota -. D if poate fi inlocuit de provided (that", providing, supposing, suppose, in case! )(at s(all e do, supposing (e is late".e vom face presupunnd ca el intrzie-$
o

if not poate fi inlocuit cu unless I I on#t go s(opping unless +ou come it( me. on#t go s(opping if +ou don#t come it( me. Nota 2. should 2 infinitiv poate fi folosit la tipul /, in loc de Present Simple, atunci c*nd actiunea din secundara este posibila, dar improbabila! 3cest tip de secundara este adesea combinat cu imperativul! )n acest ca%, should se traduce cu+ in ca% ca, daca s-ar int*mpla ca!

Ex. If s(e s(ould ring up, tell (er I am out. In caz ca telefoneaza, spune-I ca nu sunt acasa. ,e asemenea, should poate fi folosit in secundara la tipul 6 de fraza conditionala. Ex. If t(e police s(ould find out t(e trut(, e ould be fined. "In caz ca politia ar afla adevarul' ,aca s-ar intmpla ca politia sa afle adevarul, noi am fi amendati.$ Nota 3. 3tunci c*nd if este urmat de un verb au&iliar (e&! were, had, should", este posibila

31

omiterea lui if, si in acest ca% se inversea%a ordinea subiect # au&iliar! Ex. D if (e ere (ere D ere (e (ere D if it (ad rained D (ad it rained D if (e s(ould come D s(ould (e come E!er"itii " fra+e "on(itionale Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect" tin#nd seama de !aptul ca !raza conditionala este de tipul 1:
1.

5. If I see (im, I "greet$ (im. 6. If +ou don#t (urr+, +ou "be$ late. 7. If s(e finds out (at (as (appened, s(e "be$ ver+ angr+. 8. I "lend$ +ou t(e boo! if +ou promise to return it in time. 9. If I tell +ou somet(ing, +ou "promise$ to !eep it a secret:. 2nless +ou stud+ more, +ou "not pass$ t(e exam. ;. If it "go on$ raining, e s(all (ave floods. =. If +ou "ta!e$ a dog, +ou ill (ave to loo! after it. >. If I li!e t(e dress, I "bu+$ it. 5?. 2nless +ou come at :, +ou "not find$ me at (ome. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect" tin#nd seama de !aptul ca !raza conditionala este de tipul 2:
1.

5. If I "!no $ (is p(one-number, I ould ring (im up. 6. If I "move$ to t(e countr+-side, ould +ou visit me7. %ou "bu+$ t(is (ouse if +ou (ad mone+8. If (e ere more careful, (e "not ma!e$ so man+ mista!es. 9. )(at ould +ou do if +ou "be$ 3rime 1inister:. If I "give up$ smo!ing, I ould be nervous. ;. If I on t(e lotter+, I "bu+$ a car. =. /(ould (e (ave a (eadac(e, (e "ta!e$ a pill. >. )ere I in +our place, I "not do$ t(is. 5?. )(ere +ou "go$ if +ou (ad a (olida+-

32

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect" tin#nd seama de !aptul ca !raza conditionala este de tipul 3:
1.

5. If +ou (ad !no n Englis(, +ou "read$ /(a!espeare in t(e original. 6. If I " or!$ (arder, I ould (ave succeeded. 7. If +ou (ad ta!en m+ advice, +ou "not get$ into trouble. 8. If I "!no $ +ou (ad no driving licence, I ouldn#t (ave come it( +ou in +our car. 9. &e ould (ave been arrested if (e "tr+$ to leave t(e countr+. :. I ouldn#t (ave come unless +ou "invite$ me. ;. &ad I learned Englis( grammar, I "not ma!e$ so man+ mista!es in m+ translation. =. If (e "realize$ it as so late, (e ould (ave gone (ome. >. If I "not tell$ (im, (e ould never (ave !no n. 5?. &ad I been at (ome, I "ans er$ t(e p(one. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect" tin#nd seama ca se poate int#lni oricare dintre cele 3 tipuri de !raze conditionale:
1.

5. It "be$ better if +ou (ad aited. 6. If I "be$ +ou, I ould go (ome immediatel+. 7. I "ans er$ +our @uestion if I can. 8. &e "tell$ +ou if +ou (ad as!ed (im. 9. If +ou "drive$ more carefull+, +ou ouldn#t (ave an accident. :. If t(e c(ild is good, (e "get$ a bar of c(ocolate. ;. &e ill be at t(e airport in time if (e "leave$ no . =. If I "see$ (im, I ould spea! to (im. >. If (e (ad ritten a letter to me, I "ans er$ it. 5?. %ou "be$ sic! if +ou eat so muc(.
1.

Traduceti in limba engleza: ,aca va ploua, strazile vor fi ude. ,aca ar ploua, strazile ar fi ude. ,acaar fi plouat, strazile ar fi fost ude. 4ei prinde trenul daca vei lua un taxi. Ai fi prins trenul daca ai fi luat un taxi. Ai prinde trenul daca ai lua un taxi.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :.

33

;. =. >. 5?. 55. 56.

1.

*e vei supara daca iti voi lua creionul*e-ai supara daca ti-as lua creionul*e-ai fi suparat daca ti-as fi luat creionul.e vei face daca il vei intlni pe Ao(n.e-ai face daca l-ai intlni pe Ao(n.e-ai fi facut daca l-ai fi intlnit pe Ao(nTraduceti in limba engleza:

5. Il vei vedea daca il vei astepta. 6. ,aca un cersetor ti-ar cere bani, I-ai da7. .e s-ar fi intmplat daca ai fi condus cu viteza mare8. Bu vom merge la plimbare daca nu va sta ploaia. 9. 1i-ar placea mai mult piesa daca ar fi mai scurta. :. ,aca cina nu va fi gata la timp, voi mnca la un restaurant. ;. ,aca n-ai fi inc(is fereastra, mi-ar fi fost frig. =. As mai croseta un pulover daca as mai avea lna. >. 1amaia ar fi un loc ideal pentru o vacanta daca n-ar fi att de multi oameni acolo. 5?. 4oi fi dezamagit daca nu voi afla adevarul.

LECTIA IV VOR#IREA DIRECTA SI INDIRECTA 4orbirea directa: Ao(n said: /(e is not at (ome" 4orbirea indirecta: Ao(n said s(e as not at (ome. 3entru a trece o propozitie de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie respectate o serie de reguli. 5. Atunci cnd verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut, ceea ce se intmpla in ma0oritatea cazurilor, in propozitia secundara se sc(imba timpurile dupa cum urmeaza: 3resent past 3resent perfect past perfect

34

3ast past perfect Euture future-in-t(e-past Ex. D &e said I am ill". &e said (e
o

as ill.

&e said I (ave been or!ing (ard. &e said (e (ad been or!ing (ard. o &e said I as ill". &e said (e (ad been ill. o &e said I ill do t(e exercise". &e said (e ould do t(e exercise. 5. /e sc(imba pronumele, in functie de sens.

Ex. &e said: /(e gave me a boo!". &e said s(e (ad given him a boo!. 6. /e sc(imba o serie de cuvinte in functie de sens.

Ex. toda+ t(at da+ +esterda+ t(e da+ before't(e previous da+ t(e da+ before +esterda+ t o da+s before tomorro t(e next da+'t(e follo ing da+ in t o da+s# time

t(e da+ after tomorro

35

next

ee! t(e next't(e follo ing ee!

t o +ears ago t o +ears before no t(en

t(is t(at t(ese t(ose (ere t(ere Ex. &e said: I#ll be at (ome toda+". &e said (e ould be at (ome on t(at da+. &e said: I am going to do t(is traslation tomorro ". &e said (e as going to do t(at translation t(e next da+. 7. Erazele conditionale sunt trecute la vorbirea indirecta in modul urmator:
o

tipul 5 devine tipul 6: ill sta+ at (ome." ould sta+ at (ome.

"If it rains, I

&e said if it rained (e

o

tipurile 6 si 7 nu se sc(imba: ould sta+ at (ome."

"If it rained, I

&e said if itrained (e ould sta+ at (ome. "If it (ad rained, I ould (ave sta+ed at (ome." &e said if it (ad rained (e ould (ave sta+ed at (ome. 5. 4erbele modale ould, s(ould, oug(t to, could, mig(t ramn nesc(imbate la vorbirea indirecta. Ex. &e said: I mig(t be late" &e said (e mig(t be late.

36

Mo(alitati (e intro( "ere a propo+itiilor se" n(are in vor4irea in(ire"ta

1.

3firmatii: cu that "care se poate omite$ as ill.

Ex. &e said: I am ill". &e said "t(at$ (e

2.

0omen%i: cu infinitivul "afirmativ sau negativ$

Ex. &e said Jo out". &e told me to go out. &e said ,on#t go out" &e told me not to go out. 7. )ntrebari Exista doua tipuri de intrebari: generale si speciale. Intrebarile generale sunt cele care incep cu un verb, iar raspunsul poate fi da sau nu. Ex. )(ere (ave +ou beenI#ve been a a+, on (olida+. Intrebarile generale se introduc cu if sau whether "daca$. Ex. &e as!ed me if I li!ed music. Intrebarile speciale se introduc cu cuvntul interogativ respectiv. Ex. &e as!ed me (ere I (ad been. In cazul intrebarilor speciale trecute la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie acordata atentie ordinei cuvintelor din propozitia secundara. Intruct aceasta propozitie incepe cu un cuvnt interogativ, exista tentatia de a folosi ordinea cuvintelor din propozitiile interogative, ceea ce este o greseala. Ex. &e as!ed me: )(at is t(e time-" .orect: &e as!ed me (at t(e time as. Incorect: &e as!ed me (at as t(e time. E!er"itii " vor4irea (ire"ta si vor4irea in(ire"ta 1. Treceti urmatoarele a!irmatii de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut): 5odel: &e said I ill leave for Condon tomorro ". &e said "t(at$ (e ould leave for Condon t(e next da+. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. *(e eat(er as fine +esterda+. I sa t(is film a ee! ago. I ill go s(opping rig(t no . Cast +ear I spent m+ (olida+ at t(e seaside. I t(in! it#s going to rain tomorro .

37

:. I don#t remember (ere I (ave boug(t t(is dictionar+. ;. I am ver+ bus+ toda+. =. Ao(n left for /inaia t o da+s ago. >. I ent to England t o +ears ago. 5?. I am going to (ave a nap t(is afternoon. 55. If I (ave enoug( mone+, I ill bu+ a car next +ear. 56. If I (ad been at (ome, I ould (ave ans ered t(e p(one. 2. Treceti urmatoarele comenzi la vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut) 5odel: &e said: .ome inH" &e told "as!ed, ordered$ me to come in. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?. ,on#t drive so fastH Ipen t(e door, pleaseH Kead t(e text, pleaseH )rite me a letter (en +ou get to EnglandH ,on#t cross t(e street on a red lig(tH <e careful it( m+ boo!sH ,on#t smo!e so muc(H *a!e t(is pillH ,on#t interrupt me (en I am spea!ingH King me up (en +ou arrive (omeH

3. Treceti urmatoarele intrebari generale la vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut): 5odel: )ill +ou be at (ome tomorro -" &e as!ed me if I ould be at (ome t(e next da+. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. )ill +ou (elp me, please.an +ou come to tea t(is afternoon&as t(e train left,o +ou !no (at t(is ord means)as +our mot(er at (ome,id +ou bu+ t(is boo! +esterda+,id +ou drin! coffee ever+ da+)ere +ou at t(e librar+ +esterda+-

38

>. 5?. 55. 56.

,o +ou live in Condon for a long time.an +ou spea! Englis()ould +ou li!e a ca!e.ould +ou lend me a boo!, please-

4. Treceti urmatoarele intrebari speciale la vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut): 5odel: &e said: )(en did +ou come bac!-" &e as!ed me (en I (ad come bac!. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?. &o long (ave +ou been learning Englis()(at are +ou going to do tomorro &o long does it ta!e +ou to reac( +our office)(en ill +ou be bac!)(ere ill +ou spend +our ee!end)(o is t(is man)(+ is it so dar! in t(is room)(en did t(e rain stop)(ic( of t(ese ca!es do +ou prefer&o did +ou travel-

LECTIA V 3asivul se formeaza con0ugnd verbul to be la timpul cerut de sens, la care se adauga forma III "participiul trecut$ a verbului de con0ugat. Ex. I am as!ed. I (ave been as!ed. I as as!ed. I (ad been as!ed. I ill be as!ed. In limba romna, trecerea de la diateza activa la diateza pasiva se face prin transformarea complementului direct in subiect. Ex. Activ: ,irectorul m-a c(emat pe mine. 3asiv: Eu am fost c(emat de director. In limba engleza, exista trei tipuri de complemente care pot deveni subiect in transformarea de la activ la pasiv: complementul direct, complementul indirect si, in unele cazuri, complementul

39

prepo%itional. Ex. Activ: I gave (im a boo!. 2nde complementul direct este a book, iar complementul indirect este him. Ambele complemente pot deveni subiecte in cazul trecerii la pasiv. ,esigur, subiectul va fi trecut la cazul nominativ. .omplement direct /ubiect A boo! as given to (im. "b+ me$ .omplement indirect /ubiect &e as given a boo!. "b+ me$ In propozitia+ )n this office they insist on punctuality, punctuality este un complement prepozitional, care, de asemenea, poate deveni subiect in cazul folosirii diatezei pasive: )n this office punctuality is insisted on "b+ t(em$. 2n alt exemplu de complement prepozitional care poate deveni subiect. Activ: /(e loo!ed after t(e c(ild. 3asiv: *(e c(ild as loo!ed after "b+ (er$. In multe cazuri, pasivul se foloseste atunci cnd nu este important cine face actiunea. In aceste situatii, se omite formularea by, de la sfrsitul propozitiei. Ex. In t(is office punctualit+ is insisted on. Nota. Se poate folosit aspectul continuu al diate%ei pasive numai la Present Tense si Past Tense! Ex. )(ile I am in (ospital, m+ flat is being painted! )(ile I as in (ospital, m+ flat was being painted! -&ercitii cu diate%a pasiva
1.

Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la diateza pasiva: *(e+ ill finis( t(e or! toda+. &e (as found +our bag. I ill invite m+ friend to a part+. /omeone (as found t(e missing c(ild. A specialist ill repair m+ *4 set. &is co or!ers must do somet(ing for (im. 3eople pla+ football all over t(e orld. *(e noise frig(tened me. *(e+ are building a ne (ouse round t(e corner.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >.

40

5?. *(e+ ere building a ne supermar!et in t(at district last mont(, (en I passed b+. 2. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la diateza pasiva in doua !eluri" trans!orm#nd at#t complementul direct c#t si cel indirect in subiecte: 5. *(e doctor prescribed some pills to t(e patient. 6. *(e+ (ave given me a nice present. 7. *(e policeman ill s(o us t(e a+. 8. I teac( t(em Englis(. 9. I (ave lent Ao(n t o of m+ boo!s. :. *(e 0ur+ a arded t(e Komanian film director t(e Jreat 3rize. ;. *(e guide s(o ed t(e museum to t(e tourists. =. *(e+ ill give me a re ard. >. 1+ friend doesn#t al a+s tell me t(e trut(. 5?. *(e teac(er as!ed me a difficult @uestion. 3. Treceti la pasiv urmatoarele propozitii care cuprind combinatii verb*prepozitie: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. *(e+ didn#t loo! after t(e c(ildren properl+. )e called for t(e doctor. )e couldn#t account for (is odd be(aviour. <urglars bro!e into t(e (ouse. ,on#t spea! until someone spea!s to +ou. &e (asn#t slept in (is bed. )e laug(ed at Ao(n. )e ob0ected to (is proposal. *(e+ set fire to t(e s(ed.

4. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la diateza pasiva: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. &as someone repaired t(e *4 set)ill +ou rite t(e letter in in!&aven#t t(e+ told +ou to be (ere at : o#cloc!,id t(e tornado frig(ten +ou)ill someone tell (im t(e details&ave +ou fed t(e dog,id t(e sig(t of t(e accident s(oc! (im,id t(e+ tell +ou about t(e meeting,o +ou t(in! t(e+ ill turn do n +our re@uest-

41

5?. )ould +ou (ave finis(ed +our or! sooner if +our colleagues (adn#t interrupted +ou'. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii de la diateza pasiva la diateza activa. +asiti subiecte acolo unde este necesar: 5. *(is boo! ill soon be forgotten. 6. *(ese boo!s mustn#t be ta!en a a+. 7. Englis( is spo!en all over t(e orld. 8. *(is painting is admired b+ all t(e visitors of t(e museum. 9. *(is (ouse (as been built out of stone and cement. :. A reception as (eld in (is (onour. ;. *(e pupils ill be told (ere to sit. =. I as recommended a ver+ good doctor. >. *(e climber as finall+ discovered b+ t(e rescue part+. 5?. &e (ates being made fun of. (. Traduceti in limba engleza: 5. In acest (otel se vorbesc limbi straine. 6. Bi s-a cerut sa aratam pasapoartele. 7. Bi s-au spus lucruri foarte interesante la conferinta. 8. Evenimentul a fost comentat de toate ziarele. 9. /crisoarea va fi pusa la posta ct mai curnd posibil. :. Bu s-a auzit nimic despre el de cnd a plecat la .onstanta. ;. Aceasta informatie treuie tratata confidential. =. /ensurile cuvintelor noi trebuie cautate in dictionar. >. .nd a a0uns acasa si-a dat seama ca I se furase portofelul. 5?. .ursul profesorului a fost ascultat de toti studentii. 55. Bi se vor da instructiuni detaliate in privinta referatului. 56. /e construiesc multe blocuri noi in cartierul nostru. 57. 1uzeul a fost inc(is pentru reparatii. 58. Acest timbru nu a fost bine lipit pe plic. 59. America a fost descoperita la sfrsitul secolului al L4lea.

LECTIA VI

42

VER#ELE MODALE Can5 "o l(5 ma65 mig&t5 m st5 nee(5 s&o l(5 o g&t to5 s&all5 7ill5 7o l(. Cara"teristi"i generale

Bu primesc to inaintea lor si dupa ele:

Ex. 0an is a model verb. I can do t(is. "3ot sa fac aceasta.$ /pre deosebire de: I ant to do t(is. "4reau sa fac aceasta.$

Bu primesc s la persoana III singular, prezent.

Ex. &e can spea! Englis(.

Bu formeaza negativul si interogativul cu to do".

Ex. &e cannot "can#t$ spea! Englis(.

Bu au toate timpurile. /e folosesc inlocuitori. Can

are sensul de a putea, a fi in stare Ex. I can ma!e t(is traslation. .an M infinitiv, pre%ent 6egativ: cannot, can#t Ex. I cannot "can#t$ ma!e t(is translation. )nterogativ: .an I- .an +ou- etc. Ex. .an +ou ma!e t(is translation0ould7Past Tense, conditional pre%ent al verbului can 6egativ: could not "couldn#t$ )nterogativ: .ould I - .ould +ou- etc. Ex. I couldn#t come to +ou +esterda+. B-am putut sa vin la tine ieri. .ould +ou (elp meAi putea sa ma a0uti1.

3entru conditionalul trecut se foloseste could G infinitivul trecut

43

Ex. &e could (ave been (ere in time. Ar fi putut sa fie aici in timp. 3entru celelalte timpuri se foloseste inlocuitorul to be able to! Ex. I ill be able to come to +ou tomorro . 4oi putea veni la tine mine. I (aven#t been able to ring +ou up t(is ee!. B-am putut sa-ti telefonez saptamna aceasta. Arata o anumita abilitate fizica sau intelectuala. /e traduce cu a sti sa! Ex. I can s im. "/tiu sa inot.$ I can spea! Englis(. "/tiu sa vorbesc engleza.$ .u acest sens, timpurile se folosesc ca la punctul 5 "could pentru 3ast *ense si conditionalul prezent, inlocuitorul to be able to pentru celelalte timpuri.$. Ex. I ill tbe able to drive a car after I (ave ta!en a fe lessons. 4oi sti sa conduc masina dupa ce voi lua cteva lectii.
2.

7. In vorbirea familiara, can poate fi folosit cu sensul lui ma+ de a avea permisiunea". Ex. Eat(er, can I ta!e +our car*ata, pot'am permisiunea sa iau masina ta8. .an#t'couldn#t D nu se poate sa, nu e posibil sa.

Ex. It can#t'couldn#t be > o#cloc!. *(e sun (asn#t set +et. Bu se poate sa fie ora >. /oarele nu a apus inca. 3entru a reda ideea de trecut cu acest sens, se foloseste infinitivul trecut. Ex. %ou can#t'couldn#t (ave seen Ao(n in t(e street. &e is abroad. Bu se poate sa-l fi vazut pe Ao(n pe strada. El e in strainatate. Ma6 5. are sensul de a putea, a avea permisiunea

Ex. 1a+ I smo!e in t(is room3ot'am permisiunea sa fumez in aceasta camera%es, +ou ma+. ",a, poti.$ Begativ: ma+ not, ma+n#t

44

Interogativ: 1a+ I- 1a+ +ou1a+ M infinitiv, prezent .u acest sens exista timpul might care reda ideea de trecut, dar se foloseste numai dupa un alt verb la trecut "vorbire indirecta$. Ex. &e said I mig(t smo!e in t(at room. 3entru celelalte timpuri se folosesc inlocuitorii: to be allowed to, to be permitted to! Ex. I as allo ed'permitted to smo!e in t(at room. Am putut'mi s-a permis sa fumez in camera aceea. I ill be allo ed'permitted to smo!e in t(at room. 4oi putea'mi se va permite sa fumez in camera aceea. -. 1a+'1ig(t D s-ar putea sa Ex. *a!e +our umbrella. It ma+'mig(t rain. Ia-ti umbrela, s-ar putea sa ploua. King up Ao(n. &e ma+'mig(t be at (ome no . *elefoneaza-I lui Ao(n. /-ar putea sa fie acasa acum. .u acest sens, ideea de trecut este redata prin adaugarea infinitivului trecut. Ex. )(+ didn#t +ou ta!e +our coat- %ou ma+'mig(t (ave caug(t a cold. ,e ce nu ti-ai luat (aina- /-ar fi putut sa racesti. 2. 1a+'mig(t pot exprima un repros. Ex. %ou ma+'mig(t (elp me (en I am in need. Ai putea sa ma a0uti cnd sunt la nevoie. 3entru redarea ideii de trecut, se adauga infinitivul trecut. Ex. %ou mig(t (ave ritten me a letter (en +ou ere in England. Ai fi putut sa imi scrii o scrisoare cnd erai in Anglia. M st A trebui Ex. It#s got late. I must go (ome. /-a facut trziu. *rebuie sa plec acasa. Begativ: must not, mustn#t Interogativ: 1ust I- 1ust +ou1ust M infinitiv, prezent Bu are alte timpuri. /e foloseste inlocuitorul to have to. Ex. I (ad to finis( t(e traslation +esterda+. A trebuit sa termin traducerea ieri. I ill (ave to finis( t(e translation tomorro .
1.

45

4a trebui sa termin traducerea mine. *rebuie mentionat faptul ca inlocuitorul lui must, to have to formeaza interogativul si negativul cu a0utorul auxiliarului to do. Ex. I didn#t (ave to finis( t(e translation +esterda+.
2.

,e asemenea, poate avea sensul probabil ca:

Ex. It must be late. Cet#s go (ome. 3robabil ca e trziu. &ai sa mergem acasa. Ao(n must be at (ome no . Cet#s call on (im. 3robabil ca Ao(n e acasa acum. &ai sa-l vizitam. .u acest sens, ideea de trecut se reda prin adaugarea infinitivului trecut. Ex. I as asleep (en +ou arrived (ome last nig(t. It must (ave been late. Eu dormeam cnd ai venit tu aseara. 3robabil ca era trziu.

Nee( Exista doua verbe: To need: verb obisnuit, notional, cu sensul de a avea nevoie

Ex. &e doesn#t need t(is boo!. El nu are nevoie de aceasta carte.

6eed+ verb modal, cu sensul de a fi nevoie

.a verb modal, need se foloseste numai la interogativ si negativ. Ex. Beed I be (ere at one o#cloc!E nevoie sa fiu aici la ora 5Bo, +ou needn#t. Bu, nu e nevoie. 3entru a raspunde afirmativ la intrebarea de mai sus, se foloseste verbul must! Ex. Beed I be (ere at one o#cloc!%es, +ou mustH ",a, trebuieH$

46

3entru exprimarea ideii de trecut a verbului need, exista 6 posibilitati: ,aca actiunea nu era necesara, dar a fost facuta, se foloseste neednt 2 infinitivul trecut!

Ex. %ou needn#t (ave atered t(e flo ers. .ouldn#t +ou see it as going to rainBu era nevoie sa uzi florile. B-ai vazut ca urma sa ploua,aca actiunea nu era necesara si nu a fost facuta, se foloseste didn#t need G infinitivul

Ex. )e didn#t need to do t(is exercise. *(e teac(er told us it as too eas+ for us. Bu a fost nevoie sa facem acest exercitiu. 3rofesorul ne-a spus ca e prea usor pentru noi. Nota. 6u trebuie confundat need not cu must not! 6eed not se traduce cu nu e nevoie"! 5ust not se traduce cu nu trebuie"! Ex. %ou needn#t drive so fastF e (ave enoug( time. Bu e nevoie sa conduci att de repedeF avem destul timp. %ou mustn#t drive so fastF t(ere is a speed limit (ere. Bu trebuie sa conduci att de repedeF aici e limita de viteza. S&o l(5 O g&t to Ambele verbe indica o actiune corecta, o obligatie morala, o recomandare. /e traduc cu: ar trebui sa, ar fi ca%ul sa, ar fi bine sa! Ex. %ou s(ould'oug(t to (elp +our mot(er it( (ouse or!. Ar trebui sa o a0uti pe mama ta la treburile casei. 3entru a reda ideea de trecut, se adauga infinitivul trecut. Ex. %ou s(ould not'oug(t not to (ave been so rude to (im. Bu ar fi trebuit sa fii att de nepoliticos cu el. S&all Eolosit cu persoana I, s(all indica viitorul. Eolosit cu persoana I, interogativ, poate indica, de asemenea, solicitarea unui sfat, o oferta sau o sugestie. Ex. )(ic( dress s(all I bu+.e roc(ie sa cumpar/(all I ait for +ou-

47

/a te astept/(all e meet at one o#cloc!/a ne intlnim la ora 5Eolosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o amenintare care provin de la cel care vorbeste. Ex. 1ot(er to c(ild: %ou s(all (ave a bic+cle if +ou pass t(e exam. 1ama spune copilului: 4ei avea o bicicleta daca vei lua examenul. 1ot(er to c(ild: %ou s(all not get an+ poc!et-mone+ if +ou don#t pass t(e exam. 1ama spune copilului: Bu vei mai primi nici un ban de buzunar daca nu vei lua examenul. 8ill5 8o l(

Eormula de politete, cerere politicoasa:

)ill +ou' ould +ou sit do n)ill +ou' ould +ou (elp me it( m+ translation, please

A voi "cu sens extins la obiecte$:

*(is c(ild ill' ould not do (at I sa+. Acest copil nu vrea sa faca ce-I spun. *(is radio on#t or!.

Actiune repetata: - in perioada pre%enta 1+ mot(er ill sit for (ours atc(ing *4. 1ama mea obisnuieste sa stea ore intregi privind la televizor.
o

in trecut

)(en I as a c(ild, m+ mot(er ould read me fair+ tales. .nd eram copil, mama obisnuia sa-mi citeasca povesti.

3resupunere: se traduce in limba romna cu o fi.

48

*(is girl loo!s ver+ muc( li!e Aane. /(e ill be (er sister. Aceasta fata seamana foarte bine cu Aane. I fi sora ei. /e poate folosi cu infinitivul trecut: &e ill (ave reac(ed 3aris b+ no . I fi a0uns la 3aris pna acum. Nota. )n afara de would", ideea de actiune repetata in trecut se poate e&prima cu used to"! Ex. )(en I as a c(ild, m+ mot(er used to read me fair+ tales. 8sed to eate un verb semi-modal, care are numai forma de trecut. 2n alt verb semi-modal este dare "a indrazni$ care se con0uga la afirmativ ca un verb obisnuit, in timp ce la interogativ si negativ se poate con0uga att ca un verb obisnuit ct si ca modal. E!er"itii " ver4e mo(ale Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la Past Tense Simple si uture Tense Simple" !olosind inlocuitorii verbelor modale respective" acolo unde este necesar:
1.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 5:. 5;. 5=. 5>. 6?.

&e can s im ver+ ell. I must go soon. %ou ma+ leave earlier. /(e can lend +ou t(at boo!. *(is c(ild ma+ (ave anot(er ca!e. %ou ma+ not smo!e in t(is room. I cannot translate ten pages a da+. .an +ou (elp me%ou mustn#t do t(is . 1a+ I al! on t(e grass&e ma+ not come in earing dirt+ boots. I must learn Englis(. %ou ma+ not spea! to +our mot(er li!e t(at. I must loo! up t(e ords in t(e dictionar+. /(e can pla+ t(e piano ver+ ell. .an Aane t+pe ver+ @uic!l+.an +ou spea! .(ineseEver+bod+ ma+ borro boo!s from t(is librar+. 1ust +ou be so rude/(e can read and rite at t(e age of five.

49

,edati ideea de trecut in urmatoarele propozitii !olosind in!initivul trecut in loc de in!initivul prezent:
1.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 5:. 5;. 5=. 5>. 6?.
1.

Ao(n must be ill. It can#t be too late. It mig(t rain. &e must be dela+ed at t(e office. %ou mig(t rite to me more often. %ou s(ould visit +our sic! friend in (ospital. &e oug(t to tell me t(e trut(. %ou mig(t c(ange +our mind about t(at. &e ma+ be at (ome. It can#t be eas+ to learn .(inese. &e s(ould go to sc(ool ever+da+. %ou can#t be pleased it( t(is piece of ne s. %ou mig(t pa+ more attention to +our or!. %ou needn#t do t(is. %ou can#t see a bear in t(is part of t(e countr+. &e needn#t bu+ mil!F t(ere is plent+ in t(e fridge. &e must be in t(e garden at t(is time of t(e da+. It must be difficult to climb t(is mountain. %ou s(ouldn#t go to bed so late. Ao(n could be a inner. Completati spatiile goale cu can sau can-t:

5. 1an Ntravel t(roug( space no . 6. &e Nreac( t(e 1oon and al! t(ere. 7. &e Neven drive on its surface. 8. <ut one still Nbreat(e it(out extra ox+gen and one certainl+ Nsta+ t(ere ver+ long. 9. )(en e N fl+ t(ere as easil+ as e fl+ to ot(er countries of t(e orld, (olida+s ill be ver+ different. ,e!ormulati urmatoarele propozitii !olosind must * in!initivul prezent sau in!initivul trecut:
1.

5odel: &e probabl+ spea!s Englis( ell. &e must spea! Englis( ell. %ou probabl+ forgot to loc! t(e door. %ou must (ave forgotten to loc! t(e door.

50

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?.

&e probabl+ t(in!s I am rong. &e is probabl+ older t(an (e loo!s. %ou probabl+ left +our umbrella in t(e s(op. /(e is probabl+ a ver+ good doctor. It probabl+ too! a long time to finis( t(is translation. &e probabl+ came (ome ver+ earl+. *(is is probabl+ t(e best Komanian film of t(e +ear. %ou probabl+ !ne t(e lesson ver+ ell to get a 5?. &e as probabl+ late. %ou (ave probabl+ forgotten (is address.

'. ,e!ormulati urmatoarele propozitii !olosind ma. * in!initivul prezent sau in!initivul trecut: 5odel: 3er(aps it sno s in t(e mountains. It ma+'mig(t sno in t(e mountains. 3er(aps it sno ed in t(e mountains It ma+'mig(t (ave sno ed in t(e mountains. 5. ,on#t ait. It is possible for (er to be ver+ late. 6. I (ave boug(t (is latest boo!F per(aps it is a good one. 7. *a!e +our umbrellaF per(aps it ill rain. 8. It is possible t(at I come (ome earl+. 9. I t(in! s(e as angr+ it( +ou. :. A good !no ledge of Englis( is li!el+ to (elp +ou a lot in +our career. ;. It is possible t(at (e as rig(t but I don#t t(in! so. =. 3er(aps (e (as done t(e exercise correctl+, but I doubt it. >. 3er(aps s(e (as returned t(e boo! to +ou and +ou (ave lent it to someone else. 5?. 3er(aps s(e as out (en +ou rang (er up. (. ,e!ormulati urmatoarele propozitii !olosind can-t * in!initivul prezent sau in!initivul trecut: 5odel: I don#t believe +ou are rig(t. %ou can#t be rig(t. I don#t believe +ou ere rig(t. %ou can#t (ave been rig(t.

51

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?.
1.

I don#t believe it is (is fault. I don#t believe it as (is fault. I don#t believe t(at (e (as passed t(e exam. I don#t believe s(e (as got so fat. I don#t t(in! t(e eat(er ill c(ange. I don#t t(in! (e is at t(e office so late at nig(t. I don#t believe s(e (as learnt Englis( in t o mont(s. I don#t believe s(e (as married t(at a ful man. I don#t t(in! t(is is a true stor+. I don#t t(in! +ou ill miss t(e train if +ou (urr+. Completati spatiile goale cu mustn-t sau needn-t :

5.

%ou N ta!e an umbrella. *(e s!+ is clear. 2. I N return t(e boo!s before t(e 5st of /eptember. 7. %ou Nma!e a noise or t(e bab+ ill a!e up. 8. %ouN ater t(e flo ers, it ill soon start raining. 9. *(e visitors N feed t(e animals in t(e Ooo. :. 3eople N spea! during t(e concert. ;. Ine Nbu+ a tic!et for a slo train in advance. =. Ine N travel b+ bus it(out pa+ing t(e fare. >. %ou N ta!e sleeping pills too oftenF t(e+ are addictive. 5?. %ou N orr+ about mone+. I#ll give +ou as muc( as +ou ant.
1.

Completati spatiile goale cu s&ould sau /ould:

5. %ou Nnot go to bed so late at nig(t. 6. N +ou (elp me solve t(is problem7. )(en I as +oung, I N ear m+ (air long. 8. I N(urr+ up in order not to miss t(e train. 9. 1+ c(ild Npla+ it( t(e cat for (ours on end. :. N+ou be so !ind and pass me t(e salt, please;. &e al a+s made mista!es because (e Nnever ta!e an+ advice. =. %ou Nnot eat so man+ s eets if +ou don#t ant to get fat. >. %ou Nnot expect ever+bod+ to obe+ +ou. 5?. )(en I as a teenager, I Nread one boo! a da+. 0. Completati spatiile goale cu s&all sau /ill: 5. &e Nread for (ours on end.

52

6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?.

N+ou tell me t(e trut(, for once*(is Nbe Ao(n#s (ouse. Jo to sleep, I promise +ou not Nbe disturbed. If +ou in t(e contest, +ouNget a nice present. %ou Ndo t(is (et(er +ou li!e it or not. /(e N rite an article for t(is magazine ever+ ee!. *(is door N not unloc!. N +ou correct m+ exercise, please*(is letter is full of mista!esF +ou Nre-t+pe it.

11.Completati spatiile goale cu didn-t need to sau needn-t &ave * !orma 222 a verbului: 5. I N"ans er$ t(e @uestions, (ic( as ver+ convenient. 6. I N"ans er$ t(e @uestions, (ic( ould (ave saved me a lot of or!. 7. I N"bu+$ a ne map of Condon as I alread+ (ad one. 8. %ou N"lend$ (im so man+ boo!sF (e ill never read t(em all. 9. )e N" ait$ too longF (e as bac! soon. :. I N"see$ (im for t(at. I rote (im a letter. ;. I N"get up$ so earl+ toda+, but I forgot it as /unda+. =. %ou N" ait$ for me. I am sorr+ +ou asted +our time. >. *(e student N" rite$ suc( a long composition, because t(e teac(er on#t (ave time to read it all. 5?. %ou N"bu+$ so muc( bread. It#ll get stale. 11. Completati spatiile goale cu must" can-t sau needn-t * in!initivul trecut: 5. It N"rain$ (ereF t(e road is dr+. 6. I (aven#t got m+ bag it( meF I N"leave$ it on t(e bus. 7. *(e c(ild N "leave$ (ome. I loc!ed t(e door and too! t(e !e+ it( me. 8. %ou N"see$ Anna +esterda+. /(e is a a+. 9. Ao(n N"do$ suc( a t(ingF (e is a nice bo+. :. &e N"s im$ across t(e ,anubeF (e is a ver+ poor s immer. ;. I didn#t (ear t(e p(one. I N"be$ in t(e garden. =. %ouN"lend$ (im +our text D boo!. &e (as one of (is o n. >. &e N"be$ at (ome. *(e lig(t as on in (is room. 5?. It N"ta!e$ +ou a long time to !nit t(is dress.

53

12. 2ncercati sa gasiti un sens urmatorului dialog: ",o +ou t(in! (e ill-" "I t(in! (e mig(t." "&is famil+ consider (e s(ould." "%es, but (e (imself believes (e needn#t." Traduceti in limba engleza" !olosind verbe modale sau inlocuitori ai acestora:
1.

5. *oti studentii pot si trebuie sa scrie aceasta lucrare. 6. 4a trebui sa ma a0uti mai mult astazi. 7. /unt sigur ca voi putea gasi timp sa te a0ut. 8. 3rofesorul mi-a spus ca pot sa lipsesc de la ora urmatoare. 9. /tiam sa cnt la pian cnd eram copil. :. Bu stiu sa crosetez. ;. Ai putea sa-mi telefonezi mai des cnd stii ca sunt bolnav. =. Ar trebui ca toti copiii sa faca treburi in casa. >. Ar fi trebuit sa citesc bibliografia pentru acest seminar. 5?. *oata lumea sa fie prezenta la sedinta. 55. 4a trebui sa plec curnd. 56. Bu e nevoie sa-ti cari singura baga0ul in garaF te-ar putea a0uta un (amal. 57. *rebuie sa-mi sc(imb pantofii cnd intru in casa pentru ca sunt plini de noroi. 58. E nevoie sa urcam la cabana pe 0os59. Bu, putem lua autobuzul sau telefericul. 5:. Bu a fost nevoie sa-I telefonez lui Aane ca sa vorbesc cu ea pentru ca urma sa vina la mine peste o 0umatate de ora. 5;. Bu era nevoie sa-mi faci cafea, am baut de0a doua astazi. 5=. Bu a fost nevoie sa spun multumesc" cnd am aflat ora exacta formnd >9= intruct stiam ca informatia e inregistrata pe banda. 5>. Bu se poate ca profesorul sa fi fost multumit de acest raspuns. 6?. Bu se poate sa fi fost acasa aseara. *i-am telefonat si nu a raspuns nimeni. 65. 3robabil ca eram inca la facultate.

54

66. Am cerut sa vorbesc cu directorul, dar el nu a vrut sa vina la telefon. 67. Ar fi trebuit sa insisti. 68. ,e ce ai vorbit att de tare69. Iti promit ca vei avea cartea mine. 6:. Bu se poate sa fi gasit usa desc(isa, o incuiasem c(iar eu. 6;. 2nde mergem acum6=. 1ine va trebui sa pun scrisoarea la posta. 6>. 4reti, va rog, sa astepti cteva minute7?. Bu aveti voie sa vorbiti in timpul examenului.

LECTIA VII MODUL SU#9ONCTIV In engleza contemporana, sub0onctivul nu are formele lui proprii. El apare cu forme de infinitiv, de 3ast *ense si de 3ast 3erfect. ,e asemenea, exista ec(ivalenti de sub0onctiv care constau in verbele s(ould, ma+, mig(t, ould G infinitiv.
1.

Sub.onctiv cu forma de infinitiv

a. Apare in propozitii exclamative, exprimnd o lozinca, o urare, o dorinta sau un blestem. Ex. Cong live t(e !ingH *raiasca regele. .ome (at ma+. Eie ce-o fi. Jod forgive +ouH Eie ca ,omnul sa te ierteH .urse t(is fogH <lestemata fie aceasta ceataH b. 3oate fi intlnit in poezia clasica, in situatii in care, in engleza contemporana, ar fi inlocuit cu prezentul. Ex. /(a!espeare: If t(is be error"N If t(is is error <+ron: *(oug( t(e (art be still as loving" Nt(e (eart is

55

c. 3oate fi folosit ca o modalitate de a da ordine. Ex. Ever+bod+ leave t(e (all. *oata lumea sa paraseasca sala. /omebod+ bring me a glass of ater. .ineva sa-mi aduca un pa(ar cu apa. d. ,upa constructii de tipul: it is impossible t(at, it is desirable t(at, it is necessar+ t(at, it is li!el+ t(at. Ex. It is necessar+ t(at +ou be present. E necesar ca tu sa fii prezent. It is desirable t(at e finis( t(e translation first. Este de dorit ca noi sa terminam inti traducerea. It is impossible t(at (e do t(is. Este imposibil ca el sa faca aceasta. e$ ,upa verbe ca: to propose, to suggest, to insist, to demand, to urge, to recommend, to order Ex. I recommended t(at (is proposal be accepted. Am recomandat ca propunerea lui sa fie acceptata. *(e doctor insisted t(at I !eep indoors. ,octorul a insistat ca eu sa stau acasa.
1.

Sub.onctiv cu forma de Past Tense sau Past Perfect+

Apare dupa urmatoarele expresii:

a.

) wish "mi-as dori, bine ar fi sa$

,aca dorinta se refera la momentul prezent, se foloseste sub0onctivul cu forma de 3ast *ense. Ex. I is( I ere in England no . 1i-as dori sa fiu in Anglia acum. Nota. 4erbul to be la sub.onctivul du forma de Past Tense, apare ca were la toate persoanele! ,aca dorinta se refera la un moment anterior, se foloseste sub0onctivul cu forma de 3ast 3erfect.

Ex. I is( I (ad been born in England. 1i-as dori sa ma fi nascut in Anglia.

56

,aca dorinta se refera la un moment viitor, se foloseste would, ca ec(ivalent de sub0onctiv.

Ex. I is( it ould stop raining. 1i-as dori sa inceteze ploaia. b$ )f only D are aproximativ acelasi sens cu ) wish Ex. If onl+ I lived to be a (undredH <ine ar fi sa traiesc pna la o suta de aniH c$ 3s if9though "ca si cum, de parca$ even if9even though "c(iar daca$ Ex. %ou spea! Englis( as if +ou ere an Englis(man. 4orbesti engleza de parca ai fi englez. %ou spea! Englis( as if +ou (ad lived in England. 4orbesti engleza ca si cum ai fi trait in Anglia. d")t is time! "E timpul.$ )t is high time! "Era de mult timpul.$ Ex. It is time t(e c(ild ent to bed. E timpul sa mearga copilul la culcare. It is (ig( time +ou began to stud+ seriousl+. Era de mult timpul sa incepi sa studiezi serios.
a.

) would sooner9rather "as prefera saN$

Ex. I ould sooner +ou sta+ed at (ome tonig(t. As prefera sa stai acasa in seara asta. In exemplul de mai sus, persoana care isi exprima preferinta este diferita de cea care face actiunea. In cazul in care persoana care isi exprima preferinta este aceeasi cu cea care face actiunea, se poate folosi fie sub0onctivul cu forma de 3ast *ense, fie cel cu forma de infinitiv. Ex. I ould sooner I sta+ed at (ome tonig(t. I ould sooner sta+ at (ome tonig(t.
1. a.

-chivalenti de sub.onctiv

should D ca si sub0onctivul cu forma de infinitiv "5-d$ se poate folosi dupa constructii de tipul: It is impossible t(at, it is necessar+ t(at. Ex. It is necessar+ t(at +ou s(ould be present. It is desirable t(at e s(ould finis( t(e translation first. It is impossible t(at (e s(ould do t(is.

57

Acest tip de constructii se traduc la fel "vezi 5-d$, fie ca se foloseste in limba engleza sub0onctivul cu forma de infinitiv, fie ca se foloseste should ca ec(ivalent de sub0onctiv. Exista o situatie in care nu se poate folosi sub0onctivul cu forma de infinitiv,ci este necesara introducerea lui should! Este vorba de cazul cnd propozitia secundara exprima o actiune anterioara celei din principala. Ex. It is impossible t(at (e should have done this! Este imposibil ca el sa fi facut aceasta. ,upa cum se observa, in aceasta situatie should este urmat de infinitivul trecut. ,e asemenea, la fel ca si sub0onctivul cu forma de infinitiv "vezi 5-e$, s(ould poate aparea dupa verbe ca: to propose, to suggest, to insist, to demand, to urge, to recommend.

Ex. I recommend t(at (is proposal s(ould be accepted. *(e doctor insisted t(at I s(ould sta+ indoors.

,upa con0unctia lest "ca nu cumva sa$

Ex. &urr+ up lest +ou s(ould miss t(e train. Jrabeste-te ca nu cumva sa pierzi trenul. I am afraid lest (e s(ould fail t(e exam. 1i-e teama ca nu cumva sa piarda examenul. Nota. )n engle%a contemporana e&ista tendinta de a se omite should dupa lest si de a se folosi sub.onctivul cu forma de infinitiv! Ex. &urr+ up lest +ou miss t(e train. Intrebari introduse prin how, why, where,when, fie in vorbirea direca, fie in vorbirea indirecta.

Ex. &o s(ould I !no (ere (e is no ,e unde sa stiu unde este el acumI don#t see (+ +ou s(ould be so rude to (im. Bu vad de ce sa fii att de nepoliticos cu el.
a.

may, might

58

.a si sub0onctivul cu forma de infinitiv, ma+ poate aparea in lozinci si urari: Ex. 1a+ success attend +ouH Eie ca succesul sa fie cu tineH 1a+ +ou live long and be (app+H Eie sa traiesti mult si sa fii fericit.

,upa to hope, to be afraid

Ex. I (ope t(at (e ma+ pass t(e exam. /per ca el sa treaca examenul. I as afraid t(at (e mig(t fail t(e exam. 1i-era teama sa nu cada la examen. ,upa cum reiese din exemplele de mai sus, daca verbul din propozitia principala este la timpul prezent, in secundara se foloseste may, iar daca verbul din propozitia principala este la timpul trecut, in secundara se foloseste might.

,upa so that, in order that

Ex. /tud+ (ard so t(at'in order t(at +ou ma+ pass t(e exam. Invata serios ca sa treci examenul. I studied (ard so t(at'in order t(at I mig(t pass t(e exam. Am invatat serios ca sa trec examenul. ,upa whoever, whenever, wherever, however, whichever, whatever sau dupa formulele ec(ivalente no matter who, no matter when, etc.

Ex. )(oever +ou ma+'mig(t be, +ou (ave no rig(t to do t(is. Bo matter (o +ou ma+'mig(t be, +ou (ave no rig(t to do t(is. Iricine ai fi, nu ai dreptul sa faci asta. )(erever I ma+'mig(t be, I ill ring +ou up. Iriunde as fi, iti voi telefona.

,upa it is possible, it was possible

Ex. It is possible t(at (e ma+ be (ere in time. Este posibil ca el sa a0unga aici la timp. It as possible t(at (e mig(t be (ere in time. Era posibil ca el sa fi a0uns aici la timp.

59

Nota. $upa cum se poate observa, echivalentii de sub.onctiv sunt la origine verbe modale! -&isa situatii c*nd se pot folosi si alte verbe modale dec*t cele e&puse in acest capitol ca echivalenti de sub.onctiv, iar in aceste ca%uri, verbele respective aduc in propo%itie si sensul lor initial! Ex. I is( I could spea! Englis(. 1i-as dori sa pot vorbi engleza'sa fiu in stare sa vorbesc engleza. I is( I mig(t borro +our car. 1i-as dori sa pot'sa am permisiunea de a imprumuta masina ta. E!er"itii " mo( l s 4'on"tiv Trans!ormati urmatoarele propozitii" ast!el inc#t sa inceapa cu 2 /is& * Past Tense (a!irmativ sau negativ):
1.

Mo(el: I am sorr+'I regret t(e eat(er isn#t fine. I is( t(e eat(er ere fine. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?.
1.

I am sorr+ m+ friend is ill. I am sorr+ I don#t live in <uc(arest. I regret I am not a student. I regret I can#t go to t(e concert. I am sorr+ I can#t pla+ t(e piano. I am sorr+ +ou live so far a a+. I regret I (ave onl+ one c(ild. I regret I (ave no c(ildren. I am sorr+ boo!s are so expensive. I am sorr+ it rains so often.

Trans!ormati urmatoarele propozitii" ast!el inc#t sa inceapa cu 2 /is& * Past Per!ect (a!irmativ sau negativ): Mo(el: I am sorr+ I lost m+ umbrella. I is( I (adn#t lost m+ umbrella. 5. I am sorr+ +ou (ad an accident.

60

6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?.
1.

I as sorr+ +ou ere out (en I called. I regretted t(e eat(er as bad (en I as on (olida+. I regretted +ou couldn#t come to me +esterda+. I am sorr+ +ou ere dela+ed at t(e office. I am sorr+ I as late for t(e part+. I regret +ou didn#t in t(e competition. I am sorr+ I (ad no mone+ to bu+ t(at painting. I as sorr+ +ou (ad got a fine. I am sorr+ I didn#t in t(e Jreat 3rize.

Trans!ormati urmatoarele propozitii" ast!el inc#t sa inceapa cu 2 /is& * /ould * in!initiv scurt: Mo(el: I am sorr+ (e ill not ta!e m+ advice. I is( (e ould ta!e m+ advice. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?.
1.

I regret +ou on#t come on (olida+ it( me. I am sorr+ (e on#t accept m+ proposal. I regret I on#t spend m+ (olida+ in England. I am sorr+ (e ill be a a+ for suc( a long time. I am sorr+ t(e+ ill not sign t(e contract. I regret (e ill sta+ in (ospital so long. I am sorr+ +ou on#t ta!e a driving licence. I am sorr+ I ill get fat (en giving up smo!ing. I regret I on#t be able to read Joet(e in t(e original. I regret I on#t (ave a p(one in m+ ne flat.

Puneti verbele din paranteze la !orma corecta de sub3onctiv:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

%ou be(ave as if +ou "o n$ t(e place. ,on#t treat me as if I "be$ a c(ild. I would rather +ou "not aste$ +our timeH I am cold, I would rather +ou "close$ t(at indo . )t is high time +ou "start$ stud+ing for +our exam. )ts time e "go$ (ome. )d rather I "sta+$ at (ome and " atc($ *4. )f only I "be$ in Ital+ no H ) wish I "enter$ t(e facult+ last +ear. )f only m+ telep(one " or!$H ) wish I "not catc($ a cold on t(e trip +esterda+.

61

,e wishes (e "(ave$ a good Englis( teac(er in t(e next academic +ear. 13. I ould marr+ +ou even if +ou "be$ a pauper. 14. I would rather (e "tell$ me t(e trut(. 15. &e would rather (is daug(ter "not get married$ so +oung. 16. It#s high time (e "ta!e$ a 0ob and "stop$ living on (is parents. 17. )f only I "not forget$ (is p(one numberH 18. ,e wishes (is boo! "become$ a best-sellerH 19. )f only I "become$ a millionaire. 20. )ts time I "get$ a promotionH
12.

'. Traduceti in limba engleza !olosind sub3onctivul cu !orma de Past Tense sau Past Per!ect: 5. <ine ar fi sa nu fi facut attea greseli la lucrarea de control. 6. 1i-as dori sa incetezi cu zgomotul acela c(iar in acest moment. 7. 1i-as dori sa incetezi sa te mai vaicaresti pentru ca am si eu necazurile mele. 8. <ine ar fi sa fii mai ordonataH 9. .e pacat ca plouaH ,aca n-ar ploua, am putea merge la pla0aH :. *i-ai dori sa fi fost invitata la petrecerea lui Ao(n;. .e pacat ca nu mai sunt tnarH =. As prefera sa te scoli mai devreme. >. As prefera sa ma scol mai devreme. 5?. As prefera sa mergi la teatru. 55. As prefera sa merg la teatru. 56. E timpul sa-mi inapoiezi banii pe care ti I-am imprumutat. 57. Era demult timpul sa incepi sa citesti cartile cerute pentru examenul de literatura romna. 58. E ora 5?H Bu crezi ca era demult timpul sa te scoli si sa te apuci de lucru59. Ea arata de parca ar fi manec(in. 5:. 4orbesti ca si cum ai fi suparata pe mine. 5;. Ea se poarta cu el de parca ar fi sotul ei. 5=. El mi-a vorbit ca si cum nu se intmplase nimic intre noi.

62

5>. Aane si-ar dori sa-mi petrec sfrsitul de saptamna cu ea. 6?. /tiu ca tu ti-ai dori sa-ti petreci vacanta intr-o tabara, dar eu prefer sa mergi la bunicul, la tara. (. Traduceti in limba engleza !olosind sub3onctivul cu !orma de in!initiv sau ec&ivalentul de sob3onctiv s&ould * in!initivul prezent sau trecut: 5. Este imposibil ca el sa se intoarca att de devreme. 6. Este imposibil ca el sa se fi intors att de devreme. 7. Este important ca tu sa stii engleza bine. 8. Este necesar sa fii informat despre ce se intmpla in tara. 9. Era ciudat ca el sa nu fi citit aceasta carte. :. Este enervant ca tu sa fi uitat sa-mi aduci cartea inapoi. ;. Este probabil ca fiul meu sa fi luat examenul. =. Este foarte important ca acest contract sa fie semnat foarte curnd. >. 4rei sa spui ca este probabil sa ne petrecem concediul in <ucuresti5?. Este necesar sa fiu prezent la aceasta sedinta). Traduceti in limba engleza !olosind sub3onctivul cu !orma de in!initiv sau ec&ivalentul de sub3onctiv s&ould * in!initivul prezent: 5. 6. 7. =. 8. 9. :. ;. =. 1ama a (otart ca noi sa stam acasa. 3rofesorul sugereaza ca noi sa citim aceasta carte. ,irectorul a cerut ca toata lumea sa fie prezenta la ora 3rietenul meu a insistat sa merg cu el la concert. ,irectorul a propus ca eu sa lucrez in alt sector. El a sugerat ca noi sa cumparam aceasta casa. Insist ca tu sa accepti aceasta slu0ba. Am sugerat sa-l alegem presedinte.

4. Traduceti in limba engleza !olosind sub3onctivul cu !orma de in!initiv sau ec&ivalentul de sub3onctiv ma. sau mig&t * in!initivul prezent:

63

5. El a intrat in casa fara zgomot, astfel inct sa nu-l aud eu. 6. ,a-te la o parte ca sa vad "astfel inct sa pot vedea$ ecranul. 7. 4orbeste mai tare ca sa te aud "asfel inct sa te pot auzi$. 8. Irice mi-ai spune, nu te pot crede. 9. Irict te-ai stradui, nu poti cstiga un astfel de concurs. :. Iricnd te vei intoarce, eu voi fi acasa si te voi astepta. ;. Iricine ti-ar fi spus asta despre mine, nu ar fi trebuit sa crezi. =. Am facut un imprumut ca sa "astfel inct sa$ pot sa-mi cumpar casa. >. Este posibil ca ea sa fie plecata din oras. 5?. Iricare ar fi motivul, nu ar trebui sa ma minti. 2nlocuiti in!initivele din paranteze cu unul dintre tipurile de sub3onctiv sau cu un ec&ivalent de sub3onctiv:
1.

5. I closed t(e indo so t(at it "not get$ too cold. 6. I closed t(e indo lest "get$ too cold. 7. It is desirable t(at t(e+ "divorce$ immediatel+. 8. It is impossible t(at m+ sister "tell$ t(is to +ou +esterda+. 9. Bo matter (o '(o ever absent D minded +ou "be$, +ou s(ould remember +our o n p(one number. :. I propose t(at e "leave$ b+ t(e > o#cloc! train. ;. I is( m+ car "not brea! do n$ last ee!. =. &e t(ro s mone+ a a+ as if (e "be$ a ric( man. >. /(e spea!s about (er son as if (e "be$ a genius. 5?. I#d rat(er +ou "retire$ as soon as possible. 55. It is strange t(at s(e "leave$ t(e lig(ts on (en s(e left t(e to n. 56. I (ave to or! (ard so t(at m+ compan+ "prosper$. 57. *(e road is etF drive carefull+ lest +ou "(ave$ an accident. 58. I#ve told +ou ever+t(ing so t(at +ou "understand$ m+ position. 59. I suggested t(at e "ta!e$ a taxi.

64

5:. *(e doctor recommended t(at t(e patient "(ave$ an operation. 5;. All success "attend$ +ouH 5=. I is( I "be$ t(ere (en it (appened. 5>. I (ave suc( a boring 0obF I is( I "find$ anot(er. If onl+ I "(ave$ a brot(er or a sisterH

LECTIA VIII MODURILE NEPERSONALE SI CONSTRUCTIILE VER#ALE In limba engleza, modurile nepersonale sunt urmatoarele: infinitivul, forma -ing "gerunziul si participiul prezent$ si participiul trecut. 2n!initivul poate avea aspect, diateza si timpuri. $iate%a activa
o o o o

infinitiv prezent simplu: to call infinitiv prezent continuu: to be calling infinitiv perfect simplu: to (ave called infinitiv perfect continuu: to (ave been calling

$iate%a pasiva
o o

infinitiv prezent simplu: to be called infinitiv perfect: to (ave been called

'orma -ing! Att participiul prezent ct si gerunziul se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ing la infinitivul verbelor "to call D calling$. 3articipiul prezent si gerunziul pot avea timpuri si diateza. $iate%a activa
o o

nedefinit: calling perfect: (aving called

$iate%a pasiva
o o

nedefinit: being called perfect: (aving been called

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Participiul trecut se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ed la verbele regulateF in cazul verbelor neregulate, el reprezinta forma a III-a:
o o

to call D called D called to go D went D gone Constr "tii " infinitiv l

1.

3cu%ativ cu infinitiv

.onsta dintr-un verb urmat de un pronume sau substantiv in acuzativ G un verb la infinitiv. Ex. I ant +ou to go no . "4reau ca tu sa pleci acum.$ Exista cteva tipuri de verbe care accepta acest tip de constructii: a. Adverbe exprimnd dorinta sau vointa: to ant, to is(, to li!e, to disli!e, to (ate. Ex. I#d li!e (im to come it( me. "As vrea ca el sa vina cu mine.$ I ant Ao(n to do t(is. "4reau ca Ao(n sa faca aceasta.$ b. verbe exprimnd perceptia senzoriala: to see, to (ear, to feel, to atc(. Aceste verbe sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt "fara to$. Ex. I sa (im leave t(e room. "C-am vazut ca paraseste camera'parasind camera.$ c. verbe exprimnd un ordin, o permisiune sau o cauzalitate: to ma!e, to cause, to allo , to order. 4erbele to make si to let sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt "fara to$. Ex. I made (im stud+ Englis(. "C-am facut sa invete engleza.$ I let (im go out and pla+. "C-am lasat sa iasa afara sa 0oace fotbal.$ &e ordered t(e door to be loc!ed. "El a ordonat sa se incuie usa.$ d. verbe exprimnd perceptia mentala: to t(in!, to suppose, to expect, to consider, to understand, to !no , to believe. Ex. I consider (im to be a good student. ".onsider ca el este un bun student.$

66

I expected (im to come in time. "1-am asteptat ca el sa vina la timp.$ e. verbe declarative: to state, to declare, to admit. Ex. &e admitted t(e ne s to be false. "El a recunoscut ca stirile erau false.$ *(e+ declared (im to be t(e man of t(e +ear. "Ei l-au declarat a fi omul anului.$ f. cu anumite verbe urmate de prepozitii obligatorii: to rel+ upon'on, to count upon'on . Ex. I rel+ on +ou to do t(is. "1a bazez pe tine sa faci aceasta.$
1.

6ominativ cu infinitiv

.onsta dintr-un subiect in nominativ G un verb la diateza pasiva sau activa G un verb la infinitiv. folosit cu verbe la diate%a pasiva: to see, to (ear, to !no , to sa+, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to ma!e, to consider.
a.

Ex. &e is said to be a good riter. "/e spune ca el este un bun scriitor.$ /unt situatii in care Bominativul cu Infinitivut exprima o formulare pasiva a Acuzativului cu Infinitiv: Ex. I made (im stud+ Englis(. &e as made to stud+ Englis(. I consider (im to be a good student. &e is considered to be a good student. &e considered t(e ne s to be false. *(e ne s as considered to be false. *(e+ declared (im to be t(e man of t(e +ear. &e as declared to be t(e man of t(e +ear. b. cu verbele: to (appen, to prove, to turn out, to seem, to appear
o

la diate%a activa+

Ex. &e proved to be a good 0ournalist. "El s-a dovedit a fi un bun 0urnalist.$

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I (appened to meet (im in t(e street. "/-a intmplat sa-l intlnesc pe strada.$ If I (appen to meet (im, I ill tell (im (ere +ou are. ",aca se va intmpla sa-l intlnesc, ii voi spune unde esti.$ Nota. Trebuie remarcat faptul ca e&presia impersonala din limba rom*na se int*mpla sa este, de obicei, tradusa cu o e&presie personala in limba engle%a! a. cu expresiile: to be sure ' li!el+ ' unli!el+ ' certain

Ex. /(e is sure to come in time. "E sigur ca ea va veni la timp.$ Nota. $in nou avem in limba engle%a o e&presie personala care se traduce in rom*neste cu o e&presie impersonala! $aca vrem sa traducem e&presia personala+ -a e sigura ca va veni la timp" o redam in modul urmator+ She is sure the she will come in time"!
1.

'or # phrase

.onsta din propozitia for G un substantiv sau pronume in acuzativ G un verb la infinitiv. Ex. It is eas+ for me to do t(is. "E usor sa fac asta.$ *(is remains for (im to decide. "Aceasta ramne sa o decida el.$ It is impossible for (im to come. "Este imposibil ca el sa vina.$ It is necessar+ for me to go t(ere. "Este necesar ca eu sa merg acolo.$ Nota. 8ltimele doua propo%itii se se pot reda in limba engle%a si cu a.utorul sub.onctivului! Ex. It is impossible t(at I "s(ould$ come. It is necessar+ t(at I "s(ould$ go t(ere. Constr "tii " parti"ipi l pre+ent 3cu%ativ cu participiu /e foloseste cu verbe exprimnd perceptie senzorial: to see,
1.

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to (ear, to atc(, to smell, precum si cu verbele to find, to leave. Ex. I sa (im leaving "C-am vazut plecnd.$ I (eard (er singing. "Am auzit-o cntnd.$ I left ' found (er cr+ing. "Am lasat-o ' gasit-o plngnd.$ In cazul verbelor de perceptie, aceasta constructie este asemanatoare cu Acuzativul cu Infinitiv. ,iferenta de sens intre cele doua constructii este urmatoarea: folosirea acuzativului cu infinitiv pune accentul pe actiunea propriuzisa, in timp ce acuzativul cu participiu arata actiunea in desfasurare. Astfel: ) saw her leave s-ar putea traduce 3m va%ut-o ca pleaca sau 3m va%ut-o plec*nd. In timp ce ) saw her leaving se poate traduce numai 3m va%ut-o plec*nd. 6ominativ cu Participiu Este pasivul constructiei Acuzativ cu 3articipiu: Ex: &e as seen leaving. "El a fost vazut plecnd.$ /(e as (eard singing. "Ea a fost auzita cntnd.$
2. 3.

6ominativul absolut

Este o constructie participiala care are un subiect al ei propriu. Ex: *(e classes being over, e ent (ome. "Irele fiind terminate, am mers acasa.$ )eat(er permitting, e s(all go to t(e beac(. ",aca vremea va permite, vom merge la pla0a.$ Constr "tie " parti"ipi l tre" t Este formata din verbul to have sau to get G un complement G participiul trecut. Ex: I must (ave'get mz s(oes repaired. "*rebuie sa-mi dau pantofii la reparat.$ I ill (ave m+ (air done. "4oi merge sa ma coafez.$ Aceasta constructie arata ca actiunea este facuta de catre altcineva spre avanta.ul sau la ordinul persoanei reprezentate de

69

subiect. Este de asemenea sa apara situatii in care actiunea exprimata de participiul trecut este facuta de altcineva in detrimentul persoanei exprimate de subiect. Ex. /(e (ad t o sons !illed in t(e ar. I-au fost ucisi doi fii in razboi. I (ad m+ bedroom indo bro!en. .ineva mi-a spart geamul din dormitor. E!er"itii " "onstr "tiile ver4ale 1. Traduceti in limba engleza !olosind constructia 5cuzativ cu 2n!initiv sau 5cuzativ cu Participiu: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. :. ;. =. >. 5?. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 1-am asteptat sa vii mai devreme. El voia ca eu sa-l a0ut. Ea m-a facut sa inteleg ce se intmplase. .red ca el e un sot bun. Am auzit-o certndu-si copilul. Ao(n a recunoscut ca vina era a lui. 1a bazez pe tine sa-mi imprumuti niste bani. I-am privit 0ucnd fotbal. C-am vazut vorbind cu prietena lui. 1ama ar vrea ca eu sa devin doctor. Inteleg ca ea e o profesoara foarte buna. /tiam ca el e un om foarte ocupat. Am vazut ctiva copii 0ucndu-se in parc. 3resupuneam ca el stie sa conduca masina. El m-a facut sa pierd trenul.

2. ,e!ormulati urmatoarele propozitii !olosind constructia 6!or%p&rase7: 5odel: *(is translation is eas+. I cam ma!e it. *(is translation is eas+ for me to ma!e. 5. *(is problem is too difficult. I can#t solve it. 6. *(is is a good boo!. %ou s(ould read it. 7. *(is fact is important. %ou s(ould bear it in mind. 8. *(is is a valuable piece of advice. %ou s(ould ta!e it. 9. *(e time (as come. )e s(ould (ave a (eart to (eart tal!. :. *(e people ere impatient. *(e matc( as about to begin.

70

;. cold. =. >. 5?.

I (ave closed t(e

indo . I don#t

ant +ou to catc( a

*(is is t(e main t(ing. )e s(ould do it no . I ordered a taxi. I didn#t ant (er to miss t(e train. *(is is a strange t(ing. I can#t believe s(e said t(at.

3. ,e!ormulati urmatoarele !raze cu modul sub3onctiv !olosind constructia 6!or%p&rase7: 5odel: It is important t(at I s(ould !no t(e trut(. It is important to !no t(e trut(. 5. It is necessar+ t(at (e be present. 6. It is recommendable t(at +ou s(ould read t(is boo!. 7. It#s time e met again. 8. It#s time +ou started learning foreign languages. 9. It is possible t(at t(e plane mig(t be dela+ed. :. It is impossible t(at (e s(ould (ave said t(at. ;. It is possible t(at I mig(t bu+ a car. =. It is advisable t(at +ou s(ould resign. >. It is important t(at +ou s(ould come to t(e office, at once. 5?. It is necessar+ t(at +ou s(ould stud+ t(e matter seriousl+. 4. ,e!ormulati urmatoarele !raze cu modul sub3onctiv !olosind constructia 8ominativ cu 2n!initiv. olositi drept subiect pronumele subliniate: 5odel: &er parents t(oug(t she as a gifted c(ild. /(e as t(oug(t to be a gifted c(ild.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

It is expected t(at he ill arrive at 6 o#cloc!. *(e+ (eard him repeat it several times. It seemed t(at she as satisfied it( me. Ever+bod+. Expected t(at he ould resign. It as proved t(at she as a liar. *(e+ said she as ill. 3eople believed he as a brilliant surgeon. I t(oug(t she as unable to in t(e contest. It is sure they (ave (ad an argument.

71

It (appened t(at she made t(ree spelling mista!es in (er letter.

10.

'. Treceti la pasiv urmatoarele constructii 5cuzativ cu Participiu" trans!orm#ndu%le in 8ominativ cu Participiu: 5odel+ I (eard t(e dog bar!ing. *(e dog as (eard bar!ing. l. I sa t(e plane landing. 6. /(e (eard t(e bab+ cr+ing. 7. I found t(e bo+ brea!ing t(e indo . 8. I could (ear (er t+ping. 9. I sa (er l+ing on t(e beac(. :. I sa (er fainting. ;. I sa t(e peasants or!ing in t(e field. =. I (eard t(e c(ild brea!ing t(e vase. >. I found (er digging in t(e garden. 5?. /(e (eard t(e (unters s(ooting. (. Traduceti in limba rom#na urmatoarele propozitii cu constructia 8ominativul absolut: 5. )eat(er permitting, e s(all climb to t(e top of t(e mountain. 6. *(e rain (aving stopped, I ent s(opping. 7. *(e concert being over, t(e audience left t(e (ali. 8. *(e plane (aving ta!en off, I stopped smo!ing. 9. *(e decision being ta!en in m+ favour, I ent (ome relaxed. :. *(e river (aving risen in t(e nig(t, e ere seared about (aving floods. ;. Ever+bod+ being at (ome, e sat do n to dinner. =. *(e mud (aving ruined m+ s(oes, I (ad to c(ange t(em. >. *(e letter being ritten, I ent to post it. 5?. *(e sun (aving risen, e (urried to t(e beac(.

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C:EIA E;ERCITIILOR

LECTIA I TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

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9$ercitii cu Present Simple si Continuous E!er"iti l l. 5. I don#t love. ,o I love- 6. /(e doesn#t tal!. ,oes s(e tal!- 7. I don#t understand. ,o I understand- 8. %ou don#t pla+. ,o +ou pla+- 9. I don#t al a+s believe. ,o I al a+s believe- :. &e doesn#t remember. ,oes (e remember- ;. *(e+ don#t live. ,o t(e+ live- =. &e doesn#t (ave. ,oes (e (ave- >. I don#t trust. ,o I trust- 5?. I don#t (ave. ,o I (aveE!er"iti l -. l. It isn#t raining. Is it raining- 6. I am not (aving. Am I (aving- 7. &e isn#t telling. Is (e telling- 8. %ou aren#t t+ping. Are +ou t+ping9. *(e+ aren#t s imming. Are t(e+ s imming- :. 1+ friend isn#t earing. Is m+ friend earing- ;. 1+ mot(er isn#t resting. Is m+ mot(er resting- =. )e aren#t stud+ing. Are e stud+ing- >. Ann isn#t !nitting. Is Ann !nitting- 5?. *(e c(ild isn#t learning. Is t(e c(ild learningE!er"iti l 2. l. I am not going, it is raining. 6. do +ou do- 7. drin!s, is drin!ing. 8. it often rains. 9. 5 don#t li!e. :. spea!s, don#t understand. ;. ,o +ou li!e- =. ,o +ou dream- I dream >. 5 am coo!ing. 5?. ,o +ou usuall+ get, go, am ta!ing. 55. (e is (aving. 56. Are +ou riting, am, rite. 57. are +ou (urr+ing- I don#t ant. 58. al a+s borro 'is al a+s borro ing, remembers. 59. ,o +ou go- 5:. ,o +ou smo!e- 5;. are +ou aiting- I am aiting. 5=. I al a+s (ave. 5>. are +ou t(in!ing- I am t(in!ing. 6?. ,o +ou !no E!er"iti l 3. l. It sno s in inter. 6. In /unda+s, (e doesn#t get up earl+. 7. I do not stud+ in t(e evening. 8. )(at are +ou doing- Are +ou reading or atc(ing *4- 9. *(e secretar+ is 0ust t+ping a report. :. /(e goes s(opping on /aturda+s. ;. Bo I am doing m+ (ome or! in Englis(. =. I don#t li!e coffee. >. )(at boo! are +ou reading- 5?. At (at time does Ao(n get up in t(e morning- 55. )(at do +ou do on +our free da+s- 56. )(om are +ou ringing up57. &e doesn#t go to sc(ool b+ underground, (e al!s. 58. )(+

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are +ou opening t(e indo - I9. I often read Englis( boo!s. 5:. /(e is pac!ing (er luggage. 5;. &o often do +ou rite to +our parents- 5=. )(en I go to t(e seaside, I li!e to s im a lot. 5>. *(e customer is 0ust c(oosing a pair of s(oes. 6?. )(at are +ou spea!ing about9$ercitii cu Past Tense Simple si Continuous E!er"iti l ,. 5. I slept. 6. &e met. 7. %ou spo!e. 8. %ou dran!. 9. %ou as!ed. :. I pla+ed. ;. I o ned. =. 5 li!ed. >. *(at sounded. 5?. I al a+s made. E!er"iti l -. 5. &e didn#t t(in!. ,id (e t(in!- 6. *(e+ didn#t drin!. ,id t(e+ drin!- 7. I didn#t (ate. ,id I (ate- 8. &e didn#t c(ange. ,id (e c(ange- 9. I didn#t sell. ,id I sell- :. )e didn#t or!. ,id e or!;. &e didn#t come. ,id (e come- =. I didn#t en0o+. ,id I en0o+- >. &e didn#t translate. ,id (e translate- 5?. &e didn#t forbid. ,id (e forbidE!er"iti l 2. 5. +ou came in, I as tal!ing. 6. 5 first met, (e as or!ing. 7. (e as-learning, (e (ad. 8. I as riting, someone rang up. 9. ere +ou going, I met. :. ere +ou doing- ;. I entered, t(e teac(er as riting. =. I arrived, s(e as (aving. >. I as atc(ing. 5?. (e realized, (e asn#t earing. E!er"iti l 3. 5. Cast nig(t, t(e sun didn#t set at = o#cloc!. 6. ,id +ou sleep ell last nig(t- 7. %esterda+, I didn#t go to t(e s imming pool. 8. I got up late +esterda+ morning. 9. Cast /unda+, m+ friends pla+ed c(ess. :. *(is time +esterda+ it as raining. ;. )(at ere +ou doing last *uesda+, at ; o#cloc! in t(e morning- I as preparing to go to t(e facult+. =. )(ile I as loo!ing for m+ passport, I found t(is old p(oto. >. *(e bo+s ere pla+ing cards (en t(e+ (eard t(eir fat(er entering t(e (ouse. *(e+ (id t(e cards a a+ and too! out t(eir sc(ool boo!s. 5?. )(en did +ou return from t(e mountains- 55. )(en did +ou bu+ t(is *4 set- 56. %esterda+ I lost

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m+ gloves. 57. A strong ind as blo ing (en I left t(e (ouse. 58. )(ere did +ou spend +our (olida+ last summer- 59. %esterda+ I got up earl+, I (ad brea!fast and t(en I left for sc(ool. 5:. * o da+s ago I fell and I bro!e m+ leg. 5;. Cast ee! I as ill and 5 didn#t go to sc(ool. 5=. &e sat for (is first exam last ee!. 5>. )(o on t(e matc( t(e da+ before +esterda+- 6?. )(ile it as raining, I as driving to /inaia. 9$ercitii cu Present Per!ect Simple si Continuous E!er"iti l ,. l. &ave +ou been- I (ave been. 6. &ave +ou atered- 7. &e (as 0ust left. 8. I (ave lent. 9. t(e engine D drivers (ave gone. :. I (ave 0ust (ad. ;. I (ave alread+ seen. =. &e (asn#t come. >. I (aven#t been. 5?. I (ave boug(t. 55 . &ave +ou visited- 56. &ave +ou ever eaten- 57. I (aven#t ritten. 58. 5t (asn#t rained. I9. &ave +ou ever driven- 5:. &e (as al a+s relied. 5;. &ave +ou read- 5=. &ave +ou paid- 5>. &e (asn#t gone. 6?. &ave +ou lived- I (ave lived. E!er"iti l -. l. &e (as been fis(ing, (e (as caug(t. 6. )e (ave !no n. 7. *(e radio (as been pla+ing. 8. I (ave# been s(opping. 9. (ave +ou been earing- :. I (ave been coo!ing, (ave +ou coo!ed- ;. (ave +ou been, I (ave been atering. =. &e (as been sleeping. >. I (ave been as!ing. 5?. s(e (as been tr+ing. E!er"iti l 2. I. I (ave lostF (aven#t +ou seen- did +ou use- 6. &ave +ou ever tried- I tried, I didn#t succeed. 7. &ave +ou seen- s(e left. 8. &ave +ou beenF I got. 9. I (ave been earing, I as. :. /(e (as c(anged, I sa . ;. I (ave been doing, I got up. =. *(e c(ild (as been pla+ing, I returned. >. It (as been raining, e left. 5?. &e (as been, began. E!er"iti l 3. 5. )(o (as taug(t +ou to spea! Englis( so ell- 6. )(ere (ave +ou spent +our (olida+ t(is +ear- 7. I (ave often t(oug(t of ta!ing a driving licence. 8. &o long (ave +ou been learning Englis(- 9. *(e eat(er (as got armer latel+. :. &e (as been a 1inister for

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t o +ears. ;. I (ave been translating a text for t o (ours and I (aven#t finis(ed it +et. =. &e (as ritten onl+ t o letters since (e ent abroad. >. A c(ild (as bro!en t(e indo . )e must replace it. 5?. It (as been sno ing for t o (ours. 55. )e (ave al!ed 5? !m so far. 56. )e (ave been al!ing since 7 o cloc!. 57. /ince I boug(t a car, I (ave seldom al!ed to m+ office. 58. )(at did +ou loo! at- It as an accident. 59. )(o did +ou vote for at t(e last elections- I didn#t go to vote. I sta+ed at (ome and I (aven#t regretted it for a momentH 5:. &ave +ou seen toda+#s ne spaper5;. &as Ao(n left- %es, (e left an (our ago. 5=. &ave +ou alread+ (ad brea!fast- %es, I (ad it at = o#cloc!. 5>. &ave +ou been to t(is to n before- %es, I spent a mont( (ere, t o +ears ago. 6?. *(e+ (ave been or!ing on t(is (ouse for a +ear and t(e+ (aven#t finis(ed it +et. 9$ercitii cu Past Per!ect Simple si Continuous E!er"iti l ,. 5. t(e+ (ad finis(ed. 6. s(e (ad alread+ been. 7. I (ad met. 8. (ad not told. 9. (e (ad caug(t. :. I (ad returned. ;. (e (ad t(oug(t. =. (ad spread. >. s(e (ad not passed. 5?. (ad eaten. E!er"iti l -. 5. it (ad been raining. 6. t(e+ (ad been aiting. 7. (ad been coo!ing. 8. s(e (ad been stud+ing. 9. s(e (ad been riting. :. s(e (ad been cleaning and dusting. ;. (ad been s imming. =. (ad been (aving. >. (ad been climbing. 5?. it (ad been raining. E!er"iti l 2. 5. (ad been spea!ing, I entered. 6. (ad listened, (e ent. 7. (e told, (e (ad been. 8. e as!ed, (e (ad visited. 9. (e (ad learned'(e (ad been learning, (e ent. :. /(e (ad 0ust gone out, I called. ;. it (ad been raining. =. (ad left, s(e told, t(e+ (ad been. >. e (ad been al!ing, e realized, e (ad lost. 5?. I found out, (e (ad got married, I rang (im up, congratulated. E!er"iti l 3. 5. I as sorr+ I (ad (urt (im. 6. &e t(an!ed me for (at I (ad done for (im. 7. As soon as (e (ad finis(ed riting t(e paper, (e

77

(anded it to t(e teac(er. 8. &e (adn#t done an+t(ing before (e as!ed for m+ advice. 9. As soon as t(e guests (ad left, I ent to bed. :. )(en I arrived at t(e bus stop, I realized I (ad left m+ bag at (ome. ;. *(e secretar+ told me t(e manager (ad been spea!ing on t(e p(one for (alf an (our. =. *(e+ told me t(e+ (ad been living in Erance since 5>=?. >. I didn#t p(one +ou because I t(oug(t +ou (ad gone abroad. 5?. *(e+ travelled to man+ countries after t(e+ (ad got married. 9$ercitii cu timpurile 6 uture7 E!er"iti l ,. 5. I s(all' ill !no . 6. %ou ill be. 7. )ill +ou recognize- 8. I s(all' ill remember. 9. %ou ill li!e. :. &e ill be. ;. I s(all' ill succeed. =. )il5 +ou remember- >. I s(all' ill pass. 5?. %ou ill not' on#t find. E!er"iti t -. 5. I s(all' ill be s imming. 6. it ill probabl+ be raining. 7. /(e ill be atc(ing. 8. )ill +ou be needing- 9. ill be cr+ing. :. ilt be rising. ;. &e ill be stud+ing. =. ill's(all ill be climbing. >. I s(all' ill be (aving. 5?. I s(all' ill be or!ing. E!er"iti l 2. 5. )e s(all' ill (ave ta!en. 6. I s(all' ill (ave finis(ed. 7. t(e+ ill (ave been married. 8. ill (ave risen. 9. ill (ave spent. :. I s(all' ill (ave been coo!ing. ;. I s(all' ill (ave read =. I s(all' ill (ave been or!ing. >. %ou ill (ave seen. 5?. I s(all' ill (ave paid off. E!er"iti l 3. 5. <+ t(is time next +ear, I s(all' ill (ave saved five million lei. 6. )(at ill +ou be doing tomorro morning at 55 o#cloc!- I s(all' ill be visiting t(e international fair. 7. I (ave boug(t a t+pe riter and I s(all learn to t+pe. 8. <+ t(e end of t(e mont( I s(all' ill (ave seen t(is film 9 times. 9. *(e train ill (ave left before e arrive at t(e station. :. <+ 5? o#cloc! s(e ill (ave finis(ed cleaning t(e (ouse. ;. In Erida+, bet een t elve and one o#cloc!, t(e+ ill be (aving t(eir last Englis( class. =. <ecause of

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t(e stri!e of t(e bus D drivers, man+ people ill be going to or! on foot tomorro . >. &e ill be stud+ing in t(e librar+ on 1onda+ from one to five o#cloc!. 5?. Coo! (at I (ave boug(t at an auctionH It#s a ver+ beautiful ob0ect. )(ere ill +ou put it-

LECTIA II 9$ercitii cu concordanta timpurilor E!er"iti l ,. 5. t(e+ ere tal!ing. 6. +ou ere. 7. +ou ere. 8. I pla+ed'I as pla+ing. 9. did not remember. :. +ou spo!e. ;. as s(ining. =. I usuall+ read. >. %ou (ad to t+pe. 5?. (e anted. E!er"iti l -. 5. (e (ad left. 6. I (ad done. 7. I (ad (eard. 8. (ad alread+ begun. 9. e (ad been digging. :. (e (ad stolen. ;. (e (ad 0ust left. =. I (ad lost. >. (e (ad been travelling. 5?. I (ad read, I (ad not en0o+ed. E!er"iti l 2. 5. t(e+ ould remain. 6. (e ould finis(. 7. +ou ould soon (ave. 8. I ould remain. 9. ould end. :. (e ould drive. ;. (e ould in. =. prices ould go up. >. (e ould pass, (e ould give. 5?. ould be cancelled. E!er"iti l 3. 5. I (ave received. 6. arrive. 7. +ou finis(. 8. (e (as repaired. 9. I (ave. :. +ou see, s(e loo!s. ;. +ou see, s(e (as c(anged. =. begin. >. (e tells. 5?. s(e (as learnt. 55. (e (as arrived. 56. e reac(. 57. is born. 58. I finis(. 59. +ou (ave 0ust told. 5:. s(e notices +ou (ave bro!en. 5;. +ou see. 5=. +ou (ave read. 5>. t(e+ (ave been. 6?. +ou (ave drun!. E!er"iti l <.

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5. melts. 6. is. 7. is. 8. t(e+ (ave done. 9. +ou do. :. I read, +ou are reading. ;. ill soon move. =. I ill earn' ill be earning. >. I (ave been reading. 5?. is. E!er"iti l =. 5. I finis(. 6. (e (ad never seen. 7. do not eat. 8. t(e+ (ad !no n. 9. it ould not be raining (en I arrived. :. e ent, t(e+ (ad been listening. ;. I ould spend, I (ad not decided. =. I ant. >. I as. 5?. +ou (ad been earing. 55. (ad failed, (e trusted, (e (ad not expected. 56. I as, I (ad not eaten. 57. (e (ad to rite, (e ould not remember. 58. I (ave suffered. 59. (e ould c(ange. 5:. (e (ad eaten. 5;. t(ere are. 5=. I or!'I or!ed, ould not go. 5>. e ill drin!. 6?. (e (oped, (e ould (ave. E!er"iti l >. l. I didn#t remember t(at e (ad met a +ear before. 6. I didn#t sta+ at (ome to ait for +ou because I didn#t !no (en +ou ould come. 7. *(e secretar+ told me t(e manager as bus+. 8. I !ne +ou ere in <uc(arest. 9. &e as ver+ upset because (e (ad lost (is dictionar+ and (e as not sure (e ould find a ne one in t(e boo!s(ops. :. I promised (im I ould rite to (im (en I arrived in Condon. ;. *(e t(ief did not realize t(at t(e police (ad been follo ing (im for a ee!. =. I ill tell +ou t(e trut( after I (ave found it m+self. >. Eat(er ill give me a present after I (ave passed t(e exam. 5?. *(e car I ill bu+ ill be imported from Jerman+. 55. &e as!ed me (o man+ letters t(ere are in t(e .(inese alp(abet and I couldn#t ans er (im. 56. *(e policeman ill as! me (at I (ave seen during t(e accident. LECTIA III 9$ercitii cu !raze conditionale E!er"iti l ,. l. I ill greet 6. +ou ill be. 7. s(e ill be. 8. I ill lend. 9. ill +ou promise- :. +ou ill not pass. ;. it goes on. =. +ou ta!e. >. I ill bu+. 5?. +ou ill not find. E!er"iti l -.

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5. I !ne . 6. I moved. 7. )ould +ou bu+- 8. (e ould not ma!e. 9. +ou ere. :. I gave up. ;. I ould bu+. =. (e ould ta!e. >. I ouldn#t do. 5?. ould +ou goE!er"iti l 2. l. +ou ould (ave read. 6. I (ad or!ed. 7. +ou ouldn#t (ave got. 8. I (ad !no n. 9. (e (ad tried. :. +ou (ad invited. ;. I ould not (ave made. =. (e (ad realized. >. I (ad not told. 5?. I ould (ave ans ered. E!er"iti l 3. l. It ould (ave been. 6. I ere. 7. I ill ans er. 8. (e ould (ave told. 9. +ou (ad driven. :. (e ill get. ;. (e leaves. =. I sa . >. I ould (ave ans ered. 5?. +ou ill be. E!er"iti l <. 5. If it rains, t(e streets ill be et. 6. If it rained, t(e streets ould be et. 7. If it (ad rained, t(e streets ould (ave been et. 8. %ou ill catc( t(e train if +ou ta!e a taxi. 9. %ou ould catc( t(e train if +ou too! a taxi. :. %ou ould (ave caug(t t(e train if +ou (ad ta!en a taxi. ;. )ill +ou be angr+ if I ta!e +our pencil- =. )ould +ou be angr+ if I too! +our pencil- >. )ould +ou (ave been angr+ if I (ad ta!en +our pencil- 5?. )(at ill +ou do if +ou meet Ao(n- 55. )(at ould +ou do if +ou meet Ao(n- 56. )(at ould +ou (ave done if +ou (ad met Ao(nE!er"iti l =. l. %ou ill see (im if +ou ait. 6. If a beggar as!ed +ou for mone+, ould +ou give (im some- 7. )(at ould (ave (appened if +ou (ad driven at a (ig( speed- 8. )e on#t go for a al! if t(e rain doesn#t stop'unless t(e rain stops. 9. I ould li!e t(e pla+ more if it ere s(orter. :. If dinner is not read+ in time, I ill eat at a restaurant. ;. If +ou (adn#t s(ut t(e indo I ould (ave been cold. =. I ould !nit anot(er s eater if I (ad more ool. >. 1amaia ould be an ideal place for a (olida+ if t(ere eren#t so man+ people t(ere. 5?. I ill be disappointed if I don#t find out t(e trut(. LECTIA IV

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9$ercitii cu vorbirea directa si indirecta E!er"iti l ,. 5. &e said t(e eat(er (ad been fine t(e da+ before. 6. &e said (e (ad seen t(at film a ee! before. 7. &e said s(e ould go s(opping rig(t t(en. 8. &e said (e (ad spent (is (olida+ at t(e seaside t(e +ear before. 9. &e said (e t(oug(t it as going to rain t(e next da+. :. &e said (e didn#t remember (ere (e (ad boug(t t(at dictionar+. ;. &e said (e as ver+ bus+ on t(at da+. =. &e said Ao(n (ad left for /inaia t o da+s before. >. &e said (e (ad gone to England t o +ears before. 5?. &e said (e as going to (ave a nap t(at afternoon. 55. &e said if (e (ad enoug( mone+ (e ould bu+ a car t(e next +ear. 56. &e said if (e (ad been at (ome (e ould (ave ans ered t(e p(one. E!er"iti l -. 5. &e told'as!ed'ordered me not to drive so fast. 6. &e told me to open t(e door. 7. &e told me to read t(at text. 8. &e told me to rite (im a letter (en I got to England. 9. &e told me not to cross t(e street on a red lig(t. :. &e told me to be careful it( (is boo!s. ;. &e told me not to smo!e so muc(. =. &e told me to ta!e t(at pill. >. &e told me not to interrupt (im (en (e as spea!ing. 5?. &e told me to ring (im up (en I arrived (ome. E!er"iti l 2. 5. &e as!ed me if I ould (elp (im. 6. &e as!ed me if I could come to tea t(at afternoon. 7. &e as!ed me if t(e train (ad left. 8. &e as!ed me if I !ne (at t(at ord meant'means. 9. &e as!ed me if m+ mot(er (ad been at (ome. :. &e as!ed me if I (ad boug(t t(at boo! t(e da+ before. ;. &e as!ed me if I dran! coffee ever+ da+. =. &e as!ed me if 5 (ad been at t(e librar+ t(e da+ before. >. &e as!ed me if I (ad lived in Condon for a long time. 5? &e as!ed me if I could spea! Englis(. 55. &e as!ed me if I ould li!e a ca!e. 56. &e as!ed me if I could lend (im a boo!. E!er"iti l 3. 5. &e as!ed me (o long I (ad been learning .Englis(. 6. &e as!ed me (at I as going to do t(e next da+. 7. &e as!ed me (o long it too! me to reac( m+ office. 8. &e as!ed me (en I

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ould be bac!. 9. &e as!ed me (ere I ould spend m+ ee!end. :. &e as!ed me (o t(at man as. ;. &e as!ed me (+ it as so dar! in t(at room. =. &e as!ed me (en t(e rain (ad stopped. >. &e as!ed me (ic( of t(ose ca!es I preferred. 5?. &e as!ed me (o I (ad travelled.

LECTIA V 9$ercitii cu diateza pasiva E!er"iti l ,. 5. *(e or! ill be finis(ed toda+ "b+ t(em$. 6. %our bag (as been found "b+ (im$. 7. 1+ friend ill be invited to a part+ "b+ me$. 8. *(e missing c(ild (as been found "b+ someone$. 9. 1+ *4 set ill be repaired b+ a specialist. :. /omet(ing must be done for (im b+ (is co or!ers. ;. Eootball is pla+ed all over t(e orld. =. I as frig(tened b+ t(e noise. >. A ne (ouse is being built round t(e corner "b+ t(em$. 5?. A ne supermar!et as being built in t(at district last mont(, (en I passed b+. E!er"iti l -. 5. *(e patient as prescribed some pills "b+ t(e doctor$. /ome pills ere prescribed to t(e patient "b+ t(e doctor$. 6. I (ave been given a nice present "b+ t(em$. A nice present (as been given to me "b+ t(em$. 7. )e ill be s(o n t(e a+ b+ t(e policeman. *(e a+ ill be s(o n to us b+ t(e policeman. 8. Englis( is taug(t to t(em "b+ me$. *(e+ are taug(t Englis( "b+ me$. 9. Ao(n (as been lent t o of m+ boo!s "b+ me$. * o of m+ boo!s (ave been lent to Ao(n "b+ me$. :. *(e Komanian film director as a arded t(e Jreat 3rize "b+ t(e 0ur+$. *(e Jreat 3rize as a arded to t(e Komanian film director "b+ t(e 0ur+$. ;. *(e tourists ere s(o n t(e museum "b+ t(e guide$. *(e museum as s(o n to t(e tourists "b+ t(e guide$. =. I ill be given a re ard "b+ t(em$. A re ard ill be given to me "b+ t(em$. >. I#m not al a+s told t(e trut( b+ m+ friend. *(e trut( is not al a+s told to me b+ m+ friend. 5?. I as as!ed a difficult @uestion b+ t(e teac(er. A difficult @uestion as as!ed of me b+ t(e teac(er. E!er"iti l 2.

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5. *(e c(ildren eren#t loo!ed after properl+ "b+ t(em$. 6. *(e doctor as called for "b+ us$.: 7. &is odd be(aviour couldn#t be accounted for "b+ us$. 8. *(e (ouse as bro!en into "b+ burglars$. 9. ,on#t spea! until +ou are spo!en to "b+ someone$. :. &is bed (asn#t been slept in "b+ (im$. ;. Ao(n as laug(ed at "b+ us$. =. &is proposal as ob0ected to "b+ us$. >. Eire as set to t(e s(ed "b+ t(em$. E!er"iti l 3. 5. &as t(e *4 set been repaired- 6. )ill t(e letter be ritten in in!- 7. &aven#t +ou been told to be (ere at : o#cloc!- 8. )ere +ou frig(tened b+ t(e tornado- 9. )ill t(e details be told to (im- )ill (e be told t(e details- :. &as t(e dog been fed- ;. )as (e s(oc!ed b+ t(e sig(t of t(e accident- =. )ere +ou told about t(e meeting- >. ,o +ou t(in! +our re@uest ill be turned do n- 5?. )ould +our or! (ave been finis(ed sooner if +ou (adn#t been interrupted b+ +our colleaguesE!er"iti l <. 5. 3eople ill soon forget t(is boo!. 6. 3eople mustn#t ta!e a a+ t(ese boo!s. 7. 3eople spea! Englis( all over t(e orld. 8. All t(e visitors of t(e museum admire t(is painting. 9. *(e+ (ave built t(is (ouse out of stone and cement. :. *(e+ (eld a reception in (is (onour. ;. *(e teac(er ill tell t(e pupils (ere to sit. =. 1+ friend recommended me a ver+ good doctor. >. *(e rescue part+ finall+ discovered t(e climber. 5?. &e (ates people ma!ing fun of (im. E!er"iti l =. l. Eoreign languages are spo!en in t(is (otel. 6. )e ere as!ed to s(o our passports. 7. )e ere told ver+ interesting t(ings at t(e conference. ver+ interesting t(ings ere told to us at t(e conference. 8. *(e event as commented on b+ all t(e ne spapers. 9. *(e letter ill be mailed as soon as possible. :. Bot(ing (as been (eard about (im since (e left for .onstanta. ;. *(is piece of information must be treated confidentiall+. =. *(e meanings of t(e ne ords must be loo!ed up in t(e dictionar+. >. )(en (e arrived (ome (e realized (is allet (ad been stolen. 5?. *(e professor#s lecture as listened to b+ all t(e students. 55. )e ill be given detailed instructions about t(e paper. ,etailed

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instructions ill be given to us about t(e paper. 56. 1an+ ne bloc!s are being built in our district. 57. *(e museum as closed for repairs. 58. *(is stamp (asn#t been ell stuc! on t(e envelope. 59. America as discovered at t(e end of t(e 59t( centur+.

LECTIA VI 9$ercitii cu verbe modale E!er"iti l ,. 5. &e could s im. &e ill be able to s im. 6. I (ad to go. I ill (ave to go. 7. %ou ere allo ed'permitted to leave. %ou ill be allo ed'permitted to leave. 8. /(e could lend. /(e ill be able to lend. 9. *(e c(ild as allo ed'permitted to (ave. *(e c(ild ill be allo ed'permitted to (ave. :. %ou ere not allo ed'permitted to smo!e. %ou ill not be allo ed'permitted to smo!e. ;. I couldn#t translate. I on t be able to translate. =. .ould +ou (elp- )ill +ou be able to (elp- >. %ou didn#t (ave to do. %ou on#t (ave to do. 5?. )as I not allo ed'permitted to al!- /(all I be not allo ed'permitted to al!- 55. &e as not allo ed'permitted to come. &e on#t be allo ed'permitted to come. 56. I (ad to learn. I ill (ave to learn. 57. %ou ere not allo ed'permitted to spea!. %ou on#t be allo ed'permitted to spea!. 58. I (ad to loo! up. I ill (ave to loo! up. 59. /(e could pla+. /(e ill be able to pla+. 5:. .ould Aane t+pe- )ill Aane be able to t+pe- 5;. .ould (e spea!)ill (e be able to spea!- 5=. Ever+bod+ as allo ed'permitted to borro . Ever+bod+ ill be allo ed'permitted to borro . 5>. ,id +ou (ave to be- )ill +ou (ave to be- 6?. &e could read and rite. /(e ill be able to read and rite. E!er"iti l -. 5. Ao(n must (ave been. 6. It can t (ave been. 7 It mig(t (ave rained. 8. &e must (ave been dela+ed. 9. %ou mig(t (ave ritten. :. %ou s(ould (ave visited. ;. &e oug(t to (ave told. =. %ou mig(t (ave c(anged. >. &e ma+ (ave been. 5?. It can#t (ave been. 55. &e s(ould (ave gone. 56. %ou can#t (ave been. 57. %ou mig(t (ave paid. 58. %ou needn#t (ave done. 59. %ou can#t (ave seen. 5:. &e needn#t (ave boug(t. 5;. &e must (ave been. 5=. It must

85

(ave been. 5>. %ou s(ouldn#t (ave gone. 6?. Ao(n could (ave been. E!er"iti l 2. 5. can. 6. can. 7. can. 8. can#t. 9. can#t. :. can. E!er"iti l 3. l. &e must t(in!. 6. &e must be older. 7. %ou must (ave left +our umbrella. 8: /(e must be a ver+ good doctor. 9. It must (ave ta!en a long time. :. &e must (ave come (ome. ;. *(is must be t(e best. =. %ou must (ave !no n t(e lesson. >. &e must (ave been late. 5?. %ou must (ave forgotten. E!er"iti l <. 5. /(e ma+'mig(t be ver+ late. 6. It ma+'mig(t be a good one. 7. It ma+'mig(t rain. 8. I ma+'mig(t come (ome. 9. /(e ma+'mig(t (ave been angr+. :. A good !no ledge of Englis( ma+'mig(t (elp +ou. ;. &e ma+'mig(t (ave been rig(t. =. &e ma+'mig(t (ave done. >. /(e ma+'mig(t (ave returned. 5?. /(e ma+'mig(t (ave been out. E!er"iti l =. 5. It can#t be (is fault. 6. It can#t (ave been (is fault. 7. &e can#t (ave passed. 8. /(e can#t (ave got. 9. *(e eat(er can#t c(ange. :. &e can#t be at t(e office. ;. /(e can#t (ave learned Englis(. =. /(e can#t (ave married. >. *(is can#t be a true stor+. 5?. %ou can#t miss t(e train. E!er"iti l >. 5. needn#t. 6. needn#t. 7. mustn#t. 8. needn#t. 9. mustn#t. :. mustn#t. ;. needn#t. /. mustn#t. >. mustn#t. 5?. needn#t. E!er"iti l ?. l. s(ould. 6. ould. 7. ould. 8. s(ould. 9. ould. =. s(ould. >. s(ould. 5?. ould. E!er"iti l @. ould. :. ould. ;.

86

5. ill. 6. ill. 7. ill. 5?. s(all. E!er"iti l ,A.

ill. 8. s(all. 9. s(all. :. s(all. ;.

ill. =.

ill. >.

5. didn#t need to ans er. 6. needn#t (ave ans ered. 7. didn#t need to bu+. 8. needn#t (ave lent. 9. didn#t need to ait. :. didn#t need to see. ;. needn#t (ave got up. =. needn#t (ave aited. >. needn#t (ave ritten. 5?. needn#t (ave boug(t. E!er"iti l ,,. 5. can#t (ave rained. 6. must (ave left. 7. can#t (ave left. 8. can#t (ave seen. 9. can#t (ave done. :. can#t (ave s um. ;. must (ave been. =. needn#t (ave lent. >. must (ave been. 5?. must (ave ta!en. E!er"iti l ,-. 5. /ensuri posibile: ,o +ou t(in! (e ill tr+ to enter t(e facult+-", ,o +ou t(in! (e ill marr+ t(at girl-" etc. E!er"iti l ,2. 5. All t(e students can and must rite t(is paper. 6. %ou ill (ave to (elp me more toda+. 7. 5 am sure I ill be able to find time to (elp +ou. 8. *(e teac(er told me I mig(t s!ip t(e next class. 9. I could pla+ t(e piano (en I as a c(ild. :. I can#t !nit. ;. %ou ma+ ring me up more often (en +ou !no I am ill. =. All t(e c(ildren oug(t to's(ould do some (ouse or!. >. I oug(t to's(ould (ave read t(e bibliograp(+ for t(e seminar. 5?. Ever+bod+ s(all be present at t(e meeting. 55. I ill (ave to leave soon. 56. %ou needn#t carr+ +our luggage in t(e station +ourselfF a porter could (elp +ou. 57. I must c(ange m+ s(oes (en I enter t(e (ouse because t(e+ are full of mud. 58. Beed e al! up to t(e c(alet59. Bo, e ma+'mig(t ta!e t(e bus or t(e s!i-lift. 5:. I didn#t need to ring up Aane in order to spea! to (er, because s(e as to come to m+ place in (alf (our#s time. 5;. %ou needn#t (ave made coffee for me. I (ave alread+ drun! t o, toda+. 5=. I didn#t need to sa+ t(an! +ou" (en I found out t(e exact time b+ dialing number >9=, as I !ne t(e information as recorded on tape. 5>. *(e teac(er can#t'couldn#t (ave been satisfied it( t(is ans er. 6?. %ou can#t'couldn#t (ave been at (ome last nig(t, I rang +ou up and

87

nobod+ ans ered. 65. I must (ave been still at t(e facult+. 66. I as!ed to spea! to t(e manager but (e ouldn#t come to t(e p(one. 67. %ou oug(t to's(ould (ave insisted. 68. )(+ did +ou spea! so loud- /omebod+ mig(t (ave (eard +ou. 69. I promise +ou, +ou s(all (ave t(e boo! tomorro . 6:. %ou can#t (ave found t(e door open. I (ad loc!ed it m+self 6;. )(ere s(all e go no 6=. *omorro I ill (ave to mail t(e letter. 6>. )ill +ou, please, ait for a fe minutes- 7?. %ou ma+ not spea! during t(e exam.

LECTIA VII 9$ercitii cu modul sub3onctiv E!er"iti l ,. 5. I is( m+ friend eren#t ill. 6. I is( I lived in <uc(arest. 7. I is( I ere a student. 8. I is( I could go to t(e concert. 9. I is( I could pa+ t(e piano. :. I is( +ou didn#t live so far a a+. ;. I is( I didn#t (ave onl+ one c(ild. =. 5 is( I (ad c(ildren. >. I is( boo!s eren#t so expensive. 5?. I is( it didn#t rain so often. E!er"iti l -. l. I is( +ou (adn#t (ad an accident. 6. I is(ed +ou (adn#t been out (en I called. 7. I is(ed t(e eat(er (adn#t been bad (en I as on (olida+. 8. I is(ed +ou (ad been able to come to me +esterda+. 9. I is( +ou (adn#t been dela+ed at t(e office. :. I is( I (adn#t been late for t(e part+. ;. I is( +ou (ad on t(e competition. =. I is( I (ad mone+ to bu+ t(at painting. >. I is(ed +ou (adn#t got a fine. 5?. I is( I (ad on t(e Jreat 3rize. E!er"iti l 2. 5. I is( +ou ould come on (olida+ it( me. 6. I is( (e ould accept m+ proposal. 7. I is( I ould spend m+ (olida+ in England. 8. I is( (e ouldn#t be a a+ for suc( a long time. /. I is( t(e+ ould sign t(e contract. :. I is( (e ouldn#t sta+ in (ospital so long. ;. I is( +ou ould ta!e a driving licence. =. I is( I ouldn#t get fat (en giving up smo!ing. >. I is( I ould able to read Joet(e in t(e original. 5?. I is( I ould (ave a p(one in m+ ne flat.

88

E!er"iti l 3. 5. +ou o ned. 6. I ere. 7. +ou didn#t aste. 8. +ou closed. /. +ou started. :. e ent. ;. I sta+ed, atc(ed. =. I ere. >. I (ad entered. 5?. m+ telep(one or!ed. 55. (adn#t caug(t a cold. 56. (e ould (ave. 57. +ou ere. 58. (e told. 59. (is daug(ter didn#t get married. 5:. (e too!, stopped. 5;. I (adn#t forgotten. 5=. (is boo! ould become. 5>. I ould become. 6?. I got. E!er"iti l <. l. I is('If onl+ I (adn#t made so man+ mista!es in t(e testpaperH 6. I is( +ou stopped t(at noise rig(t a a+H 7. I is( +ou stopped complaining because I (ave m+ o n troubles, too. 8. I is('If onl+ +ou ere tidierH 9. I is('If onl+ it didn#t rainH If it didn#t rain, e could go to t(e beac(. :. ,o +ou is( +ou (ad been invited to Ao(n#s part+- ;. I is('If onl+ I ere +oung againH =. I ould rat(er +ou got up earlier. >. I ould rat(er I got up'I ould rat(er get up earlier. 5?. I ould rat(er +ou ent to t(e t(eatre. 55. I ould rat(er I ent'I ould rat(er go to t(e t(eatre. 56. It#s time +ou paid me bac! t(e mone+ I lent +ou. 57. It#s (ig( time +ou started reading t(e boo!s re@uired for t(e exam in Komanian literature. 58. It#s 5? o#cloc!H ,on#t +ou t(in! it#s (ig( time +ou got up and started or!ing- 59. /(e loo!s as if s(e ere a model. 5:. %ou spea! as if +ou ere angr+ it( me. 5;. /(e be(aves to (im as if (e ere (is (usband. 5=. &e spo!e to me as if not(ing (ad (appened bet een us. 5>. Aane is(es I ould spend m+ ee!end it( (er. 6?. I !no +ou is( +ou ould spend +our (olida+ in a camp, but I ould rat(er +ou ent to +our grandparents in t(e countr+side. E!er"iti l =. 5. It is impossible t(at (e "s(ould$ return so earl+. 6. It is impossible t(at (e s(ould (ave returned so earl+. 7. It is important t(at +ou "s(ould$ !no Englis( ell. 8. It is necessar+ t(at +ou "s(ould$ be informed about (at is (appening in t(e countr+. 9. It as strange t(at s(e s(ouldn#t (ave read t(is boo!. :. It is anno+ing t(at +ou s(ould (ave forgotten to bring me bac! t(e boo!. ;. It is li!el+ t(at m+ son s(ould (ave passed t(e exam. =. It is ver+ important t(at t(is contract "s(ould$ be signed ver+ soon. >. ,o +ou mean it is li!el+ t(at e "s(ould$ spend our (olida+ in

89

<rasov- 5?. It is necessar+ t(at I "s(ould$ be present at t(e meetingE!er"iti l >. 5. 1ot(er decided t(at e "s(ould$ sta+ at (ome. 6. *(e teac(er suggests t(at e "s(ould$ read t(is boo!. 7. *(e manager re@uested t(at ever+bod+ "s(ould$ be present at = o#cloc!. 8. 1+ friend insisted t(at I "s(ould$ go to t(e concert it( (im. 9. *(e manager proposed t(at 5 "s(ould$ or! in anot(er department. :. &e suggested t(at e "s(ould$ bu+ t(is (ouse. ;. I insist t(at +ou "s(ould$ accept t(is 0ob. =. I suggested t(at e "s(ould$ elect (im president. E!er"iti l ?. 5. &e entered t(e (ouse noiselessl+ so t(at I mig(t not (ear (im. 6. 1ove aside so t(at I ma+'mig(t see t(e screen. 7. /pea! louder so t(at I ma+'mig(t (ear +ou. 8. )(atever +ou ma+'mig(t tell me, I can#t believe +ou. 9. Bo matter (o (ard +ou ma+'mig(t tr+, +ou can#t in suc( a competition. :. )(enever +ou ma+'mig(t return, I ill be at (ome aiting for +ou. ;. )(oever ma+'mig(t (ave told +ou t(is about me, +ou s(ouldn#t (ave believed it. =. I made a loan so t(at I mig(t bu+ t(e (ouse. >. It is possible t(at s(e mig(t be a a+. 5?. )(atever t(e reason ma+'mig(t be, +ou s(ouldn#t lie to me. E!er"iti l @. 5. it mig(t not get. 6. it s(ould get. 7. t(e+ "s(ould$ divorce. 8. s(ould (ave told. 9. +ou ma+'mig(t be. :. e "s(ould$ leave. ;. (adn#t bro!en do n. =. (e ere. >. (e ere. 5?. +ou retired. 55. s(e s(ould (ave left. 56. mig(t prosper. 57. +ou s(ould (ave. 58. +ou ma+'mig(t understand. 59. e s(ould ta!e. 5:. "s(ould$ (ave. 5;. ma+ attend. 5=. I (ad been. 5>. I ould find. 6?. I (ad.

LECTIA VIII 9$ercitii cu constructiile verbale E!er"iti l ,.

90

5. I expected +ou to come earlier. 6. &e anted me to (elp (im. 7. /(e made me understand (at (ad (appened. 8. I t(in! (im to be a good (usband. 9. I (eard (er scold'scolding (er c(ild. :. Ao(n admitted t(e fault to be (is. ;. I rel+ on +ou to lend me some mone+. =. I atc(ed t(em pla+ing football. >. I sa (im spea!ing to (is friend. 5?. 1ot(er ould li!e me to become a doctor. 55. I understand (er to be a ver+ good teac(er. 56. 5 !ne (im to be a ver+ bus+ man. 57. I sa some c(ildren pla+ing in t(e par!. 58. I supposed (im to be able to drive a car. 59. &e made me miss t(e train. E!er"iti l -. 5. *(is problem is too difficult for me to solve. 6. *(is is a good boo! for +ou to read. 7. *(is fact is important for +ou to bear in mind. 8. *(is is a valuable piece of advice for +ou to ta!e. 9. *(e time (as come for us to (ave a (eart to (eart tal!. :. *(e people ere impatient for t(e matc( to begin. ;. I (ave closed t(e indo for +ou not to catc( a cold. =. *(is is t(e main t(ing for us to do. >. I ordered a taxi for (er not to miss t(e train. 5?. *(is is a strange t(ing for (er to (ave said. E!er"iti l 2. 5. It is necessar+ for (im to be present. 6. It is recommendable for +ou to read t(is boo!. 7. It#s time for us to meet again. 8. It#s time for +ou to start learning foreign languages. 9. It is possible for t(e plane to be dela+ed. :. It is impossible for (im to (ave said t(at. ;. It is possible for me to bu+ a car. =. It is advisable for +ou to resign. >. It is important for +ou to come to t(e office at once. 5?. It is necessar+ for +ou to stud+ t(e matter seriousl+. E!er"iti l 3. 5. &e is expected to arrive at 6 o#cloc!. 6. &e as (eard to repeat it several times. 7. /(e seemed to be satisfied it( me. 8. &e as expected to resign. 9. /(e " as$ proved to be a liar. :. /(e as said to be ill. ;. &e as believed to be a brilliant surgeon. =. /(e as t(oug(t to be unable to in t(e contest. >. *(e+ are sure to (ave (ad an argument. 5?. /(e (appened to ma!e t(ree spelling mista!es in (er letter. E!er"iti l <.

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5. *(e plane as seen landing. 6. *(e bab+ as (eard cr+ing. 7. *(e bo+ as found brea!ing t(e indo . 8. /(e could be (eard t+ping. 9. /(e as seen l+ing on t(e beac(. :. /(e as seen fainting. ;. *(e peasants ere seen or!ing in t(e field. =. *(e c(ild as (eard brea!ing t(e vase. >. /(e as found digging in t(e garden. 5?. *(e (unters ere (eard s(ooting. E!er"iti l =. 5. ,aca vremea va permite, vom urca pna la vrful muntelui. 6. Intruct ploaia incetase, am plecat la cumparaturi. 7. .oncertul fiind terminat, publicul a parasit sala. 8. ,upa ce avionul a decolat am incetat sa fumez. 9. ,ecizia fiind luata in favoarea mea, am plecat acasa linistit. :. Intruct rul crescuse in timpul noptii, ne era teama sa nu avem inundatii. ;. *oata lumea fiind acasa, neam asezat la cina. =. Intruct noroiul imi stricase pantofii, a trebuit sa-i sc(imb. >. /crisoarea fiind scrisa, am mers sa o pun la posta. 5?. Intruct soarele rasarise, ne-am grabit spre pla0a.

LISTA VER#ELOR NEREBULATE to be to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bite to blo to brea! to bring to build as, bore beat became began bent bit ble bro!e broug(t built ere been borne, born beaten become begun bent bitten blo n bro!en broug(t built

92

to burn to burst to bu+ to catc( to c(oose to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to dra to dream to drin! to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fig(t to find to fl+

burnt burst boug(t caug(t c(ose came cost crept cut dealt dug did dre dreamt dran! drove ate fell fed felt foug(t found fle

burnt burst boug(t caug(t c(osen come cost crept cut dealt dug done dra n dreamt drun! driven eaten fallen fed felt foug(t found flo n

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to forbid to forget to forgive to freeze to give to go to gro to (ang to (ave to (ear to (ide to (it to (old to (urt to !eep to !neel to !no to la+ to lead to lean to learn to leave to lend

forbade forgot forgave froze gave ent gre (ung (ad (eard (id (it (eld (urt !ept !nelt !ne laid led leant learnt, learned left lent

forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen given gone gro n (ung (ad (eard (idden (it (eld (urt !ept !nelt !no n laid led leant learnt, learned left lent

94

to let to lie to lose to ma!e to mean to mo to meet to pa+ to put to read to ride to ring to rise to run to sa+ to see to see! to sell to set to se to s(a!e to s(ine to s(oot

let la+ lost made meant mo ed met paid put read rode rang rose ran said sa soug(t sold set se ed s(oo! s(one s(ot

let lain lost made meant mo n met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen soug(t sold set se n s(a!en s(one s(ot

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to s(o to s(rin! to s(ut to sing to sin! to sleep to slide to smell to so to spea! to spell to spend to spill to spread to stand to stea5 to stic! to stride to stri!e to strive to s ear to s eep to s im

s(o ed s(ran! s(ut sang san! slept slid smelt so ed spo!e spelt spent spilt spread stood stole stuc! strode struc! strove s ore s ept s am

s(o n s(run! s(ut sung sun! slept slid smelt so n spo!en spelt spent split spread stood stolen stuc! stridden struc! striven s orn s ept s um

96

to ta!e to teac( to tell to t(in! to t(ro to understand 5

too! taug(t told t(oug(t t(re understood

ta!en taug(t told t(oug(t t(ro n understood

97

98