DISCURSUL RAPORTAT

N
TEXTELE DIALECTALE
ROMNETI

INTRODUCERE
Ne propunem, n aces su!"u, s# o$er"m o "ma%"ne !e ansam&'u asupra !"scursu'u"
rapora, a(a cum apare e' n e)e !e $acur# ora'# *e)e !"a'eca'e, n ca+u' nosru,-
asupra $orme'or pe care e' 'e poae 'ua, ca (" asupra $unc.""'or acesora/
Pr"ma pare ese o recere cr""c# n re0"s# a pr"nc"pa'e'or !"rec."" !e cerceare a
$enomenu'u" !e care ne ocup#m a"c" (" a ce'or ma" repre1+ena"0e punce !e 0e!ere
$ormu'ae/ Su!""'e acoper# !omen"" !e cerceare !"nre ce'e ma" !"0erse, !e 'a reor"c#
spre '"n%0"s"c#, rec2n! pr"n narao'o%"e, pra%ma"c# (" 'o%"c#/ D"scursu' rapora n
'"m&a rom2n# nu a &ene$"c"a !e o aen."e spec"a'#, "neresu' cerce#or"'or $""n! sau
unu' %enera', !e pre+enare a ce'or ma" "mporane aspece a'e rapor#r"", sau unu'
$oare spec"a'"+a, o&"ecu' cerce#r"" cons"u"n!u1' !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er !"n
nara."unea cu'# sau "pur"'e m")e !e !"scurs, caracer"s"ce penru e)e ora'e, precum
!"scursu' !"rec 'e%a sau !"scursu' "n!"rec "nona !"rec/
De(" cercearea care $ormea+# o&"ecu' p#r."" a !oua a 'ucr#r"" a a0u n 0e!ere
cu'e%er"'e !e e)e !"a'eca'e $#r# un pr"nc"p"u !"$eren."aor, par"cu'ar"#."'e eme" ne1
au con!us spre un corpus a'c#u" !"n e)emp'e e)rase n marea 'or ma3or"ae !"n
nara."un" '"&ere 4 $acua'e *ntmplri, sau $"c"0e *poveti,/
In0es"%a."a se !es$#(oar# pe ma" mu'e p'anur"/ Ne1au "neresa punerea n relaie a
ce'or !ou# e'emene cons"u"0e a'e !"scursu'u" rapora, (" anume !"scursu' c"an ("
!"scursu' c"a *rapor cons"!e1ra !"n punc !e 0e!ere morfo-sintactic, logico-
semantic (" a' coerenei textuale,, crearea unui spaiu enuniativ particular penru
!"scursu' rapora, mo!a'"#."'e !e atribuire a !"scursu'u" c"a (" ce'e pr"n care ese
obiectivat re'a."a !"nre !"scursu' c"an (" !"scursu' c"a/
Su!"u' se nc5e"e pr"nr1un su&cap"o' !e!"ca conc'u+""'or, men" s# re'"e$e+e
pr"nc"pa'e'e re+u'ae a'e cerce#r"" (" s# e0"!en."e+e carace1r"s"c"'e corpusu'u" n
pr"0"n.a $e'u'u" n care apar a"c" !"$er"e'e "pur" !e !"scurs rapora/
I/ TEORII ASUPRA DISCURSULUI RAPORTAT
6/ An"c""- ono'o%"e (" e'eo'o%"e
6/6/ Repre+enarea cu0"ne'or 'a P'aon- a!e0#r (" "m"a."e

n Sofistul 789& 4 78:& c""m c# are'e pro!uc"0e se mpar n me(1e(u% !"0"n ("
me(e(u% uman (" c# $"ecare !"nre e'e pro!uce ;or"%"1na'e< (" "m"a.""- =eu' creea+#
un an"ma', !e p"'!#, !ar (" o%'"n!"rea acesu"a n ap# sau "ma%"nea 'u" nr1un 0"s, "ar
omu' poae pro!uce o cas# !ar (" repre+enarea p'as"c# a acese"a, n p"cur#> !e $ap,
'a n"0e' uman, mimesis1u', sau ac"0"aea pr"n care "au na(ere cop""'e, se "!en"$"c# cu
ara p"coru'u", a scu'poru'u", a poeu'u" (" a acoru1'u"/
n carea a III1a a Republicii *?@7c 4 ?@Ac,, P'aon, 0or&"n! !espre ara poeu'u", $ace
!"s"nc."a !"nre "sor"s"rea $#r# "m"a."e *BCDEFGCH IJKL MCMDGKNH, (" "sor"s"rea pr"n
"m"a."e *BCDEFGCH BCI MCMDGKNH,/ Acese m"3'oace !e e)pres"e po ap#rea separa sau
po coe)"sa nr1o anum"# oper#> as$e', !""ram&"" sun un mo!e' !e "sor"s"re s"mp'#
*"p !e e)punere penru care p'e!ea+# P'aon,, n poe+"a ep"c# se n2'nesc am&e'e
mo!a'"#.", "ar ra%e!"a (" come!"a au o naur# "m"a"0#, !eoarece n e'e pre!om"n#, ca
m"3'oc !e e)pres"e, "sor"s"rea pr"n "m"a."e *pe care P'aon o repu!"a+# !"n ceaea sa
"!ea'#, mpre1un# cu prac"c"en"" e",/ Oomer, &un#oar#, poae a'e%e "sor"s"rea s"mp'#,
0or&"n! ;n nume'e 'u" propr"u< *PQEKC RK SLRTH U VUCFRDH, (" nec#u2n! ;s# ne $ac#
7
s# cre!em c# 0reun a'u' !ec2 e' nsu(" ar 0or&"< sau poae 0or&" pr"n "nerme!"u'
persona3e'or- !e $"ecare !a#, nara."unea *a!e0#ru' poeu'u", 0a $" !"$er"# ca sau ("
super"oar# !"a'o%u'u" *m"nc"una personae1'or,/ Socrae !# n carea a III1a a
Republicii un mo!e' !e "sor"s"re s"mp'# *SVPF BCDEFGCH, (" ranspune un pasa3
!"a'o%a !"n Iliada, ar#2n! c# nu ar $" e)"sa "m"a."e !ac# Oomer ar $" spus !espre
preou' C5rWses- invocndu-i pe zei ca acetia s le dea aheilor pe mn roia i s-i
mntuie! s-a rugat de regi s-i slobozeasc fiica! primind darurile i fiind cu fric de
zeul "pollon# dup ce el a grit acestea! toi l-au cinstit i au ncuviinat! dar
"gamemnon s-a mniat! poruncindu-i s plece ec/
Se po $ace urm#oare'e o&ser0a.""-
a/ eor"a p'aon"c"an# ese ontologic> ea ese $ormu'a# !"n perspec"10a nre&#r""
unde ne aflm $n ierarhia creatorilor% atunci cnd crem &# ea ser0e(e n pr"mu'
r2n! unu" scop po'""c *crearea ce#."" "!ea'e, (" "!ea' ar $" ca 'ocu"or"" respec"0e"
ce#." s# $"e an%en." 'a ce'e !"0"ne (" nu 'a $""n.e'e creae pr"n mimesis>
&/ !ac# poe+"a ese o ar# m"me"c#, ea ese s"n%ura, !"nre ce'e paru are c"ae, n
'e%#ur# cu care se poae 0or&" !espre !ou# "pur" !e mimesis- poe+"a ese n s"ne
m"me"c#, $""n! o crea."e uman# !e %ra! secun!, !ar are, ca m"3'oc propr"u !e e)pres"e,
BCDEFGCH BCI MCMDGKNH, "sor"s"rea "m"a"0#, o re$'e)"e a une" re$'e)""> a(a!ar,
c/ A%amemnon nu ese !oar una !"nre mu'"p'e'e $e.e a'e proe"cu'u" Oomer, e' ese
acua'"+area unu" m"3'oc !e e)pres"e, m"3'oc ce, $""n! m"me"c, ese $a's pr"n naura 'u">
or" !e c2e or" 0a ncerca s# cree+e o "'u+"e a adevrului *'#s2n!u1(" persona3e'e s#
0or&easc# sau 0or&"n! e' nsu(",, Oomer nu 0a reu(" !ec2 s# cree+e o iluzie, !ep#ra#
ma" mu' sau ma" pu."n !e a!e0#r> Oomer poae 0or&" n nume'e 'u", a' poeu1'u", sau
se poae ascun!e n spae'e persona3e'or sa'e, !ar, pr"n c5"ar $e'u' !e a $" a' are" sa'e,
poeu' nu poae e)pr"ma a!e0#ru'- e' poae !oar a'e%e nre !ou# mo!a'"#." !e a mini,
"ar P'aon a'e%e, !"nre !ou# re'e, pe ce' ma" m"c>
!/ "sor"s"rea pr"n "m"a."e ese un mo! !e e)pres"e a' poe+"e"> !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere al
poetului, reu("a ar"s"c# a BCDEFGCH BCI MCMDGKNH !ep"n!ea !e a!ec0area spuse'or
unu" persona3 'a caraceru' acesu"a> acesa era a!e0#ru', !e care !ep"n!ea re+"rea
unor emo."" ese"ce n c""or sau specaor 4 a!e0#ru' ese n.e'es a"c" !"nr1un punc
!e 0e!ere utilitar# aceas# a!ec0are a spuse'or 'a persona3 (" a acesu"a 'a ac."une
puea $" una !e e)cep."e (" puea s# ;sc5"m&e "n"."a"0a crea1oare 'a n"0e'u'
specaoru'u", a(a nc2 s#1' $ac# s# crea!# c# s"mu'a1rea este rea'"ae< *McLe"s5- 7A,/
6/7/ Mo!ur" !e e)punere n reor"ca 'a"n#

6/7/6/
C"cero ara# n 'espre inveniune c# nara."unea *;e)punerea unor $ape rea'e sau
cons"!erae ca aare<, ese !e re" $e'ur"-
1pr"ma cupr"n!e cauza i temeiul !e+&aer"">
1a !oua cupr"n!e digresiunea>
1a re"a ese neo&"(nu"# n cau+e'e c"0"'e> se scr"e !e p'#cere (" ese un e)erc"."u
$o'os"or> aceasa !"n urm# se poae ocupa de fapte sau de persoane> cea care se ocup#
de fapte are re" spec""-
a, legenda *care narea+# $ape ce nu sun n"c" rea'e, n"c" 0eros"m"'e,>
&, istoria *$ape rea'e, !ar 0ec5", ("
c, ipoteza *$ape "ma%"nae, !ar 0eros"m"'e,,
"ar cea care se ocup# de persoane ;ese !e a(a naur# c# n ea, o !a# cu $ape'e nse'e,
po." cunoa(e (" $e'u' !e a 0or&" (" caraceru' persoa1ne'or</
?

6/7/7/
Xu"n"'"an cons"!er# prosopopeea ca $""n! ;$"%ura cea ma" puern"c# penru a $ace s#
sr#'ucesc# amp'"$"carea< *I, ?Y1?6,> pr"n aceas# $"%u1r#-
6/ ;re!#m con0or&"r"'e noasre cu a'."" (" a'e a'ora nre e", !e a(a ma1n"er# nc2 s# $"e
p'au+"&"'e< sau
7/ ;!e+0#'u"m %2n!ur"'e a!0ersar"'or, pre+en2n!u1" ca (" cum ar !"s1cua cu e" n("("<>
n s$2r(",
?/ ;ese a!m"s c5"ar s# co&or2m +e"" pe p#m2n, s# e0oc#m mor.""> ora(e'e, c5"ar ("
popoare'e cap## %'as n prosopopee< *II, 7@1?7,/
De(" Xu"n"'"an nu o spune e)p'"c", acese re" pos"&"'"#." !e rea'"+are a prosopopee"
sun corespon!ene'e m"me"ce a'e ce'or re" spec"" !e nara."une care are n 0e!ere
$ape'e- pr"ma !"nre e'e, $""n! rea'# (" 0eros"m"'#, ese istorie, a !oua, "ma%"nar# !ar
0eros"m"'#, ."ne !e !o1men"u' ipotezei, "ar a re"a, ne$""n! n"c" rea'#, n"c" 0eros"m"'#,
apar."ne legendei/
Opo+"."a obli(uus)rectus acoper# a(a!ar o opo+"."e !e %en nara"0- re'aarea $ape'or
*diegesis, versus repro!ucerea spuse'or cu"0a *mime-sis,/
Puem $ace urm#oare'e o&ser0a.""-
a/ no."unea !e verosimil ese cenra'#> caraceru' 0eros"m"' sau ne0ero1s"m"' a' une"
nara."un" poae !eerm"na ca'"aea "mpacu'u" pe care ' are !"scursu' asupra
au!"or"u'u"> penru a e $o'os" !e prosopopee ;se cere o e'oc"n.# nr1a!e0#r
0"%uroas#, c#c" ce e $a's (" !e necre+u or" "mpres"onea+# prea mu', $""n! !easupra
a!e0#ru'u", or" nu pro!uce n"c" un e$ec, $""n!c# nu ese a!e0#ra< *II, ??,>
&/ o cae%or"e" 0eros"m"'u'u" *(" "mp'"c", o&"ec"0e'or pe care (" 'e propune oraoru', "
se su&or!onea+# (" a'e%erea une"a sau a a'e"a !"nre mo!a'"#."'e !e e)pres"e/ Oraoru'
poae a'e%e s# pre+"ne sec $ape'e, a'ern2n! !ae !"n rea'"aea "me!"a# cu !ae
"sor"ce sau "poe"ce (" se poae 'a $e' !e &"ne !ec"!e penru una sau a'a !"nre spec""'e
prosopopee"> n s$2r(", 'e poae $o'os" n !o+e a'ernae !up# &unu' p'ac, a'enu'
persona' (" reac."a pu&'"cu'u"> "mporan ese s ncnte! s emoioneze! s conving>
cr"er"u' care 0a !a 0"a.# !"scur1su'u" s#u ese verosimilul estetic i persuasiv# 'a $e' ca
(" 'a poe."" %rec", a!e0#ra ese ceea ce ser0e(e ma" &"ne scopur"'or 'ucr#r"", cr"er"u'
!e !"scr"m"nare nre a!e0#ra (" $a's ese unu' utilitar#
c/ eor"a 'a"n# ese teleologic# ea ese $ormu'a# !"n perspec"0a nre&#r"" cum
anume putem atinge obiectivele pe care ni le-am propus &> ea are ap'"ca."" reor"ce (",
pr"n aceasa, po'""ce/
6/7/?/
Z"ru."'e s"'u'u" o&'"c

*ratio obli(ua era o $orm# !e e)punere per$ec# penru rapoare, !e1cree, pre+en#r"
scr"se, n %enera'- ;une pra"[ue 5\or"s\e par 'a r5\or"[ue, e''e1m]me "m&r"[uan !e
$a^on r_s serr\e 'e '"n%u"s"[ue, 'e narra"$ e 'e po'""[ue/< *Ros"er 6@@@a- 77,/
6/7/?/6/
n reor"c#
Ar# a persuas"un"" pr"n m"3'oace ese"ce, reor"ca presupune s"m.u' ec5"'"&ru'u"
!"nre p#r."'e !"scursu'u" (" (""n.a !o+#r"" e$"c"ene a $"%u1r"'or/
`
*ratio recta crea persona3u', crea "'u+"a auonom"e" 'u", '#s2n!u1' s# 0or&easc#, s# se
arae, s# se spun#> cu0"ne'e ros"e !e acesa erau, !ac# nu a!e0#rae, ce' pu."n bine
gsite> omu' era 3u!eca *penru c# era n.e'es, nu !up# cum era n rea'"ae, c" !up#
cum ransp#rea pr"n masca 'u" !"scurs"0#> proce!eu' era !rama"c n oae sensur"'e/
*ratio obli(ua re!a cu02nu' ce'u" care (" sus."nea p'e!oar"a, ce'u" care re&u"a s#
con0"n%# 4 n pr"mu' r2n! pr"nr1o '"m&# per$ec s#p21n"#> !ac# ce'e spuse nu erau
a!e0#rae, e'e re&u"au s# $"e ce' pu."n bine spuse/
Dac# oratio recta %enera exemplaritatea verosimil *(" e0"!en."a pue1rea !e
con0"n%ere (" !e se!uc."e a acese"a,, oratio obli(ua " controla '"m"e'e ("1" amen!a
e)cese'e/
6/7/?/7/
n po'""c#
n 6A8 /e/n/, un !ecre a' Senau'u" roman *Senatus consultum de +acchanalibus,
"ner+"ce &acana'e'e, r"ur" "mporae !"n S"r"a> e)u' !ecreu'u", care are sau !e
'e%e, ese re!aca n nre%"me n oratio obli(ua, !eoarece aacbes non 'bor"%"na'
roma"n, ma"s 'a 'ere en0oW\e par 'es consu's c propos !u s\naus1consu'ebb *Ernou-
8Y,/
Scr"soarea a $os re!aca# n oratio obli(ua n.e'eas# in extenso# ea nu e)pr"ma
puncu' !e 0e!ere persona' a' consu'"'or, c" era o !ec"+"e a Senau'u"/
*ratio obli(ua nu era a(a!ar un spa."u n care em".#oru' raporor se !"san.a !e
!"scurs *cu pos"&"'"aea su%er#r"" puncu'u" s#u !e 0e!ere asupra acesu"a, pr"n !"0erse
m"3'oace, c", !"mpor"0#, un spa."u n ca1re !"scursu' se !"san.a !e em".#oru'
raporor, !e or"ce "nru+"une a acesu"a n e), !e su&"ec"0"aea acesu"a
*con3unc"0u' (" "n$"n""0u', semne'e mor$o1s"nac"ce a'e oratio obli(ua nu ."neau !e
a'e%erea ra1pororu'u",> oratio obli(ua era, pe scur, o mo!a'"ae o&"ec"0# !e cap1are
a su&"ec"0"#.""> ese ceea ce da5"n nume(e stil liniar
6
/
Documenu' !e care 0or&"m eman# !e 'a o auor"ae, "ar aa'e !"scours "n!"rec ne
re'_0e pas !e 'be)p'"ca"on %ramma"ca'e ma"s !bune $orma1"on !"scurs"0e
par"cu'"_re, "!\o'o%"[uemen mar[u\e/ Sbe)pr"mer en sW'e "n!"rec, cbes a!oper 'e
sW'e !e 'a 'o", cbes par'er 'a 'o", cbes, se'on 'e mo !e Mona"%ne, e!"re 'e 0raWf /bb
*Ros"er 6@@@a-68,/
6/7/?/?/
n "sor"e
A scr"e "sor"a nseamn# a a0ea acces 'a o anum"# mo!a'"ae !e enun.are> enun.area
"sor"c# are "nen."a !e a consru" aaun r,cit !ans 'e sWs_me !u discoursbb
*Ranc"_re-??, su&'"n"erea mea> ermen"" su&'"n"a." sun $o'os"." a"c" ca 'a den0en"se,/
Acu' enun.#r"" ese $a's c2# 0reme apar."ne unu" om o&"(nu"> or" !e c2e or" ar 0or&",
acesa !"n urm# nu ar pro!uce !ec2 mosre !e discurs# persona3 a' 'um""
e0en"men."a'e, e' ese em".#oru' unor enun.ur" care sun, 'a r2n!u' 'or, e0en"mene/
Isor"cu' se susra%e acesu" spa."u %ra."e mo!u'u" pr"0"'e%"a !e enun.are pe care '
$o'ose(e (" care " !# pos"&"'"aea !e a spune a!e0#ru'/ Raporu' !"nre istoric ("
subiecii "sor"e" sa'e ese a(a!ar asem#naor cu ace'a e0"!en."a !e P'aon, !"nre poet
(" perso-na-ele sa'e> a!e0#ru' "sor"cu'u" ese ns# o pro&'em# !e legitimitate/ Aunc"
c2n!, nr1un ep"so! a' "nalelor sa'e, !# cu02nu' unu" 'e%"o1nar, Tac" 0a $ace re$er"re
'a spuse'e acesu"a $o'os"n! oratio obli(ua, !eoarece aaes 'a mo!a'"\ sp\c"$"[ue se'on
9
'a[ue''e "' r\a'"se 'b\[u"'"&re !u r\c" e !u !"scours e "en ensem&'e 'es pou0o"rs !e
'a neura'"\ e ceu) !u soup^onbb *ib.- 86,> !e asemenea, aa"' gTac"h cr\e un mo!_'e
!b\'o[uence su&0ers"0e pour 'es oraeurs e 'es s"mp'es so'!as !e 'ba0en"r/ Ceu)1c"
!\sorma"s ne r\p_erons pas Percenn"us !on 'a 0o") sbes per!ue ma"s Tac"e [u" !"
m"eu) [ubeu) 'es ra"sons !e ous 'es Percenn"us/bb *ib.- 8`,/
6/7/`/
Dou# mo!ur" !e a n.e'e%e cup'u' oratio recta)oratio obli(ua
Ce'e ma" cunoscue %rama"c" 'a"ne apar."n2n! unor auor" rom2n" *ese 0or&a !espre
dar&u i Zas"'escu (" !espre du3or i C5"r"ac, "'usrea+# !ou# punce !e 0e!ere
!"$er"e asupra mo!u'u" n care ar re&u" raae oratio recta (" oratio obli(ua/
La dar&u i Zas"'escu, cr"er"u' $o'os" penru a !"s"n%e nre recta (" obli(ua ese
existenial (" gnoseologic/ su&"ec"0 vs o&"ec"0/ Comen12n! pasa3u' ;ja'"a oa# ese
mp#r."# n re", !"nre care pe una o 'ocu"esc &e'%"", pe a !oua a[u"an"", "ar pe a re"a
ce" care (" spun ce'." (" pe care no" " num"m %a'"/< *Caesar, 'e bello 0allico, I, 6, 6,,
auor"" cons"!er# c# e' ese n oratio recta, penru c# "n$orma.""'e nu repre+"n1#
puncu' !e 0e!ere a' unu" anum" "n!"0"!, c" sun pre+enae ;ca o rea'"ae obiectiv</
*7@?> su&'"n"erea mea,/ Nume'e !e obli(ua, n sc5"m&, pro0"ne !e 'a un anum" u+ a'
con3unc"0u'u"- c2n! con3unc1"0u' ese $o'os" n su&or!onae, e' poae !o&2n!" un
nou ro', (" anu1me pe ace'a ;!e a e)pr"ma ceea ce apar."ne ca %2n!"re cu"0a, a!"c#
subiectivitate# n aces ro' se nume(e modus obli(uus/< *7?:> su&'"n"1er"'e auor"'or,/
Cu a'e cu0"ne, nu "neresea+# !ac# enun.u' +alena este mamifer. are un anum"
em".#or, care per$ormea+# aces enun. 'a un momen !a, c" !oar !ac# enun.u'
e)pr"m# o rea'"ae o&"ec"0# *a(a cum o (" $ace,> pr"0"n! as$e' 'ucrur"'e, un asemenea
enun. poae $" re!a !oar n oratio recta/ Cu ou' a'$e' sau 'ucrur"'e cu enun.u'
+alena este un pete., care nu poae $" re!a !ec2 n oratio obli(ua, nruc2 e)pr"m#
p#rerea persona'# a cu"0a/ De(" pare &"+ar, aces mo! !e a 0e!ea (" !e a pre+ena
pro&'ema ese ma" aprop"a !e $e'u' n care percepeau 'a"1n"" 'ucrur"'e !ec2 ace'a, pur
%rama"ca', a!opa !e du3or i C5"r"ac/ n aceas# %rama"c#, cr"er"u' ese unu'
sintactic- non1!epen!en.# vs !epen!en.#- oratio recta ese !e$"n"# ca ;repro!ucerea
0or&e'or cu"0a n $orma n care au $os pronun.ae<, "ar oratio obli(ua ca ;repro!uce1
rea 0or&e'or cu"0a, $#c2n!u1'e s# !ep"n!# !e un 0er& sau !e o e)pres"e declarandi or"
sentiendi < *7@9,> 'a $e', pr"n oratio obli(ua in extenso se n.e'e%e ;or"ce propo+"."e
care nu !ep"n!e !e un verbum declarandi sau !e un verbum sentiendi, pr"n care se
anun.# 0or&"rea cu"0a, rans1m"s# !e scr""or n $orm# !e oratio obli(ua, !ar care, !"n
cone), se 0e!e c# nu apar."ne scr""oru'u", c" a'e" persoane/< *?YY,/
Zom spune c# dar&u i Zas"'escu $ac o teorie a enunrii, n "mp !e du3or i C5"r"ac
$ac o teorie a discursului *sau a textului,, nume !ae !up# cenre'e !e "neres a'e ce'or
!ou# "pur" !e a pr"0" $enomenu' !"scursu'u" rapora/
6/7/9/
Corespon!en.e
6/7/9/6/
In$'uen.a." !e mo!u' mo!ern !e n.e'e%ere a ce'or !ou# s"'ur" $un!a1mena'e, am $"
ena." s# "!en"$"c#m SVPF BCDEFGCH *n care poeu' ne ransm"e aan nume'e 'u"
propr"ubb spuse'e persona3e'or, cu s"'u' "n!"rec, "ar BCDEFGCH BCI MCMDGKNH cu ce'
!"rec/ De $ap, !ac# P'aon ar $" $o'os" ermen"" direct (" indirect, e' ar $" asoc"a e)ac
8
"n0ers ce'e !ou# mo!ur" !e enun.are cu ce" !o" ermen" mo!ern"> as$e', !ac# pasa3u'
!a ca e)emp'u !e c#re Socrae "1ar $" apar."nu 'u" Oomer, e)u' ar $" $os o mosr#
!e enun.are direct, c#c" ne 0or&e(e poeu', ;$#r# s# ne $ac# s# cre!em c# 0reun a'u'
!ec2 e' nsu(" ar 0or&"<, "ar !ac# 0or&esc *a(a cum o (" $ac n e)u' 5omer"c, preou'
C5rWses (" A%amemnon, a0em a $ace cu o mo!a'"ae indirect !e enun.are *c#c"
poeu' ne 0or&e(e pr"n "nerme!"u' persona3e'or,/

6/7/9/7/
Corespon!en.a !"nre $orme'e mo!erne !e DD (" DI (" $orme'e 'a"1ne(" oratio
recta)oratio obli(ua pune !e asemenea pro&'eme/
n p'an eore"c-
a/ !eoarece !"scursu' "n!"rec a' e)e'or 'a"ne(" se puea !e&ara1sa u(or !e
$ormu'a verbum declarandi k con3unc."e su&or!ona1oare- n 'a"na c'as"c#,
$o'os"rea con3unc"0u'u" (" a "n$"n""0u'u" era su$"c"en# penru a "n!"ca pre+en.a
une" oratio obli(ua>
&/ !eoarece oratio obli(ua puea $" n.e'eas# stricto sensu sau in extenso/ U'"ma
;(" are "+0oru' n s"'u' a!m"n"sra"0 a' re!ac1#r"" !"scu.""'or (" 5o#r2r"'or
$orur"'or con!uc#oare< *dar&u i Zas"'escu- 7@?, (" se man"$es# pr"n aceea c#
se $o'ose(e con13unc"0u' aco'o un!e s1ar a(epa "n!"ca"0u', proce!eu pr"n
care scr""oru' ."ne s# 'oca'"+e+e (" s# "n!"0"!ua'"+e+e un anum" punc !e
0e!ere/
n p'an prac"c, !eoarece oratio recta)oratio obli(ua era o opo+"."e !e or!"n reor"c,
"ar pro&'ema era raa# 'a figurile de gndire *ca pare a une" eor"" e'eo'o%"ce,, pe
c2n! DD (" DI "nr# na"ne !e oae nr1o opo+"."e !e or!"n %rama"ca' *ca pare nr1o
eor"e a !"scursu'u",/
Se suprapun oratio recta (" !"scursu' !"rec l

Da, !ac# pr"n !"scurs !"rec n.e'e%em-
1 rep'"c"'e persona3e'or une" 'ucr#r" !rama"ce>
1 rep'"c"'e !"a'o%ae a'e persona3e'or une" pro+e $"c."ona'e>
1 rep'"c"'e !e !"a'o% care apar nr1un anum" !"scurs (" care sun e)p'"c"
nso."e !e m#rc" a'e $"c."ona'u'u", precum $orma !e con!"."ona' a 0er&u'u" !e
!ec'ara."e *'ac ea mi-ar zice/ 1 234! atunci eu i-a spune 1 234 etc.,>
1 rep'"c"'e !"a'o%ae a'e 'ocuor"'or !"nr1o po0es"re $acua'#/
Nu, !ac# pr"n !"scurs !"rec n.e'e%em-
1 rep'"c"'e !"a'o%ae a'e 'ocuor"'or !"nr1o po0es"re $acua'#
7
>
1 se%mene'e !e !"scurs, semna'ae pr"n !"0erse m"3'oace *%ra$"ce sau ora'e, ("
ar"&u"e, n mass1me!"a scr"s# sau 0or&"#, unor "n!"0"+" rea'">
1 c"ae'e, marcae %ra$"c (" urmae !e nume'e surse">
1 rep'"c"'e !"n !"a'o%ur"'e pro!use pr"n ranscr"erea unor nre%"s1r#r" *re+u'ae,
'a r2n!u' 'or, n urma unor anc5ee 3urna'"s"ce, eno%ra$"ce, !"a'eca'e ec/,
?
/
*ratio recta a 'a"n"'or sau mimesis1u' %recesc erau mo!a'"#." !e e)1pr"mare a
$"c"0u'u"- eore"+a !e c#re P'aon n ermen" ono'o%"c", mimesis1u' a !e0en" repe!e
o cae%or"e ese"c#/
Se suprapun oratio obli(ua (" !"scursu' "n!"rec l
:
Da, !ac# a0em n 0e!ere doar 'aura sr"c %rama"ca'# a proce!eu'u" (" $acem o
compara."e nre '"m&" *a(a cum se proce!ea+# n %rama"c", a!"c# n eor"" a' c#ror
cenru !e "neres ese !"scursu',/ Nu, !ac# 'u#m n cons"!erare praxis1u'- uzul ("
efectele acesu" u+, n reor"ca 'a"n#/
C2n! 0or&"m a(a!ar !espre mimesis, 0or&"m nu !espre mo!a'"aea '"n%0"s"c#
*un"0ersa'# (" ne!aa&"'#, !e a re!a spuse'e unu" er., c" !espre un concep care are o
!a# !e na(ere, un eore"c"an, un !o1men"u !e ap'"ca."e> 'a $e', c2n! ne re$er"m 'a
oratio obli(ua, nu 0"+#m un a' "p !e e)pres"e *compara&"' "ner'"n%0"s"c, cu $orme
spec"$"ce $"ec#re" '"m&",, c" una !"nre r#s#ur"'e or"%"na'e a'e '"m&"" 'a"ne/
6/7/8/
Semne'e !"$eren.e"
Aunc" c2n! auor"" jrama"c"" !e 'a Por1RoWa' opun raporarea !"rec# a spuse'or
cu"0a ce'e" "n!"rece, e" $ac %rama"c#, ceea ce penru e" nsemna $apu' c# au n 0e!ere
mo!u' n care se acua'"+ea+# n $rance+# acese un"0ersa'""- ;Cee man"_re !e 3o"n!re
'es propos""ons par un "n$"n""$, ou par 'e (uod i 'e (ue, es pr"nc"pa'emen en usa%e
[uan! on rappore 'es !"scours !bauru" gmh 3e ne $era" pas or!"naremen ce rappor en
ces ermes- les roi m5a dit, -e vous donnerai une charge, en 'a"ssan 'es !eu)
propos""on s\par\es, 'bune !e mo" i 'baure !u roW> ma"s 3e 'es 3o"n!ra" ensem&'e par
un (ue- 6e Roi a dit (u5il me donnera une charge/ E a'ors comme ce nbes p'us
[ubune propos""on [u" es !e mo", 3e c5an%e 'a prem"_re personne, -e donnerai, en 'a
ro"s"_me, il donnera i 'e pronom vous, [u" me s"%n"$"o" 'e Ro" par'an, au pronom
me, [u" me s"%n"$"e mo" par'an/< *Por1RoWa'/ ?971?9?, apud Ros"er 6@@@a- 78 ,/
n sc5"m&, deau+\e "n0enea+# un concep aunc" c2n!, ocup2n!u1se !e mo!a'"aea
!"rec# !e re!are, spune-
;Ce !"scours "en, comme comp'\men, c 'a propos""on [u" 'ba annon1c\, i "' W
auro" une sore !b"ncons\[uence c 'ben s\parer par un po"n s"mp'e, [u" mar[uero"
une "n!\pen!ance en"_re- ma"s "' en es pour1an r_s !"s"n%u\, pu"s[ub"' nbappar"en
pas c ce'u" [u" 'e rappore ou [ub"' ne 'u" appar"en [ub5"sor"[uemen> e en e$$e il
commence par une lettre capitale/ I' es !onc ra"sonna&'e !e s\parer 'e !"scours !"rec
!e 'bannonce par 'a poncua"on 'a p'us $ore en !essous !u po"n, cbes1c1!"re par les
deux points/ gmh Pour une !"s"nc"on p'us mar[u\e, on p'ace encore des guillemets au
commencemen !e oues 'es '"%nes !e ce !"scours !"rec
`
ou &"en on W emp'o"e un
carac_re !"$$\ren/< *II, 86?> apud Ros"er 6@@@a- 7A17@> su&'"n"er"'e me'e,/
Cr"er"u' cu care operea+# deau+\e ese a(a!ar unu' enun."a"0, !ar e$ece'e au
'e%#ur# cu a'e%erea unora sau a a'ora !"nre semne'e !e puncua."e/
Pr"nc"p""'e pe care se &a+ea+# $o'os"rea semne'or !e puncua."e sun, !up# deau+\e,
urm#oare'e-
;6/ 'e &eso"n !e resp"rer
9
>
7/ 'a !"s"nc"on !e sens par"e's [u" cons"uen 'e !"scours>
?/ 'a !"$$\rence !e !e%r\s !e su&or!"na"on [u" con0"ennen c c5acun !e ces sens
par"e's !ans 'bensem&'e !u !"scours< *deau+\e- 9::19:A, apud jrua+-67,/
A0em a(a!ar, 'a deau+\e, in nuce, pr"nc"pa'e'e !"rec."" !e cerceare asupra !"scursu'u"
!"rec a'e mo!ern"#.""- !"$eren.a !e sau enun."a"0 (" !e sau %rama"ca' !"nre DD
(" DI/
A
7imesis! oratio obli(ua! discours direct/ penru $"ecare !"nre e'e, !rumu' parcurs
ese !e 'a o rea'"ae '"n%0"s"c# 'a una eore"c#/
An"c""
proce!eu' mimesis oratio obli(ua
"n0enaor"" %rec"" 'a"n""
ap'"ca."" po'""c#> '"eraur# reor"c#> "sor"e> po'""c#
perec5e cu diegesis *naratio, oratio recta *mimesis,
corespon!en oratio recta 1
cons"!era ca !"scurs a' $"c."un"" !"scurs a' a!e0#ru'u"
Mo!ern""
proce!eu' !"rec "n!"rec
"n0enaor"" $rance+""
ap'"ca."" '"eraur#
perec5e cu "n!"rec !"rec
presupune puncua."e corespon!en.a "mpur"'or
cons"!era ca !"scurs a' a!e0#ru'u" !"scurs a' ranspuner"", a'
mo!"$"c#r"", a' $a'su'u"
Ceea ce s1a n2mp'a o !a# cu %rama"c"'e "'um"n"("'or $rance+" ese o sc5"m&are !e
para!"%m#- ce se pune acum n !"scu."e nu sun co1respon!ene'e rea'"#."" (" $"c."un""
n p'anu' !"scursu'u" sau "mp'"ca.""1'e po'""ce a'e $o'os"r"" unor !"scursur" care 'e
re$'ec#, c" mo!a'"#."'e !e raporare 'a o a'er"ae, mo!a'"#." care, na"ne !e a $"
%rama"ca'e, sun raionale/ D"scursu' !"rec ese percepu ca un $ap '"n%0"s"c
eero%en- e' raporea+# spuse'e a'cu"0a (" ese 'o%"c s# $"e marca n consec"n.#/ Ce'e
!ou# punce, '"era cap"a'#, %5"'"me'e'e sun o a2ea semne a'e !"$eren.e"- e'e
marc5ea+# er"or"u' ce'u"'a', "na'era&"' %rama"ca', !ec" "!en"c cu s"ne nsu(", !ec"
a!e0#ra/ n !"scursu' !"rec, !ou# enun.#r" sau $a.# n $a.#- !ou# 0oc", !ou# mo!ur"
!e a $", care se cer e0"!en."ae "po%ra$"c/ D"scursu' "n!"rec 0a $" percepu ca un"ar-
una !"nre enun.#r" a as"m"'a1o pe cea'a'#, !up# ce a rans$orma1o- o rans$ormare
pre!"c"&"'#, con$orm unu" a&e' !e corespon!en.# pe care ' 0om %#s" n %rama"c"/
Pre%#" penru sarc"n" '"erare, !"scursu' rapora 0a pune pro&'eme !e 'e%""m"ae
a)onom"c#- !ac# e' ese !e$"n" na"ne !e oae n ermen" empora'" *;pu"s[ub"'
nbappar"en pas c ce'u" [u" 'e rappore ou [ub"' ne 'u" appar"en
[ubhistori(uement<, (" !ac# or"c"ne raporea+# $ace "sor"e, penru or"ce po0es"re
$"c."ona'# ermenu' raportat ese "na!ec0a/ Naraoru' nu re!#, c" $a&u'ea+#, (" e)"s# o
!"$eren.# !e n"0e' ono'o%"c nre e' (" persona3e'e sa'e 4 pr"mu' nu poae reda spuse'e
unu" persona3 !ec2 !ac# ese e' nsu(" persona3/ Decur%e $"resc a(a!ar c# mo!a'"#."'e
!"rec# (" "n!"rec# !"n opere'e !e $"c."une care au aceas# caracer"s"c#, a !"$eren.e" !e
n"0e' ono'o%"c, nu sun (" "pur" !e !"scurs rapora, !eoarece nu e)"s# !ou# enun.#r",
'a !ou# momene !"$er"e, !"nre care u'"ma s# se rapore+e 'a cea !"n2", c" o s"n%ur#
enun.are, a naraoru'u"> 0a re&u" !ec" s# !"$eren."em nre spuse'e unor persona3e
@
ransm"se !e c#re a'e persona3e (" spuse'e unor persona3e ransm"se !e c#re naraoru'
nsu("/

7/ Teor"" a'e enun.#r""

7/6/ C5ar'es da''W

da''W ese creaoru' s"'"s"c"" '"n%0"s"ce, (""n.# a' c#re" o&"ec ese su!"u' $ape'or !e
e)pres"e a'e '"m&a3u'u", or%an"+ae !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' con."nuu'u" 'or a$ec"0/
S"'"s"ca as$e' n.e'eas# ese a(a!ar $un!amena# pe concepu' !e enun.are *;'a $ace
e)press"0e !e 'a pen1s\e<, 6@?8, I- 7,/
Penru da''W, o !"scu."e n 'e%#ur# cu !omen"u' !"scursu'u" rapora re&u"e pura# n
ermen" !e gramatic! stilistic (" stil/
6/ Ce'e re" mo!a'"#." !e raporare 4 DD, DI, DIL 4 au n comun $apu' c# ;!ans 'es
ro"s cas on es en pr\sence !bun \nonc\ gEh !e paro'es gmh ou !e pens\es gmh e
ar"&u\es c un su3e gSh, par une personne [u" rappore ces paro'es ou ces pens\es
gRh/< *6@6`- `Y8, Ce'e re" "pur" !e !"scurs ."n !e parea ra."ona'# a $enomenu'u" *ar
spune I'um"n"("",, sun ;$ormes !e pens\e<, spune da''W>
7/ n or"ce ac !e raporare, ns#, su&"ecu' 0or&"or $ace ma" n2" !e oae o a'e%ere>
apo", or"ce acua'"+are a une"a !"nre acese mo!a'"#." !e raporare ese su&"ec"0#
penru c# $ace pos"&"'# apar"."a une" mu'1"u!"n" !e $orme m")e> n a' re"'ea r2n!,
or"ce raporare poae !e0en" pr"'e3 penru comenarea ce'or raporae (", n aces $e',
penru e)pr"1marea su&"ec"0"#.""> ne a$'#m a"c" pe er"or"u' stilisticii a(a cum o
n.e'e%ea da''W, "neresa# !e acua'"+#r"'e ce'or re" mo!a'"#." un"0ersa'e !e
raporare nr1o anum"# co'ec"0"ae '"n%0"s"c# *$ap penru care 0om a0ea stilistic
francez! german! romneasc ec/,>
?/ n#c2n! !"s"nc."a !"nre stilistic (" stil, a!"c# !"nre oa'"aea m"31'oace'or !e
e)pres"e a'e une" co'ec"0"#." (" oa'"aea m"3'oace'or !e e)pres"e a'e unu" "n!"0"! sau
a'e une" opere, da''W operea+# cu cr"e1r"u' a&sen.e" vs pre+en.e" une" "nen."" ese"ce/
A"c" apare c'ar e)pr"1ma# "!eea c#, !ac# un 0or&"or o&"(nu" comunic pr"n
"nerme!"u' '"m&a3u'u", un scr""or $ace ma" mu' !ec2 a2 sau, ce' pu."n, $ace a'ce0a,
"!ee "mporan# penru !"scu."a mo!ern# asupra !"scursu'u" "n!"rec '"&er/ Ne a$'#m
a"c" pe er"or"u' une" s"'"s"c" "n!"0"!ua'e, care nu ' "neresa pe da''W/
Ce'e re" !emersur" nu po $" comp'e !esp#r."e/ ;C2n! da''W su!"a+# s"'"s"ca
$rance+e", e' se spr"3"n# pe e)e (" pe enun.ur" ora'e care ar puea 'a $e' !e &"ne s# $"e
a&or!ae n perspec"0a une" ana'"+e a r#s#ur"'or spec"$"ce cu#ru" e) sau !"scurs
ora' n s"n%u'ar"aea sa/ " "n0ers, c2n! !emonsr#m "nerac."unea unor cae%or"" n
crearea s"n%u'ar"#."" s"'"s"ce a unu" e) gmh mprumu#m acese cae%or"" !"n
'"n%0"s"c#, reor"c#, sem"o"c# ec/, a!"c# presupunem "mp'"c" un model teoretic ma"
%enera' care r"m"e 'a s"semu' '"m&"", 'a co!/< *Ducro i Sc5ae$$er-676,/
;La 'an%ue par'\e \0"e 'ba&srac"on gmh> e''e c5erc5e consammen !es po"ns !e
conac !ans 'e mon!e sens"&'e> e''e recour c !es com1para"sons e c !es "ma%es/<
*6@?8, I- 7@6,/
da''W (" "'usrea+# a$"rma."a !e ma" sus cu $"%ur" pe care e' 'e %rupea1+# n re" "pur"
!e "ma%"n"- 0"", s'#&"e (" moare/ De(" nu se ocup#, n 'ucrarea c"a#
8
, !e acua'"+#r"'e
ce'or re" "pur" !e !"scursur", s# re1marc#m $apu' c# n pr"mu' "p, caracer"+a !e
c#re da''W ca sens"&"', concre, "ma%"na"0, e0ocaor *p/6@`,, puem "nc'u!e !"scursu'
!"rec, n ce' !e1a' !o"'ea 4 $orme'e m")e, "ar n a' re"'ea 4 !"scursu' "n!"rec/ S# spu"
6Y
c# !"scursu' !"rec ese o "ma%"ne 0"e *a ce'u"'a',, "ar ce' "n!"1rec, una pre'ucra#,
0er&a'"+a#, ese o una cu a spune c# $orme'e pr"mu'u" sun semne "con"ce, ara#, pe
c2n! a'e ce'u" !e1a' !o"'ea ransm", spun/
7/7/
M"5a"' M"5a"'o0"c" da5"n
da5"n ese unu' !"nre ce" ma" pro$un+" $"'o+o$" a" $enomenu'u" !e ca1re ne ocup#m
a"c"> 'ucr#r"'e 'u" *ma" a'es 7arxismul i filozofia limba-u-lui, au "n$'uen.a $e'u' n
care a $os concepu !"scursu' rapora !up# 6@:Y
:
/

7/7/6/
L"m&a3u' ca m"3'oc !e comun"care

Penru da5"n, $unc."a esen."a'# a '"m&a3u'u" ese cea !e comun"care- ;5e soc"a' e0en
o$ 0er&a' "nerac"on "mp'emene! "n an uerance or uerances/< *6@@8a- @`,/ E'
n.e'e%e pr"n utterance o sec0en.# un"c# (" "repea&"'#, pro!us# nr1un anum" cone),
!e c#re un anum" em"1.#or, ca "n"."ere a unu" !"a'o% sau ca r#spuns 'a o a'#
sec0en.#/ ;T5e $u''1$'e!%e! [ues"on, e)c'ama"on, comman!, re[ues 4 5ese are 5e
Wp"ca' $orms o$ o5o'es "n &e5a0"ora' uerances/ A'' o$ 5em *espec"a'1'W 5e
comman! an! re[ues, re[u"re an e)ra0er&a' comp'emen an!, "n!ee!, an!
e)ra0er&a' commencemen/ T5e 0erW Wpe o$ srucure 5ese '"'e &e5a0"ora' genres
o"'' ac5"e0e "s !eerm"ne! &W 5e e$$ec o$ "s com"n% up a%a"ns 5e e)ra0er&a'
m"'"eu an! a%a"ns ano5er oor! *"/e/ 5e oor! o$ o5er peop'e,/< *ib.- @8,
da5"n cre!e c# mea'"n%0"s"ca
A
ar re&u" s# a"&# ca o&"ece !e su!"u-
;*6, 5e $orms an! Wpes o$ 0er&a' "nerac"on "n connec"on o"5 5e"r concree
con!""ons>
*7, $orms o$ par"cu'ar uerances, o$ par"cu'ar speec5 per$ormances, as e'emens o$ a
c'ose'W '"npe! "nerac"ongmh>
*?, a ree)am"na"on, on 5"s neo &as"s, o$ 'an%ua%e $orms "n 5e"r usua' '"n%u"s"c
presena"on/< *ib.- @91@8,
Cu02nu' c5e"e n $ormu'area pr"me'or !ou# o&"ec"0e pe care auoru' 'e $")ea+#
(""n.e" nou creae ese interaction> enun.ur"'e (" 0oc"'e care 'e pro!uc nu sun numa"
mu'"p'e, c" (" 0""> e'e $ac ca '"m&a3u' s# nu $"e un a&srac s"sem '"n%0"s"c, c" un
$enomen polifonic/

7/7/7/
L"m&a3u' ca $enomen po'"$on"c
da5"n n.e'e%e pr"n polifonie/
a/ !"0ers"aea 0oc"'or, a '"m&"'or, a s"'ur"'or care se man"$es# n enun.ur"'e succes"0e
a'e unu" !"scurs, n par"cu'ar n !"scursu' romanesc> un ermen s"non"m propus penru
aceas# s"ua."e ese dialogism
@
> ;or"ce !"scurs concre *enun., !escoper# no!eauna
o&"ecu' spre care ese or"ena, !"na"ne con!"."ona, conesa, aprec"a, n0#'u" n
ne%ura sau, !"mpor"0#, n 'um"na cu0"ne'or sr#"ne care s1au spus n pr"0"n.a 'u"/ E'
ese n$#(ura (" p#runs !e "!e"'e %enera'e, !e punce'e !e 0e!ere, !e aprec"er"'e (" !e
accene'e sr#"ne, a'e a'u"a/ D"scursu' or"ena spre o&"ecu' s#u "nr# n aces me!"u
a%"a (" ncor!a !"n punc !e 0e!ere !"a'o%"c a' cu0"ne'or, a' aprec"er"'or (" a'
accene'or sr#"ne, se "mp'"c# n core'a.""'e 'or comp'e)e, se conope(e cu une'e,
66
resp"n%e a'e'e or" se "nersecea+# cu a'e'e/ Toae acesea po n mo! su&san."a'
mo!e'a !"scursu', po s# se se!"mene+e n oae sraur"'e 'u" seman"ce, s#1" comp'"ce
e)pres"a, s# "n$'uen.e+e nrea%a 'u" n$#."(are s"'"s"c#/< *6@A7- 6?6, ;Aproape pe
er"or"u' $"ec#ru" enun. are 'oc o "nerac."une ncor!a#, o 'up# nre cu02nu' propr"u
(" ce' e sr#"n f, un proces !e !e'"m"are sau !e punere n 'um"n# !"a'o%"c# rec"proc#/
Enun.u' ese, as$e', un or%an"sm mu' ma" comp'e) (" !"nam"c !ec2 pare gmh< *ib.-
76:,
&/ p'ura'"aea 0oc"'or n "ner"oru' unu" s"n%ur enun./ Pr"nre proce1!ee'e cre#r""
"ma%"n"" '"m&a3u'u" n roman se num#r# hibridizarea, stilizarea (" dialogul> nr1un
!"scurs hibrid *ermenu' &a5"n"an penru una !"nre acua'"+#r"'e s"'u'u" "n!"rec '"&er,
cu0"ne'e rapororu'u" apar a'#ur" !e cu0"ne'e em".#oru'u" c"a/ da5"n !"scu# aces
"p !e po'"$on"e n 'e%#ur# cu s"'u' "n!"rec '"&er, $#r# a1' cons"!era ns# caracer"s"c
penru acesa/ da5"n 0or&e(e a"c" !espre caraceru' !"$on a' unu" enun., enun. ce
poae a0ea '"m"e'e unu" cu02n- ;Raporur"'e !"a'o%a'e po e)"sa nu numa" nre
e)pr"m#r" *re'a"0, nre%"> no" puem a&or!a pr"n !"a'o% or"ce pare !e e)pr"mare
a02n! un n.e'es, &a (" cu02nu' "+o'a !ac# nu ese recepa ca un cu02n "mpersona'
!"n '"m&#, c" ca un semn a' une" po+"."" 'o%"ce, sr#"ne, ca e)ponen a' une" e)pr"m#r"
apar."n2n! a'cu"0a, cu a'e cu0"ne !ac# ses"+#m n e' un %'as sr#"n/ Drep care
raporur"'e !"a'o%a'e po p#run!e n#unru' unu" cu02n "+o'a, !ac# !ou# %'asur" se
c"ocnesc n e' nr1un !"a'o% gmh/< *6@:Y- 798,/ Rou'e propune s# p#sr#m ermenu'
polifonie penru aces "p !e man"$esare a !"a'o%"smu'u"/
c/ un ca+ par"cu'ar !e !ua'"ae a 0oc"'or n enun.- re'uarea (" "ne%rarea !"scursu'u"
"ner'ocuoru'u" n !"scursu' 'ocuoru'u"/
6Y
;Inro!use n 0or&"rea noasr#, cu0"ne'e a'u"a a!op# "ne0"a&"' e'e1menu' nou,
concep."a (" aprec"erea noasr#, !ec" !e0"n !"$one/ D"$e1r"# poae $" !oar core'a."a
ce'or !ou# 0oc"/ ns#(" re!area a$"rma."e" sr#"ne su& $orm# !e nre&are !uce 'a
c"ocn"rea a !ou# "nerpre#r" n ca!ru' ace'u"a(" cu02n- c#c" nu ne '"m"#m a pune o
nre&are, c" rans$orm#m a$"rma."a ce'u"'a' nr1o pro&'em#/ Zor&"rea noasr# cu1
ren# e p'"n# !e cu0"ne'e a'ora- cu une'e ne conop"m oa' 0ocea, u"2n! cu" "
apar."n, cu a'e'e, care se &ucur# !e auor"ae n oc5"" no(r", ne n#r"m spuse'e (", n
s$2r(", pe a'e'e 'e popu'#m cu propr"1"'e noasre en!"n.e, care 'e sun sr#"ne or"
os"'e/< *6@:Y- 7:6,/
7/7/?/
D"a'o% (" !"scurs rapora

;D"a'o%ue can a'so &e un!ersoo! "n a &roa!er sense, mean"n% no on'W !"rec, $ace1
o1$ace, 0oca'"+e! 0er&a' commun"ca"on &eoeen persons, but also verbal
communication of an8 t8pe 9hatsoever/< *da5"n 6@@8a- @9> su&'"n"erea noasr#,/
P'ec2n! !e 'a o&ser0a."a &a5"n"an# puem $ace urm#oare'e remarce-
a/ em".#oru' raporor *R
e
, !"a'o%5ea+#, n momenu' n care raporea1+# o anum"#
sec0en.#, a2 cu receporu' raporor *R
r
,, c2 (" cu em"1.#oru' c"a *C
e
,>
&/ !"scursu' rapora ese !e $ap rep'"ca R
e
'a rep'"ca C
e
*"n!"$eren !ac# a e)"sa sau
nu un enun. or"%"nar, "n!"$eren !ac# R
e
ese ace'a(" cu C
e
,> !"scursu' rapora poae $"
!escr"s n ermen" !e !"a'o%/
Puem pr"0" or"ce $orm# !e DD ca pe un ca+ par"cu'ar !e mimesis> a!us n scen# 0a $"
!e $"ecare !a# nu em".#oru' or"%"nar, c" o "'u+"e a acesu"a, man"pu'a# !e R
e
> aunc",
67
or"ce re!are !"rec# a spuse'or cu"0a ese m"nc"noas# pr"n naura e"/ C
e
ese persona3 n
"'u+"a crea# !e R
e
, "ar !"scursu' pr"mu'u" ese cap"0 n !"scursu' ce'u" !e1a' !o"'ea>
c/ DR apar."ne n pr"mu' r2n! R
e
>
!/ ese secun!ar (" "re'e0an !ac# DR ese sau nu $"!e' unu" !"scurs or"%"nar> pro&'ema
;$"!e'"#.""< ese una pe care ("1o pun %rama"c"'e (" su!""'e !e pe!a%o%"e a DR>
e/ $un!amena'# penru DD (" DI nu ese !e$"n"rea 'or n ermen" !e repetare, sintax,
fidelitate ec/, c" n ermen" !e pragmatic> a'$e', %rama"c"'e nu 0or puea !a seam#
!ec2 !e sensul DR (" nu (" !e tema acesu"a>
$/ cum or"ce enun. are o tem *n sens &a5"n"an
66
,, or"ce DR are una *(" !oar una,> !e
$"ecare !a# c2n! 0a $" rapora, ema 'u" 0a $" a'a, c5"ar !ac# !"scursu' or"%"nar pe
care ' raporea+# (" 'a care se re$er# ese ace'a(">
%/ %rama"ca nu poae !a seam# !ec2 !e $orma a&srac# pe care o poae 'ua un !"curs
sau a'u' (" nu !e $apu' c# e)"s# o permea&"'"ae nre ce'e re" componene a'e
con."nuu'u" or"c#ru" DR- sens1em#1accen e0a'ua"0
67
/
7/7/`/
D"scursu' rapora, $enomen !"nam"c
7/7/`/6/
nre !"scursu' c"a (" !"scursu' c"an e)"s# re'a."" !"nam"ce, !e o mare comp'e)"ae
(" ens"une/ Mo!u' n care se acua'"+ea+# acese re'a."" poae $" o&"ec !e su!"u a2
penru cerce#oru' "neresa !e rea'"+#r"'e s"ncron"ce a'e '"m&"", c2 (" penru "sor"c/
7/7/`/6/6/
S"ncron"c, e)"s# !ou# n"0e'ur" care po cons"u" o&"ec !e cerceare- n"0e'u'
"nra!"scurs"0, 'a care se p'asea+# re'a."a !"nre !"scursu' c"a *c , (" !"scursu' c"an
*C ,, (" n"0e'u' "ner'ocuor"'or/
7/7/`/6/6/6/
D"scursu' !"rec are !ou# mo!ur" n care se rea'"+ea+# re'a."a !"nre c (" C -
1 ;"nsances "n o5"c5 5e au5orbs speec5 a!0ances upon 5e repore! messa%e
an! peneraes " o"5 "s oon "nona"ons>
1 "nsances "n o5"c5, on 5e conrarW, e'emens o$ 5e repore! messa%e creep
"no an! are !"sperse! 5rou%5ou 5e en"re au5or"a' cone), map"n% " $'u"!
an! am&"%uous< *6@@8a-6??16?`,
Pr"ma !"rec."e poae $" "'usra# pr"n-
1 !"scurs !"rec *DD, pre%#" aner"or gpreset direct discourseh> acese" cae%or""
apar."ne !"scursu' !"rec care apare !"n !"scursu' "n!"rec *DI, sau !"n !"scursu'
"n!"rec '"&er *DIL,/ Teme'e !e &a+# a'e DD care se aprop"e sun an"c"pae !e cone)
(" co'orae !e "nona."a auoru1'u"/ Daor"# acesu" raamen, %ran".e'e enun.u'u"
rapora !e0"n permea&"'e (" !"$u+e> o 3um#ae !"n $on!u' apercep"0 crea !e spu1se'e
ece'u"'a'f apar."n auoru'u"> re+u'au' ese o !"m"nuare a o&"ec"10"#."" n !"scursu'
auoru'u">
1 DD par"cu'ar"+a *particularized direct discourse,> a"c", cone)u' aucor"a' ese
consru" n a(a $e' nc2 r#s#ur"'e pe care auoru' 'e $o'ose(e penru a !e$"n" un
persona3 arunc# um&re puern"ce asupra !"scursu'u" s#u !"rec/

6?
Esen.a DI cons# n ransm"erea ana'""c# a spuse'or cu"0a/ E)"s# !ou# !"rec."" n
care aceas# en!"n.# ana'""c# poae mer%e (", pr"n urmare, e)"s# !ou# "pur" !e
mo!"$"c#r" rea'"+ae n DI- un enun. poae $" cons"!era-
1 ca acua'"+are a une" anum"e po+"."" "!ea"ce a em".#oru'u" 4 n aces ca+, ana'"+a ("
mo!"$"c#r"'e $#cue au n 0e!ere srucura referenial a enun.u'u", coninutul acesu"a
*ce spune em".#oru',>
1 ca acua'"+are a $e'u'u" par"cu'ar !e a 0or&" a' em".#oru'u" 4 n aces ca+, ana'"+a ("
mo!"$"c#r"'e $#cue au n 0e!ere mo!a'"#."'e !e performare a enun.u'u", forma
acesu"a *cum spune em".#oru',/
da5"n nume(e pr"mu' "p referent-anal8zing modification *R"7> mo!"$"care 0"+2n!
ana'"+a re$erenu'u",, "ar pe ce' !e1a' !o"'ea texture-anal8zing modification *"7>
mo!"$"care 0"+2n! ana'"+a srucur"",/
R"7 sa"s$ace en!"n.e'e spre comenar"u, mo!a'"+aoare, a'e Rapor1oru'u", p#sr2n!,
n ace'a(" "mp, %ran".e prec"se nre !"scursu' c"an (" !"scursu' c"a> ese
caracer"s"c# penru s"'u' '"n"ar a' DR> coe+"unea (" auonom"a enun.u'u" sun p#srae
*nu n ermen" !e construcie, c" n ermen" !e sens, 4 n sc5"m&, acesea se o&."n cu
pre.u' une" anum"e !epersona'"+#r" a !"scursu'u" rapora> R"7 ese aaone a anW rae
"n o5"c5 5e $ocus o$ aen"on "s sron%'W "!ea"ona' an! "n o5"c5 5e au5or s5oos
5rou%5 5"s oor!s 5a 5e 5"mse'$, "n 5"s oon r"%5, occup"es a par"cu'ar "!ea"ona'
pos""on/bb *6@@8a- 6?Y,

7/7/`/6/6/7/
da5"n su!"a+# !e aproape $e'u' n care "nerac."onea+#, n "ner"oru' !"scursu'u"
rapora, !"scursu' c"a (" !"scursu' c"an/ E' o&ser0# c#, a"!oma $e'u'u" n care se
perec 'ucrur"'e nr1un !"a'o%, n !"scursu' rapora ese 0or&a !espre cu0"ne care
reac."onea+# 'a a'e cu0"ne (" 0e!e n DR un !ocumen care aes# receparea ac"0# a
spuse'or ce1'u"'a'/ da5"n cre!e c#, !ac# 0om n.e'e%e mo!u' n care $unc."onea+# un
!"a'o%, 0om n.e'e%e (" $e'u' n care $unc."onea+# !"scursu' rapora/ Esen."a' penru
!"a'o% ese $apu' c# ;9hen the listener perceives and understands the meaning $the
language meaning% of speech! he simul-taneosl8 ta:es an active! responsive attitude
to9ard it/ Oe e"5er a%rees or !"sa%rees o"5 " *comp'ee'W or par"a''W,, au%mens ",
app'"es ", prepares $or "s e)ecu"on, an! so on/ An! 5e '"sener a!ops 5"s res1
pons"0e a"u!e $or 5e 0erW &e%"nn"n% 4 some"mes '"era''W $rom 5e speaperbs $"rs
oor!/ "n8 understanding of live speech! a live utterance! is inherentl8 responsive,
a'5ou%5 5e !e%ree o$ 5"s ac"0"W 0ar"es e)reme'W/ "n8 understanding is imbued
9ith response and necessarl8 elicits it in one form or another/ the listener becomes
spea:er. <*6@@8&- 8A> su&'"n"er"'e noasre,/
A(a!ar, spea:er1u' ese-
1 emitorul mesa3u'u" 0er&a'> mesa3u' ese acua'"+area une" a"u!"n" !e r#spuns
*a2 $a.# !e un mesa3 rea'"+a, aner"or, c2 (" $a.# !e o&"ec."", nre&#r",
ne'#mur"r" ec/ pos"&"'e 4 (" precon"1+ae 4 a'e "ner'ocuoru'u",>
1 receptorul propr"u'u" s#u mesa3> n aces ca+, e' are o a"u!"ne !e r#spuns
*responsive attitude, $a.# !e mesa3u' propr"u *a"c" "ner0"ne $enomenu' !e feed-
bac:,>
1 receptorul mesa3e'or non10er&a'e !e !"0erse naur" *m"m"ce, %es1"ce, p"ne+"ce,
a'e "ner'ocuoru'u" s#u *care " po !eerm"na pro1pr"u' !"scurs,> n aces ca+, e'
are o a"u!"ne !e r#spuns $a.# !e mesa3e'e ascu'#oru'u" s#u,
pe c2n! listener 1u' ese-
6`
1 receptorul mesa3u'u" pro!us !e spea:er# *(" are o a"u!"ne !e r#spuns $a.# !e
aces mesa3,>
1 emitorul mesa3e'or !e r#spuns non10er&a'e 'a mesa3u' pro!us !e spea:er *ca+
n care e' ese (" recepor a' acesora (" are o a"u!"ne !e r#spuns $a.# !e
propr""'e sa'e mesa3e,>
1 emitorul poen."a' a' unu" mesa3 0er&a' !e r#spuns 'a mesa3u' em"s !e
spea:er/
*Cu a'e cu0"ne, em".#oru' n e)erc"."u poae $" pr"0" (" (ua recepor (", "n0ers,
"ner'ocuoru' s#u poae $" pr"0" (" (ua em".#or,/
n.e'e%erea erona# a mo!u'u" n care $unc."onea+# comun"carea 0er1&a'# *"ar c2n!
spune eronat, da5"n se re$er# n pr"mu' r2n! 'a sc5e1ma saussur"an# a comun"c#r"",
!uce 'a o n.e'e%ere erona# a mo!u'u" n care $unc."onea+# raportarea/

n procesu' rapor#r"", re'a.""'e e0"!en."ae ma" sus se comp'"c#, !eoa1rece se m#re(e
num#ru' "nsan.e'or e$ec"0 sau poen."a' em"ene- em".#oru' c"a, receporu'
acesu"a, em".#oru' raporor (" receporu' s#u/ n DR se a$'# n !"a'o%-
a/ Em".#oru' raporor *R
e
, cu "ner'ocuoru' s#u *R
r
,>
&/ Em".#oru' raporor cu em".#oru' c"a *C
e
,>
c/ Em".#oru' raporor cu "ner'ocuoru' em".#oru'u" c"a *C
r
,, cons"!era (ua
em".#or>
Ese e0"!en c#, n s"ua."a DR-
"/ Re'a."a !e su& a/ ese una cu sens !u&'u *ese s"ua."a !e comun"1care !escr"s# ma"
sus,>
""/ Re'a.""'e !e 'a &/ (" c/ au un s"n%ur sens, penru c# C
e
(" C
r
sun em".#or" citai *a"
unor mesa3e 0er&a'e sau non10er&a'e,, aceasa nsemn2n! c#-
S, sun em".#or" a" unor mesa3e realizate, a&or!ae retrospectiv#
q, nu sun em".#or" a" unor mesa3e actuale *e" nu per$ormea+# hic et nunc,>
E, nu sun em".#or" poteniali/

"""/ A"u!"nea !e r#spuns a R
e
poae $", 'a r2n!u' e", una realizat *aace "1am spusbb,,
actual *aace1" r#spun! acumbb, sau posibil *aace "1a( $" pu1u spunebb sau aace "1a(
spune acumbb,> !"a'o%u' n DR (" rea'"+ea+# as$e' poen."a'"#."'e, n sensu' c#
r#spunsu' R
e
ese un amesec !e rep'"c" realizate, actuale (" posibile nre care ese
uneor" %reu s# !"s1cern"/ Aceas# caracer"s"c# a !"a'o%u'u" !"nre R
e
(" C
e
n "ner"oru'
DR, ese o consec"n.# !"rec# a absenei acese" "nsan.e !e !"a'o%, care ese em".#oru'
c"a> m"(c#r"'e R
e
n !"$er"e p'anur" empora'e *con3u%ae cu m"(c#r" n !"$er"e
p'anur" a'e mo!a'"#."", cons"u"e '"&eraea (" '"m"a 'u" n rapor cu un em".#or *C
e
,
care nu ese n"c" pre+en (" n"c" poen."a'/
7/7/`/6/7/
Penru da5"n, $"ecare epoc# "sor"c# are un mo! propr"u pr"n care re1a'"+ea+#
raporarea 4 as$e', dogmatismul autoritar ese spec"$"c E0u'u" Me!"u- un s"' '"n"ar,
"mpersona', monumena', a' !"scursu'u" rapor1a> dogmatismul raional 1 o con"nuare
a pr"mu'u" n seco'e'e 6: (" 6A> individualismul realist i critic 1 caracer"s"c penru
seco'u' 6@ (" individualismul relativ, penru seco'u' 7Y/
69
Cr"er"u' acese" mp#r."r" ese %ra!u' n care !"scursu' c"an *C , (" !"scursu' c"a *c ,
se !om"n#, penru pr"me'e !ou# $""n! caracer"s"c conro'u' 'u" C asupra 'u" c, "ar
penru u'"me'e !ou#, emanc"parea 'u" c !e su& aceas# !om"na."e/
S#r#c"a m"3'oace'or $orma'e !e a e)pr"ma raporarea n !"scurs "n!"1rec *sau, a'$e'
spus, "nsu$"c"ena "n!"0"!ua'"+are a s"'u'u" "n!"rec n rapor cu ce' !"rec, ese
spec"$"c# '"m&"'or '"ps"e, n !e+0o'area 'or "sor"c#, !e o per"oa!# care+"an#, care,
aase'$1con$"!en "n "s pooer o$ reason, 5a! ana'Wse! an! !"ssece! 5e re$eren"a'
srucure o$ 5e speec5 o &e repore! an! creae! comp'e) an! remarpa&'e !e0"ces $or
5e "n!"rec ransm"ss"on o$ speec5/bb *6@@8a- 67:,
7/7/9/
O surs# a !"a'o%"smu'u"
da5"n "ns"s# asupra "mporan.e" pe care o au n comun"care a(a num"e'e %enur" a'e
0or&"r"" *speech genres,/
;re 'earn o cas our speec5 "n %ener"c $orms an!, o5en 5ear"n% o5ersb speec5, oe
%uess "s %enre $rom 5e 0erW $"rs oor!s> oe pre!"c a cera"n 'en%5 *5a "s, 5e
appro)"mae 'en%5 o$ 5e speec5 o5o'e, an! a cera"n compos""ona' srucure> oe
$oresee 5e en!> 5a "s, $rom 5e 0erW &e%"nn"n% oe 5a0e a sense o$ 5e speec5 o5o'e,
o5"c5 "s on'W 'aer !"$$eren"ae! !ur"n% 5e speec5 process/ I$ speec5 %enres !"! no
e)"s an! oe 5a! no masere! 5em, "$ oe 5a! o or"%"nae 5em !ur"n% 5e speec5
process an! consruc eac5 uerance a o"'' $or 5e $"rs "me, speec5 commun"ca"on
oou'! &e a'mos "mposs"&'e/ A 'ar%e num&er o$ %enres 5a are o"!esprea! "n
e0erW!aW '"$e are so san!ar! 5a 5e speaperbs "n!"0"!ua' speec5 o"'' "s man"$ese!
on'W "n "s c5o"ce o$ a par"cu'ar %enre, an!, per5aps, "n "s, e)press"0e "nona"on/<
*6@@8&- :A1:@,
O&ser0a."a c# s"ua.""'e !e comun"care sun pre1mo!e'ae (" re!uc"1&"'e 'a un pattern
ese $oare "mporan# penru n.e'e%erea mo!u'u" !e $unc."onare a !"scursu'u" rapora
n corpus/
6?
Penru da5"n, speech genres sun 0ar"e#." a'e limba-ului abordat
metalingvistic *ceea ce penru e' nseamn# aapr"0" ca !"a'o% 0"ubb, (" nu re&u"e
con$un!ae cu s"'ur"'e $unc."ona'e, care sun 0ar"e#." a'e limbii literare comune *c5"ar
!ac# am&e'e au ca punc comun $apu' c# sun m"3'oace !e comun"ca1re,> acese
%enur" a'e 0or&"r"" ar re&u" s# "nc'u!# (" scure'e rep'"c" a'e !"a'o%u'u" co"!"an *pr"n
speech genres da5"n n.e'e%e a(a!ar ce0a asem#n#or pattern-urilor determinate de
situaia de comunicare,/
7/7/8/
Re!are (" repre+enare

da5"n a consacra un nre% su!"u *;robleme ale poeticii lui 'osto-ievs:i, cerce#r""
mo!u'u" n care ese repre+ena# ar"s"c 0"a.a '"m&a3u'u"/ E' o&ser0# c# ;noua po+"."e
ar"s"c# a auoru'u" $a.# !e erou !"n romanu' po'"$on"c !oso"e0sp"an ese o po+"."e
!"a'o%a'# rea'mene rea'"+a# (" e$ecua# p2n# 'a cap#, care a$"rm# "n!epen1!en.a,
'"&eraea "ner"oar#, '"psa !e prec"+"e (" !e $"n"ae a erou'u"/ Erou' nu ese penru
auor un e e'f sau un e euf, c" un e uf cu 0a'oare p'enar#, a!"c# e eu'f a'u" "n!"0"!
cu !repur" !ep'"ne *e u e("f,/ Erou' ese un su&"ec c#ru"a auoru' " se a!resea+# nr1
un !"a'o% ser"os, auen"c, (" n"c"!ecum nr1unu' s"mu'a !up# re%u'"'e reor"c"" sau a'e
con0en."ona'"#."" '"erare/< *6@:Y- AA1A@, Ceea ce !"$eren."a+# ns# un as$e' !e !"a'o%
68
!e unu' rea' ese $apu' c# ;n $a.a noasr# se a$'# o e 0or&"re "n!"rec# f, nu nr1un
'"m&a3, c" pr"nr1un '"m&a3, pr"nr1un me!"u '"n%0"s"c e sr#"n f, !ec" (" o re$racare a
"nen.""'or auoru'u"/< *6@A7- 6:?,, !e un!e conc'u+"a c# ;!"scursu' 0or&"oru'u" n
roman nu ese re!a pur (" s"mp'u (" n"c" repro!us, c" reprezentat artistic gmh< *ib.-
6@`> su&'/ au/, (" c# ;gn romanh, !"scursu' nu numa" c# re1pre+"n#, c" se ("
repre+"n#/< *ib.-6@:,/ A(a!ar, ;penru 0or&"rea curen#, 'ocuoru' (" cu02nu' s#u nu
cons"u"e o&"ec !e repre+ena1re ar"s"c#, c" !e re!are prac"c "neresa#/ De aceea,
a"c" nu poae $" 0or&a !e forme de reprezentare, c" !oar !e procedee de redare/<*ib.-
7Y6> su&'"n"er"'e noasre,/
7/?/
Po'"$on"a '"n%0"s"c#
7/?/6/
Teor"a !ucro"an# a po'"$on"e" '"n%0"s"ce
7/?/6/6/
Porn"n! !e 'a o&ser0a.""'e $ormu'ae !e c#re da5"n asupra p'ur"0o1ca'"#."" e)u'u"
romanesc, a !"a'o%"smu'u" acesu"a, (" !e 'a eor"a na1rao'o%"c# a 'u" jenee, Osoa'!
Ducro e'a&orea+#, ncep2n! cu an"" AY, o eor"e a po'"$on"e" '"n%0"s"ce/
jenee porne(e !e 'a !"s"nc."a naraiune *acu' nara"0,)povestire *pro!usu' acu'u"
nara"0,)istorie *e0en"mene'e !enoae, (" e)am"nea1+# !"san.a !"nre "sor"e ("
po0es"re, !"san.# care ese re+u'au' nar#r"" (" care se poae man"$esa n re"
!"mens"un" !"$er"e- timp, mod, voce/ impul pr"0e(e raporur"'e !"nre timpul istoriei
(" timpul povestirii (" are n 0e!ere pro&'eme 'e%ae !e ordine, vitez (" frecven-#
vocea pr"0e(e re'a.""'e !"nre persona-e, narator (" autor, (" pune nre&#r" !e %enu'
;ce rapor e)"s# nre acu' nara"0 (" "sor"e l<, ;c"1ne 0or&e(e l< (" ;'a ce n"0e'
nara"0 se a$'# ce' care 0or&e(e l</ 7odul !esemnea+# or%an"+area "n$orma."e"
nara"0e (" are !ou# aspece !"$e1r"e-
6/ distana> corespun!e !"s"nc.""'or-
diegesis)mimesis *an"c#- P'aon, Ar"soe',>
r,cit d5,v,nements)r,cit de paroles *'a jenee,/

7/ perspectiva# corespun!e !"$er"e'or puncte de vedere a!opae *focalisation, 'a
jenee,> n "mp ce cae%or"a 0oc"" ese "neresa# !e cine vorbete, perspec"0a ese
"neresa# !e cine vede/
7/?/6/7/
Teor"a 'u" Ducro pr"0"n! po'"$on"a ese o e)"n!ere 'a !omen"u' enun1.u'u" a
'ucr#r"'or 'u" da5"n !espre po'"$on"a romanesc#/
Ca (" da5"n, care ' opune pe utterance propo+"."e", a(a cum apare ea n s"semu'
'"m&"", Ducro ncepe pr"n a $ace !"$eren.a !"nre fraz *en"ae a&srac#, apar."n2n!
'"m&"", (" enun *o anum"# per$ormare a une" $ra+e, (" 0or&e(e !espre o semnificaie a
$ra+e", !ar !espre un sens a' enun.u'u"/ Sensu' enun.u'u" poae nre%"sra 0ar"a&"'e, pe
c2n! semn"$"ca."a $ra+e" ese consan#, (" po e)"sa ca+ur" n care sensu' enun.u'u" s#
nu poa# $" !e!us !oar !"n semn"$"ca."a $ra+e"/
Ducro ara# c#-
6:
6/ semn"$"ca."a $ra+e" ."ne !e un ansamblu de instruciuni care ne con!uce,
p'ec2n! !e 'a o s"ua."e par"cu'ar# !e comun"care, 'a sensu' enun.u'u", "ar
7/ sensu' enun.u'u" ese o descriere a enunrii lui
6`
> e' con!uce spre o anum"#
concluzie, pe care o are n 0e!ere 'ocuoru' aunc" c2n! ' pro!uce (" 'a care
ese !e a(epa s# a3un%# (" "ner'ocuoru' acesu"a/
Penru da5"n, '"m"a $"na'# a unu" enun. ese !a# !e '"m"a "n"."a'# a unu" a' enun.,
care ese r#spunsu' "ner'ocuoru'u"- !"n aces punc !e 0e!ere, enun.u' nu se con$un!#
cu $ra+a n"c" su& rapor can"a"0> un cr""c '"erar care are o reac."e !e r#spuns 'a o
anum"# oper# re&u"e s# o cons"!ere n ansam&'u' e" 4 n aces ca+, nrea%a oper# 0a
ec5"0a'a cu un singur enun/ La un mo! !e n.e'e%ere s"m"'ar a' re'a."e" !"nre enun. ("
$ra+# a3un%e (" Ducro> acesa propune penru !e'"m"1area enun.u'u" cr"er"u'
autonomiei relative, $ap care !ep"n!e !e sa1"s$acerea concom"en# a !ou# con!"."",
con!"."a !e coeziune
69
(" cea !e independen/ ;I' W a co5\s"on !ans un se%men s"
aucun !e ses cons"uans nbes c5o"s" pour 'u"1m]me, cbes1c1!"re s" 'e c5o") !e
c5a[ue cons"uan es ou3our !\erm"n\ par 'e c5o") !e 'bensem&'e/< *6@A`- 6:9,/
;Une su"e es "n!\pen!ene s" son c5o") nbes pas com1man!\ par 'e c5o") !bun
ensem&'e p'us 0ase !on e''e $a" par"e/< *ib.,
68
da+a eor"e" po'"$on"ce a 'u" Ducro ese "n$"rmarea "poe+e" care pos1u'ea+#
un"c"aea su&"ecu'u" 0or&"or (" sus."nerea "poe+e" con$orm c#re"a e'emene a'e unu"
enun. sau enun.ur" nre%" cons"u"e !"scur1sur" ce apar."n unor enuniatori !"$er"."/
Penru a e)pune aceas# eo1r"e, e' "nro!uce urm#oare'e concepe-
subiect vorbitor 4 pro!uc#or a' enun.u'u"> "n!"0"!u' a' c#ru" e$or $"+"c (" mena' a
perm"s pro!ucerea unu" anum" enun.> subiectul vorbitor $ace
perec5e cu subiectul auditor (" corespun!e autorului concret,
!"n narao'o%"e
6:
#
locutor 4 "nsan.# care pre"a responsa&"'"aea acu'u" !e '"m1&a3, %aranu'
acu'u" !e enun.are per$orma !e c#re su&"ecu' 0or&"or>
locutorul $ace perec5e cu alocuto-rul (" corespun!e naratorului
6A
>
enuniator 4 surs# a enun.#r"" c#ru"a nu " se poae ar"&u", n sens sr"c, n"c" un
cu02n, "nsan.# care ar"&u"e o ;po+"."e<, un ;punc !e 0e!ere<>
enuniatorul ese, nr1o pr"m# $orm# a eor"e", responsa&"' !e
ace'e "'ocu."onare, apo" e' "n!"c# unu' !"nre acor"" a'e c#ror
0oc" sun e)pr"mae !e enun.> $ace perec5e cu destinatarul (" nu
are corespon!en n p'an nara"0/
Ducro !"s"n%e nre locutorul-6 (" locutorul-, $ap care " ser0e(e penru a e)p'"ca
$enomenu' auo"ron"e", n care 'ocuoru' responsa&"' !e enun.are, 6, pune n scen# un
enun."aor care e)pr"m# un punc !e 0e!ere pe care 6 nu ("1' nsu(e(e, c" pe care "1'
ar"&u"e 'u" / Acesa !"n urm# ar a0ea as$e' !rep pos"&"' corespon!en narao'o%"c un
persona31naraor care (" e)erc"# funcia de interpretare asupra 'u" nsu("
6@
> a'$e' spus,
!ac# locutorul-6 corespun!e naraoru'u" (ua naraor, locutorul- corespun!e
naraoru'u" (ua persona3/
Teor"a po'"$on"c# a enun.#r"" o$er# un ca!ru penru e)p'"carea uuror ace'or enun.ur"
care $ac r"m"ere e)p'"c"# 'a a'e enun.ur" *rea'e sau pos"&"'e,- enun.ur"'e ne%a"0e,
"ron"a *(" auo"ron"a,, !"scursu' rapor1a/
6A
7/?/6/?/
Ducro se ser0e(e !e ermenu' locutor penru a !a o !e$"n"."e propr"e !"scursu'u"
rapora> ce' ma" por"0" penru a "'usra aceas# !e$"n"."e ese !"scursu' !"rec, un!e
3ocu' 'ocuor"'or (" a' enun.ur"'or care '" se ar"&u"e ese $oare e0"!en/ Ducro
ra."onea+# as$e'- !"n momen ce ;pre+en.a m#rc"'or !e persoana n2" !enun.#
enun.area ca "mpua&"'# unu" 'ocuor< *6@A`- 6@8,, pre+en.a, n "ner"oru' ace'u"a("
enun., a !ou# m#rc" !e persoana n2" *una n !"scursu' c"an, "ar cea'a'# n !"scursu'
c"a,
7Y
ne !uce 'a conc'u+"a c# un as$e' !e enun. e)5"&# !o" 'ocuor" !"$er".", pr"mu'
as"m"'a&"' em".#oru'u" c"an, "ar ce' !e1a' !o"'ea, em".#oru'u" c"a/
Un enun. n !"scurs !"rec apare a(a!ar ca un spa."u par"cu'ar, n care e)"s# ;un
\c5an%e, un !"a'o%ue, ou encore une 5"\rarc5"e< *ib.-6@A, nre !o" 'ocuor", nre !ou#
enun.#r", propr"eae pe care Ducro %#se(e c# o ma" au, !e asemenea-
a/ enun.ur"'e care sun ecour" "m"a"0e a'e a'ora *A- 4 Sun &o'na0 s
d- ;1 Sunt bolnav << S# nu cre+" c# m# "mpres"one+" cu asa/,>
&/ !"a'o%ur"'e "nerne *Dac# o s#1m" spun# = 1 >u plec < ?! am s#1" r#s1pun!m,,
!"scursur" care po a3un%e s# se !e+0o'e n m"c" p"ese !e earu>
c/ ca+ur"'e n care c"ne0a $o'ose(e persoana n2" penru a "n!"ca pe a'c"ne0a-
;1 >u *a!"c# u, re&u"e s# sau acas#, penru c# a(ep !epe(" !e 'a ducure(" gmh<
*Cara%"a'e
6
- 666, su&'"n"erea mea,/
Po $" $o'os"e, penru a "'usra aceas# op"c#, oae spec""'e !e !"scurs !"rec-
"/ rep'"c" !e !"a'o%, nenso."e !e 0er&-
ma" "era o s#p#mmn#tnu ("u c!umoarea ma" "era pn#1n nun#tt
;m"co stm"1am 'uausama<t
;ve .1a" 'uausama l<
;n1o ma" "au<tt TDM I, p/@?, r/7@1?6 4 p/@`, r/6
""/ !"scurs !"rec '"&er
76
-
gnem.""h s# u"a mereu s# 0a+#1" 0e!e v"ne0at( p# "e"t"1a 'uau&an" numa!ec
a" #'u"at"o "1wuspus c#mn1amtn1amt'a m"ne nu "ettm#m!#s$#cu x"m"ru
co'o nu "etn1amtt TDM I, p/?Y, r/6?169
"""/ !"scurs !"rec 'e%a-
g&#"au'h +m&"a !# rst"e' (e!ea ca moanu gshtto $"" +"s "e' ;sa" c# e1
apuxu"eu<tt("m"o n1amu0rutt"e' n"m"cttanu !ev"s#r#tp#r"n." m"e" 0reatt
;nu< c# ;s# '1e"<t
"o c# ;nu '1eau<mtt TDM III, p/`A8, r/7917@
7/?/6/`/
De$"n"."a !ucro"an# a !"scursu'u" rapora mer"# c2e0a o&ser0a.""-
6/ c5"ar !ac# n oae e)emp'e'e pe care 'e !# Ducro apare !oar per1soana n2", nu ar
re&u" s# se n.e'ea%# !"n aceasa c# enun.ur"'e n care sun pre+ene !ou# enun.#r", !ar
a'e persoane !ec2 pers/ 6 s%/, nu ar $" e)emp'e !e !"scurs !"rec- ;Mar"a m"1a spus-
e Am s# 0"n/f /< ese un enun. n !"scurs !"rec, 'a $e' ca (" ;Mar"a e nrea&#- e C2n!
sose(e j/ lf /<>
7/ c5"ar !ac#, !"n mo"0e !"0erse, e)emp'e'e !e 'a 7/?/6/?/ a/ (" &/ nu sun cons"!erae
n!eo&(e ca mosre !e !"scurs !"rec, penru Ducro e'e sun, c#c" e)5"&# o !u&'#
enun.are> penru eor"a !ucro"an#, ce' pu."n pe anum"e por."un", grania dintre
raportare i dialog ese "no1peran#>
?/ c5"ar !ac# ese masca#, o !u&'# enun.are *(", e0"!en, !o" 'ocuor", e)"s# (" n
$"ecare !"nre rep'"c"'e une" p"ese !e earu- 'ocuoru'1na1raor *ce' responsa&"' !e
6@
!"!asca'"", pune n scen# un 'ocuor1persona3, care ese em".#oru' une" anum"e
rep'"c"/ D"nco'o !e cons"!era."" pr"10"n! 3us"$"carea, n cone) $"c"0, a ermenu'u"
raportare n s"ne, ese necesar ca, !up# !e$"n"."a 'u" Ducro, s# a0em a"c" !"scurs
!"rec *nu $oare !"$er" !e m"c"'e ;p"ese !e earu< !e care am 0or&" 'a 7/?/6/?/ &/,
c#c" penru eor"a !ucro"an#, grania dintre real i fictiv, !"nre $acua' (" $"c."une ese
"noperan#>
`/ !e$"n"."a !ucro"an# acoper# (" ca+ur"'e *care penru Au5"er1Re0u+ 6@@8 sun
nca!ra&"'e n ceea ce auoarea nume(e ;'o e)ue'<, !e DR care ncep ca un DI, !ar
con"nu# ca DD, precum-
*6, ;Domnu' X ne as"%ur# c# ere+u'ae'e $"na'ef 0or $" (" ma" &une/< sau
*7, gSo.u'h a rom" a(atuam ""(" mupr"m#0ar# 'a o+u!oc1or" m1
anu!ustt(" par"co'ar"t( !1#(e'an.tmca+ !# uopera."etgrh ca+ !#
uopera."ettTDM I, p/797, r/71`/
n *6, (" *7, nu e)"s# m#rc" persona'e *pronume persona' sau $orm# 0er&a'#,, !ar
se%menu' ese su&'"n"a pr"n "nona."e repro!uc"0# (" ese e0"!en c# !"scursu'
ce'u"'a' 'ocuor nu a $os as"m"'a (" c# nu s1a rans$orma pe !ep'"n n DI/ Acese
e)emp'e sun ns# $oare aprop"ae !e une'e ca-
*?, 'a r"&una' a!0ocau nu ("u cum a $#cutnu ("u cum a1nre&u"n.a
rucur'" 'uort TDM III, p/`A6, r/6@176/
*`, "era cu'ca#t"era cammn.epen"#ta!"c# "era nca!ra# !# !urer"t("" !#
cr"+et TDM III, p/`@:, r/`19/
Care sun, n *?, (" *`,, ace'e "n!"c"" pe &a+a c#rora !ec"!em c# se%1mene'e su&'"n"ae
sun mosre !e !"scurs !"rec *cu02nu' a'u"a pre1+ena,, !e !"scurs "n!"rec *cu02nu'
a'u"a as"m"'a, sau c# nu ca! su& "nc"!en.a !"scursu'u" rapora l>
9/ Ducro a'e%e, penru a "'usra eor"a po'"$on"c#, !"scursu' !"rec (", n "ner"oru'
acesu"a, ace'e e)emp'e n care enun.ur"'e (" "n!"c# 'ocu1or"" pr"n $orme !e persoana
n2"/ A'#ur" !e DD re&u"e s# a!m"em ns# !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er, un proce!eu n
care ese e0"!en $enome1nu' ;!e a $ace s# apar#, nr1o enun.are ar"&u"# unu"
'ocuor, o enun.are ar"&u"# unu" a' 'ocuor/< *6@A`- 6@8,-
*9, Eu am n.e'es a'$e' pr"+on"erau'- aveam acum prile-ul de a m depi/
*9,, mosr# !e discurs indirect liber 'a persoana n2", ese un enun. care pro&ea+# 'a
$e' !e &"ne po'"$on"a/
D"$eren.a !"nre !"scursu' !"rec (" ce' "n!"rec nu ese, !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' 'u"
Ducro, $apu' c# unu' re!# $orma (" con."nuu' unu" enun., "ar ce'#'a' !oar con."nuu',
c" cons# n aceea c# pr"mu' $ace s# se au!# !o" 'ocuor", pe c2n! n ce' !e1a' !o"'ea nu
se au!e !ec2 unu' s"n%ur/
Teor"a !ucro"an# separ# a(a!ar !ou# "pur" !e !"scurs rapora poli-fonice *!"scursu'
!"rec (" !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er, !e unu' monofonic- !"scursu' "n!"rec/ napu' c#
Ducro a'e%e ca e)emp'e anumite acua'"1+#r" a'e !"scursu'u" !"rec su%erea+# c# ar
re&u" s# a!m"em-
1 e)"sen.a unor su&spec"" *apar."n2n! ce'or !ou# "pur" !e !"scur1sur" po'"$on"ce
am"n"e, a' c#ror caracer po'"$on"c ese ma" pu."n e0"!en>
1 e)"sen.a unor su&spec"" apar."n2n! "pu'u" mono$on"c *precum !"scursu'
"n!"rec "nona !"rec, care p#srea+# urme a'e celui-lalt 'ocuor (" care, n
consec"n.#, au *un m"n"m, caracer po'"1$on"c>
1 e)"sen.a unor e)emp'e precum *?, (" *`,, n care opo+"."a !"nre po'"$on"e ("
mono$on"e "n!e s# se neura'"+e+e/
7/?/7/
7Y
Teor"a scan!"na0# a po'"$on"e" '"n%0"s"ce

ScaPoL"n
77
, (" propune s# un"$"ce eor"a po'"$on"e" '"erare (" eor"a po'"$on"e"
'"n%0"s"ce (" s# o$ere as$e' o meo!# !e ana'"+# 0a'a&"'# pen1ru or"ce "p !e !"scurs,
n par"cu'ar penru e)e cu %ra! !e comp'e1)"ae r"!"ca, a(a cum sun ce'e care
"'usrea+# !"scursu' "n!"rec '"1&er/
ScaPoL"n ;es une th,orie s,manti(ue! discursive! structuraliste et in-structionnelle/
E''e es s\man"[ue parce [ue son o&3e es 'e sens !es \nonc\s> e''e es !"scurs"0e
parce [ue 'e sens es 0u comme cons"u\ !e races !yun !"scours cr"sa''"s\ e parce
[ue ce sens concerne 'y"n\1%ra"on !"scurs"0e !e 'y\nonc\> e''e es srucura'"se parce
[uye''e par !yune concep"on srucura'"se !e 'yor%an"sa"on !u !"scours> e''e es
"nsruc"onne''e parce [uye''e $ourn" !es "nsruc"ons pour 'y"nerpr\1a"on !e
'y\nonc\/< *Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY,/
7?
ScaPoL"n !"s"n%e nre configuraia polifonic, a enun.u'u", (" structu-ra polifonic,
a $ra+e", (" are ca o&"ec !e su!"u srucura po'"$on"c#, sau, a'$e' spus, e'emene'e
constante *i.e. "!en"$"carea punce'or !e 0e!ere, ar"&u"rea 'or unor $""n.e !"scurs"0e,
c'as"$"carea acesora !"n urm#, cercearea mo!u'u" n care se rea'"+ea+# 'e%#ur"'e !e
ar"&u"re ec/,/ O&"ec"0u' ese $urn"+area unor "nsruc."un" pe &a+a c#rora !e 'a
srucura po'"$on"c# receporu' unu" enun. s# poa# acce!e 'a con$"%u1ra."a po'"$on"c#
*i.e. e'emene'e variabile- "!en"$"carea su&"ec."'or 0or&"or" c#rora 'e apar."n ace'e
punce !e 0e!ere, !eecae 'a n"0e'u' $ra+e", care po $" ar"&u"e unor $""n.e rea'e, (",
pr"n aceasa, s# cape+e un sens penru enun./ O&ser0#m a(a!ar c# !"s"nc.""'e
$un!amena'e (" op."unea penru n"0e'u' cerce#r"" sun !ucro"ene> ScaPoL"n ra$"1
nea+# ns# (" !uce 'a u'"me'e consec"n.e eor"a po'"$on"e" '"n%0"s"ce/
Penru a1(" e)pune eor"a, ScaPoL"n "nro!uce urm#oare'e concepe-
1 punctele de vedere> un"#." seman"ce, care r"m" 'a un con."nu seman"c (" 'a o
3u!eca# ap'"ca# acesu" con."nu> punce'e !e 0e!ere *p!0, se po re$er" 'a
$ape '"n%0"s"ce sau e)ra'"n%0"s"ce, 'a s#r" mena'e ec/>
1 fiinele discursive *les @tres discursifs,> $""n.e'e !"scurs"0e *$!, sun
responsa&"'e !e p!0 e)pr"mae sau, ma" &"ne +"s, !e 3u!eca1at3u!ec#."'e
asoc"ae acesora>
1 legturile enuniative# rea'"+ea+# 'e%#ura !"nre p!0 (" $!/
P!0 po $"-
{ simple> e'emene aom"ce a'e consruc."e" po'"$on"ce> or"ce enun. con."ne ce' pu."n
un p!0 s"mp'u> nr1o $ra+# care con."ne un p!0 s"mp'u, e' ese asoc"a 'ocuoru'u", "ar
$ra+a ese mono$on"c# *> frumos afar.,>
{ ierarhice> compuse !"n p!0 s"mp'e, or%an"+ae "erar5"c> p!0 supe1r"oare *sau
comp'e)e, n%'o&ea+# p!0 s"mp'e, 3u!ecaa asoc"a# unu" p!0 comp'e) se re$er# 'a una
a!us# !e un p!0 "n$er"or (" o comenea1+#/ As$e', $ra+a Au e frumos afar con."ne
!ou# p!0- p!06 *s"mp'u,- ae $rumos a$ar#b (" p!0 7 *"erar5"c,- ap!06 ese ne3us"$"cab/
Srucura po'"$on"c# "nro!us# !e $ra+a Au e frumos afar con."ne !ou# p!0, un
'ocuor (" o 'e%#ur# care pune n re'a."e pe 'ocuor cu p!07>
{ relaionale> $ac 'e%#ura !"nre p!0 s"mp'e (" p!0 comp'e)e> 0om %#1s" p!0
re'a."ona'e ma" a'es n srucur" n care apar conecor" $ras"c"/
*Au e frumos afar! ba chiar e nnorat i a nceput s plou.,
E)"s#, a(a!ar, o ana'o%"e nre srucura sintactic a une" $ra+e (" "n0enaru' p!0 pe
care ' con."ne srucura e" polifonic- un p!0 s"m1p'u corespun!e une" propo+".""
76
s"mp'e, un p!0 comp'e) presupune a!esea e)"sen.a unor mo!a'"+aor", "ar p!0
re'a."ona'e sun $rec0en 0e5"cu'ae !e $ra+e ce con."n propo+"."" coor!onae/
n! sun un"#." "nra!"scurs"0e, acor" a" s"ua."e" !e comun"care a c#ror e)"sen.# ese
3us"$"ca# !e sus."nerea unu" p!0/ n! se !"0"! n locutori virtuali *LZ,, acor" care po
'ua cu02nu' (" sun suscep"&"'" !e a1(" asuma responsa&"'"aea unu" p!0, (" non-
locutori *NL,, care nu au aceas# propr"eae *co!u' pena', op"n"a pu&'"c# sau ace'e
seur" !e presupo+"."" enc"c'ope!"ce care $ac pos"&"'# n.e'e%erea une" propo+".""> n
$ra+a +ucuretiul are strzi infecte., !e p"'!#, p!0 precum aducure(" ese un ora(b,
aora(e'e au sr#+"b, aune" sr#+" " se poae !a ca'"$"ca"0u' infectb sun ar"&u"e unor
non1'ocuor",/
LZ po $" actualizai *ce" care "au e$ec"0 cu02nu', sau neactualizai> as$e', !"scursu'
!"rec are !o" 'ocuor", am&"" acua'"+a.", pe c2n! !"s1cursu' "n!"rec are o !o"
'ocuor", !ar unu' !"nre e", (" anume 'ocu1oru' !"scursu'u" c"an, ese acua'"+a, pe
c2n! 'ocuoru' !"scursu'u" c"a ese neacua'"+a-
*6, Ion +"ce- ;E $rumos a$ar#/</
*7, Ion m" spune c# e $rumos a$ar#/
S# o&ser0#m c#, n a$ara acese" !eose&"r", *6, (" *7, au aceeai sruc1ur# po'"$on"c#-
$"ecare !"nre ce'e !ou# $ra+e are !o" 'ocuor", care sus."n !ou# p0! !"$er"e> n am&e'e,
un p0! s"mp'u ese ar"&u" 'ocu1oru'u" c"a, "ar un p0! comp'e), sus."nu !e c#re
'ocuoru' c"an, re+u'# !"n a$"rmarea "mp'"c"# a $apu'u" c# a a0u 'oc o enun.are, !"n
a'e%erea e)p'"c"# a unu" anum" 0er& care s# "n!"ce aces $ap (" !"n num"rea
'ocuoru'u" responsa&"' !e pr"ma enun.are/
LZ poae r"m"e, !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' s"ua."e" !e comun"care !e aceas# !a#, 'a
un locutor *auoru' enun.#r"", "n!"ca pr"n pers/ 6 s%/,, 'a un alocutor *"n!"ca pr"n pers/
a 71a, sau 'a unu' sau ma" mu'." teri *les troisiBmes,, 'a care se poae $ace re$er"re pr"n
pronume persona'e !e pers/ a ?1a sau pr"n s"na%me nom"na'e/
Pe !e a'# pare, urm2n! !"s"nc."e" operae !e c#re Ducro !"nre lo-cutorul-6 ("
locutorul-, ScaPoL"n !"s"n%e un 'ocuor $ras"c *', !e un 'ocuor e)ua' *L,- ;'e ' e
'e L repr\senen !onc !eu) Wpes !b"ma%es [ue LOC, responsa&'e !e 'b\nonc"a"on,
peu consru"re !e 'u"1m]me/ Le ' es un ]re !"scurs"$ [u" cons"ue une "ma%e !u
LOC au momen !e 'b\nonc"a"on, an!"s [ue 'e L cons"ue une "ma%e %\n\ra'e !u
LOC ou une "ma%e !u LOC c un aure momen !e son 5"so"re/< *n'zum 6@@@&,/
S"m"'ar, a'ocuoru' (" er."" au pare !e ace'a(" raamen, 0or&"n!u1se !espre un
a'ocuor $ras"c (" unu' e)ua', ca (" !espre un er. $ras"c (" unu' e)ua'/
Pre+en.a unu" anum" "p !e 'ocuor ese $o'os"# !rep cr"er"u penru a !"$eren."a
!"scursu' rapora !e a'e "pur" !e e)e po'"$on"ce> as$e', ScaPoL"n $ace !"s"nc."e
nre polifonia intern *caracer"+a# pr"n pre1+en.a, n srucura po'"$on"c#, a
'ocuor"'or 0"rua'",, polifonia extern *n srucura po'"$on"c# apar (" non1'ocuor"", ("
citare, care ese ;'e Wpe !e po'Wp5on"e o| un LZ aure [ue 'e 'ocueur es assoc"\ c un
p!0 < *Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY,, a!"c# po'"$on"a aesa# !e enun.ur"'e n care apar
'ocuor" acua'"+a." (" 'ocuor" neacua'"+a."/
Caracer"s"c penru un LZ ese $apu' c# e' ese suscep"&"' a avea un anumit tip de
legtur enuniativ cu un anumit pdv penru care ese responsa&"'/ E)"s# !ou# "pur"
!e 'e%#ur" enun."a"0e- 'e%#ura !e responsa&"'"ae !# nume'e pr"mu'u" "p (" ese
s"n%ura !"n "ner"oru' acesu"a> ce' !e1a' !o"'ea "p, a' 'e%#ur"'or !e non1
77
responsa&"'"ae, cupr"n!e 'e%#ur" precum acor!u', !e+acor!u', resp"n%erea
*r,futation, sau 'e%#ura neur#/
n e)emp'e'e noasre, !e p"'!#,
6/ Ion +"ce- ;E $rumos a$ar#/</
7/ Ion m" spune c# e $rumos a$ar#/,
e)"s# o 'e%#ur# !e responsa&"'"ae nre 'ocuoru'
6
*pro"ec."a $ras"c# a em".#oru'u"
enun.u'u" te $rumos a$ar#t, (" p!0 s"mp'u sus."nu pr"n aces enun., (" o 'e%#ur# !e
responsa&"'"ae care $ace cone)"u1nea !"nre 'ocuoru'
7
*pro"ec."a $ras"c# a
em".#oru'u" enun.ur"'or 6/ (" 7/, (" p!0 comp'e) sus."nu pr"n $"ecare !"nre acesea/
n sc5"m&, n-
?/ Poae c# a sa acas# oa# seara, !e(" eu '1am 0#+u pe &u'e0ar! n 3ur !e op/
se rea'"+ea+#, pr"n "nerme!"u' conecoru'u" conces"0 dei, o 'e%#ur# re'a."ona'# nre
p!0 "erar5"c (" 'ocuoru'
7
*"ma%"nea $ras"c# a em".#o1ru'u" enun.u'u" ?/,, care sus."ne
aces p!0, !ar care (" !ec'"n# respon1sa&"'"aea penru p!0 s"mp'u> penru acesa !"n
urm# ese $#cu res1ponsa&"' 'ocuoru'
6
, *"ma%"nea $ras"c# a em".#oru'u" enun.u'u"
tam sa acas# oa# searat,> a(a!ar, nre 'ocuoru'
7
(" p!0 s"mp'u e)"s# o 'e%#ur# !e
non1responsa&"'"ae/
Dac# un anum" p!0 nu are 'ocuoru' "!en"$"ca&"', nu e)"s# n"c" 'e%#1ur# enun."a"0#
4 a(a se perec 'ucrur"'e cu p!0 6 aese $rumos a$ar#b, !"n enun.u' Au este frumos
afar.- 'ocuoru' responsa&"' !e aces !"n urm# enun. 0or&e(e ca i cum c"ne0a ar $"
sus."nu conrar"u'/
Doar un LZ *(" nu un NL, poae $" cons"!era responsa&"' !e un p!0 "erar5"c/ Un
as$e' !e p!0 con."ne, spuneam, comenar"" asupra unu" a' p!0> m#rc"'e $ras"ce a'e
acesor comenar"" *poate! din fericire# sincer! ntre noi fie vorba! de fapt> dei! cu
toate acestea, sun num"e n eor"a ScaPoL"n elemente artate *\'\mens monr\s,
7`
/
A!0er&e'e !e ne%a."e (" e'emene'e ar#ae cons"u"e a(a!ar m#rc"'e $ras"ce (" capul
p!0 "erar5"ce, "ar 'ocuoru' $ras"c ese cons"!era responsa&"' !e comenar""'e
"mp'"cae !e acese e)pres""/
S# o&ser0#m c# $ape e)ra'"n%0"s"ce, precum resposa&"'"aea em".#1oru'u" penru
e)ac"aea c"au'u", sau $ape repera&"'e cone)ua', n s"ua."a !e comun"care,
*precum nc#rcarea 0er&u'u" a zice cu un con1."nu "ron"c, repro!ucerea c"au'u" cu o
"nona."e ce su%erea+# !e+a1cor!u' ec/, nu $ormea+# con."nuu' p!0 (" n"c" o&"ecu' !e
cerceare a' eor"e" pe care o pre+en#m a"c"/
Un LZ ese no!eauna 'e%a !e un p!0 "erar5"c> n sc5"m&, p!0 re'a1."ona'e sun
puse a!esea n 'e%#ur# cu un NL> e)"s# a(a!ar un ra1por nre un anum" "p !e p!0
(" un anum" "p !e 'e%#ur#/
Dac# mo!u' n care se 'ea%# nre e'e p!0 re'a."ona'e ."ne !e mecan"s1me %u0ernae
!e NL (" unan"m accepae, $e'u' n care un 'ocuor $ras1"c *'o, pune n re'a."e p!0
!"$er"e ."ne $rec0en !e "n$orma."" cunoscue !oar !e c#re em".#oru' pe care 'o '
repre+"n#/ n aceas# ca'"ae, 'o ese num" interpr,teur
79
> e' re$ormu'ea+# p!0
comp'e)e *"erar5"ce sau re'a."ona'e, n p!0 s"mp'e, u"'"+a&"'e penru consru"rea unor
a'e p!0/

S# cons"!er#m c"ae'e-
7?
a/
;Tra5anac5e-
Ce sune." !10oasr#, m# ro% l Za%a&on." !e pe u'".# l num=a0ra%"" l numC#u+a(" l
numD10oasr#, a!"c# no", sunem ce#.en", !omnu'e, sunem onora&"'"m g
)
Ma" a'es
no" re" sunem s2'p"" puer""
)
h- g
W
pro1pr"ear", mem&r"" Com"eu'u" permanen, a"
Com"eu'u" e'ecora', a" Com"eu'u" (co'ar, a" Com"eu'u" penru saua 'u" Tra"an, a"
Com"1."u'u" a%r"co' (" e.eera/
W
h< *Cara%"a'e
6
- 6??,
&/
n 'umea Scrisorii pierdute, aunc" c2n! nu ese re+o'0a !e n2m1p'are, g
+
con$'"cu'
!e "nerese pr"me(e so'u."a !e 'a Cenru
+
h/
(" enun.ur"'e-
`/ Erau mem&r" n nenum#rae com"ee (" com"."", !ec" erau s2'p"" puer""/
9/ Erau mem&r" n nenum#rae com"ee (" com"."", !ec" g
o
erau n"(e s"mp'e
mar"onee
o
h/
n"ecare !"nre 3u!ec#."'e con."nue !e `/ (" 9/ poae $" sus."nu#> !ar $"ecare n pare,
penru c# $"ecare acu+# o a'# surs# !e "n$eren.e/ As1$e', n "mp ce n `/ 'ocuoru' 4
interpr,teur
6
repre+"n# un p!0 asoc"a se%menu'u" ), pe care ' !er"0# pe ca'e !e
consec"n.# !"n W, n 9/ 'ocu1oru' 4 interpr,teur
7
*"ma%"nea $ras"c# a unu"
interpr,tateur, n aces ca+, repre+"n# un p!0 asoc"a se%menu'u" o, pe care ' !er"0#
!"n + *su&s"u" meon"m"c cu W,/
n conc'u+"e, ;"' nyW a r"en !y\onnan c ce [ue 'es conneceurs so"en suscep"&'es !e
$onc"onner 1 sous cera"nes con!""ons 1 comme !\1c'enc5eurs !e !"scours repr\sen\/
Dyune man"_re %\n\ra'e, on pourra !ya"''eurs o&ser0er une cera"ne ana'o%"e enre 'es
p!0 r\su'an !u ra0a"' !yun "nerpr\eur e 'e !"scours repr\sen\/ Dans 'es !eu) cas,
un ]1! repr\sene e "nerpr_e 'e !"scours !yun aure/ Dans ce sens *a&sra",, 'es
conneceurs connecen !eu) !"scours repr\sen\s/ Le !"scours repr\sen\ es en e$$e
c cons"!\rer comme une 0ar"ane sp\1c"$"[ue !e 'a srucure %\n\ra'e "nro!u"e par
'y"nerpr\eur, 'a sp\c"$"1ca"on cons"san c ce [ue 'e e 0ra" f !"scours repr\sen\ e)"%e
[ue 'y"n1erpr\eur repr\sen\ so" un LZ sp\c"$"[ue/< *Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY,
ScaPoL"n poae $ace as$e', n aces momen, !"$eren.a, n "ner"oru' concepu'u" !e
narator, nre un naraor care ese 'ocuor a' istoriei (" un naraor care ese 'ocuor 4
interpr,teur / Aces mo! !e a 0e!ea 'ucrur"'e !uce 'a o !"scr"m"nare ne# n ca+u'
p"ese'or !rama"ce/ A"c", ce" care pun n scen# 'ocuor"" 4 interpr,teurs a" rep'"c"'or
sun acor"" (" nu auoru' !rama"c *acesa $urn"+ea+# !oar '"&reu',/ A(a!ar, !ac#
!"scursu' rapora poae $" !e$"n" pr"n pre+en.a a doi 'ocuor", !"nre care unu' ese
interpr,teur, nu n.e'e%em ou(" pr"n aceasa c# e" re1&u"e s# $"e (" $""n.e !"scurs"0e
!"$er"e- penru enun.ur"'e care $ormea1+# rep'"c" nr1un !"a'o% repre+ena, 'ocuoru'
ese interpr,teur a' pro1pr"u'u" !"scurs/ La $e' se n2mp'# 'ucrur"'e n pr"0"n.a
!"scursu'u" !"1rec '"&er (" a !"scursu'u" "n!"rec '"&er, !"scursur" caracer"+ae, !"n
puncu' !e 0e!ere a' ScaPoL"n, n pr"mu' r2n! pr"n a&sen.a une" m#rc" care s# "n!"ce
pre+en.a unu" 'ocuor interpr,teur a'u' !ec2 'o1cuoru' c"a *marc# 'a care se $ace
r"m"ere pr"n par"cu'a 'a"neasc# in(uit,/
7`
!"rec "n!"rec
cu in(uit !"scurs !"rec rapora !"scurs "n!"rec rapora
$#r# in(uit !"scurs !"rec '"&er !"scurs "n!"rec '"&er
n consec"n.#, (" re'u2n! !"s"nc."a 'u" r"%ense"n, ;'yin(uit ser 3use1men c
permere au 'ocueur !e !"re [uy"' repr\sene !ans son propre \nonc\ 'y\nonc\ !e LR/
I' 'e rappore/ Sans 'yin(uit, "' se conene !e monrer [uy"' repr\sene ce aure \nonc\/
I' ne 'e rappore pas/ En !yaures ermes, 'e !"scours rappor\ es 0\5"cu'\ par
'yop\ra"on \1nonc"a"0e pr"m""0e !e 0\r"!"c"on, a'ors [ue 'e !"scours '"&re es sou1
m"s c 'a monsra"on/< *Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY,/
A(a!ar, pe c2n! !"s"nc."a !"nre !"rec (" "n!"rec ese o pro&'em# !e ncorporare
enuniativ, cea !"nre '"&er (" rapora ese o pro&'em# !e indicare *0er&a'# sau
!emonsra"0#,/
Conc'u+""'e 'a care a3un%e ScaPoL"n nu sun, !ec", n m#sur# s# re0o1'u."one+e $e'u'
!e a n.e'e%e !"scursu' rapora> ceea ce ese ns# "m1poran (" r#m2ne ese e$oru' !e a
pune nr1un ca!ru por"0" *c5"ar !ac# erm"no'o%"a ese ma" pu."n or"%"na'#, !"scu."a
pr"0"oare 'a $eno1menu' po'"$on"c *'"n%0"s"c sau '"erar,/
Ne puem nre&a !e ce "pur"'e $a0or"e !e e), a'ese penru "'usra1rea eor"e" *a2 'a
Ducro, c2 (" 'a ScaPoL"n, sun negaia! ironia (" discursul raportat/ R#spunsu' ese
s"mp'u- sun e)e n care po'"$on"a re+u'# !"n 3ocu' unor enunri !"$er"e- enun.area
4 re$eren (" enun.area 4 re$er"n.# *ca'"aea e)p'"c"# !e ne%a."e, !e "ron"e sau !e
!"scurs rapora a u'"me" este !a# ocma" !e acu' re$er"r"" 'a o a'# enun.are,/
Penru ScaPoL"n, a "n!"ca structura polifonic a une" $ra+e nseamn#- 1 a !emonsra
e)"sen.a ma" mu'or punce !e 0e!ere n acea $ra+#>
1 a repera 'ocuoru' care, pr"nr1o 3u!eca#, ese responsa&"' !e un anum" p!0>
1 a sa&"'" "pu' !e 'e%#ur# !"nre !"0er(" 'ocuor" (" !"0erse'e p!0 e0"!en."ae n acea
$ra+#/
Aces !emers are ca re+u'a '"0rarea c#re &ene$"c"ar *}recepor, a u1nu" pac5e !e
"nsruc."un" *;semn"$"ca."a $ra+e"<, pe &a+a c#rora acesa poae acce!e, !up# o eap#
pre'"m"nar#, n care rea'"+ea+# configuraia polifonic a enun.u'u" 4 i.e. con$runarea
semnificaiei $ra+e" cu !ae'e s"ua."e" !e comun"care n care ese em"s enun.u' 4 'a
sensul aces1u"a/
Surse'e ace'or en"#." num"e !e ScaPoL"n puncte de vedere sun-
A/ un se !e "n$orma."" enc"c'ope!"ce *!ae 'e%ae !e mena'"aea une" epoc",
co!u' $orma't"n$orma' !e comporamen, 'e%"'e, op"n"a pu&'"c# ec/,>
d/ un se !e "n$orma."" '"n%0"s"ce *cunoa(erea mo!u'u" !e $unc."1onare a unor
e'emene num"e ;!es a!0er&"au) cone)ue's<, a ne%a."e", a mo!a'"#."'or !e
rea'"+are a "ron"e",/
Or"ce srucur# po'"$on"c# presupune un p!0 "erar5"c, a!"c# un p!0 care comenea+#
un a' p!0> or"ce p!0 s"mp'u ese !ecompo+a&"' n "n$orma."" care ."n !e A/> or"ce p!0
"erar5"c "mp'"c# re$er"n.a, cu m"31'oace care ."n !e d/, 'a un p!0 s"mp'u/
Aces mo! !e a n.e'e%e po'"$on"a nu se suprapune cu ce' n care era n.e'es $enomenu'
!e c#re da5"n *unu' !"nre ce" !e 'a care ScaPoL"n se re0en!"c#,/
nra+a
8/ erea !oo mo!e !# cn"p#tt TDM III, p/?A, r/@
79
ar e)5"&a, penru ScaPoL"n, un s"n%ur p!0, a c#ru" responsa&"'"ae ese asuma# !e un
s"n%ur 'ocuor, 'ocuoru' $ras"c/ nra+a ar a0ea, n consec"n.#, o srucur# mono$on"c#/
da5"n ar $" o&ser0a ns# c# n 8/, mosr# !e !"a'ec, apare un ermen ne!"a'eca' (" ar
$" $os "nere1sa !e consec"n.e'e ocuren.e" acesu"a, 0or&"n! !espre !"a'o%u' !"nre
'"m&a3e, !espre %ra!u' !e as"m"'area a cu02nu'u" ce'u"'a', !espre e1$ece'e
*seman"ce, s"sem"ce, pra%ma"ce, a'e p#run!er"" unu" ermen a'o%en nr1un !"a'ec
ec/, oae pro&'eme !er"0ae !"n consaarea c# 8/ ese un enun. po'"$on"c/

Dac# enun.u' ar $" $os ns#-

:/ La c2nep# erau !ou# mo!e, ca s# +"c a(a/
n e' ar $" $os sus."nue !ou# punce !e 0e!ere-
p!0 6/ e)"sau !ou# "pur" !e pre'ucrare a c2nep"">
p!0 7/ $o'os"rea ermenu'u" mod, n aces cone), ese "ne!"#/
A(a!ar, :/ ar "mp'"ca !e!u&'area 'ocuoru'u", care em"e un p!0 pr"n care ("
comenea+# acu' $o'os"r"" unu" anum" ermen/
Mo!u' n care se perec 'ucrur"'e n :/ ese cons"!era !e$"n"or"u penru DR !e c#re
ce" care sus."n e+a auon"m"e" DD/
?/ Teor"" a'e !"scursu'u"
?/6/
DR, $ap !e mea'"m&a3
?/6/6/
Te+a auon"m"e" DD a $os sus."nu# !e c#re nre%e n Cuncie i con-cept *6A@6, (" n
'espre concept i obiect *6@Y`,/ D"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' 'u" nre%e, or"ce mosr# !e
DD ese un nume propr"u, capa&"' !e a $orma ar%umenu' une" $unc."" (" "!en"$"ca&"'
ce' pu."n pr"nr1o carac1er"s"c#, anume aceea c# se poae com&"na cu un ar"co'
5o#r2 sau cu un pronume !emonsra"0 *nre%e- 6YY> 7@?, (" poae r"m"e as$e' 'a
o&"ecu' s#u *care ese enun.u' pe care ' raporea+#,/
?/6/7/
n ermen"" 'u" ReW1De&o0e, ;'es mos auonWmes son !es s"%nes 'an%a%"ers !e
s"%nes 'an%a%"ers, !onc !es mos m\a'"n%u"s"[ue/< *7@,/ As$e', !ac# $ormu'a unu"
semn s"mp'u ese E6 *C6, *E6 4 '1"1&1r1#1r1"1e> C6 4 ;ma%a+"n ce 0"n!e c#r."<,, E6 *E6
*C6,, ese $ormu'a unu" auon"m- un semn cu semn"$"canu' E6, care semn"$"c# un
semn cu semn"$"canu' E6 *ace'a(" "n!"ce, !ec" ace'a(" semn"$"can, (" cu semn"$"cau'
C6 *tlibrriet se c"e(e e cu02nu' librrie f,/

Sa S\
Sa S\
78
mea'"m&a3
*un!e Sa } s"%n"$"ans, "ar S\ } s"%n"$"\s ,
nr1un auon"m, E6 ese rans$orma nr1un semn"$"ca (" sc5"m&# comp'e pro&'ema
s"non"m"e", penru c#, !ac# tlibrriet ese s"n%uru' cu02n care semn"$"c# semn"$"canu'
'1"1&1r1#1r1"1e, aunc" ese "mpo1s"&"' a1" %#s" un s"non"m sau o ra!ucere> a0em a $ace,
!ec", n ca+u' auon"me'or, cu un bloca- sinonimic/
S"semu' sem"o"c a' conoa."e" *!e$"n" !e O3e'ms'e0, ese s"semu' "n10ers a'
mea'"m&a3u'u"- e)pres"a ese cea care cons"u"e un semn, (" nu con."nuu', a!"c# **E,
C, C/
;La s\m"o"[ue connoa"0e a un s"%n"$"an [u" es un s"%ne, e un s"%n"$"\ *C, appe'\
connoaeur/ Par e)emp'e, maintenant prononc\ gm~nwh *p'u [ue gmnwh,
connoe un usa%e !u m"!" !e 'a nrance, [u" es 'e connoaeur/ 7aintenant a !onc
!eu) conenus, 'e conenu !\noa"$ e c pr\sen f e 'e connoaeur e prononc"a"on !u
m"!" !e 'a nrance f/< *ReW1De&o0e- 796,
conoa."e
;Un s"%ne [u" connoe 'e 'an%a%e es !onc un s"%ne E6 *C6*C),,, o| C) } E *C,-
gm~nwh e c pr\sen f e prononc"a"on !u m"!" !e 'a nrance f <
E6 *C6, *E *C,,
*ib.- 797,
;On appe'e connoa"on 'an%a%"\re r\$'e)"0e, ou auonWm"[ue, 'a s"ua1"on !bun s"%ne
[u" s"%n"$"e, comme connoaeur, son s"%n"$"an e son s"%n"$"\ !\noa"$, se'on 'a
$ormu'e E6 *C6 *E6 *C6,,,, par e)emp'e ce''e !u mo marginal, !ans ces !eu)
p5rases-
*6, Cbes un mar%"na', comme on !" au3our!b5u"/
*7, Cbes un mar%"na', comme on appe''e ma"nenan 'b"na!ap\ soc"a'/
Dans ces emp'o"s, dire sbapp'"[ue au s"%ne oa' e 3ama"s au seu' con1enu/ Domme
*on dit! l5appelle, me !onc en re'a"on un mo mon!a"n, marginal e personne f, [u"
0"en !b]re emp'oW\, e un auonWme tmarginalt [u" rappore 'e !"re !es aures/< *ib.-
79?,
n ca+u' conoa."e" auon"m"ce a0em a $ace !e asemenea cu un &'oca3 s"non"m"c,
penru c# n re'a."a !"nre 'e)emu' marginal (" auon"mu' tmarginalt, n care pr"mu' '
semn"$"c# pe ce' !e1a' !o"'ea, ce' !"n2" nu poae $" n'ocu" pr"nr1un s"non"m, salva
veritate/
Conoa."a auon"m"c# cumu'ea+# !ou# sem"o"c"- cea a u+u'u" (" cea a men."un""/
Aces !u&'u proces ese "erar5"+a, sem"o"ca u+u'u" $""n! cea !om"nan#, n "mp ce
Sa S\
Sa S\
7:
mea'"m&a3u' ese nc5"s n conoaor- tmarginal nseamn# e persoan# care r#"e(e 'a
mar%"nea soc"e#."", num"# marginal ft/
Conoa."a auon"m"c# pune oae pro&'eme'e !"scursu'u" "n!"rec> !ac# Rapororu'
*R
e
, c"ea+#, pr"n aces m"3'oc, o sec0en.# !"n !"scur1su' em".#oru'u" c"a *C
e
,,
enun.u' !e0"ne e &"'"n%0 f/
n spr"3"nu' e+e" non1auon"m"e" DD se a!uc, ara# ReW1De&o0e, urm#oare'e
ar%umene-
a, DD are un s"n%ur em".#or, !e(" ese "n!"ca pr"n !ou# $orme pronom"na'e *tE'
a +"s- e Zo" p'eca m2"ne ft,>
&, ese re!un!an# o $ormu'are !e %enu'- tE' a +"s $ra+a- e Zo" p'eca m2"ne ft, n
"mp ce nu ese re!un!an a spune tnra+a Eoi pleca mine ese a!e0#ra#t>
c, a zice poae $" consru" cu un o&"ec !"rec care poae $" a2 nume'e unu" semn
c2 (" un lucru *E' nu a spus e Zo" p'eca m2"ne f, a spus un 'ucru !"$er"/, n
"mp ce nu se poae spune E' a pronun.a un lucru/>
!, nu e)"s# n"c" o !"$eren.# !e sens nre DD (" DI, "ar n pr"0"n.a DI n"men" nu
sus."ne e+a auon"m"e">
e, spuse'e raporae n DD $ormea+# o $ra+# rea'#, nu un nume !e $ra+#/
Auoarea r#spun!e pe r2n! acesora, cu urm#oare'e conraar%umen1e-
6/
D"scursu' !"rec rea' (" !"scursu' eara' sun acua'"+#r" a'e ace'u"a(" "p/ Auoarea
compar# !"scursu' c"a *Do, cu textul p"ese" (" DD cu reprezentarea ace'e"a(" p"ese ("
cons"!er# c# e)u' (" repre+enarea 'u" apar."n 'a !ou# sem"o"c", !"nre care una, cea a
repre+en#r"", ese mea'"n%0"s"c#/ Unu' !"nre ar%umene'e e+e" auon"m"e" DD ese
$apu' c# oae ca+ur"'e !e DD pre+"n# !o" em".#or" *R
e
(" C
e
, (" !ou# enun.#r" *Do ("
DR,, $ap care ese caracer"s"c mea'"m&a3u'u"- em".#oru' menioneaz un ermen,
!ar nu $ace uz !e acesa *n ca+u' DD, R
e
nu (" asum# responsa&"'"aea penru spuse'e
C
e
, a(a cum o $ace aunc" c2n! em"e un enun. care nu ese DR, !ec" c2n! 0or&e(e n
nume propr"u,/
;Dbune $a^on %\n\ra'e, ou 'b\nonc"aeur es pr,sent, e 'ba''ocua"re per^o" en &'oc
'b\nonc\ e sa source, ou 'b\nonc"aeur es a&sen e son nom $"%ure !ans un \nonc\
comp'e)e [u" ne peu ]re [ue m\a1'"n%u"s"[ue/ Lbappar""on !u nom !e
'b\nonc"aeur conc"!e a0ec 'bappar""on !u m\a'an%a%e/ < *ib.- 76@,
7/
S/ rans$ormarea DD n DI nu ese una "+omor$# *ea !# na(ere unor am&"%u"#." pe
care DD nu 'e are, ese pur (" s"mp'u "mpos"&"'# penru $ra+e'e "mpera"0e,
"nero%a"0e (" e)c'ama"0e ec/,>
q/ enun.ur"'e em"se n a'# '"m&# !ec2 cea n care se $ace raporarea nu po $" re!ae n
DI, c" !oar n DD *!"mor$"sm,>
E/ recerea !e 'a DI 'a DD ese "mpos"&"'#>
Penru oae acese mo"0e, DI nu ese, rapora 'a DD, un a' mo! !e a re!a spuse'e
cu"0a/
;On !"ra [ue 'e !"scours "n!"rec nbes pas $"a&'e- "n$"!_'e, "n\%a'emen 0ra", e
&rou"''eur !e p"ses, "' es "ncapa&'e !e $a"re connare ce [u" a \\ !", $onc"on [ue
peu seu' assumer 'e !"scours !"rec/< *ib.- 77@,
7A
?/
Ana'"+2n! re'a.""'e !"nre semne (" ce" care 'e $o'osesc, ReW1De&o0e ara# c# se poae
$ace o c'as"$"care a 0er&e'or mea'"n%0"s"ce !up# cr"er"u' "pu'u" !e o&"ec pe care '
po a0ea/ As$e', penru dire, care reune(e ma)"mum !e pos"&"'"#.", o&"ecu' poae $"-
6/ un nume mea'"n%0"s"c *pare !e propo+"."e,- tI' ne !" pas un mot>
7/ un nume auon"m *pare !e propo+"."e,- tI' me !" tut>
?/ un nume mea'"n%0"s"c *$ra+# sau e),- tI' me !" un conet>
`/ un nume auon"m *$ra+# n $ra+# comp'e)#,- tI' a !" e e 'ba"me ft>
9/ o propo+"."e cu (ue sau si, rans$ormarea 'u" `/- tI' a !" [ub"' 'ba"ma"t>
8/ o propo+"."e "n$"n""0a'#, rans$ormarea 'u" `/- tI' a !" 'ba"mert>
:/ un nume !e sare sau !e ac."une, rans$ormarea 'u" `/- tI' a !" son amour pour e''et
*ib.-6@:16@A,
78
/

`/
;Dans 'a ma3or"\ !es cas, 'es paro'es rappor\es 'e son pour 'e cone1nu- on rappore
ce [ue 'b\nonc"aeur 0ou'a" $a"re sa0o"r, !eman!a", or!onna" ec/, [ue''e [uba" pu
]re 'be)press"on !e ses paro'es/ Lbe)1press"on es $orc\men pr\sene, ma"s 'e
messa%e ne pore pas sur e''e/ < *ib.- 7?6,
7:
/
Ar%umenu' c# DD (" DI sun ec5"0a'ene ese 0a'"! !oar n pr"0"n.a sensu'u" (" nu a
e)pres"e", care ese "nra!uc"&"'# *DI nu ese rans$ormarea DD> a0em a $ace cu !ou#
'ucrur" $un!amena' !"$er"e !"n punc !e 0e!ere sem"o"c,/
9/
DD cupr"n!e un enun. !"$er" !e ce' em"s !e C
e
(" nu acelai enun. *("m asa !e 'a
da5"n,/ ;Le !"scours !"rec ne s"%n"$"e [ue !es to:ens/< *ib.- 7?9,/
n conc'u+"e-
;La 5\se !es paro'es rappor\es non auonWmes $ourn" une e)p'"ca1"on p'us s"mp'e,
ma"s nbes pas compa"&'e a0ec 'a !ou&'e !e")"s, 'a poss"&"'"\ !e repr\sener p'us"eurs
opens, 'es p5rases comp'e)es !"1morp5es, e ous 'es cas o| dire ne s\'ec"onne pas 'e
s"%n"$"\/< *ib.- 7?A,/
?/6/?/
/ Au5"er ese !e asemenea a!epa acesu" "p !e n.e'e%ere a DR> !"scu2n!
$enomenu' rapor#r"" n ermen" !e mea'"m&a3, ea a3un%e 'a c2e0a !"s"nc.""
"neresane/
?/6/?/6/
Auoarea cre!e c# ese $oare "mporan s# p'ec#m !e 'a consaarea ca'"#.""
eero%ene a '"m&a3u'u", care ese o eero%en"ae constitutiv (" poae !e0en" una
demonstrat/
C# '"m&a3u' ese cons"u"0 eero%en ese pro&a !e $apu' c# or"ce !"scurs ese un
pro!us a' nrep#run!er"" a'or !"scursur", or"ce !"s1curs ese un "ner!"scurs> ;m
pu"s[ue nous par'ons ou3our a0ec 'es mos !es aures, 'e DR 0a, !ans cee
perspec"0e, carac\r"ser non pas un ensem&'e '"m"\ !e $a"s '"n%u"s"[ues ma"s &"en 'a
pra"[ue !"scurs"0e !ans son ensem&'e/< *Ros"er 6@@@a-6YY,/ S# ne am"n"m c# !e 'a
7@
aceas# r#s#ur# $un!amena'# p'ecase (" da5"n n ana'"+a !"scursu'u" romanesc> e'
0or&ea ns# nu !espre eero%en"ae, c" !espre !"a'o%"sm/
Eero%en"aea !emonsra# ese acua'"+area, nr1un anum" !"s1curs, a ce'e"
cons"u"0e> un"c"aea aparen# a $"ru'u" !"scurs"0 ese a'era#, c#c" $orme'e
eero%en"#."" ' nscr"u n !"scurs pe cellalt/
Pr"0"n! as$e' 'ucrur"'e, !ac# DD ese un mo! eero%en, "ar DI, un mo! omo%en !e
re!are a spuse'or ce'u"'a', am&e'e acu+# o eero%en"ae cons"u"0#, am&e'e sun,
naturaliter, eero%ene/
?/6/?/7/
Penru Au5"er, o !"s"nc."e c'ar# nre DI (" DD se poae $ace !oar !"n puncu' !e
0e!ere a' ;!escr"p.""'or !e$"n"e<> DD (" DI nu sun 0ar"ane mor$o1s"nac"ce, c" !ou#
mo!ur" !e raporare pro$un! !"s"nce- DD ese ;c"are<, pe c2n! DI ese ;ra!ucere</
Au5"er e)c'u!e DIL !"nre $orme'e !e DR, !aor"# pro&'eme'or pe care 'e pune
ec5"0a'en.a !"nre aceas# $orm# cone)ua'# (" DD sau DI, $orme %rama"ca'e $ras"ce/
A presupune c# DD, DI, DIL sun omo'o%e ;cbes a!mere [ue 'e r\cep1eur [u"
!\co!e un DIL sb"nerpr_e 'u"1m]me, un"0o[uemen e auo1ma"[uemen, comme un
R rece0an !bun L, un rappor !bun ace !e paro'e '1r, comme cbes 'e cas au DD e au
DI/< *Au5"er 6@:A- :@,/

DD ese auon"m, ceea ce nseamn# c# auoarea pune pe ace'a(" p'an 6/ (" 7/-
6/ >l a spus/ = delicvent ?.
7/ Duvntul = antic ? are accent pe a doua silab.
n ce'e !ou# e)emp'e, e !e'"c0en f (" e an"c f sun autonime, e'e sun menionate !ar
nu (" ntrebuinate, "ar aces sau auon"m ese mar1ca n *6, !e 0er&u' !ec'ara"0 ("
!e rupura s"nac"c# propr"e DD, "ar n *7, !e pre+enaoru' mea'"n%0"s"c (" !e
rupura sur0en"# n com1&"nare/ n *?, ns#,
?/ Ae vom mulumi deocamdat cu aceast = definiie ?.

se%menu' !"nre %5"'"me'e ese menionat !ar (" ntrebuinat, a(a!ar e' are !oar o
conoa."e auon"m# *sau ese un e)emp'u !e mo!a'"ae au1on"m#,/ Toae ca+ur"'e !e
"nser."e !e cu0"ne a'e a'u"a n propr"u' nosru !"scurs au conoa."e auon"m#>
cu0"ne'e nre %5"'"me'e care apar n DI sun ;"nsu'e e)ua'e< care &'oc5ea+# opera."a
!e ra!ucere/ napu' c# opera."a !e ra!ucere ese &'oca# nseamn# c# n"c" un DD nu
poae $" recu n DI $#r# a $ace n ace'a(" "mp (" o recere !e 'a ransparen.# 'a
opac"ae> ese o consec"n.# a !e$"n"r"" ce'or !ou# spe1c"" !e DR $o'os"n! cr"er"u'
'o%"c"s a' e !escr"p.""'or !e$"n"e f> DD (" DI sun !ou# mo!ur" "re!uc"&"'e a'e DR/
Ca+u' "n0ers, a' unu" DD care re!# cu apro)"ma."e !"scursu' or"%"nar, ese un DD
pseu!o1e)ua', a!"c# un ca+ !e ra!ucere auon"m#/
Penru Au5"er, DIL nu ese un mo! !e repro!ucere a unor spuse> ea re$u+# s# 0a!#
aceas# $orm# ca pe un amesec a' ce'or !ou# $orme !e &a+#, DD (" DI, re$u+2n! c5"ar
no."unea !e e amesec f/ Au5"er cons"1!er# $orm# m")# una n care e)"s# o rupur#
e0"!en# nre !ou# srucur" s"nac"ce 4 !"scursu' !"rec cu c> apar"."a %5"'"me'e'or n
DI nu rupe ns# !"scursu', !ec" nu ese mo"0 penru a 0or&" !espre o $orm# m")#/
?/6/?/?/
?Y
Eero%en"aea !"scurs"0# poae $" "'usra# pr"n !ou# $enomene> ese 0or&a !espre a(a
num"u' ;'o e)ue'< (" !espre ;paro'es enues c !"s1ance</
?/6/?/?/6/
Termenu' ;"nsu'# e)ua'#< acoper# ca+ur"'e !e DR care ncep ca un DI !ar con"nu#
ca un DD/ Spre !eose&"re !e DD, caracer"+a pr"nr1o !u&'# rupur# *sau
eterogenitate,, !e naur# sintactic (" enuniativ *!e 'a ntrebuinare se rece 'a
meniune,, enun.ur"'e !e "pu' 6 zice c 3 2F4 sau potrivit lui 6 3 2F4 nu pre+"n#
$enomene !e rupur#, c#c" $ra%menu' 2F4 ese omogen s"nac"c (" enun."a"0-
gSo.u'h a rom" a(atuam ""(" mupr"m#0ar# 'a o+u!ocor" m1anu !ustt("
par"co'ar"t( !1#(e'an.tmca+ !# uopera."etgrh ca+ !# uopera."ettTDM I, p/797,
r/71`
(" "e' gc#'#oru'h a au+" 'a !oo(p"e noapeatc1a 0en" re" $eme"t'a amtt(ucum '1a
ursa p# "e' gpe nou1n#scuhtta'a '1a ursa c# s# (1ea $eme"a $rumoas#ts# $"e
&o%#a(ts# $"e 0ren"ct5arn"ctt#ma'a '1a umursa s# $""e numa &on'a0ts# $"ems#1
(uea $emee ur#ts# $"e puuroas#t( am#rtt( aea !# p# urm#ta reea urs"oaret'1a
ursams# moar# cn! o a gKh o $" nuna 'u"tmare s# moar#1mu pu.tnecatt TDM
III, p/`A@, r/7717A
A(a!ar, $ra%menu' 2F4 con."ne $"e c"ae care nu "mp'"c# $orme spec"1$"ce DD
*!e"c"ce, "nona."e ec/, 4 caz d uoperaie 4 $"e c"ae a!apae penru DI *are s
moar-mGpu necat (" nu ai s mori n pu necat,> !aor"# acesu" $ap, e)emp'e'e
pe care 'e are n 0e!ere Au5"er nu $ac pare !"n cae%or"a DD 'e%a, care ese omogen
sintactic, !ar eterogen enuniativ-

cum s# +"cea aun3una""ne c# c# ;s# $""e ac" '%# m"nets#1' 0#! cn! muare< gsht
TDM III, p/:Y, r/6A16@
A(a nc2 ar re&u" s# $acem !"$eren.a nre-
"/ E'

a !ec'ara c# ar $" re&u" s# " se ;comun"ce< aces $ap/
""/ E'
i
a !ec'ara c# ar $" re&u" ;s# "
i
se comun"ce< aces $ap/

"""/ E'
i
a !ec'ara c# ar $" re&u" ;s# m"
i
se comun"ce< aces $ap/

n pr"me'e !ou# ca+ur", 0or&"m !espre asoc"erea !"nre !ou# $orme au1onome !ar
compa"&"'e, DI (" mo!a'"+are auon"m#, (" ar re&u" s# 'e cons"!er#m !rep
;con$"%ura"ons complexes !e RDA< * } repr\sena1"on !bun !"scours aure,, pe c2n!
n u'"mu' ca+, n care apar DI (" DD, ar re&u" s# 0or&"m !espre ;une $orme h8bride
!e RDA</
Pr"me'e !ou# sun mosre !e "nsu'# e)ua'#> oae re" sun ns# mosre !e ;paro'e
e enus c !"sance
7
f </
?/6/?/?/7/
?6
Auoarea nume(e e'emene'e auon"me ;paro'e eenus c !"sance
6
f< "ar e'emene'e
cu conoa."e auon"m# ;paro'e eenus c !"sance
7
f< *Au5"er 6@A6- 67:167A,/ U'"me'e
apar n !ou# ca+ur"- n DIL (" n e)emp'e precum-
?/ Ae vom mulumi deocamdat cu aceast = definiie ?.
un!e %5"'"me'e'e au ro'u' !e a ."ne 'a !"san.# (" sun un semna' nere1!un!an 4 spre
!eose&"re !e %5"'"me'e'e auon"m"e", !"n-
6/ >l a spus/ = delicvent ?.
7/ Duvntul = antic ? are accent pe a doua silab.
Dac# a ine
H
ese s"non"m cu ;a ."ne un o&"ec penru a $" pr"0" sau ar#a<, a ine
I
are
un sens asem#n#or 'u" ;a ."ne un !"scurs</ n ?/, em".#oru', pr"n conoa."a !e
auon"m"e, ine
I
(", n ace'a(" "mp, ine
H
/ A"c", %5"'"me'e'e sun urma une" opera.""
mea'"n%0"s"ce 'oca'e, !e !"s1an.are (" !e !e+an%a3are a 'ocuoru'u" $a.# !e un anum"
cu02n, ceea ce nu se n2mp'# n ca+u' ce'or'a'e cu0"ne a'e !"scursu'u"/ Aceas#
!e+an%a3are !eerm"n# apar"."a unu" %o' care re&u"e ump'u pr"nr1o "nerpreare,
pr"nr1o %'os# 'oca'#> as$e', 'ocuoru' se !e!u&'ea+#, e' !e0"ne 3u!ec#oru' ace'or
cu0"ne pe care 'e ntrebuineaz (", n ace1'a(" "mp, 'e comenteaz cr""c> %5"'"me'e'e
marc5ea+# !ec", n acese ca+ur", ermen" conro'a.", a!m"n"sra.", ."nu.", un!e a ine
J
!e0"ne s"1non"m cu ;a ."ne o cas#</
;Eu $o'osesc cu02nu' X, !ar nu a(a cum 'e nre&u"n.e+ pe ce'e'a'e, c" n $e'u' n care
o $ace l/<, a(a poae suna %'osa 'ocuoru'u" care se $o'o1se(e !e o conoa."e auon"m#/
Au5"er o&ser0# c# l poae $o'os" ermenu' c"a nr1un anum" mo!, mo! 'a care
'ocuoru' care ine, n propr"u' !"scurs, ace' ermen, se poae rapora !"$er"- po'em"c
*e cum a a0u n!r#+nea'a 4 sau pros"a 4 s# spun# f,, em$a"c *e cum ."n s# spun f,
sau e+"an *e cum a( puea +"cef,/ n oae acese ca+ur", !e+an%a3area 'ocuoru'u" se
man"$es# pr"n punerea su& semnu' nre&#r"" a propr"e#."" ermenu'u" $o'os" n
!"scurs, "ar acese" !e+an%a3#r" " corespun!e %'osa, care r"m"e 'a !"s1cursu' ce'u"'a'/
Ese ca (" cum 'ocuoru' ar $o'os" respec"0u' ermen n ciuda faptului c# e' nu se
por"0e(e cone)u'u"/
;Nous ne par'ons pas "c" !es $ormes s"%n"$"an [ubun aure !"scours es 'bo&3e !u
!"scours [u" se "en- [ub"' so" sa"s" au n"0eau !u con1enu, !ans 'e !"scours rappor\
"n!"rec, ou au n"0eau !e 'a ma\r"a'"1\ !e ses mos, !ans 'e !"scours rappor\ !"rec e
'es aures $ormes re'e0an !e 'bauonWm"e *e)/- le mot F de l est regrettable,, 'baure
!"s1cours W es ce'u" !on on par'e> !ans 'es $ormes !e mo!a'"\ auonW1m"[ue [u"
nous occupen "c", F comme dit l! F pour parler comme l! F au sens de l, m[u"
carac\r"sen !es mos !on 'b\nonc"aeur $a" usa%e, comme emprun\ c un aure
!"scours, 'baure !"scours es ce'u" par 'e[ue', a0ec 'e[ue', !ans 'e[ue' on par'e, ce'u"
[ubon par'e, s" on 0eu, comme on !" e sbe)pr"mer !anstpar'er une *aure, 'an%ue f</
*Au5"er 6@@9- 7?9> su&'"n"er"'e auoare",/
Sau, !up# ReW1De&o0e, aa'b\nonc"aeur ne rappore pas !e paro'es- "' 'es imite
!"recemen, sans p5rase "ns\rane/ Ma"s cee m"mes"s es auss" accompa%n\e
!bune m"se au po"n [u" 'a s"%na'e/ Lb\nonc"a1eur es responsa&'e !e 'a p5rase
pro!u"e, e)press"on e conenu, ma"s "' para%e cee responsa&"'"\ a0ec un aure/
Comme !eu) *ou p'us"eurs, su3es !e 'b\nonc"a"on ne peu0en coe)"ser !ans une
seu'e \nonc"a"on, cbes 'u" [u" assume 'bessen"e' !e 'a responsa&"'"\, 'a par [ubW
pren! 'baure nb\an [ubune 3us"$"ca"on !e 'a s"enne/bb *789> su&'"n"erea auoare",/
?/6/?/?/?/
Se $ace as$e' !"s"nc."a nre !ou# "pur" !e $enomene-
?7
6/ discursul raportat *DR,- $enomen care "'usrea+# autonimia 4 sau, a'$e' spus,
meniunea 4 (" care ese spa."u' !e n2'n"re a !ou# !"scur1sur", !"nre care unu'
$ormea+# obiectul ce'u"'a'>
7/ discursul reflexiv *Re$,- $enomen care "'usrea+# modalitatea autoni-mic 4 sau,
a'$e' spus, meniunea (" uzul 4 (" care ese spa."u' !e n2'n"re a !ou# !"scursur", !"nre
care unu' $ormea+# sursa ce'u"'a'/
A(a!ar, oae e)emp'e'e care "'usrea+# Re$ nu ar re&u" !"scuae 'a DR (" ar re&u" s#
!"$eren."em nre-
a, discurs reflexiv/
nr1o !"m"nea.# m# scoa'# &a&a, nc# c" +"c "#u !" !"m"n3ea.# nc# c" +"c "#u !" !"m"n3ea.# l n".#' recus" !" cn
cnas" cuco(""1n#"a oar#, s# m# !uc, s#1" a!uc pa"e, s# &a%" n so&# gmh jN,
e)u' III, p/788
Acu1" %reumAcu1" oac# l "c "c mune(" 'a &oer s Ap#" s mune(" !" cn! s
!"3%5"a. p#mnu (" pn"1n eru &o&oe+"" s nu ma" !"sca'. oc5"nca !"n c5"or n"
s# !"u" !o%5"ocu !"'a u%, s1. p'esneasc ( oc5"" (1ap#" s +" c1a" mun" s jN,
e)u' XXI, p/?7`
*un!e em".#oru' pare c# !# rep'"ca unu" persona3 care ar $" sus."nu ;Muncesc
mu' 'a &o"er s<,
;ao'eotm g gK Kh h mua(#<tc# 0e+"tnu1" +"veam moa(#t" +"veanu'e"c# c# 0e+"tnu1" +"veam moa(#t" +"veanu'e"c#tt gmh TDM III,
p/?`, r/?1`
1au !au&#"e. 'a (coa'#, c# &#"e. a +s c# s# !uc uarma# ( 'e $o'os#(e carea,
!a $ee'emn1o s1s# $ac# pr"uoese, a(a s# +vea, (1a(a s# +ve, acu nu s# ma" +ve, a(a s# +vea, (1a(a s# +ve, acu nu s# ma" +ve,
!a a(a s1a +s aunv !a a(a s1a +s aunv/ TDO, p/`7?, r/`18
aun+ unu "erea ca acuts# $ac# puor."terea uu%ar!t' 'e%a !# &a&1aeat( !1
#'a'tua"a c1o p"e!"c#t!coa cumuo srm#t(ms# num"a ve ;aea "e puara
mare<tt TDM III, p/?Y, r/6:16@
go $eme"eh a $os cu pu"ne"u !# p"c"ort(1a $o+ +"cn! a(a 'a uae &uru"en"'"- ;.r !1
"("t.r !# co'ea<t(" uomu1a p#+"ttuomu1a p#+"tt+cet#'a a +"+ !# co'ot 0# roc s# m# 0# roc s# m#
scu+a+ scu+a+t+" gph ce ;.r (" !n as1a me<tt gmh (1a 'ua1ot(1a omor1ot TDM III, p/99,
r/66169
( m1a uopr"m'a &uc##r""ettnu 0ream s# sau gmh ;nutsa"
$uu1.<tcum e 'a arma# cum e 'a arma#ttTDM III, p/66, r/`1:
&, discurs raportat-
gCn! p"er!ea 0aca 'ape'e, a(a, !eo!a#, ce $#cea." lh gCn! p"er!ea 0aca 'ape'e, a(a, !eo!a#, ce $#cea." lh
!1ap#"tsr%#m 'ap"ett
gCum lh
!1ap#" !1ap#"
a ru3an#tat
??
nu e sr%up# "et
"u".#'u #ut
c2 "o sr%u'ap"e #utt gmh TDdN, p/6YY, r/71@
a(a c# ( re"'e caro' n" p1orm1a 0en" r#+&o"ut( spunea1n ""sor""e spunea1n ""sor""et+"ve
;s"re<ta!"c# ree ;re3"u!un#rea p# un!e 0o"e("t supuve con!"u."uun"t0"no1
%ra&#tcau+a cre("n#1" p"er!u#<tta +"+ ru(" 'u re%"'e caro'ttTDM III, p/9`A, r/?19
(1"o m# !u%u'a %ar#t+ +u;poae "au (1"o p# v"ne0at(" ma"m<tt $"c1a!usesem
3u!ec#oru 'a %ar#tnapo"tpoae %#s#sc un c'""en (" "ott TDM III, p/6, r/6616?
Dup# cum se poae 0e!ea, o as$e' !e !"s"nc."e ese "re'e0an# n ca+u' nara."un"",
un!e se%mene'e !e !"scurs !"rec nu sun n"c"o!a# !oar men."onae 4 e'e sun
men."onae (" n ace'a(" "mp folosite !e naraor, !e(" a"c" ermenu' nu se re$er# 'a u+u'
"nra$ras"c, c" 'a ce' nara"0/
?/6/`/
Cr""ca 0"+"un"" mea'"n%0"s"ce asupra DR/
Traamenu' mea'"n%0"s"c a' DR se !o0e!e(e s2n3en"or !"n ma" mu'e mo"0e-
a, a concepe DD nr1un mo! sr"c 'o%"c"s nseamn# a1" ne%'"3a s"mu'an
ca'"#."'e 'u" !e discurs asupra lumii (" !e discurs al ficiunii# soco" a spune
a!e0#ru' pr"n re$er"rea 'a e' nsu(", DD (" accenuea+# "ma%"nea unu" !"scurs
$"!e' (" '"era' n rapor cu un !"scurs or"%"nar *Do,> ;Lbor"%"ne r5\or"[ue !u
DD, pr"s !ans une '"n\ar"\ e)ue''e, "mp'"[ue son \u!e non p'us en ermes !e
propos""ons comp'e)es ma"s "n\%r\e c un !\rou'emen nar1ra"$, "ner'ocu"$,
con0ersa"onne'/ La consruc"on !bune r\$\1rence comme pro!uc"on !u $"c"$
ren0o"e \%a'emen 'e DD c aure c5ose [ue 'u"1m]me/< *Ros"er 6@@@a- 66`,>
&, a !"s"n%e ra!"ca' nre un DD care c"ea+# (" un DI care ra!uce spuse'e
ce'u"'a' nseamn# a resp"n%e $orme'e m")e, care nu ar ap#rea !ec2 penru a
ascun!e '"psur"'e $orme'or pr"nc"pa'e> $orme'e m")e re&u"e su!"ae ns#
penru e'e nse'e, ca mo!ur" !"$er"e !e repro!ucere a spuse'or cu"0a>
c, perspec"0a "sor"c# o&'"%# 'a o recons"!erare a 'e%#ur"" !"nre DD, %5"'"me'e ("
auon"m"e *DD cu c ("t$#r# %5"'"me'e "nro!use pr"nr1un 0er& nsemn2n! a
zice ,>
!, prac"ca o&'"%# 'a recons"!erarea ro'u'u" ar"&u" %5"'"me'e'or, a c#ror
semn"$"ca."e a e0o'ua !e 'a semne a'e c"#r"" 'a marcaor" a" "ron"e"> a re!uce
ro'u' %5"'"me'e'or 'a c"area cu0"ne'or a'cu"10a nseamn# a nu ."ne con !e
"ner0en."a rapororu'u" n !"s1cursu' raporau'u"> pe !e a'# pare, nu oae
u+ur"'e auon"m"1ce "mp'"c# $o'os"rea %5"'"me'e'or>
e, !"s"nc."a de retde dicto *meniunetntrebuinare, pare ca!uc# aunc" c2n! ese
0or&a !espre DR/ Ce 0a'oare are aceas# !"15oom"e !ac# ne re$er"m 'a
repre+enarea 0or&"r"" persona3e'or nr1un e) '"erar sau nr1o nara."une
ora'# l
Te+a mea'"n%0"s"c# a DR, $on!a# pe $o'os"rea mea'"n%0"s"c# a 0er1&u'u" a zice,
con!uce 'a "!eea !e repro!ucere aa(a# DD, as"m"'2n1!u1' pe acesa cu c"au'/
Aceas# as"m"'are pro0"ne !"n con3unc."a !"nre m#rc"'e "po%ra$"ce a'e c"#r""
*%5"'"me'e'e, (" $o'os"rea acesor m#rc" penru DD, !e(" acesa, 'e%a !e con0ersa."e,
?`
are un semn propr"u, '"n"a !e !"a'o%/ E)ens"a $o'os"r"" %5"'"me'e'or penru a re!a or"ce
$e' !e sec0en.#, scr"s# sau ora'#, a ser0" e+e" auon"m"e" DD/ Pr"n r"co(eu,
%5"'"me'e'e (" p"er! ro'u' 'or auon"m, penru c# sun $o'os"e penru a marca sec0en.e
$"c"0e !e DD, con$er"n! acesu"a $"!e'"aea care !ecur%e !"n aceas# $o'os"re/
?/7/
Ne propunem a"c" s# ar##m ce r#spunsur" au pr"m" urm#oare'e nre&#r"-
6/ Ese DD $"!e' unu" Do *!"scurs or"%"nar, l>
7/ Ese DI !er"0a l
?/7/6/
Ese DD $"!e' unu" !"scurs or"%"nar *Do, l
?/7/6/6/
Penru %rama"ca ra!"."ona'#, $"!e'"aea DD $a.# !e un Do ese o a)"1om#/ Aceas#
$"!e'"ae re&u"e ns# n.e'eas# %rama"ca'- DD repro1!uce nocma" spuse'e !e
rapora, n sensu' c# nu puem 0or&" !espre n"c" un $e' !e rans$ormare %rama"ca'#
care, ap'"ca# 'u" Do, s# n"1' $urn"+e+e pe DD/ Aceasa se re!uce 'a a spune c#-
1 $""n! n poses"a DD, puem $" s"%ur" c# n"m"c !"n ceea ce era "mpor1an n Do nu
s1a p"er!u, a2 n pr"0"n.a $orme", c2 (" a con."nu1u'u">
1 !ac# nu e)"s# o "!en"ae per$ec# nre DD (" Do, aces $ap nu poae $" repro(a
s"semu'u" %rama"ca'/
?/7/6/7/
DD, re+u'a a' unu" proces !e re$ormu'are
Dac# DD nu ese $"!e' Do (" !ac# aceas# "n$"!e'"ae nu ese "mpua1&"'# s"semu'u"
%rama"ca', n seama cu" ar re&u" pus# ea l
Dup# nuc5s, DR *!ec" (" DD, nu ese re+u'au' une" s"mp'e re!#r" a Do, a' recer"" !e
'a cu0"ne'e Do 'a ce'e a'e DR> !e $ap, a0em a $ace cu o ac"0"ae !e re$ormu'are, "ar
ec5"0a'area se $ace pe m#sur# ce se e'a&orea+# o construcie cu o anumit
semnificaie, porn"n! !e 'a Do/ Are 'oc as$e' un !u&'u proces- !e "nerpreare a Do ("
!e pro!ucere a DR> !up# ca+, re$ormu'area poae $" cenra# pe ac"0"aea !e "ner1
preare sau pe cea !e pro!ucere, !e un!e !"s"nc."a !"nre re$ormu'a1rea explicativ
*care pro!uce DI (" $orme a'e acesu"a, (" cea imitativ *care pro!uce DD (" $orme a'e
acesu"a,/ Re$ormu'area presupune !o" "nerme!"ar" nre Do (" DR- un con."nu a' Do,
C, care $unc."onea+# ca "nerpreare a Do (" ca punc !e p'ecare penru Cb, un con."nu
mo1!"$"ca ma" mu' sau ma" pu."n n rapor cu C (" !e 'a care se p'eac# penru a se
consru" DR *resp"n%2n!u1se, as$e', "poe+a une" "!en"#." !e con."nu nre Do ("
DR,-
C Cb

Do DR
aaLe processus "nerm\!"a"re !e rans$orma"on !u conenu es sp,ci1fi(ue c 'bac"0"\
!e reformulation "nra'"n%ua'e ou "ner'"n%ua'e gmhbb *nuc5s- 7:,
Se poae 0or&", a(a!ar, !espre caraceru' !"nam"c a' ac"0"#."" !e re1$ormu'are, care
are 'a &a+# pr"nc"p"u' !e$orma&"'"#."" sensu'u"/ Capa1c"aea !e a sa&"'" '"m"e'e une"
?9
!e$orma&"'"#." accepa&"'e ese cea care auor"+ea+# Rapororu', nr1o s"ua."e !a#, s#
cons"!ere c# sen1su' DR nu se n!ep#rea+# ra!"ca' !e sensu' Do, c# nu !ep#(e(e o '"1
m"# ca'"a"0#, pe care nuc5s o nume(e aaseu"' !e !"sors"onbb/
n ac"0"aea !e re$ormu'are $unc."onea+# !ec" !"n p'"n pr"nc"p"u' !"a1'o%"c &a5"n"an-
rapororu' ec5"0a'ea+# sensu' Do cu un sens pe care e' ' cons"!er# ap !e a $" ransm"s
receporu'u" raporor> aceas# ac"10"ae !# seam# !e caraceru' unic! irepetabil!
dinamic a' !"scursu'u" rapora> e' ese a'u', n $unc."e !e recepor, c5"ar !ac#
Em".#oru' (" Do pe care acesa ' raporea+# r#m2n ace"a("/
S# cons"!er#m urm#oarea s"ua."e-
aan scena aceea !e pom"n# *!"n $"'mu' 'ou loturi, gmh un 2n#r p"cor comun"s ese aresa
!e S"%uran.# (" !us nr1un ca&"ne !e anc5e#/ Aco'o gmh " se "a un "nero%aor"u/
R#spunsur"'e pe care 'e !# sun consemnae !e un !ac"'o%ra$, "ar !ac"'o%ra$u' scr"e 'a o
ma("n# s"ua# n "me!"aa apro1p"ere a n0"nu"u'u"/ Scena aceasa 4 e0oca# !e re%"+oru' unu"
$"'m cen+ura, se1n.e'e%e, cu oa# %r"3a 4 spune ou' (" e ma" e!"$"caoare !ec2 sue !e
0o'ume (" m"" !e ar"co'e penru c# recunoa(e c#, n "mpu' eroare" e)er1c"ae !e S"%uran.#,
n0"nu"u' nu pura oc5e'ar" ne%r", era anc5ea n pre1+en.a unu" er., "ar r#spunsur"'e sa'e erau
consemnae pr"n !ac"'o%ra$"ere aa cum i ieeau din gur/
Secur"aea, o !a# cu nou', a re0en" 'a s"semu' "nc5"+"or"a'> r#spunsu1r"'e n1au ma" $os
nre%"srae pr"n !ac"'o%ra$"ere, c" pr"n re!acare !e c#re anc5eaor", nocma" cum s1a
proce!a (" n ca+u' Ioane" !bArc/ R#spun1sur"'e e" erau ros"e n $rance+#, !ar apo"
re$ormu'ae n 'a"n# (" s"'"+ae !e %re$"er"" r"&una'u'u" "nc5"+"or"a', care sc5"m&au cu ou'
sensu' 0or&e'or spuse !e Ioana/ Proce!eu' anc5ee" "nc5"+"or"a'e s1a repea/
4 A" $os n casa 'u" j5eor%5e n'or"an l
4 Da/
" anc5eaoru' noea+#-
e Da, recunosc c# am $os n casa consp"ra"0# !"n sra!am num#ru'm un!e am a0u 'e%#ur"
"n$rac."ona'e cu 'e%"onaru' j5eor%5e n'or"an/f
C2n! " se !# procesu'10er&a' spre semnare, anc5eau' e)c'am#-
4 Dar &"ne, eu n1am spus c# era o cas# consp"ra"0# (" n"c" c# j5eor%5e n'or"an a $os
'e%"onar (" n"c" c# am a0u 'e%#ur" "n$rac."ona'e cu e'/
Proes, $"re(e, "nu"'/ " pe care anc5eaoru', !e aceea(" &un#1cre!"n.# ca (" %re$"er""
Inc5"+"."e", ' socoe(e a&sur!/ Anc5eaoru' re!acea+#, e', r#s1punsu' n moderna lui
latineasc- cu a'e cu0"ne ' ranscr"e n limba aulic a "ns"u."e" un!e s'u3e(e/ Or"ce
a(e+#m2n are '"m&a3u' 'u" o$"c"a' (" !e rea'"ae nu "a cuno("n.# !ec2 pe c#"'e $o'os"e !e
or%ane'e "n$orma."ona'e !e care !"spune/ Oare nu au con0en" or%ane'e anc5eaoare per"$er"ce
c# n srm nrm se a$'# o cas# consp"ra"0# l Oare nu au 5o#r2 ace'ea(" aparae !e Sa c#
j5eor%5e n'or"an e un 'e%"onar noor"u l Oare po." a0ea cu un as$e' !e "ns (" nr1o asemenea
cas# a'e 'e%#ur" !ec2 "n$rac."ona'e l gmh Ca aare, se consemnea+# a!e0#ru' (" n"m"c
a'ce0a, !oar a2 c# e a!e0#ru' percepu (" nre%"sra !e anc5eaor (" ranscr"s n stilul lui, n
mo! cu0""nc"os/ Deoarece anc5eaoru' nu se poae a!resa "erar5"e" a'$e' !ec2 n aces '"m&a3
prooco'ar, au'"c, se e)pr"m# numa" a!e0#rur"'e a!m"se !e "ns"u."e, casa un!e se 0e!eau
n0"nu"."" se ra!uce pr"n casa conspirativ unde se ntruneau uneltitorii, cea"u' 'a care
$useser#m "n0"a." se pre$ace n edina dumnoas organizat prin convocri telefonice
*ne%" c# e1a n(""n.a e'e$on"c l,, 0oc"'e ce1m" 0or&eau a3un% demonii m mboldeau *nsu("
p#r"ne'e "nc5"+"or (" eo'o%"" au sa&"'" c# !emon" erau !e $ap ce" pe care1" au+ea",/ S"'"s"c#
(" ec'era3/ De n!a# ce nu ma" e)"s# o ma("n# !e scr"s care s# .#c#ne $rumu(e' (" s# repro!uc#
0or&e'e anc5eaoru'u", ("re'"cu' $unc."onea+#/ n#r# orur", $#r# &##"m Rea'"+aor"" $"'mu'u"
nu au puu escamoa a!e0#ru' "sor"c/ Dar pu."n" specaor", pro&a&"', au n.e'es c2 !e
semn"$"ca"0# era ma("na aceea !e scr"s, ao%r#"oare> ea repre+ena o 'ume nrea%#, un
un"0ers mor- %a'a)"a o&"ec"0"#.""/< *Se"n5ar!- 6:`16:8> su&'"n"er"'e auoru'u",/
?8

Ne a$'#m, a"c", n $a.a unu" ca+ !e DD- 'a! recunosc c am fost n casa conspirativ
din strada3 numrul3 unde am avut legturi infraciona-le cu legionarul 0heorghe
Clorian. Anc5eaoru' re$ormu'ea+# spuse'e anc5eau'u" (" %#se(e ec5"0a'en.e
transmisibile *;anc5eaoru' nu se poae a!resa "erar5"e" a'$e' !ec2 n '"m&a3
prooco'ar<,, acceptabile n '"m"e'e unu" pra% !e !"sors"une *;se consemnea+#
a!e0#ru' (" n"m"c a'ce0a;, (" obiective, penru c# Rapororu' nu are "ner0en.""
persona'e *;anc5eaoru', !e gmh &un#1cre!"n.#<,/ E)emp'u' nosru poae $" c"" a2
de dicto *s"ua."e n care 0om 0or&" !espre infidelitatea DD,, c2 (" de re *s"ua."e n
care puem 0or&" !espre fidelitatea DD,/ D"$eren.a pro0"ne !"n $apu' c# raporau'
ese "neresa !e "!en"aea cuvintelor, pe c2n! Rapororu' ese "neresa !e "!en"aea
faptelor/ n0"nu"u' ar pre$era un s"sem n care re!area spuse'or sa'e s# $"e $#cu#
mecanic *pr"n !ac"'o%ra$"ere, (" nu pr"n reformulare, a(a cum se n2mp'# n $ap/
Ar%umenu' s#u "mp'"c" ese ace'a c# n"c" o re$ormu'are nu ese "nocen#, !"n momen
ce sec0en.a re$ormu'a# ese o rep'"c# !"a'o%a'# *anc5eaoru' se a!resea+# une"
"erar5"", (" !"n momen ce or"ce !"a'o% nseamn# *n sensu' ce' ma" 'ar% a' ermenu'u",
politic/

E$ece'e re$ormu'#r"" sun !emonsra&"'e (" pe e)emp'e !"n corpus/ De p"'!#, n-
!ac#1" spuneamt;am rea&#to0aru(uuc#p""anmtparu(uo&u!# uore<tt;&"ne s1
+"uma" !au !ou#3u!# uore ! 'a m"net!a numa s#1nu spu"ts# nu ma" p'eca."mgKh 'a
apa.aK s# &e."tgmh s# nu ma" 0# !uve+ 'a pe(etc# "e per"cu'uost0#
!uve."u"ucomun#t0o" mnu"." mre&ur"tm0e!e+"u&""ne1ta"v"1(at1" ma"
mu'umun".emts# nu 0# pun# v"ne0a 'a ca'ets#1" !asuruo"'tsau
caru(eta0e+"u%r"3em<tt TDM III, p/`?9, r/7917A 4 p/`?8, r/61`
K6ocalitate n "rdeal
Rapororu', munean, c"ea+# !"rec spuse'e raporau'u", care ese ar1!e'ean> c5"ar
!ac# a!m"em c#, %rama"ca', rep'"c"'e c"ae nu po $" !ec2 $"!e'e, ese e0"!en c# o
re$ormu'are !"nr1un su&!"a'ec n a'u' nu poae a0ea !ec2 re+u'ae "n$"!e'e/
?/7/6/?/
DD mo"0a nara"0
n 'e%#ur# cu or"ce !"scurs care (" propune po0es"rea une" n2m1p'#r" rea'e, se po
$ormu'a !ou# "poe+e-
a/ rep'"c"'e pe care 'e con."ne sun presupuse ma" !e%ra&# !e intenia de a raporta
!ec2 !e necesiti ale naraiunii#
&/ rep'"c"'e pe care 'e con."ne sun presupuse ma" !e%ra&# !e necesi-ti ale naraiunii
!ec2 !e intenia de a raporta/
D/ Tannen (" propune s# "'usre+e ce' !e1a' !o"'ea punc !e 0e!ere/ Auoarea o&ser0#
c#, "n!"$eren !e mo!u' n care po0es"oru' a a3uns n poses"a une" "n$orma."", n
momenu' n care se pune pro&'ema ransm"er"" acese"a, n po0es"re, e' 0a a'e%e s#
$ormu'e+e acea "n$orma."e ca pe o rep'"c# ros"# !e un persona3, !eoarece ;5e cas"n%
o$ "!eas as 5e speec5 o$ o5ers "s an "mporan source o$ emo"on "n !"scourse/< *78,/
Pe !e a'# pare, Tannen ara# c# rep'"c"'e or"c#ru" !"a'o% sun p'"ne !e repe".""> ea
cre!e c# e)p'"ca."a acesu" $enomen s# n a0ana3e'e repe"."e"/
?:
As$e', repe"."a-
6/ a3u# pe 0or&"or s# pro!uc# !"scurs nr1un mo! e$"c"en (" cu un consum re!us !e
ener%"e> 0or&"oru' &ene$"c"a+# !e "mp penru a %#s" ce s# spun# ma" !epare>
7/ u(urea+# n.e'e%erea, !aor"# $apu'u" c# pro!uce un !"scurs ma" pu."n !ens !"n
punc !e 0e!ere "n$orma"0> "ner'ocuoru' &ene$"c"a+# !e "mp penru a n.e'e%e ceea
ce s1a spus !e3a>
?/ ese un e'emen !e coe+"une> repe"."a e'emene'or !"scursu'u" ara1# cum anume
no"'e enun.ur" se 'ea%# !e ce'e aner"oare (" cum "!e"'e !"n !"scurs se raporea+# une'e
'a ce'e'a'e> repe"."a e0"!en."a+# a"1u!"nea 0or&"oru'u" (" ara# cum conr"&u"e
aceasa 'a sensu' !"scur1su'u" *repe"."a ese e0a'ua"0#,>
`/ are scopur" soc"a'e sau pur (" s"mp'u ser0e(e con0ersa."e"> 'ea%# "ner'ocuor"" !e
!"scurs (" pe unu' !e ce'#'a'/
Pr"n urmare, repe"."a ese un mi-loc de eficientizare a dialogului/

Toae acese o&ser0a."" sun 0a'a&"'e (" penru !"a'o%u' re!a !"n po0es"rea $acua'#
ora'#-
!"m"n"a.a n1wu+s n"m"ca +c- ;nene (" .a.#<t!up# v1wur#n" pu %ra3!ur"t"aua
$#cuumcaret"o m1anu!us (" "outt(" !up# ve1am mcatm1am a(e+aup# patu"e1
a(atcummsau acutt;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#<tt
;!# vetcum l<tt
;p#" !1a"atc#mm"ca nu1m" %r"3e3u!# 0ac#<tc# "a !#3atoua(a p'eca#tta0eam
p# &"eu "cut"e' s# ra !up# "e'ettve s# $ac# uomu l s# cu 0aca (" cu ua"atnu "era
%ar! ca 'umeatnu "eramtt ;"e" nu1m" %r"3e(e '""uan"'e ca 'umeat(" "o nu1mu
con0"ne<tt
;p#" !a u posus# e con!uv l c# a" s# mor" !# $uametn1o s# ma" ."m +!rean.#
p# "neto s# munve3"unuma p# ma'"%#<tc1a(a spunea "e" gsht;o s# munve(up#
ma'"%#to s#mo s# n1a" gph o s# ra&+u!# $uamem< TDM I, p/?:, r/771?`

Tannen %#se(e urm#oare'e $orme a'e repe"."e"-
1 se'$1repe""on 0s/ a''o1repe""on *c"ne l,>
1 e)ac repe""on *5e same oor!s uere! "n 5e same r5W5m"c paern, 0s/ parap5rase
*s"m"'ar "!eas "n !"$$eren oor!s, *opo+"."e %ra!a&"'#, *cum l,>
1 "mme!"ae repe""on 0s/ !e'aWe! repe""on *c2n! l,> repe"."a am2na1# poae $" una
care apare n "ner"oru' ace'u"a(" !"scurs sau nr1un a' !"scurs/
E)"s#, a(a!ar, 'a Tannen, ma" mu'e cr"er"" care $ac !"$eren.a !"nre repetiie propr"u1
+"s# (" discurs raportat> aces se !e cr"er"" cupr"n1!e-
6/ un cr"er"u !e "!en"ae empora'#>
7/ un cr"er"u !e "!en"ae a !"scursu'u">
?/ un cr"er"u !e "!en"ae enun."a"0#/
Pr"mu' are n 0e!ere !e'"m"area unu" acum, "mp a' unu" anum" !"scurs, *care poae
!ura o per"oa!# oarecare, ma" scur# sau ma" 'ar%#, n $unc."e !e ma" mu'." $acor", !e
un atunci, "mp a' unu" a' !"scurs/
A' !o"'ea pr"0e(e !"scursu' n s"ne, caracer"+a nu numa" empora' !ar (" spa."a',
ema"c, ca srucur# a acan."'or ec/ Penru Tannen, sec0en.e'e n care, n "ner"oru'
ace'u"a(" !"scurs *!e$"n" ca un"ae spa."o1crono1ema"c#, unu' !"nre 'ocuor" re"a un
?A
enun. aner"or (", n mo! e)p'"c", se "!en"$"c# pe s"ne !rep em".#or a' ace'u" enun.
*Spuneam aadar c plec mine, nu ca! su& "nc"!en.a DR/
A' re"'ea se re$er# 'a !"s"nc."a !"nre cu0"ne'e mele 0s/ cu0"ne'e celorlali>
reper$ormarea unu" enun. care ese un pro0er&, !e p"'!#, poae $" pr"0"# ca repetiie
*consruc.""'e $")e $#c2n! pare !"nr1un par"mon"u '"n%0"s"c comun, sau ca discurs
raportat *!e(" sun a'e uuror, e'e po $" $o'os"e nr1un mo! care s# caracer"+e+e o
anum"# enun.are,/ Ne a$'#m a"c" n spa."u' po'"$on"e" &a5"n"ene, con$orm c#re"a un
enun. poae $" pr"0" !"n !ou# perspec"0e sau, ma" !e%ra&#, are !ou# u+ur" e)reme 4
a' meuta' a'ora 4 opo+"."e care ese, e0"!en, %ra!a&"'#/
n2'n"m a"c" (" "!eea &a5"n"an# c# e)"s# o 'e%#ur# !"nam"c# nre !"scursu' c"a *c ,
(" !"scursu' c"an *C ,/ C poae sc5"m&a sensu' 'u" c, or"c2 !e prec"s '1ar c"a n
$orm#/ Aceas# o&ser0a."e ese c""# (" ese "nerprea# ra!"ca' !e c#re Tannen,
penru care ;one canno, "n anW mean"n%$u' sense, e repor f speec5</ *6Y6,
Ar%umene'e e" penru a sus."ne aceas# "!ee sun urm#oare'e-
6/ mu'e sec0en.e pre+enae !rep DR nu au $os, !e $ap, enun.a1e n n"c" un $e'
!e c#re un em".#or or"%"nar *E
o
,>
7/ pr"nse n cone)u' rapororu'u" *C , spuse'e em".#oru'u" c"a *C
e
, nu sun
repeae, c" recreae> e'e apar."n acum unu" a' !"scurs (" unu" a' em".#or (" 0or
ser0" "nerese'or acesora/
Tannen enumer# urm#oare'e ca+ur" !e $a's DR-
6/ enun.ur" care nu au $os pronun.ae- Au poi spune/ 2Au te-am auzit <4>
7/ enun.ur" care re!au un $enomen %enera'- *ri de cte ori se ntmpla s fac
ceva/ 2* s vin taic-tu i o s vezi tu4.>
?/ enun.ur" care re!au pe scur !"scursur" ma" 'un%">
`/ enun.ur" care re!au ceea ce au spus ma" mu'." o !a#>
9/ $ra%mene !e mono'o% "ner"or a'e em".#oru'u" raporor *R
e
,>
8/ $ra%mene !e mono'o% "ner"or a'e a'ora>
:/ enun.ur" su%erae sau ros"e !e c#re "ner'ocuoru' 'u" R
e
>
A/ ca+ur" !e !"scurs "n!"rec "nona !"rec ec/>
@/ c"area pr"n $o'os"rea unor $ormu'e "p e a(a (" pe !"nco'o f *0e+", penru '"m&a
rom2n#, Zu'pe 6@@:,>
6Y/ sec0en.e care nu apar."n unor $""n.e umane/
Auoarea a3un%e as$e' 'a conc'u+"a c# ;"nsances "n o5"c5 !"a'o%ue "s presene! as
e !"rec [uoa"on f gmh "s rea''W e consruce! !"a'o%ue f, 5a "s, pr"mar"'W 5e
crea"on o$ 5e speaper ra5er 5an 5e parW [uoe!/< *@@,
?/7/7/
Ese DI !er"0a l
?/7/7/6/
n 0"+"unea %rama"c"" ra!"."ona'e, DI se raporea+# s"mu'an 'a Do (" 'a DD- DI red
spusele cu"0a, !ar ese o $orm# o&."nu# n urma une" transpuneri !"n DD/
7A

Dac#, !ec", !"scursu'u" !"rec " se por"0e(e ma" !e%ra&# o !escr"ere &"nar#, n ermen"
!e semn '"n%0"s"c saussur"an *DD r"m"e 'a Do a(a cum semn"$"canu' r"m"e 'a
semn"$"cau' s#u> Do ese penru DD sensu' (" o&"ecu' acesu"a,-
?@
DDtDo
!"scursu' "n!"rec poae $" ma" a!ec0a !escr"s !up# o sc5em# erna1r#-
DD

DI 111111111111111111111111111111 Do
sau, (" ma" &"ne-
T

DI 111111111111111111111111111111 DD*tDo,

*un!e T ese un s"m&o' penru ansam&'u' !e rans$orm#r" !e e)ecua penru a a3un%e
!"n DD n DI,/
A(a!ar, %rama"ca ra!"."ona'# ese !e acor! c# DI re&u"e s# re!ea un coninut *i.e.
Do, spusele cuiva,, !ar n ace'a(" "mp ara%e aen."a c# aces 'ucru nu se poae
n2mp'a !ec2 p'ec2n!u1se !e 'a o form *i.e. DD, ce corespun!e acesu" con."nu,
penru a se a3un%e 'a o alt form- DI/
E)"s# a(a!ar, ma" n2", un amesec !e p'anur" !e$"n"or"u penru DI, amesec a c#ru"
or"%"ne ese suprapunerea p2n# 'a "!en"$"care a DD cu Do, $ap 0"+"&"' n !"scr"m"n#r"
a)onom"ce o."oase (" con$u+e- ;E)"s# (" o caracer"s"c# esen."a'# care !eose&e(e
ce'e !ou# "pur" s"nac"ce- reproducerea 0or&"r"" *n s"' "n!"rec, se &a+ea+# pe un
s"sem %rama"ca' *persona' (" empora', (" 'e)"ca' !"$er" !e ace'a a' producerii
0or&"r"" *n s"' !"rec,/ Deoarece nre pro!ucerea une" rep'"c" n procesu' comun"c#r""
(" repro!ucerea e" se "nerpune un "ner0a' !e "mp, apar n s"seme'e respec"0e a'e
'"m&"" anum"e mo!"$"c#r", !eerm"nae !e $apu' c# repro!ucerea ese no!eauna
consecu"0# pro!ucer""/ D"n aces punc !e 0e!ere, s"'u' !"rec maer"a'"+ea+#, n
pr"nc"p"u, o rep'"c# pro!us#, "ar s"'u'u" "n!"rec " ese spec"$"c# repro!ucerea rep'"c""/<
*Manca( 6@@:- `:7> su&'"n"er"'e auoare",/
n a' !o"'ea r2n!, e)"s# o 0o"n.# !e a pune !e $"ecare !a# n re'a."e DI cu DD, re'a."e
n spr"3"nu' c#re"a se a!uc ar%umene "sor"ce *;s"'u' "n1!"rec are caraceru' une"
crea."" u'er"oare !"n punc !e 0e!ere "so1r"c<, (" ps"5o'o%"ce *;s"'u' "n!"rec
cons"u"e o ranspunere, con("en# (" e)p'"c"# sau nu, a ce'u" !"recgmh<, *ib., `:?,/
Ta&e'u' !e ma" 3os pre+"n# s"ne"c mo!u' n care sun !escr"se s"'u1r"'e 0or&"r"" n
%rama"ca ra!"."ona'#/
cr"er""
s"'ur" pr"mare s"'ur" !er"0ae
DD DI DDL

DIID DIL
!ep"n!e se-mantic
!e un cu02n
!ec'a1ra"0 *CD, l

!a

!a

!a

!a

nu
7@
`Y
!ep"n!e sintac-tic
!e un CD l nu !a !a !a nu
cine ese re1
$erenu' *R, l Do DD Do DD DD
cum ese re!a R l e)ua'
mo!"$"ca e)ua' mo!"$"ca mo!"$"ca
rolul raporto-
rului n pro1cesu'
re!#r""
m"n"
m ma)"m m"n"m me!"u ma)"m
apare intona-ia
!"n R l !a nu !a !a !a
ese p#sra#
persoana pro1
nom"na'#t0er1&a'#
a em".#o1ru'u"
or"%"nar *Eo, l

!a

nu

!a

nu

nu
poae $" supri-mat
CD l !a nu !a nu 4
'"m&a3u' func-
ional !e$"n"o1r"u comun comun popu'ar popu'ar &e'er"s"c
S"'ur"'e pr"mare sun percepue ca en"#." !ecompo+a&"'e $#r# res> r#s#ur"'e 'or po
$" amesecae n !"$erse $e'ur" (" propor."", o&."n2n1!u1se as$e' s"'ur"'e secun!are/
?/7/7/7/
Incon0en"ene'e "poe+e" !er"0a"0e
?/7/7/7/6/
Mo!a'"aea !e a sus."ne "poe+a !er"0#r"" DI !"n DD nu poae $", !es"1%ur, diacronic,
aunc" c2n! !or"m s# e)p'"c#m un $ap sincronic, n"c" psihologic, aunc" c2n! ne
"neresea+# !oar p'anu' lingvistic, (" n"c" ierarhic, a2a 0reme c2 nu puem !o0e!"
c# a$"rma."a ;DI r"m"e 'a DD, care r"m"e 'a un Do< ese a!e0#ra#/
dan$"e'! ara# c# "poe+a !er"0#r"" DI !"n DD se 'o0e(e !e ma" mu'e o&saco'e, care
sun !e !ou# naur"-

6/ !"$"cu'aea !e a %#s" o repre+enare con0ena&"'# n srucura pro1$un!# penru
anum"e nume (" a!0er&e>
7/ $apu' c# anum"e am&"%u"#." !e "nerpreare nu se %#sesc !ec2 n DI/
I/ !ac# DI ar !er"0a !"n DD, aunc" ar re&u" s# $"e pos"&"'# o spec"$"ca1re $orma'# a
srucur"" DD penru DI care con."ne pronume !e persoa1na n2" (" a !oua> or, aces
'ucru nu ese pos"&"'-
DI- Ion a spus c# eu po $" e%a'u' #u/

eu #u/
u sun 'u"/
DD- Ion a spus- Zas"'e e(" e%a'u' 'u" e$an/
`6
poraru' ese m"n"sru'u"/
II/ $apu' c# n DI !e"c"ce'e nu r"m" 'a 'ocu' ("tsau 'a momenu' ra1por#r""
!"scursu'u" e'"m"n# pos"&"'"aea !e a 'e cons"!era rans$or1m#r" a'e !e"c"ce'or !"n DD/

DD- ;Un!e se a$'# e' n aceas# !"m"nea.# l<, nre&# Mar"a/

n aceas# !"m"nea.#/
'a 66 a/ m/
DI- Mar"a a nre&a un!e se a$'a e' n !"m"nea.a +"'e" !e mar."/
c2n! a 0en" Ion/
III/ jN re$eren."a'e !"n DI au no!eauna ce' pu."n o "nerpreare care conra+"ce
"poe+a con$orm c#re"a e'e ar !er"0a !"n DD/
a/ Oe!"p a spus c# mama sa ese $rumoas#/
&/ Oe!"p a spus- ;Mama mea ese $rumoas#</
&/ are !ou# "nerpre#r" pos"&"'e-
", Oe!"p a spus c# o anum"# persoan#, "!en"$"ca# !e raporor ca $""n! mama
'u" Oe!"p, ese $rumoas# *"nerprearea de re,>
"", Oe!"p a spus- ;Mama mea ese $rumoas#< *"nerprearea de dicto,/
DR ese e)emp'u' une" para!"%me !e consruc."" care sun "nerpreae no!eauna ca
$""n! de dicto *"ar &/ n"c" nu poae pr"m" o a'$e' !e "n1erpreare !ec2 una de dicto,/

napu' c# ace'ea(" !ou# "nerpre#r" *de dicto (" de re, sun 0a'a&"'e penru propo+".""
"nro!use !e 0er&e ca a crede *care nu "nro!uc n"c"o!a# DD (" care nu sun 0er&e !e
comun"care, pare a "n!"ca $apu' c# "nerprearea de dicto a DI ese !epare !e a $" o
para$ra+# a2 !e e0"!en# a DD pe c2 s1ar puea cre!e/ As$e' nc2, !ac# c/ ese
accepa&"'# (" pre+"n# am&"%u"aea !e care s1a !"scua, !/ ese "naccepa&"'#/
c/ Oe!"p cre!ea c# mama 'u" ese $rumoas#/
!/ Oe!"p cre!ea- ;Mama mea ese $rumoas#</
?/7/7/7/7/
Sa'p"e i Ree! (" propun s# o$ere o e)p'"ca."e penru pos"&"'"#."'e spec"$"ce !e
"nerpreare a unor "mpur" 0er&a'e !"n enun.ur" precum Lohn said that he 9as happ8
sau Lohn 9ill sa8 that he is happ8/ ;" appears 5a ense mean"n%s "n comp'emens o$
pas repor"n% 0er&s are restricted, o5"'e ense mean"n%s "n comp'emens o$ $uure
repor1"n% 0er&s are unusual< *?7Y> su&'"n"erea mea,/
Teor"a c'as"c#, SoT *se[uence o$ enses, 5Wpo5es"s, propune so'u."a unor re%u'" !e
corespon!en.# nre "mpur"'e !"n ;!"scursu' or"%"nar< *Do, (" ce'e !"n !"scursu'
"n!"rec *indirect reported speech or IRS,/
Dup# o a'# eor"e, DPT *!ua' pas ense, 5Wpo5es"s
?Y
, '"m&a en%'e+# ar a0ea !ou#
$orme !e past tense, ;5e absolute past, o5"c5 means &e$ore speec5 "me an! 5e
`7
relative past, o5"c5 means s"mu'ane1ous o"5 ano5er pas "me "n 5e cone)<
*ib.,/
Am&e'e eor"" cons"!er# c#, !"n momen ce pro&'ema se pune n 'e%#1ur# cu
"nerprearea "mpur"'or, so'u."a se a$'# n %rama"ca "mpur"1'or 0er&a'e, $""n!, n
esen.#, eor"" semanticiste asupra !"scursu'u" rapora/

Sa'p"e i Ree! a!op# un punc !e 0e!ere !"$er" a2 !e ce' ra!"."o1na', c2 (" !e
"poe+a 'u" Decp'erp/ O nou# e)p'"ca."e nu poae $" !a# ns# n a$ara une" eor"" asupra
!"scursu'u" rapora, $enomen penru care auor"" o$er# o !e$"n"."e &a+a# pe no."unea
!e surs pragmatic/
Mo!u' n care auor"" c"a." n.e'e% !"scursu' rapora n %enera' (" !"scursu' "n!"rec
n spec"a' presupune o muare a cenru'u" !e "ne1res !e pe ceea ce se spune *!"scursu',
o&"ecu' pr"nc"pa' !e "neres n eor"a c'as"c#, pe cei care emit discursul *cenru !e
"neres penru eo1r""'e conemporane- locuteurs 'a Ducro, pragmatic sources 'a
Sa'p"e i Ree!,/
Penru Sa'p"e i Ree!, ;a pragmatic source "s a consruc 5a spea1pers an! 5earers
assume "n or!er o use an! "nerpre oo p"n!s o$ '"n%u"s"c e)press"on- !e"c"c
e)press"ons *persona' pronouns, enses ec/, an! "nens"ona' e)press"ons *5ose 5a
"n0o'0e poss"&'e oor'!s 5a are no necessar"'W co1e)ens"0e o"5 5e rea' oor'!,/<
*?7`,
Num#ru' surse'or pra%ma"ce ese !"$er" n $unc."e !e "pu' !e !"scurs-
T"pu' !e !"scurs norma' pe scen# !/ nara"0 !/ !"rec
Num#ru'
surse'or
pra%ma"ce
una
*em".#oru',
una
*persona3u',
una
*rapororu',
!ou# *rapororu'
(" raporau',

Se pune ns# nre&area- c2e surse pra%ma"ce e)"s# n !"scursu' "n!"rec l Sa'p"e i
Ree! cons"!er# c#, n ca+u' acesu" "p !e !"scurs, 'ucrur"'e sun ma" comp'"cae,
!eoarece !e$"n"or"u penru acesa ese raporu' !"nam"c !"nre ce'e !ou# poen."a'e
surse pra%ma"ce, em".#1oru' raporor *reporter, (" em".#oru' rapora *reported
spea:er,- ;Our c'a"m "s 5a IRS "s a co''ec"on o$ srae%"es &W o5"c5 reporers re!uce
5e pra%ma"c respons"&"'"W o$ 5e repore! speaper/< *?79,
Pr"nre acese srae%"", auor"" enum#r#- ncorporarea s"nac"c# a !"scursu'u" c"a n
!"scursu' c"an *'e%area pr"mu'u", pe po+"."a unu" comp'emen, pr"nr1un e'emen !e
re'a."e care semna'ea+# aces 'ucru,> $apu' c# nu sun $o'os"e mo!e'e "nona."ona'e
spec"$"ce, ca n !"scursu' !"rec> u+u' unor !e"c"ce care r"m" ma" !e%ra&# spre
raporor ca spre un cenru !e"c"c, !ec2 spre rapora> ocuren.a unor 0er&e !e
raporare care $ac e)p'"c"# $or.a "'ocu."onar# a !"scursu'u" rapora *a promite, a
avertiza ec/,, n 'oc !e a o men."ne "mp'"c"#, ca n !"scursu' !"rec/ ;Our c'a"m "s 5a
5e repore! speaper ne0er !"sappears comp'ee'W as a pra%ma"c source- 5"s "s rue
e0en "$ 5e repore! speaper "s unspec"$"e! or 0a%ue or e)p'"c"'W assere! no o e)"s,
an! e0en "$ a'' 5e !e"c"c an! "nens"ona' e)press"ons assume 5e reporer as a
pra%ma"c source/ T5e $ac 5a 5"s o5er pra%ma"c source maW no &e easW o
reco0er $rom 5e conen or 5e cone) o$ o5a "s sa"! !oes no "n0a'"!ae 5"s c'a"m
*"n!ee!, sp"''e! sorW1e''ers can !e'"&erae'W mape " !"$$"cu' o reco0er 5"s o5er
pra%ma"c source "n or!er o ac5"e0e cera"n narra"0e e$$ecs,/< *?78,
Unu' !"nre enun.ur"'e1"p ana'"+ae !e c#re Sa'p"e i Ree! ese Lohn said that he
`?
9as happ8/ E" o&ser0# c# e)"s# !ou# "nerpre#r" pos"&"'e n 'e%#ur# cu re'a."a !"nre
momene'e 'a care r"m" 0er&u' c"an (" 0er&u' c"a *, !e a"c" na"ne,-
a, ese o re'a."e !e s"mu'ane"ae- $apu' !e a $" $er"c" ese s"mu'1an cu momenu'
'a care r"m"e "mpu' 0er&u'u" raporor>
&, ese o re'a."e !e aner"or"ae- $apu' !e a $" $er"c" ese aner"or momenu'u" 'a
care r"m"e "mpu' 0er&u'u" raporor>
*cu o&ser0a."a c# nre acese "nerpre#r" e)"s# o "erar5"e, pr"ma $""n! pre$era&"'# ce'e"
!e1a !oua, n "mp ce a !oua !e0"ne s"n%ura pos"&"'# !ac# enun.u' con"nu# as$e'-
Lohn said that he 9as happ8 the previous da8,/
Nu ese pos"&"'# ns# o "nerpreare por"0" c#re"a re'a."a 'a care ne re$er"m-
c, s# $"e una !e poser"or"ae- $apu' !e a $" $er"c" s# $"e 'oca'"+a nr1un momen
0""or !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' em".#oru'u" rapora, !ar recu !"n ce' a'
rapororu'u"/
Cu a'e cu0"ne, "nerprearea re'a.""'or empora'e !"nre ac."un"'e !e1noae !e ce'e
!ou# 0er&e ese restricionat/ Cum se e)p'"c# aces $ap l ;Our ansoer "s 5a 5"s
"nerprea"on *a re"a !"nre ce'e !e ma" sus, "s no a0a"'a&'e &ecause " oou'! re!uce
5e pra%ma"c res1pons"&"'"W o$ 5e repore! speaper o +ero/ T5e "me o$ 5e repor"n%
0er& "s a0a"'a&'e as a re$erence "me, an! $or a speaper o "%nore 5"s re$erence "me
oou'! &e o !epar $rom repore! speec5 a'o%e5er/ To re$er o a "me o5"c5 "s $uure
"n re'a"on o a pas re$erence "me, En%'"s5 5as "n "s ense sWsem 5e $uure "n 5e
pas *con!""ona', ense/< *?7:,
Penru a re$er" 'a un momen care ese 0""or n rapor cu "mpu' 0er&u'u" raporor
*care ese o $orm# !e recu,, '"m&a rom2n# $o'ose(e ns# n !"scursu' c"a "n!"rec
"mpu' 0""or (" nu 0""oru' aner"or-
Ion mi-a spus c va fi fericit.
ese un enun. corec n rom2n#> nu ns# ("
MIon mi-a spus c va fi fost fericit.
A!ep."" eor"e" c'as"ce ar spune n aces ca+ c#, n '"m&a rom2na, s"s1emu' empora' a'
0er&e'or nu ese a$eca !e ranspuner"'e !"nr1un "p !e 0or&"re n a'u' sau, a'$e' spus,
c# "mpu' 0er&u'u" !"n !"scursu' or"%"nar *sau !"n !"scursu' !"rec, ese men."nu n
!"scursu' "n!"rec/
Por"0" eor"e" 'u" Sa'p"e i Ree!, ns#, resurse'e %rama"ca'e a'e '"m&"" rom2ne nu
auor"+ea+# rapororu' s# p#sre+e n !"scursu' "n!"rec am&e'e surse pra%ma"ce/ Una
!"nre a'e%er"'e pos"&"'e ar $" e'"m"narea men."on#r"" e)p'"c"e a em".#oru'u" rapora n
ca'"aea 'u" !e surs# pra%ma"c#, $ap care ar presupune "mpunerea perspec"0e"
em".#oru1'u" raporor asupra 'u" , !ec" u"'"+area 0""oru'u" aner"or> cea'a'# a'e%ere
ar nsemna e'"m"narea men."on#r"" e)p'"c"e a em".#oru'u" raporor, a02n! !rep
consec"n.# u"'"+area 0""oru'u"/ Dar sauu' !e surs# pra%ma"c# a rapororu'u" ese
"mp'"c" n !"scursu' rapora> n"m"c nu se 0a p"er!e !ac# 0a $" e'"m"na# men."onarea
e)p'"c"# a rapororu'u" ca surs# pra%ma"c#, a(a nc2 aceasa !"n urm# 0a $" so'u."a
a'eas#/
n Lohn said that he 9rote a letter, "nerprearea nu poae $" ns# !ec2 una s"n%ur#, ("
anume aceea a aner"or"#."" ac."un"" !"n comp'e"0# $a.# !e ac."unea !"n pr"nc"pa'#>
;5e "nerprea"on o5"c5 pus 5e "me o$ 5e repore! c'ause a$er 5e "me o$ o5n
speap"n% "s "mpos1s"&'e &ecause 5a oou'! re!uce o5nys pra%ma"c respons"&"'"W o
+ero/< *?7@,
Penru auor"" ar"co'u'u", pro&'eme'e ar $" a(a!ar-
``
A/ ;En%'"s5 enses "n "n!"rec repore! speec5 *IRS, appear o &e5a0e "n unusua'
oaWs/< *?6@,>
d/ ce'e !ou# "poe+e $ormu'ae penru a e)p'"ca pro&'ema A/, "poe+a ra!"."ona'#,
SoT, (" "poe+a DPT, sun nesa"s$#c#oare/
D"scu."a !e $a.# ese "neresa# !oar !e !"$"cu'#."'e eore"ce care !e1cur% !"n "poe+a
ra!"."ona'#, SoT *a consecu."e" "mpur"'or,
?6
/
Ipoe+a SoT prescr"e o re%u'# $orma'# !e !eerm"nare a "mpur"'or 0er&a'e a'e DI,
p'ec2n! !e 'a "mpur"'e 0er&a'e a'e DD *sau Do,, re%u'# care "nc'u!e o componen#
mor$o'o%"c# (" o componen# seman"c#/ Componena mor$o'o%"c# sc5"m&# $orma
unor "mpur"-

Dac# "mpu' 0er&u'u" !ec'ara"0 ese a'u' !ec2 recuu', n comp'e"0# 0a $" p#sra
"mpu' enun.u'u" or"%"nar/
*6, I promis I 9ill come.
Dac# "mpu' 0er&u'u" !ec'ara"0 ese recuu', aunc", n comp'e"0#, "mpu' enun.u'u"
or"%"nar 0a $" ec5"0a'a n recu *bac:shifted into the past,/
*7, Ne told them she 9ould be there.

Componena seman"c# sc5"m&# sensu' unor "mpur"> as$e', n *7,, 9ould ese
corespon!enu' 'u" 9ill, care, con$orm pr"me" p#r." a re%u'"", ese ;&acps5"$e! "no 5e
pas<> cu oae acesea, cea !e1a !oua pare a re%u'"" pre0e!e c# 9ould 0a p#sra sensu'
$orme" or"%"nare, 9ill/
Pro&'ema ese c# "mpu' or"%"nar ese "nerprea seman"c pr"nr1o re$er"n.# empora'#
relativ/ pre+enu' ;&acps5"$e! "no 5e pas< 0a a0ea o sens !e pre+en, !ar pre+en
n re'a."e cu "mpu' 0er&u'u" !ec'ara"0/ Toae "mpur"'e 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e !"n DI
sun, n SoT, "nerpreae re'a"0/
Pe !e a'# pare, !e(" pre"n!e c# o$er# o e)p'"ca."e formal pro&'eme" A/, penru
une'e "pur" !e e)emp'e SoT nu poae $urn"+a !ec2 o e)p'"ca."e pragmatic a $o'os"r""
"mpur"'or/ As$e', !ac# Ru&W a spus ;I li:e sna:es<, rapororu' poae re!a aces enun.
n !ou# mo!ur"-

*?, Rub8 said that she li:ed sna:es.
*`, Rub8 said that she li:es sna:es.
Dup# cum se o&ser0#, SoT poae procura o e)p'"ca."e penru $e'u' n care se perec
'ucrur"'e n *?,, un!e mo"0u' apar"."e" preer"u'u" n comp'e"0# ese pus pe seama
pre+en.e" ace'u"a(" "mp n re%en#, !ar nu poae e)p'"ca !e ce *`, ese !e asemenea
corec#, !ec2 !ac# prec"+ea+# c# rapororu' 0a a'e%e *`, (" nu *?, n ca+u' n care ("e
c# 'u" Ru&W " p'ac n con"nuare (erp""/ Or, aceasa nseamn# s# $"" !e acor! c# n
ca+u' 'u" *`, componena mor$o'o%"c# a re%u'"" nu $unc."o1nea+# (" c# e)p'"ca."a
re&u"e s# $"e !e a'# naur#, n "mp ce componena seman"c# se ap'"c# $"resc/ Pe !e
a'# pare, !up# SoT, !a $""n! c#, n *?,, sensu' 'u" li:ed ese pre+er0a !"n enun.u'
or"%"nar, $""n!, a(a!ar, pre+enu', enun.ur"'e *?, (" *`, sun ec5"0a'ene, ceea ce ese
$a's> "mpu' !"n *`, ese pre+en a&so'u, pe c2n! n *?, a0em un ;pre+en< re'a"0/
`9
O a'# e)cep."e !e 'a re%u'a SoT are ca o&"ec $apu' c# un simple past !"n enun.u'
or"%"nar poae $" rapora n DI $"e pr"nr1un simple past, $"e pr"nr1un past perfect-
*9, oe sa"!- ;I oen o Lon!on Weser!aW/<
*8, oe sa"! 5a 5e 5a! &een o Lon!on 5e pre0"ous !aW/
*:, oe sa"! 5a 5e oen o Lon!on 5e pre0"ous !aW/
SoT propune urm#oarea re+o'0are acese" pro&'eme- scoae !"n !"scu."e pe *:,,
ar#2n! c# enun.ur"'e a' c#ror "mp or"%"nar ese recuu' nu ca! su& "nc"!en.a
componene" mor$o'o%"ce, as$e' c# un "mp recu n Do nu ma" poae $" ec5"0a'a n
recu (" %#se(e c# n *8, a0em a $ace cu o regul a discursului, care nu ese spec"$"c#
DR, re%u'# care pre0e!e c# past tense 0a $" n'ocu" pr"n past perfect aunc" c2n!
e)"s# un punc !e re$er"n.# n recu, sa&"'" cone)ua'/
Pro&'ema a"c" ese $apu' c# parea seman"c# a re%u'"" !e corespon1!en.# nu se ap'"c#
n *8,/ Componena seman"c# a re%u'"" spune c# sensu' "mpu'u" ec5"0a'a n recu se
sc5"m&# !"n a&so'u n re'a"0, !ec" c# had been ar re&u" n.e'es n rapor cu "mpu' n
care 0or&e(e oe> !oar c# had been, $""n! un pluperfect, are no!eauna sensu' unu"
"mp re'a"0, !ec", n aces ca+, ap'"carea componene" seman"ce ese "nu"'#/ ;nrom
our po"n o$ 0"eo, 5e mos s"%n"$"can pro&'em "s 5a 5e ru'e o$ !"scourse
un!erm"nes 5e o5o'e $oun!a"on o$ 5e SoT 5Wpo5es"s/ I$ one "nsance o$
&acps5"$"n% can &e apen ou o$ 5e SoT ru'e an! rep'ace! &W a pra%ma"c pr"nc"p'e, "
seems oor5 asp"n% "$ 5"s canno &e !one $or e0erW "nsance o$ &acps5"$"n%/ T5e
po"n a&ou 5e pas per$ec "n *8, "s 5a " "s use! norma''W/ T5e same "s rue o$ 5e
$uure "n 5e pas/< *Sa'p"e i Ree!- ??A,
La oae acesea se a!au%# (" a'e e)cep."" !e 'a re%u'a corespon!en.e", !e p"'!# $apu'
c# $enomenu' !e bac:shifting apare uneor" !up# 0er&e !ec'ara"0e care nu sun 'a
recu *I remember telling 8ou that 0abriel li:ed sna:es., sau c# ace'a(" $enomen nu
ese n mo! necesar con!"."1ona !e ocuren.a unu" 0er& !e !ec'ara."e *+ecause the8
9ere certain that the econom8 9ould recover! the government raised taxes.,
Conc'u+"a auor"'or ese c# ;5e SoT ana'Ws"s "s &ase! on 5e "!ea o$ an or"%"na'
uerance g&uh this account of the relationship bet9een 'RS *!"scurs !"rec, and IRS
*!"scurs "n!"rec, is untenable/< *??@> su&'"n"erea noasr#,/
`/
norme '"&ere, $orme m")e
6iber (" mixt sun ermen" care au $os $o'os"." penru a num" !"0erse aspece 'e%ae
!e $orme'e !"scursu'u" rapora/
Opo+"."a liber 0s/ legat ese una !e or!"n s"nac"c> se 0or&e(e as$e' !espre discurs
direct legat (" discurs indirect legat, ca $orme care acua'"+ea+# $enomenu' 'e%#r""
s"nac"ce !e un 0er& !ec'ara"0/ Opunerea acesor $orme !e !"scurs ce'or care au
pr"m" ape'a"0u' liber nu creea+# o s"mer"e per$ec#/ n pr"mu' r2n!, ca'"aea DIL !e
a nu !ep"n!e s"nac"c !e un cu02n !ec'ara"0 nu " epu"+ea+# or"%"na'"aea/ napu'
ese 0"+"&"' n 0ar"eaea !enum"r"'or propuse penru aceas# $orm# !e !"scurs rapora-
; aora"o ecab, aZersc51'e"ere Re!eb *a!"scours 0o"'\b, a'eppW 6@6?,, apseu!o1
o&3ep"0e Re!eb *a!"scours pseu!o1o&3ec"$b, Sp"+er 6@7?,, bEr'e&e Re!eb *a!"scours
0\cub, Lorcp 6@76,, bune"%en'"c5e !"repe Re!eb *a!"scours !"rec "mpropreb,
jerrau! Lerc5 6@77,, aRe!e a's Tasac5eb *!"scours1$a", Eu%en Lerc5 6@7A,/ A [uo"
sya3ouen !es ermes !yaures 'an%ues, r"en [uyen scan!"na0e- b!ppe !"repe a'eb
`8
*a!"scours !"rec cou0erb,/< *Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY,
?7
/ Pe !e a'# pare, !ac# !"scursu'
"n!"rec legat pr"me(e aces ca'"$"ca"0 penru a $" opus, $"e (" !oar !"n puncu' !e
0e!ere a' su&or!on#r"", !"scursu'u" "n!"rec liber 4 "n!"carea ca'"#."" !e a $"
su&or!ona a DI $""n! a'm"ner" "nu"'# 4 cea'a'# perec5e nu "'usrea+# ace'a(" "p !e
!"$eren.e- !"scursu' !"rec liber nu ese un !"scurs !"rec propr"u1+"s, c" o $orm# !e
DD, repera# (" !"scua# cone)ua', c#re"a " '"psesc m#rc"'e %ra$"ce !e "!en"$"care,
m#rc"'e ar"&u"r"" spuse'or *0er&u' !ec'ara"0,, m#rc" pra%ma"ce *a'ocuoru',/ E'
pr"me(e !e a'$e' aces ca'"$"ca"0 pr"n ana'o%"e cu !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er, cu care ese
compara&"' !"n ma" mu'e punce !e 0e!ere/ L"&eraea acesor "pur" !e !"scurs ese
!ec" un $ap care r"m"e spre ma" mu'e p'anur", ce' s"nac"c $""n! unu' !"nre e'e, ("
poae nu ce' ma" "mporan *a'$e', nu am puea e)p'"ca !e ce ermenu' direct apare n
a)onom"a su!""'or consacrae DIL- pseu!o1!"scurs !"rec, !"scurs !"rec "mpropr"u,
!"scurs !"rec acoper",/ Ese 0or&a a(a!ar !espre $orme !e DR a c#ror '"&erae
rans%resea+# ns#(" no."unea canon"c# !e !"scurs- DIL a $os !e$"n" (" ca !"scurs $#r#
'ocuor, "ar DDL ca !"scurs $#r# a'ocuor/ Te)ua' (" enun."a"0, DIL (" DDL se !"s"n%
as$e' !e a'e "pur" a'e DR, n care amesecu' pr"0e(e raamenu' DD ca DI sau
"n0ers, !ar !"n perspec"0a une" s"n%ure ras#ur" per"nene- r#s#ur# s"nac"c#
*discurs direct legat! discurs indirect fr c#,, %ra$"c# *discurs indirect marcat grafic,,
"nona."ona'# *discurs indirect intonat direct, sau enun."a"0# *lot textuel,/

`/6/
D"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er *DIL,
`/6/6/
n pr"0"n.a or"%"n"" DIL, e)"s# !ou# punce !e 0e!ere-
6/ e+a con$orm c#re"a DIL ese !e$"n"or"u penru po0es"r"'e $"c."o1na'e, spa."u n care
DIL nu ese !oar repre+ena"0, c" o mo!a'"ae !e e)pres"e propr"e gda''W, L"ps *;Le
sW'e "n!"rec '"&re es parou un proc\!\ !e 'a 'an%ue '"\ra"re<> 768,, Oam&ur%er,
dan$"e'!h>
7/ e+a conrar#, !up# care ;s"'u' "n!"rec '"&er apare n !"scursu' rapora a2 n $orma
'u" ora'#, c2 (" n cea scr"s# (", ma" mu', c5"ar n !"scursur" care nu au n"m"c
$"c."ona'bb *Moesc5'er1Re&ou'- `Y9,> ese sus."nu# !e ce" penru care DIL ese o
$orm# m")#, n care po $" "!en"$"cae ras#ur" a'e s"'ur"'or pr"mare/

Pr"m"" cons"!er# po0es"rea $"c."ona'# ca or"%"ne a DIL, ce"'a'." p'eac# !e 'a
presupo+"."a c# DIL ese o !e+0o'are a unu" proce!eu !e $acur# popu'ar#/
Penru pr"m"", DIL ese o mo!a'"ae or"%"na'# !e e)pr"mare a su&"ec1"0"#."" 'a
persoana a re"a, penru ce"'a'.", or"%"na'"aea DIL ."ne !e s"na)a acesu" mo! nara"0/
Ce" care sus."n c# nara."unea cu'# ese or"%"nea DIL sus."n o eor"e a' c#re" cenru !e
"neres ese enunarea# e" 0or a!m"e c# puem n2'n" mosre !"n aces !"scurs (" n
a'e 'ocur", !ar ca urme a'e unu" $enomen posterior, care a pierdut ce0a !e$"n"or"u
or"%"naru'u"> ce" penru care nara."unea cu'# ese &ene$"c"ara unu" $enomen anterior, a
c#ru" or"%"ne ese 0or&"rea, 0or accepa c# n opera '"erar# DIL s1a m&o%#.", a
ctigat, (" 0or $" "neresa." *ca un"" ce sus."n o eor"e a' c#re" cenru !e "neres ese
discursul, !e !"$er"e'e mo!ur" !e acua'"+are a'e acesu"a/
Ce n" se pare "neresan ese s# 0e!em pr"n ce anume !"$er# DIL n2'n" n po0es"r"'e
!e $"c."une !e DIL pe care ' %#s"m n po0es"r"'e $acua'e sau n cone)e non1
`:
nara"0e, nre&are 'a care ncerc#m s# r#spun!em nr1un para%ra$ !"n parea
ap'"ca"0# a acese" 'ucr#r"/
`/6/7/
Tra!"."ona', DIL ese un $enomen care-
a/ ca (" DI, poae $" !escr"s n ermen" !e corespon!en.#> penru DIL, ese ns#
0or&a !oar !espre o corespon!en.# a "mpur"'or (" a persoa1ne'or *spre !eose&"re !e
DI, un!e, n p'us, corespon!en.a pre!"ca $e'ur"'e propo+".""'or (" !e"c"ce'e,>
&/ p#srea+# !"n DD $orma propo+".""'or (" !e"c"ce'e>
c/ a!m"e coocuren.a e'emene'or !"n ser"a el 1 aici 1 acum (" a $orme1'or !e
"mper$ec/
Penru '"m&a rom2n#, a&e'e'e !e corespon!en.# sun urm#oare'e-
1 corespon!en.a "mpur"'or-
DD DIL
pre+ent"mper$ec "mper$ec
per$ec compus ma" mu' ca per$ec
0""or 0""ortper"$ra+e
"mpera"0 "mpera"0tcon3unc"0
con3unc"0 con3unc"0
1 corespon!en.a persoane'or *pronom"na'e (" 0er&a'e,-
6/ penru srucura-
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
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r
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a/ M"1a spus- ;Eum<
&/ M"1a spus- ;Tum<
c/ gE'
i
h m"1a spus- ;E'
i)-
m<
?`
7/ penru srucura-
gC
e
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r
h gR
e
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a/ I1am spus- ;Eum<
&/ I1am spus- ;Tum<
c/ I1am spus- ;E'm<

?/ penru srucura-
DD DIL
6 ?
7 6
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DD DIL
6 6
7 ?
? ?
DD DIL
6 7
7 6
? ?
`A
gC
e
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r
h gR
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a/ M"1a" spus- ;Eum<
&/ M"1a" spus- ;Tum<
c/ M"1a" spus- ;E'm<
`/ penru srucura-
gC
e
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h gR
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a/ "1am spus- ;Eum<
&/ "1am spus- ;Tum<
c/ "1am spus- ;E'm<
9/ penru srucura-
gC
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r
h gR
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a/ I1a" spus- ;Eum<
&/ I1a" spus- ;Tum<
c/ I1a" spus- ;E' *}R
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8/ penru srucura-
gC
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a/ "1a spus- ;Eum<
&/ "1a spus- ;Tum<
c/ "1a spus- ;E' *}R
e
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e
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:/ penru srucura-
gC
e
C
r
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a/ I1a spus- ;Eum<
&/ I1a spus- ;Tum<
c/ I1a spus- ;E'm<
A(a!ar, n pr"0"n.a mo!u'u" n care se perece corespon!en.a "mpur"1'or (" a
persoane'or, DIL nu !"$er# esen."a' !e DI/ Cu oae acesea-
DD DIL
6 6
7 7
? ?
DD DIL
6 7
7 ?
? 6t?
DD DIL
6 ?
7 7
? 6t?
DD DIL
6 ?
7 ?
? ?
`@
6/ DIL poae p#sra "mpera"0u'/ Lucru' are 'e%#ur#, pe !e o pare, cu p#srarea, !"n
DD, a $orme" propo+".""'or, !ec" (" a propo+".""'or "mpera1"0e, "ar pe !e a'a cu
sc5"m&#r"'e !e persoan#- !ac#, n mo! o&"(nu", "mpera"0u' ese ec5"0a'a pr"n
con3unc"0 *(" ;leac din casa mea < !e10"ne S plec$e% din casa lui <,, n DIL
per$orma 'a persoana a !oua pu1em n2'n" (" Ieii pe teras i inspirai aerul rece
al nopii., (" aceasa penru c#-
7/ DIL poae p#sra !"n DD persoana a !oua *s"ua.""'e ` &/ (" 8 &/, sau o poae $o'os"
para'e' cu persoane corespon!ene *(" aunc" ar re&u" s# a!#u%#m persoana a !oua 'a
DIL penru oae s"ua.""'e !e comun"1care "n!"cae pr"n &/,/
Moesc5'er i Re&ou' *?6@, ne o$er# urm#oru' e)emp'u !e DIL, e)ras !"n romanu'
7odificarea, a' 'u" M"c5e' duor, scr"s n nre%"me 'a persoana a !oua-
Dup# mas#, 5o#r2 'ucru, 0# 0e." p'"m&a n oa# aceas# pare a ora(u'u" n care se n2'nesc
'a $"ecare pas ru"ne'e 0ec5"'or monumene a'e Imper"u'u" gmh Ze." ra0ersa norumu', 0e." urca
'a Pa'a"n, "ar aco'o, aproape $"ecare p"a1r#, $"ecare +"! !e c#r#m"!# 0# 0a am"n" 0reun cu02n
a' 'u" Caec"'"us, ce0a ce a." c"" sau a." n0#.a penru a " 'e puea mp#r#("> 0e." pr"0" !"n
pa'au' 'u" Sep"m"us Se0er cum se 'as# seara pese &uc'e'e erme'or 'u" Caraca''a, ce se na'.#
n m"3'ocu' p"n"'or/
Or, penru c"ne0a "neresa !e aspece'e enun.#r"" (" !e vocea nara"0#, pro&'ema a"c"
ese c# naraoru' !"n $ra%menu' c"a poae $" "!en"$"ca cu em".#oru' c"a *C
e
, !"n
or"care !"nre s"ua.""'e !e comun"care !escr"se ma" sus 'a puncu' &/ Penru o s"ua."e
real !e comun"care, aceas# mpre3urare ese !e ne"ma%"na> penru o s"ua."e fictiv
!e comun"care, ea ese un $ap "nconesa&"'- ce' care spune tu n e)u' 'u" duor poae
$" or"c"ne sau nu poae $" n"men", a(a cum ce' care spune el nr1o po0es"re $"c."ona'#
5eero!"e%e"c# e)ra!"e%e"c# poae $" or"c"ne sau n"men"/ Aceasa se n2mp'#
!eoarece vocea nara"0# nu ese cea a unu" raporor, c" a unu" em".#or !e %ra! pr"m,
em".#or ne"!en"$"ca&"'/ Se poae spune c#, n aces ca+, po0es"rea $"c."ona'# se
rostete singur/
`/6/?/
D"scursu' $#r# 'ocuor
`/6/?/6/
D"s"nc."a %ene"an# naraiune)povestire)istorie ese pus# su& sem1nu' nre&#r"" !e
c#re un"" cerce#or"
?9
, penru care po0es"rea $"c."ona'# 5eero!"e%e"c#
?8
*PnO,
pro&ea+# $apu' c# o po0es"re se poae nara s"n%ur# sau, a'$e' spus, $apu' c#
naraoru' s1a !"+o'0a nr1un mo! !e e)pres"e care ese propr"u acese" po0es"r"/
Aces $ap se poae !emonsra, n PnO, pr"n sc5"m&area $unc."e" %rama"ca'e
a preer"u'u", $unc."e care nu ma" ese aceea !e a !esemna recuu', !eoarece
persona3u' $"c"0 se "ns"u"e ca eu1or"%"ne $"c."ona'# hic et nunc, re!uc2n! 'a nean
semn"$"ca."a "mper$ec"0# a 0er&e'or u"'"+ae n !escr"erea 'u"/ As$e', PnO ese
aempora'#, "ar una !"nre consec"n.e'e !eempora'"+#r"" e" ese u"'"+area !e0"an# a
!e"c"ce'or empora'e/
Pe !e a'# pare, !ac# ;numa" $"c."unea nara"0# ne o$er# un acces !"rec 'a
su&"ec"0"aea ce'u"'a'< *jenee 6@@`- 6`?, (" !ac#, n PnO, persona3e'e sun
"n!"cae pr"n pronume !e persoana a re"a, re+u'# c# n PnO e)pr"marea su&"ec"0"#.""
se $ace 'a persoana a re"a/ Mo!u' nara"0 pr"n care ese rea'"+a aces 'ucru ese
!"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er/
9Y
`/6/?/7/
dan$"e'! 0e!e n u"'"+area DIL n PnO "n!"c"u' une" mo!a'"#." non co1mun"ca"0e a
'"m&a3u'u"> penru ea, ce' pu."n n aces ca+ poae $" sus1."nu# e)"sen.a unu" !"scurs
$#r# 'ocuor, a unu" !"scurs $orma !"n unspea:able sentences/
`/6/?/7/6/
dan$"e'! !e$"ne(e DD, DI (" DIL 0er"$"c2n! penru $"ecare !"nre e'e pos"&"'"aea
apar"."e" unor consruc."" a c#ror pre+en.# nr1un anum" !"scurs ese un "n!"ce a'
su&"ec"0"#."" acesu"a/
As$e', DD se opune DI, !ac# a0em n 0e!ere-
I/
a, pos"&"'"aea op"ca'"+#r"" a !"$er"." cons"uen."-
;Un "%noran e' ese ou("<, "ns"s# Mar"a/
Mar"a a "ns"sa c# un "%noran e' ese ou("/

&, pos"&"'"aea !"s'oc#r"" 'a !reapa-
;C2 ese ns# !e $rumos aces ano"mp, pr"m#0ara<, e)c'am# ea/
Ea spuse c# ese ns# $oare $rumos aces ano"mp, pr"m#0ara/
?:
II/ pos"&"'"aea apar"."e" unor consruc."" e)pres"0e-
a, e)c'ama.""-
;Da, aceasa ese !ra%osea<, spuse C/
C/ spuse c# !a, aceasa ese !ra%osea/

e)c'ama."" $#r# 0er&e-
;n#r# cu0"ne<, consa# e'/
E' $acu consaarea c# $#r# cu0"ne/
&, repe"."" (" e+"#r"-
;Darm, !arm<, proes# e'/
E' proes#, spun2n! c# !ar, !ar/
III/ pos"&"'"aea apar"."e" unor $ra+e "ncomp'ee-
;Nu (" re%"na An%'"e"<, ros" ea cu em$a+#/
Ea spuse cu em$a+# c# nu (" re%"na An%'"e"/
IZ/ pos"&"'"aea apar"."e" unor 0oca"0e (" "mpera"0e-
;Ioane, 0"no napo"<, sr"%# ea/
Ea ' sr"%#, spun2n!u1" Ioane 0"no napo"/
Z/ pos"&"'"aea apar"."e" unor !"$eren.e !e !"a'ec sau !e '"m&# nre $ra+a !e
"nro!ucere (" se%menu' c"a-
Aunc" Caesar a spus- ;"lea iacta est/<
Aunc" Caesar a spus c# a'ea "aca es/
ZI/ pos"&"'"aea apar"."e" unor a!0er&e or"enae c#re a'ocuor-
96
ntre noi fie vorba! pe scurt! n fine! m rog! m-nelegi! ca s n-o mai lungim! una
peste alta! dac vrei ec/
;n"e 0or&a1nre no", ea m"ne cu neru("nare<, spuse e'/
E' spuse c# $"e 0or&a nre e", ea m"ne cu neru("nare/
`/6/?/7/7/
Pare !ec" $"reasc# "poe+a ca oae acese consruc."" s# $"e !escr"se nu pr"n re%u'" !e
rans$ormare, c" pr"n re%u'" s"na%ma"ce, prescr"se !"1rec n &a+#/
dan$"e'! propune penru acesea urm#oarea re%u'#-
jN 1 ("tsau - S

INSULT 4 jN
*6,E * jN kZOC , 1
XUASIZERd 1 jN
Prep

*EXCLAM, 4 * S 4 IMP ,
Re%u'a $ormea+# e)pres"" precum-

jN 4 sau 4 S - Scu+e'e !um"a'e sau anun. po'"."a s
INSULT 4 jN- La !racu cu (e$"" s
XUASIZERd 4 jN- dra0o e" s
EXCLAM 4 *S ,- La na"&a, m1am sper"a s
EXCLAM 4 *S 4 IMP ,- Oe", 0"no napo" s
No!u' E *!e 'a >xpresie , nu ese recurs"0, ceea ce perm"e !e aseme1nea ana'"+a
$ra+e'or "ncomp'ee *care sun (" &"ne $ormae,-
jN
*7, E Z
A!0
jPrep
cu o&ser0a."a c# se%mene'e o&."nue nu sun "nerprea&"'e n a$ara cone)u'u"
'"n%0"s"c-
E jN- Nu (" ea/ E A!0- Pe a"c"/
E Z- A $os/ E jprep- n a$ara e"/

dan$"e'! $ace as$e' !"s"nc."a nre E, s"m&o' "n"."a', no! nerecurs"0, care prescr"e
$ormarea unor consruc."" ce nu po $" ncasrae (" n"c" !er"0ae pr"n rans$ormare, ("
no!u' S *Sentence,, recurs"0, !e 'a care srucur"'e ncep s# $"e ncasrae/
97
Propo+"."a c"a# n DD 0a $" un E, pe c2n! propo+"."a c"a# n DI, un S/
Sun as$e' e)c'use !"n DI, ca !e a'$e' !"n oae srucur"'e ncasrae, e'emene'e care
sun o&'"%aor"u %u0ernae !e re%u'"'e *6, (" *7, ce p'eac# !"nr1un no! E (" nu po $"
%u0ernae !e un no! S/
Spre !eose&"re !e ce'e !"n no!u' E, re%u'"'e !e rescr"ere a'e 'u" S po $orma
propo+"."" 'o%"ce> se n.e'e%e as$e' !e ce !oar e)pans"un"'e 'u" E n care E !om"n# un
no! S sun suscep"&"'e !e a c#p#a 0a'oare !e a!e0#r> a'$e', nu poae $" 0or&a !ec2
!espre e)pres"" pur su&"ec"0e, care nu aserea+# n"m"c/ Dac# a a0ea 0a'oare !e a!e0#r
ese o propr"eae a propo+".""'or, $apu' c# e)pres""'e pur su&"ec"0e nu po a0ea
0a'oare !e a!e0#r poae $" 0#+u ca o consec"n.# a s"na)e" 'or non propo+"."ona'e/
Dac#, urm2n!u1' pe nre%e, 0om spune c# 0a'oarea !e a!e0#r a une" $ra+e o cons"u"e
re$er"n.a, o ceea ce ."ne !e E por"0" re%u'"'or *6, (" *7, (" nu !e S are ca re$er"n.#
su&"ec"0"aea/ n consec"n.#, S a' DI raporea+# con."nuu' propo+"."ona' a'
!"scursu'u" c"a, pe c2n! E $ace ma" mu' !e a2- raporea+# (" e)pres"a/

`/6/?/7/?/
n p'an $orma', $apu' c# !"scursu' rapora r"m"e 'a un ac !e comun"care '"n%0"s"c#
ese 'e%a !e pre+en.a n srucura pro$un!# a une" propo+"."" care con."ne un 0er&
!ec'ara"0 a'e c#ru" su&"ec (" o&"ec "n!"rec corespun! em".#oru'u", respec"0
receporu'u"- sa8! as:! re(uest! command! declare! confess! advise! insist! claim!
shout! read! sing! remar:! observe! note! 8ell! 9ear! promise! announce! pra8 (" a'e'e,
n en%'e+#, dire! demander! d,clarer! exiger! confesser! conseiller! insister! crier! lire!
chanter! faire remar(uer! noter! hurler! promettre! annoncer! prier (" a'e'e, n
$rance+#/
n a$ara caracer"s"c"'or seman"ce, acese 0er&e au propr"eaea s"nac"c# !e a a!m"e
un o&"ec "n!"rec care r"m"e spre !es"naar/
Mo!e'u' comun"c#r"" !"nre un 'ocuor (" a'ocuoru' s#u (" %#se(e as$e' re$'ecarea n
s"na)#/ Dac# a!m"em c# un o&"ec "n!"rec nu "mp'"c# propr"eaea seman"c# !e a
r"m"e 'a un ac !e comun"care, n sc5"m&, oae 0er&e'e care nu a!m" un as$e' !e
comp'emen sun e)c'use !"n para!"%ma 'ocuorta'ocuor/
`/6/?/7/`/
Su&c'as"$"carea acesor 0er&e are, penru dan$"e'!, 'e%#ur# cu mo!a1'"aea pr"n care
E a' DD ese pus n 'e%#ur# cu $ra+a care ' "nro!u1ce> ea a!op# puncu' !e 0e!ere
penru care DD cons# n !ou# $ra+e "n!epen!ene *!ou# no!ur" E, 3u)apuse, "ar
'e%#ur"'e ce'e ma" e0"!ene !"nre ce'e !ou# $ra+e sun as"%urae !e procese '"n%0"s"ce
%enera'e, care pro!uc or"ce !"scurs *precum pronom"na'"+area, (" !e supr"marea
!emonsra"0u'u" comp'emen a' 0er&u'u" !e comun"care/ Ce'e !ou# procese po $"
e)p'"c"ae cu a3uoru' pr"nc"p"u'u" ana$ore'or 'u" E-
*A, ;rincipiul anaforelor lui >- Zer&e'e !e comun"care '"n%0"s"c# po a0ea ca
o&"ec un jN ana$or"c ce r"m"e napo"tna"ne 'a E/
?A

Ion a spus asata(a- ;P'ec "me!"a ce 0"ne ea/<
;P'ec "me!"a ce 0"ne ea/<, a(a a spus Ion/
nra+e'e !e %enu'-
Ion a spus- ;Z"n "me!"a/<
9?
sun o&."nue pr"nr1o rans$ormare !e supr"mare op."ona'# a ana$or"1cu'u"/

n 'e%#ur# cu "nc"+a, p#rer"'e spec"a'"("'or !"$er#- !up# una !"nre "poe+e, "nc"+e'e
sun o&."nue pr"n rans$ormare, p'ec2n! !e 'a E> !up# cea'a'#, e'e sun ana'"+ae ca
$""n! un S !e supra$a.# (" nu un E, penru c# "nc"+e'e care pro0"n !"n aceas# re%u'#,
"nc'us"0 ce'e $"na'e, nu po con."ne e'emene e)pres"0e-

Am mu'e pro&'eme, o$ spuse Ion/
Pr"mu' mo! !e ana'"+# r"!"c# ns# nre&area !ac# poae $" sus."nu# e)"sen.a une"
re'a."" !e rans$ormare nre o $ra+# !e "nro!ucere a DD (" o "nc"+#/ Penru a r#spun!e
'a aceas# nre&are 0a re&u" s# 0e!em !ac# ese pos"&"'# !escr"erea !"$eren.e'or !"nre
ce'e !ou# mo1!ur" !e "nro!ucere a DD *cu incipit (" 0er&e proe"ce sau cu "nc"+# ("
0er&e parene"ce, cu a3uoru' (er%er"" $orme'or pronom"na'e (" a !ep'as#r"" "nc"+e" n
po+"."e $"na'#/
E)"s# s"m"'"u!"n" !e $orm# (" !e $unc."" nre ce'e !ou# $orme !e "nro!ucere a DD,
cu incipit (" cu inciz/
?@
n a$ara $apu'u" c# acese $orme compor# am&e'e un 0er& !e
comun"care a' c#ru" su&"ec ese core$eren."a' cu 'ocuoru' c"a, 0er&e'e care apar n
ce'e !ou# "pur" !e po+"."" se po !"spensa !e comp'emenu' 'or, c5"ar !ac# e'e sun
ran1+""0e re'a"0e n oae ce'e'a'e cone)e-

a, Ion spuse/
Ion nu spuse n"m"c/
&, Ion a spus- ;Z"no s# m# "e" 'a c"nc"/<
c, ;Z"no s# m# "e" 'a c"nc"/<, spuse Ion/
dan$"e'! propusese aner"or ca "nc"+e'e s# $"e o&."nue pr"n rans$or1mare !"n incipit>
n ;hrases sans parole ea nu ma" ese !e aceea(" p#rere, !eoarece e)"s# urm#oare'e
!"$"cu'#."-
6/ e)"sen.a unor 0er&e spec"$"ce penru incize-
Incipit-u' *pe care dan$"e'! ' cons"!er# E, nu poae con."ne !ec2 0er&e !e
comun"care, n "mp ce "nc"+e'e po con."ne (" 0er&e !e con(""n.#-

MShe 9ondered/ 234
3! she 9ondered.

MShe noticed/ 234
3! she noticed.
MShe remembered/ 234
3! she remembered! 3
"ar, pe !e a'# pare, incipit-u' nu a!m"e 0er&e'e !e comun"care ce po ap#rea n
"nc"+#-
MShe interrupted her/ 234
3! she interrupted her.
9`
MOe insinuated/ 234
3! he insinuated.
La $e' se compor# ("- to impart! to sneer! to oracle! to rap/
7/ !ac#1' 0om cons"!era pe S *"nc"+#, ca re+u'a a' une" rans$orm#r" !"n E *incipit,,
ar re&u" ca (" unu' (" ce'#'a' s# a"&# n srucura pro1$un!# ace'a(" !emonsra"0 ca
o&"ec/ De $ap, 0er&e'e su&cae%or"+ae !e this *!emonsra"0 'e%a ana$or"c !e E c"a
pe &a+a pr"nc"p"u'u" Panaforelor lui >Q (" pre+en $acu'a"0 n E "nro!uc"0,
nceea+# s#1" ma" a!m"# pre+en.a e)p'"c"# n po+"."a !e o&"ec !"rec aunc" c2n!
apar n "nc"+#-
234! she read $Mthis% aloud
She read $this% aloud/ 234
234! he mumbled $Mthis% in a noncommital accent.
Oe mumbled $this% in a noncommital accent/ 234
Iner+"s n "nc"+#, this r#m2ne ou(" perm"s n E 4 incipit, penru c# acesa a!m"e
oae 0er&e'e !e comun"care su&cae%or"+ae !e this/ his e)p'"c" nu poae $" o&"ec a'
0er&e'or !e comun"care neauor"+ae n po+"."e "n"."a'#-
Mhe dealer recommended $this%/ 234
Mhe children giggled $this%/ 234
Mhe8 agreed $this%/ 234
MShe snapped $this%/ 234
?/ Spre !eose&"re !e "nc"+e, care nu a!m" ne%a."a, E 4 incipit o poae accepa-
2I don5t thin:! for instance! that I reall8 replied/ - Cunctionall8 na:ed! call it.4
M 2Cunctionall8 na:ed! call it.4! I don5t thin: that I replied.
`/ Inero%a.""'e nu po ap#rea '"&er !ec2 n E 4 incipit-
'id Sha:espeare 9rite 2Crailt8! th8 name is marrage4! or Lo8ce &
M2Crailt8! th8 name is marrage4 did Sha:espeare 9rite &
`/6/?/7/9/
Ca (" ce'e !"n DD, $ra+e'e !"n DIL sun E "n!epen!ene- e'e au oae par"cu'ar"#."'e
s"nac"ce a'e 'u" E, n pr"mu' r2n! pe aceea !e a nu $" n"c"o!a# prece!ae !e o
con3unc."e su&or!onaoare-

MNhether she 9ould be late! the doctor 9ondered.
n anum"e ca+ur", e)"s# o asem#nare !e supra$a.# nre $ra+e'e n DIL (" ce'e n DI a
c#ror con3unc."e ese $acu'a"0 supr"ma#-

Oe said $that% he 9as tired.
Consr2n%er"'e asupra 'u" S su&or!ona r#m2n ns# ace'ea(" n am&e'e ca+ur" *cu sau
$#r# that,> $ra+a $#r# that a DI nu se con$un!# cu-
99

Oe said/ oh! he 9as tired.
She 9ondered/ 9ould she be late &
A(a!ar, $ra+e'e n DIL apar."n 'u" E (" nu 'u" S *DIL ese o consruc."e ce nu poae $"
ncasra#> DIL nu poae $" o&."nu ap'"c2n! re%u'" !e rans$ormare,/
n DIL sun auor"+ae n e%a'# m#sur#-
1 op"ca'"+#r"'e-
"bsurd! she 9as 1 ver8 absurd.
1 !"s'oc#r"'e 'a !reapa-
Cor the8 might be parted for hundreds of 8ears! she and ;eter.
1 anepunerea a!0er&e'or !e m"(care-
"va8 he must go.
1 e)c'ama.""'e-
*h! ho9 extraordinarl8 nice 9or:men 9ere! she thought.
1 consruc.""'e e)c'ama"0e $#r# 0er&-
Ao 9onder < 7iss +rill nearl8 laughed out loud.
1 repe".""'e (" e+"#r"'e-
Ois 9ife still loved him! ph8sicall8. +ut! but 1 he 9as almost the unnecessar8 part8 in
the affair.
1 $ra+e'e "ncomp'ee-
Aobod8 believed a 9ord against hugh! of course. Nho could & Rissing Sall8 in the
smo:ing room <
A spune c# $ra+a n DIL nu ese un S ncasra nseamn# a spune c# ea nu ese
!om"na# !e n"c" un S c#ru"a s#1" $"e su&or!ona#/ Dar, conrar DD, ea nu poae $"
"nro!us# pr"nr1un E/ n sc5"m&, ea mpare cu DD pos"&"'"aea *!ar nu (" o&'"%a."a,
!e a $" nso."# !e o "nc"+# *care poae urma sau poae nrerupe E repre+ena,/ DIL
poae $" nso." !e o mu' ma" mare 0ar"eae !e 0er&e parene"ce !ec2 DD/ n a$ara
0er&e'or !e !ec'ara."e, oae 0er&e'e !e con(""n.# care su&ca1e%or"+e+# o comp'e"0#
n DI se po n2'n" (" cu DIL/ Dac# "nc"+a ese e)p'"c"#, !oar a'e%erea 'e)"ca'# a
0er&u'u" "n!"c# !ac# $ra+a n DIL re&u"e 'ua# ca o repre+enare a cu0"ne'or sau a
%2n!"r"" cu"0a, c#c" nu e)"s# n"c" o !"$eren.# s"nac"c# nre e'e/
`Y

A(a!ar, penru DIL, pr"nc"p"u' ana$ore'or 'u" E re&u"e re$ormu'a/
*d, Reformularea principiului anaforelor lui >-
Po+"."a !e comp'emen a unu" 0er& !e comun"care sau !e con(""n.# poae $" ocupa#
!e o $orm# !e r"m"ere *asta, astfel, aa, aadar ec/, a' c#re" re$eren ese un E sau o
sec0en.# a 'u" E care o urmea+# sau o prece!#/
Dac# DIL a!m"e "nc"+e, !ar nu (" incipit, urmea+# c# E repre+ena nu poae $"
ana$or"c 'e%a !ec2 pr"n $orme !e re'uare precum aadar! aa c! astfel c! prin
urmare ec/
`/6/?/7/8/
Cr"er""'e !up# care dan$"e'! mpare (" caracer"+ea+# $orme'e !e DR sun !ec"
urm#oare'e-
6/ pre+en.ata&sen.a unor srucur"1e)pres"" a'e su&"ec"0"#."" *DD (" DIL versus DI,>
98
7/ su&or!onaret"n!epen!en.# *DI versus DD (" DIL,>
?/ pos"&"'"aea "nro!ucer"" pr"n incipit *DD (" DI versus DIL,>
`/ seman"smu' 0er&e'or parene"ce *DD versus DI (" DIL,>
9/ seman"smu' 0er&e'or proe"ce *DD versus DI,>
8/ seman"smu' 0er&e'or !e con(""n.# *DI versus DIL,>
:/ mo!u' $unc."on#r"" ana$ore'or *DD versus DI> DD (" DI versus DIL,/
`/6/?/7/:/
P'ec2n! !e 'a !epen!en.atnon!epen!en.a s"nac"c# a DI, respec"0 DD, dan$"e'!
$ormu'ea+# o re%u'# seman"c# penru !"scr"m"narea 'or-
6/ ;Pour c5a[ue e)press"on *E, "' e)"se un r\$\ren un"[ue !u -e *'ocueur, e un
r\$\ren un"[ue !u vous *"ner'ocueur,/< *7Y8,
As$e', DD, care 3u)apune !ou# E, 0a a0ea c2e un 'ocuor penru $"e1care eu, n "mp
ce DI, care ese un S, nu 0a a0ea !ec2 unu' s"n%ur/ Imporan ese a"c" $apu' c# n
"ner"oru' $ra+e" c"ae !"rec *i.e. ceea ce r#m2ne !"n !"scursu' !"rec !ac# n!ep#r#m
0er&u' !e !ec'ara."e, nu puem a0ea ma" mu'." re$eren." penru ocuren.e'e 'u" eu, sau
a'$e' spus, ma" mu'e punce !e 0e!ere> re%u'a 6/ *num"# (" re%u'a un"c"#.""
su&"ecu'u" s#r"" !e con(""n.#, nea%# $apu' c# $ra+a c"a# !"rec ar puea $"
po'"$on"c#/
Penru a !e$"n" DIL, dan$"e'! !escompune 6/ n !ou# no" propo+".""-
7/ une" E *a!"c# or"c#re" $ra+e n DD sau n DIL, " corespun!e un su&"ec a' s#r"" !e
con(""n.# *su-et de conscience,, c#ru"a " sun ar"&u"e e'emene'e e)pres"0e>
?/ !ac# apare un eu, acesa ese su-et de conscience> n a&sen.a 'u" eu, un pronume
persona' !e persoana a re"a poae a0ea aces ro'/
DIL se !eose&e(e a(a!ar !e DI penru c# $ra+e'e 'u" apar."n 'u" E (" nu 'u" S, se
!eose&e(e !e DD ;en ce [ue 'a r\$\rence !e pronom *ou !u emps pr\sen, ne c5an%e
pas 'ors[ubon passe !u ma\r"au "nro1!uceur au SIL<
`6
*767, (" se !eose&e(e !e
am&e'e penru c# nu ese repro!ucerea une" comun"c#r" 0er&a'e/ E' ese un E care
con."ne un su-et de conscience 'a persoana a re"a/
`/6/?/7/A/
Teor"e" 'u" dan$"e'! "1au $os a!use cr""c" care 0"n !"n ma" mu'e !"rec.""-
1 !"n parea narao'o%"'or care, !"n !"0erse mo"0e, pre$er# s# p#sre1+e, c5"ar (" n
po0es"r"'e $"c."ona'e 5eero!"e%e"ce (" e)ra!"e%e"ce, pre+en.a une" "nsan.e !e
me!"ere a "n$orma."e" nara"0e care s# nu poa# $" re!us# 'a un"0ersu' persona3e'or>
1 !"n parea sus."n#or"'or eor"e" po'"$on"ce- ;Ce [ue 3e reproc5era" c dan$"e'!, cbes
'a mo"0a"on [u" 'bam_ne c cee !"s"nc"on g'ocu1ortauor emp"r"c a' enun.u'u"h c
sa0o"r 'e souc" !e ma"nen"r coe [ue coe 'bun"c"\ !u su3e par'an/ Car ce
m]me souc" 4 apr_s 'ba0o"r amen\e c $a"re a&srac"on !u pro!uceur emp"r"[ue
*pos""on [u" es auss" 'a m"enne, 4 0a 'bamener c !es !\c"s"ons [ue 3e 0ou!ra"s
\0"er/ Lors[ue 'e sens !bun \nonc\ compore 'b"ncones1a&'e "n!"ca"on !bun
'ocueur *aes\ par 'a pr\sence !e pronoms !e prem"_re personne, e [ue
cepen!an 'b\nonc\ e)pr"me un po"n !e 0ue [u" ne peu pas ]re "!en"$"\ c ce'u"
9:
!u 'ocueur 4 par e1)emp'e, 'ors[ue [ue'[ubun, aWan \\ ra"\ !b"m&\c"'e, r\pon!
e A5, 3e su"s un "m&\c"'e, e5 &"en, u 0a 0o"rmf 4 dan$"e'! es o&'"%\e !be)c'ure
ces e repr"ses f !u c5amp !u sW'e "n!"rec '"&re e !ben $a"re un !es mo!es !u
!"cours rappor\ *en !\cr"0an 'e e 3e su"s un "m&\c"'e f !u !"scours pr\c\!en
comme un e u !"s [ue 3e su"s un "m&\c"'e f,/ jr2ce c !e e''es e)c'us"ons, e''e
peu $ormu'er un pr"n1c"pe se'on 'e[ue', 'ors[ub"' W a un 'ocueur, ce'u"1c" es
n\cessa"re1men auss" 'e su3e !e consc"ence, pr"nc"pe [u" nba !baure 3us"$"ca1
"on, c mes Weu), [ue !e sau0er une un"c"\ a!m"se a priori comme une !onn\e !e
&on sens/< *Ducro 6@A`- 6:716:?,
1 !"n parea '"n%0"("'or preocupa." !e $orme'e m")e a'e !"scursu'u" rapora/ Cum
poae $" ana'"+a, u"'"+2n! eor"a 'u" dan$"e'!, un e)emp'u &ana' !e !"scurs "n!"rec
"nona !"rec l ;Posu'an gmh [ue 'e DI ne peu \re !om"n\ [ue par un seu'
'ocueur e !onc une seu'e e)press"on, dan$"e'! ar"&ue de facto 'be)press"on au
rappor1eur, au m\pr"s !e 'a po'Wp5on"e \0"!ene !es p5\nom_nes e)pres1s"$s,
an assum\s par 'e !"scours c"an, an par 'e !"scours c"\, par$o"s par 'es
!eu)/ La 0o'on\ !bopposer "rr\!uc"&'emen 'es !eu) !"scours $ausse
'bappr\5ens"on e 'a r\cep"on !es $a"s/< *Ros"er 6@@@a- 77`1779,>
1 !"n parea '"n%0"("'or "neresa." !e aspece'e enun.#r""/ Dup# ce $urn"+ea+#
e)emp'e !e DIL 'a persoana n2" (" a !oua *!"n romane apar."n2n! 'u" ourcenar
(" 'u" duor,, Moesc5'er i Re&ou' conc5"!- ;conrar ce'or a$"rmae !e dan$"e'!,
s"'u' "n!"rec '"&er ese e)pres"a pr"0"'e%"a# a su&"ec"0"#."" 'a persoana a re"a,
!ar perm"e (" e)pr"marea su&"ec"0"#."" 'a persoana n2" (" a !oua/< *?6@,/
`/6/`/
Ia# (" o !e$"n"."e po'"$on"c# a acesu" "p !e !"scurs-
aaLe DIL se rou0e c m"1c5em"n !u DD e !u DI/ Con$orm"\- a!apa"on !es
personnes, emps *DI,, ma"s conser0a"on !es \'\mens e)press"$s e !e 'a mo!a'"\
!b\nonc"a"on *DD,/ D"sance- n" rupure !"sanc"ane a0ec deux voix !"s"nces *DD,,
n" pr"se en c5ar%e [u" "nerpr_e 'es paro'es rappor\es, "mposan une voix, ce''e !e 6
*DI,, on a p'u une double voix, o| se m]'en 6 e l !ans un ama'%ame o| se !"'ue 'a
par !e responsa&"'"\ !e c5acun/bb *Au5"er i Meun"er- 8?, noa `Y> su&'"n"er"'e
auor"'or,/
`/7/
D"scursu' $#r# a'ocuor
Su!""n! ca+ur"'e !e "ner$eren.# a !"scursu'u" naraoru'u" cu !"scur1su' persona3e'or,
da5"n 6@@8a ara# c# m"(carea !e !"$u+"une a unu" !"scurs n ce'#'a' se poae perece
n !ou# !"rec."" *!"nspre !"scursu' naraoru'u" sau !"nspre !"scursu' persona3e'or,,
a02n! !rep re+u'a ma" mu'e "pur" !e !"scurs rapora/ Penru pr"ma !"rec."e,
"'usra"0e sun-
{ DD pre%#" aner"or gpreset direct discourse *6?`,h> acese" cae%or"" apar."ne DD
care apare !"n DI sau !"n DIL/ Teme'e !e &a+# a'e DD ca1re se aprop"e sun an"c"pae
!e cone) (" co'orae !e "nona."a auo1ru'u"/ Daor"# acesu" raamen, %ran".e'e
enun.u'u" rapora !e0"n permea&"'e (" !"$u+e> 3um#ae !"n $on!u' apercep"0 crea !e
spuse'e ece'u"'a'f apar."ne auoru'u"> re+u'au' ese o !"m"nuare a o&"ec"0"1#."" n
!"scursu' auoru'u">
9A
{ DD par"cu'ar"+a *particularized direct discourse,/ A"c", cone)u' aucor"a' ese
consru" n a(a $e' nc2 r#s#ur"'e pe care auoru' 'e $o'ose(e penru a !e$"n" un
persona3 arunc# um&re puern"ce asupra !"scursu'u" s#u !"rec/
Cea !e1a !oua !"rec."e ese "'usra# pr"n !"scursu' rapora an"c"pa (" r#sp2n!" n
cone)u' aucor"a' ganticipated and diseminated repor-ted speech *6?9,h> a"c",
aproape $"ecare cu02n $"%urea+# s"mu'an n !ou# cone)e care se "nersecea+# 4
0or&"rea naraoru'u" (" 0or&"rea persona3u'u"/
O sec0en.# !e preset direct discourse poae $" compara#, !up# da5"n, cu o 'ucrare
!e Ro!"n n care un persona3 emer%e pe 3um#ae !"n masa &'ocu'u" !e marmur#- pe
!e o pare, %5"c"m n maer"a' parea ne0#+u# a persona3u'u", pe !e a'a, su&san.a ese
comun# p"ere" (" $"%ur"" care "ese !"n ea> !e(" !eose&"m $"%ura"0u' !e amor$, p'as"c
a0em o s"n%ur# 'ucrare, "ar '"m"e'e nu po $" prec"+ae !ec2 par."a'/
Aceas# spec"e !e DR ese num"#, n su!""'e recene consacrae $enomenu'u",
discurs direct liber *DDL,> ceea ce1' caracer"+ea+# ese repro!ucerea direct a
enun.u'u", cu o ce presupune aces 'ucru, m"nus m#rc"'e care "n!"c# limitele DD-
0er& !ec'ara"0, !ou# punce, %5"'"me'e sau a'e semne %ra$"ce *"a'"c"+are ec/,/
Proce!eu' pare a se por"0" per$ec mo!u'u" n care se rea'"+ea+# raporarea n '"m&"'e
%erman"ce, un!e !"s"nc."a !"nre DD (" DI ese uneor" re!us# 'a +ero, !aor"#
pos"&"'"#."" !e a supr"ma con3unc."a *daS, that, at,- ;eople sa8 $that% life is short.
DDL 0"ne pr"n urmare s# reec5"'"&re+e s"semu', as"mer"c !e 'a apar"1."a DIL-
D"rec-
;" !e ce l<, ne nre&# / ;Parc# n1a." (" c# n"c#"er" ca aco'o nu se perece ma"
!r#%u. s<, a!#u%# e'/ ;Un 3oc u(or, un maus, un !rum1!e1$"er, un poper, un!e %#se("
no!eauna l La Arnoen" s< Iar apo", ca 'u2n!u1(" seama- ;La !rep 0or&"n!,
Ma"or"c# ese un ma"mu.o", !ar cucoana E'0"ra, ce maroan# s<
In!"rec-
Zru s# a$'e !e ce nu eram n"c"o!a# !"spu(" s#1" $acem c5e$u' (" s# mer%em 'a
a!e0#ra."" Arnoen", nre&2n!u1ne reor"c !ac# ma" ("am un!e0a un 'oc un!e s# se
pereac# a2 !e &"ne/ Ne spuse c# era !e acor! cu no" n pr"0"n.a neser"o+"#."" 'u"
Ma"or"c#, !ac# (" no" a!m"eam c# E'0"ra era o a!e0#ra# maroan#/
In!"rec '"&er-
" !e ce l 4 parc# nu ("am c# n"c#"er" ca aco'o nu se perecea ma" !r#%u.- un 3oc u(or,
un maus, un !rum1!e1$"er, un poper, un!e %#sea" no!eauna l 4 'a Arnoen"> gmh La
!rep 0or&"n!, Ma"or"c# era un ma"mu.o", !ar cucoana E'0"ra, ce maroan# s
*Cara%"a'e
7-
6Y`,
D"rec '"&er-
Ese a!e0#ra c# nc#p#.2narea poae $" semnu' une" #r"" !e caracer, !ar uneor" ea
ese !oar masca pros"e"> o&"ce"ur"'e (" au 5a+u' 'or, !ar !"n c2n! n c2n! e &"ne s#1."
$ac" un o&"ce" !"n a renun.a 'a oae o&"ce"ur"'e/ Dac# pa("" e !uc spre Arnoen", !e ce
s#1" oco'e(" l "m !oar- n"c#"er" ca aco'o nu se perece ma" !r#%u. s Un 3oc u(or, un
maus, un !rum1!e1$"er, un poper, un!e %#se(" no!eauna l E0"!en, 'a Arnoen" s La
!rep 0or&"n!, Ma"or"c# ese un ma"mu.o", !ar cucoana E'0"ra, ce maroan# s
9@
Dup# cum se poae 0e!ea, a&sen.a 0er&u'u" !ec'ara"0 $ace !"$"c"'# sa&"'"rea 'ocu'u"
n care ncepe DDL- recerea !e 'a cu0"ne'e nara1oru'u" 'a cu0"ne'e persona3u'u" se
perece pe nes"m."e/
Pe !e a'# pare, '"psa 0er&u'u" !# sen"menu' unu" !"scurs $#r# a'o1cuor> !aor"#
acesu" $ap, DDL poae $" u(or con$un!a cu un mono-log interior/
n pr"0"n.a acese" !"s"nc."", p#rer"'e !"$er#/
Penru jenee, discursul raportat *DD, se opune pe !e o pare dis-cursului
translatat *DI, DIL,, "ar pe !e a'a discursului imediat *mono1'o%u' "ner"or,/ U'"mu'
$ormea+# o a'# cae%or"e, !eoarece e' ese ;\manc"p\ !e ou parona%e narra"$<
*6@:7-6@?,/ ;On 0o" "c" 'a !"$1$\rence cap"a'e enre mono'o%ue "mm\!"a e sW'e
"n!"rec '"&re, [ue 'bon a par$o"s 'e or !e con$on!re, ou !e rapproc5er "n!men- !ans
'e !"scours "n!"rec '"&re, 'e narraeur assume 'e !"scours !u person1na%e, ou s" 'bon
pr\$_re 'e personna%e par'e par 'a 0o") !u narraeur, e 'es !eu) "nsances son a'ors
confondues> !ans 'e !"scours "mm\!"a, 'e narraeur sbe$$ace e 'e personna%e se
substitue c 'u"/ *ib./6@`> su&'"n"er"'e auoru'u",/< D"n aces punc !e 0e!ere, DDL ar
re&u" s# $"e un proce!eu "nerme!"ar, 'ocu' 'u" $""n! nre !"scursu' rans'aa (" ce'
"me!"a/
Ma"n%ueneau ara# c# mono'o%u' "ner"or are, pe !e o pare, par"cu'ar"aea !e a nu $"
!om"na !e c#re naraor, "ar pe !e a'a pe aceea !e a $" cenra pe 'ocuor (" !e a a0ea
pu."ne r"m"er" 'a s"ua."a !e comun"care *$ap care ' !eose&e(e !e !"a'o%, care pune
accenu' pe a'ocuor (" se re$er# a&un!en 'a s"ua."a !e comun"care,/ E' su&'"n"a+#
ns# c# nu re&u"e s# con$un!#m mono'o%u' "ner"or cu !escr"erea s#r"'or su$'ee(" a'e
unu" persona3, !escr"ere care se poae rea'"+a 'a $e' !e &"ne pr"n !"scurs !"rec, "n!"rec
sau "n!"rec '"&er *6@@Y- 6Y?,/
Co5n cre!e c# re&u"e $#cu# !"s"nc."a nre o e5n"c# nara"0# (" un %en nara"0- ;I'
appara c'a"remen ma"nenan [ue 'be)press"on e mono'o%ue "n\r"eur f nba cess\ !e
!\s"%ner !eu) p5\nom_nes ou c $a" !"$$\rens, sans [ubon se so" souc"\ !e re'e0er
'bam&"%u\- !bune par, une ec5n"[ue narra"0e permean !be)pr"mer 'es \as !e
consc"ence !bun personna%e par c"a"on !"rece !e ses pens\es !ans 'e cone)e !bun
r\c" e, !baure par, un genre narra"$ cons"u\ en"_remen par 'a con$ess"on
s"'enc"euse [ubun ]re !e $"c"on se $a" c 'u"1m]me/ Ceres, 'a ec5n"[ue e 'e %enre on
en commun cera"nes "mp'"ca"on psWc5o'o%"[ues e cera"ns ra"s sW'"s"[ues, ma"s
'eur sau narra"$ es ou c $a" !"$$\ren- 'a prem"_re passe par 'a m\!"a"on
*men"onn\e e)p'"c"emen ou non, !bune 0o") narra"0e, $a"san r\$\rence au
personna%e se '"0ran au mono'o%ue par 'e &"a"s !u pronom c 'a ro"s"_me personne
!ans 'e cone)e> 'e secon!, !\pour0u !e oue m\!"a"on, apparemmen sponan\,
cons"ue une $orme !e !"scours auonome, c 'a prem"_re personne, [uy"' 0au!ra"
m"eu) cons"!\rer comme une 0ar"ane 4 ou m"eu), un cas1'"m"e 4 !u r\c" c 'a
prem"_re personne/< *Co5n- ?Y1?6> su&'"n"erea auoare",/
discurs cu verb declarativ& oblic &
"n!"rec !a !a
!"rec !a nu
"n!"rec '"&er nu !a
!"rec '"&er nu nu
8Y
Am a0ea !ec"-
6, mono'o%u' rapora, !"scurs mena' c"a, $#r# %5"'"me'e sau "nc"+#, !e c#re
naraor, !"scurs distinct !e !"scursu' naraor"a'>
7, mono'o%u' nara"0"+a, !"scurs mena' a' unu" persona3, asumat !e !"scursu'
naraor"a'> aceas# cae%or"e cupr"n!e e)emp'e !e DIL (" DDL/
Penru Co5n, !"$eren.a !"nre e5n"c"'e !e repre+enare a 0"e."" "ner"oare (" e5n"c"'e
!e c"are a spuse'or cu"0a ese ma" !e%ra&# '"erar# !ec2 '"n%0"s"c#/
n s$2r(", dan$"e'! !espare DD (" DI, !e o pare, !e DIL (" mono'o%u' "ner"or, !e
a'a, pr"me'e "'usr2n! cone)e comun"ca."ona'e, "ar ce'e'a'e cone)e non1
comun"ca."ona'e, a!"c# po0es"rea $"c."ona'#/ Dup# dan$"e'!, DDL ar "nra a(a!ar n
aceas# a !oua cae%or"e/
`/?/
D"scursu' !"rec 'e%a *!!',
Penru a[u"er, DIL aes# ;guneh sore !e conam"na"on enre 'e !"scours !"rec e 'e
!"scours "n!"rec< *:,, '"erar# (" !e'"&era#> !!' ar $" e)pres"a une" m"(c#r" "n0erse,
0en"e !"nspre DI spre DD 4 $enomen popu'ar (" "n0o'unar/ Dac# !!' ara#, ca $ap
s"ncron"c, ;'b"nen"on !e raac5er e)p'"c"emen c son r\c" 'es paro'es [ub"' rappore
!"recemen< *A,, "sor"c, e' ;a ! mar[uer au se"n !e c5a[ue 'an%ue 'a p5ase !u
passa%e !e 'a paraa)e c 'b5Wpoa)e/< *6?,/ D!' ar $" !ec" ncepuu' procesu'u" !e
recere !e 'a un s"' "m"a"0 *ce' !"rec, 'a un s"' pre'ucra *ce' "n!"rec,, "ar apar"."a
con3unc."e" ese pr"mu' semn a' acese" sc5"m&#r", marca "n!u&"a&"'# a !"$eren.e"/ D!'
ese o $orm# m")# n m#sura n care ea ese o $orm# !e ran+"."e/
Dup# Sp"+er, ns#, pe !e o pare, !!' ;peu au conra"re se recom1man!er !ans une
cera"ne communau\ par'ane !e 'bauor"\ !bun e)e sacr\ e ]re !bor"%"ne popu'a"re
!ans 'e e)e cop"\, ma"s, par 'e $a" !bapparen"r c 'a 5aue '"\raure *ou '"\raure
sa0ane, !ans cee communau\ par"cu'"_re, $a"re une "mpress"on sa0anegmh< *7?,
n no#,, "ar pe !e a'a, !!' pare a pro0en" !"n !"scursur" "n!"rece cu e'"psa 0er&u'u"-
6/ Au vin cu voi < 7erg singur.
7/ Tice c nu $vine%. *DI,
?/ Tice c nu. 27erg singur.4 *!"scurs m")- DI k DD,
`/ Tice c 2nu! merg singur4. *!!',
86
D!' ar $", a(a!ar, un ca+ par"cu'ar !e !"scurs m") n care puem, "sor"c, !ece'a o
pare !e DI care a $os aras# n spa."u' DD> cu a'e cu0"ne, !"acron"c 0or&"n!, ceea ce
ese "n!"rec n !!' nu se re!uce 'a pre+en.a con3unc."e" su&or!onaoare/
drua1Cue0as su&'"n"a+# c# ;n" 'a !\pen!ence sWna)"[ue par rap1por c un 0er&e
"nro!uceur nbes 'a pr"nc"pa'e carac\r"s"[ue !e 'a repro!uc"on "n!"rece, n"
'b"n!\pen!ance sWna)"[ue 'e pr"nc"pa' ra" !e 'a repro!uc"on !"rece< *?6,,
sus."n2n!u1(" a$"rma."a cu $apu' c# e)"s# '"m&" n care a2 DI c2 (" DD apar
prece!ae !e con3unc."e su&or!onaoare, $#r# ca aceasa s# mp"e!"ce pos"&"'"aea !e a
!"s"n%e nre ce'e !ou# mo!ur" !e raporare/ Penru drua1Cue0as, !!' ese ;une
$orme p'e"ne e 5omo%_ne !e SD gs"' !"rech< *?8,, ceea ce nseamn# c#, !"n puncu'
!e 0e!ere a' auoru'u" c"a, pre+en.a con3unc."e" su&or!onaoare n aces "p !e !"scurs
!"rec nu ese o !o0a!# su$"c"en# penru a sus."ne c# ne a$'#m n $a.a une" $orme
m")e/ D!' ese o $orm# omo%en# a2 !"scurs"0 *DD (" DI po acua'"1+a, $"ecare
!"nre e'e, "posa+e cu con3unc."e (" "posa+e $#r# con3unc1."e> !e a"c" (" nume'e !e
SD[, s"' !"rec cu (ue, c2 (" enun."a"0- !!' nu aes# un amesec a' ermen"'or
"n!"c"a'"> e' con."ne, a(a cum o poae $ace !oar DD, ser"a eu-aici-acum, spre !eose&"re
!e DI *el-acolo-atunci, (" DIL *el-aici-acum,/
`/`/
D"scursu' "n!"rec "nona !"rec *!""!,
D""! a $os semna'a !e jo'open."a, care ' cons"!er# o ;conam"nare perecu# nre
0or&"rea "n!"rec# (" 0or&"rea !"rec# 'e%a#< *9@9,, $enomen spec"$"c ora'"#.""/
Auoarea cre!e !e asemenea c#, !"acron"c, !""! marc5ea+# una !"nre eape'e !e
recere !e 'a paraa)# 'a 5"poa)#, "ar s"ncron"c ese ;corespon!enu' 4 pe p'an 0or&" 4
a' 0or&"r"" "n!"rece '"&ere< *9@8,/ Pr"nre $orme'e rapor#r"", !""! ese, penru
jo'open."a, a' c"nc"'ea mo! !e a rapora spuse'e cu"0a, a'#ur" !e DD, DI, DIL (" !!'/
E)"s# !ou# "pur" !e !""!, !up# cr"er"u' mo!u'u" n care sun raae ce'e !ou# "pur"
!e "nero%a"0# !"n !"scursu' or"%"nar- o "nero%a"0# oa'#, a' c#re" semn n DI ese
dac, &ene$"c"a+# n !""! !e c- "i fost acolo & 6-a ntrebat c a fost acolo &> o
"nero%a"0# par."a'#, care n DI p#srea+# pronume'e sau a!0er&u' "nero%a"0, n !""!
cap## un c super$'uu- Unde ai fost & 6-a ntrebat c unde a fost &/
`/9/
D"scursu' nara"0"+a
Termenu' discurs narativizat apare penru pr"ma oar# 'a jenee 6@:7, care,
!"scu2n! !espre acua'"+#r"'e mo!u'u" nara"0 num" r,cit de paroles, ' opune
discursului transpus *a!"c# stilului indirect, (" discursului raportat, n "ner"oru'
c#ru"a jenee !"s"n%e nre un !"scurs e)er"or, a c#ru" $orm# "p"c# !e man"$esare
ese dialogul, (" un !"scurs "ner"or, ce cupr"n!e monologul interior (" stilul indirect
liber/
Su& "nc"!en.a DN ca!e $o'os"rea unor 0er&e sau a unor su&san"0e pos0er&a'e ce
r"m" $oare sumar 'a un coninut, ca n urm#oru' e)emp'u, cons"!era !e c#re
auoru' c"a ;$orm# pur# !e !"scurs nara"0"+a< *6@6,- "gamemnon l refuz pe
Dhr8ses i l trimise napoi. T"p"ce penru DN sun a(a!ar a2 e)pr"marea con!ensa#
a unu" con."nu, c2 (" am&"%u"aea care !er"0# !"n aceasa- sec0en.a l refuz, !e
87
p"'!#, re!# con."nuu' unor spuse sau a' unu" %es, !eoare1ce se poae re$u+a 'a $e' !e
&"ne n am&e'e $e'ur"/
Penru jenee, ns#, esen."a' ese ca DN s# r"m"# 'a un se !e "n$orma."" care are
sau ar puea 'ua $orma unu" enun.- aces "p !e re!are a spuse'or mp#r#(e(e !ec" o
ca'"ae comun# ce'or'a'e "pur" a'e mo!u'u" r,cit de paroles-

DD - ;oi s pleci. ;oi s pleci.
DI - I-a spus c poate pleca c poate pleca.
DIL - Au mai avea nevoie de el. ;utea pleca. ;utea pleca.
DN - I-a cerut secretarului ultimele nouti! apoi l-a concediat a concediat scurt.
Ne puem nre&a !e ce %rama"ca ra!"."ona'# nu "a n cons"!erare DN, a(a cum ese
e' n.e'es !e c#re jenee/ Un pos"&"' r#spuns ar a0ea n 0e!ere ambiguitatea !e care
0or&eam ma" sus (" care "n!"c# una !"nre '"m"e'e !"scursu'u" re!a- aceea care '
!espare !e nara."une> o a'# 3us"$"care ar pr"0" srucura c"a."ona'# a acesu" mo! !e
raporare- ermenu' n DN re$er# simultan 'a o enun.are (" 'a un enun.> nr1a!e0#r, l-a a
concediat concediat nseamn# n ace'a(" "mp >l i-a spus a spus (" ;oi s pleci ;oi s pleci/ /

A(a!ar, jenee cons"!er# c#
{ DN acoper# e)emp'e precum " l-a refuzat a refuzat pe +# refuzul refuzul lui " l-a suprat pe +
{ esen."a'# penru se%mene !e aces %en, care r"m" s"mu'an 'a o enun.are (" 'a un
enun., ese 'e%#ura 'or cu enunul, ma" !e%ra&# !ec2 aceea cu enun.area/
n-
;Dar nc2narea ncepuse- omu' 0or&ea 0or&eam< *Cara%"a'e
7
- 89,

$ra%menu' su&'"n"a nu ese !ec" o mosr# !e DN, c#c" nu ese repre1+enarea unu"
con."nu, c" ara# !oar c# o ac"0"ae !e enun.are ese n curs !e !es$#(urare/
Ros"er 6@@@a porne(e ocma" !e 'a as$e' !e e)emp'e penru a "nc'u!e DN pr"nre
$orme'e DR, opera."e pe care o $ace parcur%2n! urm#or"" pa(" -
"/ n.e'e%e DR !rep cup'u $orma !"n C k c >
""/ n.e'e%e pr"n DN oae ace'e e)pres"" care r"m" n pr"mu' r2n! nu 'a
con."nu, c" 'a tematica !"scursu'u" >
"""/ ra%e !e a"c" conc'u+"a c# DN ese *un "p apare !e, DR/
Penru Ros"er, DN

!"n e)emp'e precum *mul vorbea vorbea. ese una !"nre $orme'e !e
man"$esare a DR, (" anume una re!us# 'a C, n con!".""'e n care c ;nu acce!e 'a
c"are< *778,/
D"n puncu' nosru !e 0e!ere, !e!uc."a ese $a'ac"oas#- a2a 0reme c2 !"scursu' c"an
are $unc."a !e$"n"or"e !e a "nro!uce un !"scurs c"a, a recunoa(e c# vorbea vorbea
men."onea+# per$ormarea une" enun.#r" !e a' c#re" enun. r#m2ne ne"neresa (" a spune
oo!a# c# e' ese un e)emp'u !e C nseamn# a "'usra o spec"e pr"nr1un spec"men
care nu1" sa"s$ace !e$"n"."a/
A(a!ar, penru Ros"er, DN acoper# e)emp'e !e care r,cit de paroles %ene"an nu
era "neresa, e)emp'e n care apar ermen" ce au $unc."a !e a men."ona ace !e
0or&"re/
8?
Am puea o&ser0a c#, !ac# *mul vorbea. ese un e)emp'u !e DN, >a nu a spus
nimic. nu ca!e su& "nc"!en.a acesu"a/ DN $ace as$e' $"%ur# apare n compara."e cu
Au a spus nimeni/ 2Au mai vreau<4 (" A-a spus c nu ar vrea, care sun mosre !e
DD sau DI/ Aces $ap se perece !eoarece a2 DD, c2 (" DI nu sun !e$"n"e
ono'o%"c 4 ca m"3'oace !e re!are a unor rep'"c" rea'e sau pos"&"'e, c" sun !e$"n"e
semantico-sintactic- ceea ce ese esen."a' n ca+u' 'or ese, pe !e o pare, $apu' c#
raporea+# un enun., "ar, pe !e a'a, "n!epen!en.a s"nac"c# a c"au'u" !"rec $a.# !e
0er&u' !ec'ara"0, n ca+u' DD (", respec"0, !epen!en.a s"nac"c# a c"au'u" "n!"rec
$a.# !e ace'a(" 0er& !ec'ara"0, n ca+u' DI/ DN n sc5"m& ar re&u" !e$"n" semantico-
pragmatic, penru c#, n ceea ce1' pr"0e(e, s"n%ura con!"."e ese ca rapororu' s#
"!en"$"ce nr1un anum" $e' acu' !e 0or&"re pe care ' are n 0e!ere/ De aceea, >a nu
a spus nimic. ese !oar un e)emp'u !e nara."une (" nu !e DR/ n aces ca+, ese c'ar !e
ce DN *n.e'es ca men."onare a unu" ac !e 0or&"re nenso." !e c"a, nu apare ca "p a'
repro!ucer"" spuse'or n %rama"ca ra!"."ona'#- ra!"."ona', pr"n s"'ur" a'e 0or&"r"" se
n.e'e% !"$er"e m"3'oace !e a re!a *(", con."nuu' spuse'or raporae> or, n '"m"e'e
!e$"n"."e" !e ma" sus, DN nu $ace aces 'ucru/
Ros"er cre!e c# re&u"e s# !"$eren."em !ou# mar" c'ase !e ermen", !up# $e'u' n care
ace("a po $orma DN/
Pr"ma c'as# *DN
6
,

acua'"+ea+# !oar !"scursu' c"an *C ,/ A"c" ar "nra 0er&e ca se
plaindre! refuser! s5extazier! insulter! nier! raconter! avouer, a!"c# 0er&e ce !eno#
;un spa."u !"scurs"0 care nu re&u"e n mo! necesar e)p'"c"a< *778,> cn! $ormea+#
DN, e'e sn $o'os"e a&so'u/ To !"n pr"ma c'as# $ac pare %rupur" 0er&a'e sereo"pe
ca lancer des in-ures! avoir de mots avec! lancer une diatribe contre! demander des
nouvelles (" e)pres"" care !e0a'or"+ea+# ce'e spuse, precum parler pour ne rien dire
sau dire n5importe (uoi> !e asemenea, n pr"mu' "p !e DN "nr# (" su&san"0e cu
aceea(" caracer"s"c#, !e a !enoa un !"scurs, ca une rumeur, un flots de parole, un
discours, un dialogue, une conversation/
Dup# cum se poae o&ser0a, Ros"er ese ne0o"# a"c" s# $ac# o conces"e (" s# accepe n
"ner"oru' DN ermen" care !eno# un discurs, cu con!"."a ns# ca acesa s# $"e unu' a'
c#ru" con."nu s# $"e pre0"+"&"'/
A !oua c'as# *DN
7
, repre+"n# c'ar cup'u' C k c / A"c" "nr# %rupur" 0er&a'e cons"u"e
n 3uru' 0er&e'or dire (" parler - dire son amour, dire son fait V, dire ses (uatre v,rit,s
V, dire un sermon> parler politi(ue, parler affaires, parler litt,rature/
DN se "nsa'ea+# cu !repur" !ep'"ne pr"nre $orme'e DR- e' "'usrea+# cup'u'
!e$"n"or"u penru or"ce raporare/ D"scursu' c"a ese concen1ra a2 !e mu', nc2
Ros"er 0or&e(e !espre un ;!"scurs c"an nso1." !e un rezumat tematic a' !"scursu'u"
c"a< *77A> s/n/,
n aces momen are 'oc o '#r%"re a !omen"u'u" pe care DN ' acoper#, !eoarece o n
DN
7
Ros"er "nc'u!e (" s"na%me 0er&a'e care ' au ca !eerm"na pe traiter, precum
traiter d5imb,cile! d5idiot! de d,serteur sau, n rom2n#, a face pe cineva
imbecil)idiot! a trata drept dezertor/ Acesea !"n urm# nu ma" "'usrea+# ns#
omo%en"aea caracer"s"c# DN, !eoarece imbecil, idiot sau dezertor sn sec0en.e
"re!uc"&"'e !e DD> pre+en.a 'or !uce 'a eero%en"aea acesor s"na%me/ U'"me'e
e)emp'e ."n ou(" !e DN, cons"!er# Ros"er, !a $""n! c# e)5"&# r#s#ura $un!amena'#
a acesu"a, (" anume aceea !e a ne%'"3a, n "ner"oru' cup'u'u" C kc, !"scursu' c"a, n
$a0oarea ce'u" c"an/ Daor"# acesu" $ap, Rapororu' poae s"m." ne0o"a s# nso.easc#
ermenu' n DN !e un c"a !"rec care s#1' spec"$"ce/ Auoarea c"a# 0or&e(e,
re$er"or 'a acese e)emp'e, !espre un DN ;!\c'enc5eur !e !"scours< *7?617?7,/
8`
As$e', DN ese n aces momen a2 un "p !e DR, c2 (" ermen !e "nro!ucere *are
ro' !e C,/
Ros"er se nrea&# !ac# puem pr"0" DN ca pe o spec"e a DI> ea ara# c# acese !ou#
"pur" !e DR se aprop"e semantic, !eoarece au n comun con!ensarea ("
omo%en"aea,, !ar se !"$eren."a+# sintactic, penru c# DN nu a!m"e comp'e"0#
*7??,/ Zom 0e!ea ns# c# s"ua."a !"n rom2n# ese ma" comp'"ca#/
n s$2r(", penru jau'mWn 6@A:&, DN presupune, a'#ur" !e re+u1marea spuse'or *ca
'a jenee, sau men."onarea ace'or !e 0or&"re *ca 'a Ros"er, (" descrierea efectelor
cuvintelor *?`8,/ jau'mWn are n 0e1!ere 0er&e'e care !esemnea+# e$ece
per'ocu."onare, precum a agasa! a alarma! a alerta! a amgi! a amei! a consola! a
convinge! a enerva! a fermeca! a flata! a incita! a mbrbta! a ncnta! a ncredina!
a ncura-a! a nnebuni! a nela! a liniti! a manipula! a pcli! a persuada! a prosti! a
tmpi! a vr-i/
9/
9/6/
S"ne+#
Lucr#r"'e 'u" Ma"n%ueneau repre+"n# o s"ne+# a !"0erse'or a&or!#r" a $enomenu'u"
!"scursu'u" rapora> %#s"m a"c"-
1 "!eea c# modalitatea !e ransm"ere "n$'uen.ea+# con."nuu' mesa-u-lui> ;Le m\!"um
nyes pas un s"mp'e e moWen f, un "nsrumen pour ransporer un messa%e sa&'e- une
rans$orma"on "mporane !u m\!"um mo!"$"e HWensemble dWun genre de discours/<
*6@@A- 9:,>
1 "!eea c# DD (" DI nu sun, n"c" unu', n"c" ce'#'a', derivate> ;au1cune !e ces !eu)
sra\%"es nbes prem"_re, il s5agit de deux modes de citation ind,pendents (ui
correspondent V deux perspectives compl,-mentaires/< *6@A6- @A, su&'"n"erea
noasr#,>
1 "!eea c# $"!e'"aea DD ese o pro&'em# care se pune nr1un er"or"u a'e c#ru"
e)reme sun uzul (" meniunea> ;[uan! on W r\$'\c5", le simple fait de choisir tel ou
tel fragment d5un ,nonc, pour le rapporter constitue d,-V une op,ration aux
implication consid,rables/< *6@A6- @@, su&'"n"erea noasr#,> ;'e DD se carac\r"se en
e$$e par 'e $a" [uy"' es suppos\ "n!"[uer les mots m@mes !e 'y\nonc"aeur c"\> on !"
[uy"' en fait mention/< *6@@A- 66A, su&'"n"erea auoare",/
1 "!eea c# DIL se opune cup'u'u" DDtDI, $""n! !epen!en !e cone) (" %enera !e e)>
;'e DIL se pr\sene c son n"0eau 'e p'us "mm\!"a comme un proc\!\ cens\ cumu'er
'es a0ana%es !u DD e !u DI- races !e 'b\nonc"aeur !u !"scours c"\, c 'b"nsar !u
DD, e po"n !e 0ue e e)\r"eur f !u raporeur sur 'e !"scours c"\, comme !ans 'e DI/
En oure, ce [u", enre aures c5oses, oppose 'e DIL au) DD e DI, cbes !e ne
pou0o"re ]re carac\r"s\ comme e' 5ors cone)e/< *6@A6- 66Y ,/ ;Une [ues"on se
pose a'ors- c [ue' \nonc"aeur rapporer 'e DIL l Ce ne peu ]re c 'baueur !u !"scours
c"\ or"%"ne', comme !ans 'e DD, pu"s[ue ce ne son pas ses propos e)acs, n" au
rapporeur comme !ans 'e DI, pu"s[ue 'e e)e !u DIL compore !es races !e
'b\nonc"aeur !u !"scours c"\/ I' sba%" !onc !bune $orme or"%"na'e !b\nonc"a"on !es
propos !bauru", $orme [u" suppose un ,nonciateur purement textuel s"u\ c 'a $o"s e c
'b"n\r"eur f e e c 'be)\r"eur f !u persona%e cens\ pro!u"re ces propos/ Ce [ue 'e
DIL me en \0"!ence par ce \nonc"aeur e e)ue' f , cbes une !"ssoc"a"on enre 'e
89
su-et parlant e 'e su-et de conscience [u" suppore 'b\nonc\ rappor\/< *6@A6-666,> n
DIL ;on per^o" !eu) e \nonc"aeurs f, m"s en sc_ne !ans 'a paro'e !u narraeur gmh
ce ne son pas !eu) 0\r"a&'es 'ocu1eurs, [u" pren!ra"en en c5ar%e !es \nonc"a"ons,
!es paro'es, ma"s !eu) e 0o") f, !eu) e po"ns !e 0ue f au)[ue's on ne peu ar"&uer
aucun $ra%men !\'"m"\ !u !"scours rappor\/< *6@A8- @8,>
1 "!eea c# !"scursu' rapora ese un $enomen po'"$on"c> ;Le !"scours rappor\
cons"ue une ,nonciation sur une autre ,nonciation> "' W a m"se en re'a"on !e !eu)
\0\nemens \nonc"a"$s, 'y\nonc"a"on c"\e \an 'yo&3e !e 'y\nonc"a"on c"ane/<
*6@@A-668,>
1 "!eea c# ar re&u" s# !"$eren."em nre DR $acua' (" DR romanesc sau eara'> ;Le
!"a'o%ue 5\ara' es cepen!an !bune ou aure na1ure [ue 'e !"scours !"rec !e 'a
narra"on romanes[ue/ I' ne cons"ue pas !u !"scours rappor\ ma"s se !onne comme
une \nonc"a"on e$$ec1"0e/ Le !"scours c"\ !ans un roman, par conre, nbes [ubune
$acee !e 'a narra"on> 'o"n !e se su$$"re c 'u"1m]me, "' !o" ]re appr\5en!\ par
rappor c un r\c" [u" compore &"en !baures !"mens"ons/ On !o" m]me se !eman!er
s" 'a no"on !e !"scours e rappor\ f es &"en per"1nene !ans 'e cas !bune $"c"on
romanes[ue/ Au $on!, "' nbW a !"scours e rappor\ f !ans ce cas [ue s" 'bon accepe 'e
ca!re "nsaur\ par 'b"''u1s"on narra"0e/ La narra"on ne rappore pas !es propos
an\r"eurs [ube''e a'\rera" p'us ou mo"ns, e''e 'es cr\e !e oues p"\ces, au m]me "re
[ue ceu) !u !"scours c"an/< *6@A8- AA,
De ce $o'os"m !"scursu' rapora l
Ma"n%ueneau r#spun!e !oar 'a nre&area de ce raportm direct &-
;Le c5o") !u !"scours !"rec comme mo!e !e !"scours rappor\ es sou0en '"\ au
%enre !e !"scours concern\ ou au) sra\%"es !e c5a[ue e)e/ En par"cu'"er, on peu
c5erc5er c-
1 $a"re au5en"[ue, en monran [uyon rappore 'es paro'es m]mes>
1 mere c !"sance- so" [ue 'y\nonc"aeur c"an nya!5_re pas au) propos c"\s e ne
0eu"''e pas 'es m\'an%er a0ec ceu) [uy"' pren! 'u" m]me en c5ar%e> so" [uy"' mar[ue
par 'c son a!5\s"on respecueuse, 'a !\n"0e''a"on enre !es paro'es pres"%"euses,
"nan%"&'es, e 'es s"ennes propres *c"a"on !yauor"\,>
1 se monrer o&3ec"$, s\r"eu)/< *6@@A-66@,
9/7/
Re+uma
A(a!ar, r#spunsu' 'a nre&area De este discursul raportat & ese-
{ penru teoria ontologic, o pro&'em# !e or!"n (" !e s"uare - mimesis era imitaie (" se
opunea $orme'or realitii, a2 n p'an !"0"n, c2 (" n p'an uman>
{ penru teoria teleologic, o pro&'em# !e reor"c# (" !e responsa&"'"1ae - oratio
obli(ua era adevrat (" ."nea !e esen, oratio recta era verosimil (" ."nea !e
accident# $o'os"rea 'or n !"scurs a0ea sau nu e$ece'e sconae>
{ penru teoriile discursului, o pro&'em# !e corespon!en.#- 'a premo1!ern",
corespon!en.# nre "ma%"nea ra."ona'# (" $apu' !e '"m&#, 'a auor"" !e %rama"c",
corespon!en.# nre !"$er"e'e $orme a'e DR, 'a eore"c"en"" !"scursu'u" rapora ca $ap
!e mea'"m&a3, corespon1!en.# nre p'anur"'e enun.#r"">
88
{ penru teoriile enunrii, o pro&'em# !e enun.are, !rep care nre1&area se
re$ormu'ea+#- Dine vorbete &# cum ns# or"ce enun.are ese un $ap !e conro'
enun."a"0, nre&area ese Dui i aparine punctul de vedere & sau Dine pe cine
enun &
Penru mo!ern", aceasa nseamn#- n p'an eore"c, p'ur"0oca'"sm, "erar5"e a
'ocuor"'or, punce !e 0e!ere !om"nane (" punce !e 0e!ere !om"nae, "ar n p'an
prac"c, !escoper"rea $orme'or m")e a'e DR (" "n1eresu' penru acesea/
Penru posmo!ern", aceasa nseamn# o emanc"pare- ce' pu."n pen1ru er"or"u'
$"c."un"" *!e'"m"a pr"n e)c'u!erea $"c."un"" 'a persoana n2",, Eu'1persona3 nu se ma"
'as# spus, c#c" !"spare naraoru', a!"c# en"aea responsa&"'# !e enun.are> po0es"rea,
un"0ers a' unor unspea:able sentences, nu ese !ec2 'ocu' pr"0"'e%"a n care persona1
3e'e se arat/
n ce'e ce urmea+#, 0om ncerca s# ap'"c#m pe un corpus ora', !"a'eca' (" nara"0
une'e !"nre e'emene'e !e eor"e !"scuae ma" sus (" o&ser0a.""'e $ormu'ae n 'e%#ur#
cu acesea/ n mo! pre0"+"&"', ap'"ca."a noasr# 0a $" ancora# n acea pare a eor"e" a
c#re" "'usrare corespun!e ce' ma" &"ne eme" enun.ae !e "'u (" care are *poen."a',
ce'e ma" "neresane consec"n.e penru '"m&a rom2n#> as$e', 0om p'eca, !up# cum se
0a 0e!ea, !e 'a !e$"n"."a !a# !"scursu'u" rapora !e c#re Laurence Ros"er, !e$"n"."e
ce se re0en!"c# !e 'a !ou# '"n"" !e cerceare, repre+enae, pe !e o pare, !e
!escen!en.a da5"n 4 jenee 4 Ducro 4 jau'mWn (" !e ReW1De&o0e (" Au5"er1
Re0u+, pe !e a'a/ Zor r#m2ne, ns#, !oar cu "'u !e e)per"mene, c"ae n pr"ma pare
a 'ucr#r"" penru a "'usra !"spue eore"ce n c2mpu' DR, cerce#r" cum sun ce'e
semnae !e c#re A/ dan$"e'!, R/ Sa'p"e i S/ Ree! (" !e c#re a'.""/
De$"n"."a DR $ormu'a# !e Ros"er *or"ce !"scurs rapora ese un cup'u $orma !"nr1un
!"scurs c"an (" un !"scurs c"a, con"nu# a(a!ar o ra!"."e !e "n0es"%are a DR,
ra!"."e penru care acesa repre+"n# un fenomen dinamic 'a oae n"0e'ur"'e !e "neres/
D"scursu' c"an (" !"scursu' c"a 0or $" 0#+ue ca e'emene care "nerac."onea+# (" se
pun rec"proc n 0a'oare, n "ner"oru' DR> n ace'a(" "mp, ns#, ne 0or "neresa $ape
ma" pu."n su!"ae p2n# acum- mo"0e'e apar"."e" unu" anum" "p !e DR nr1o
nara."une, $unc.""'e nara"0e a'e !"$er"e'or acua'"+#r" a'e DR ec/
na"ne !e oae acesea, ne propunem s# $ormu'#m c2e0a o&ser0a."" n 'e%#ur# cu
spec"$"cu' e)e'or ce $ormea+# corpusu' (" cu mo!u' n care acesea apar ranscr"se n
cu'e%er"'e !e e)e !"a'eca'e, o&ser0a."" "mporane, cre!em no", penru n.e'e%erea
ce'e" !e1a !oua p#r." a su!"u'u" !e $a.#/
II/ DISCURSUL RAPORTAT N TEXTELE DE nACTUR ORAL
6/ Spec"$"cu' e)e'or !"n corpus
ncerc#m ma" n2" s# e0"!en."em (" s# comen#m c2e0a !"nre "pur"1'e !e pro&'eme
pe care 'e pune corpusu' !e e)e !"a'eca'e care a sa 'a &a+a cerce#r"" noasre/
6/6/ Naura e)e'or
8:
n 'e%#ur# cu naura e)e'or ce "nr# n a'c#u"rea corpusu'u", re1&u"e s# $acem
urm#oare'e o&ser0a.""-

a/ ese 0or&a !espre e)e care sun 0ar"ana scr"s# a unor sec0en.e 0or&"e, acesea !"n
urm# a'ese *!e c#re auor"" ano'o%"e", !"nr1o su"# ma" 'ar%# !e sec0en.e, nre%"srae
pe &an!# !e ma%neo$on> e'e po $" comparae cu &an!a au!"o, !ar nu e)"s# (" o &an!#
0"!eo, penru a a0ea acces 'a "n$orma.""'e non0er&a'e sau suprase%mena'e ransm"se
!e c#re "n$ormaor sau !e c#re anc5eaor *!e(" noe'e !e su&so' con."n re$er"r" 'a
%esur" sau 'a onu' 0oc"", acesea sun rare (" nu po sup'"n" o nre%"srare 0"!eo,/
`7
&/ anc5ea !"a'eca'# ese o spec"e !e "ner0"u cu scop prec"s- cu'e%e1rea, !up# o
anum"# proce!ur#, !e "n$orma."" !"a'eca'e> ea are un obiectiv ma-or *nre%"sr#r"'e
au!"o, o&."nerea !e r#spunsur" 'a c5es"1onare ec/, !ar nu are un obiectiv minor care
s# pr"0easc# !"rec cerce1area noasr# *urm#r"rea mo!u'u" n care se rea'"+ea+#
!"$er"e'e "pur" !e DR ,/
c/ aces %en !e "ner0"u are o naur# par"cu'ar#, n ma" mu'e sen1sur"-
", e)"s# o !"s"mer"e a ro'ur"'or "nerac."ona'e- "ner0"e0aoru' *an1c5eaoru', !om"n#
!"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' srucur#r"" "nerac."un"", "ar "ner0"e0au' *"n$ormaoru',
!om"n# !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' con1."nuu'u" "n$orma.""'or !ae>
"", anc5eaoru' ese un outsider, ese mem&ru' une" ec5"pe, ese un spec"a'"s, ese
repre+enanu' *$#r# un"$orm#, a' unu" $or, !"spune !e un 3ar%on *pe care nu '
u"'"+ea+#,, $ace un 'ucru ser"os *!ar nu scoae asa n e0"!en.#,, are ma%neo$on *!ar
ar !or" s# se $ac# a&srac."e !e e',, proce!ea+# !up# un "p"c *!ar m"+ea+# pe
sponane"ae,> "n$orma1oru' ese un su&"ec a' c#ru" s"n%ur ascen!en ese $apu' c# nu
("e c2 !e "neresan ese> nre ce" !o" ese !e 'a &un ncepu o re'a."e &a+a# pe
"erar5"e (" !"san.#, pe care pr"mu' 0rea s# o rans$orme, n "neresu' anc5ee", nr1una
&a+a# pe e%a'"ae (" "n"m"ae>
""", anc5ea are o 'aur# !e co'a&orare> penru c# "n$orma.""'e o&."nue sun !es"nae a
$" ransm"se *me!"a, pr"n "nerme!"u' e)e'or ranscr"se, unor er." *!es"naar""
u'"m",, "n$ormaoru' (" anc5eaoru' re&u"e s# coopere+e penru a pro!uce un e)
care s# sa"s$ac# un er.>
"0, anc5ea are (" o 'aur# con$'"cua'# *"ar !or"n.a anc5eaoru'u" ese !e a o&."ne un
&ene$"c"u p2n# (" !"n aceasa,> ea se acua'"+ea+# n nre&#r" precum- cum ai zis c se
spune &> dar nu se pune i obiectul x &> dar asta nu e vineri seara &> dar nu se i
cnt & ec/
0, e)"s# o anum"# ens"une nre $orma anc5ee" (" con."nuu' e"- ea ese o
"nerac."une formal *(" nu $am"'"ar#,, !ar e$orur"'e anc5eao1ru'u" se n!reap# ("
spre crearea une" amos$ere !eens"onae> ese serioas *(" nu 'u!"c#,, !e(" ser"os ese
a"c" scopu', naura e)e'or sau su&"ecu' 'or po $" 'u!"ce>
0", 'ocu' n care se !es$#(oar# ese un spa."u pr"0a, a' insider1u'u", !e o&"ce" nc5"s
*cas#, cure,> !ecoru' *a2 ce' aprop"a c2 (" ce' ma" n!ep#ra- sau', mpre3ur"m"'e,
ese unu' cunoscu penru insider>
0"", are o !ura# ne!eerm"na#, a'e c#re" '"m"e po 0ar"a n $unc."e !e ca'"#."'e
"n$ormaoru'u" *&un cunosc#or a' sau'u" (" a' o&"ce"ur"'or 'oca'e, &un 0or&"or, &un
po0es"or, cu o &un# memor"e, sponan, re1cep"0 'a su%es"", "ne'"%en, cooperan
ec/,>
0""", are un con."nu spec"$"c, !eoarece e)"s# anum"e eme care sun, !e pre$er"n.#,
a&or!ae/
8A
Te)e'e care au $urn"+a ce'e ma" mu'e e)emp'e !e !"scurs rapora sun e)e'e
'"&ere *ntmplri din viaa subiectului! amintiri! poveti, sau e)e'e "mpuse care
o$er# o ma" mare '"&erae "n$orma1oru'u" *obiceiuri# cum se $ace o nun# ese un &un
pr"'e3 penru a po0es" ce s1a n2mp'a 'a propr"a nun#,> e)e'e "mpuse !e "pu' cum
se face3& *re.ee, sau ce a fcut subiectul ieri i azi, sun, pr"n naura 'or, ma" pu."n
por"0"e penru su&"ecu' nosru/ T"pu' !e e) !"n care au $os e)rase e)emp'e'e ese
a(a!ar unu' nara"0 *$"c"0 sau non1$"c"0, (" nu unu' !escr"p"0> ese un e) cu un %ra!
na' !e su1&"ec"0"ae, man"$esa# 'a oae n"0e'ur"'e/ Sa"s"ca e$ecua# pe cor1pus
ara# c# @A !"nre e)emp'e'e $o'os"e *8Y` !"n 86?, sun e)e care 'as#
"n$ormaoru'u" un mare %ra! !e '"&erae> aproape :9 !"nre e)e apar."n ar"e"
su!"ce a !"a'ecu'u" !acorom2n *O'en"a, Munen"a, Do&ro%ea,/
Tre&u"e a(a!ar su&'"n"a $apu' c# e)e'e !"n corpus !au seam# !e o anum"# "po'o%"e
a !"scursu'u" rapora, !ar nu $urn"+ea+# e)emp'e penru toate aspece'e n2'n"e n
'"m&a 0or&"#/ Propor."a !"nre !"$e1r"e'e "pur" !e DR, $rec0en.a acesora, "pu'
0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e (" $unc."onarea 'or ec/ !ep"n! !e naura acesor e)e, care ese
!eerm"1na# !e-
1 s"ua."a !e comun"care spec"$"c#>
1 "pu' uman a' "n$ormaoru'u" *se'eca !e c#re anc5eaor,>
1 ca'"#."'e !e naraor a'e "n$ormaoru'u">
1 "pu' !e e)>
(" care ese re'a"0 monoon# (" pre0"+"&"'#/
SURSELE I STATISTICA EXEMPLELOR DIN D*R;US
`?
8@

6/7/ Pro&'eme !e ranscr"ere
6/7/6/
n TDM *I, II (" III, (" n TDD-
a/ %5"'"me'e'e *; <, nca!rea+# pasa3e !e 0or&"re !"rec#, "ar %5"'"me'e'e an%u'are *e
f, nca!rea+# pasa3e !e 0or&"re !"rec# c"ae n ca!ru' a'e" 0or&"r" !"rece-
0or&a 'u"t;s# $av" a(a ce0a !a nu1suc#ra casa1nu'oc s#1+u!ea u1" !a" 'u"tacu cum
u1' "u&e(u$oare mu' p# "e'm(" "e' 0e!e c# "e(" proas# ve "ve e car# casa m"1o !#
m""e f<tt TDM III, p/79@, r/A16Y
E)"s# ns# ca+ur" n care pasa3e !e !"scurs re!a nu sun e0"!en."ae-
gSo.u'h a rom" a(atuam ""(" mupr"m#0ar# 'a o+u!ocor" m1anu !ustt("
par"co'ar"t( !1#(e'an.tmca+ !# uopera."etgrh ca+ !# uopera."ettTDM I, p/797,
r/71`
cnum# !uc a gph n ca+u'a "e'ts1a pus #'a cu spae'e1n u(#t(" nu ma" m1a '#saus#
p'e%u!#'uoctt"at(" &eat(" &eat(" &eat(" &eam 0W"ntt"o s'a& !# &#uuur#tm;m#t"o nu
ma" &eau s<tt!wus# p'ect TDM III, p/7, r/6616`
TL O P R IA TOTAL
ALRT ` 6A ? 6 Y 78 `,7`
CN Y Y 8 Y Y 8 Y,@:
jN 6@ 7 6Y Y Y ?6 9,Y9
jR 6? 7 Y Y Y 69 7,``
Md 6k7 ?6 7 6 Y Y ?` 9,9`
Pn : 7 7 Y Y 66 6,:@
TDdN 6` 67 Y Y Y 78 `,7`
O 9 Y 6 Y Y 8 Y,@:
TDD 77 Y ` Y Y 78 `,7`

74,71%


TDO 77 8 @ Y ? `Y 8,97
TDM I 6@9 67 7 6 Y 76Y ?`,79
TDM II 7? 6 Y Y Y 7` ?,@6
TDM III 6?: 69 7 ` Y 69A 79,::
492 72 40 6 3 613
AY,7 66,: 8,9 Y,@: Y,`A

98%

:Y
("manusa aco'o g'a sp"a'hmuo s#p#mn# cuueatc1av" c#ue rup gp"c"oru'htav" c#
nuue rupttgmh (1amu0en" "ar cu "a1n!#r#t !ocoru c#mnu "e ruptwusa o
s#p#mn1aco'otnu "e ruptt TDM II, p/6?, r/76178
"o cnus1a1nsurau&#"e. mWe"to a(a am $#cutanusaumu#tt!a u"e1a(atn1anu+sm
n"(us1o "a" n"(us#t!a 'umea mW"1a pus ucap n ou$"e'utTDM I, p/@?, r/6616?
re" +'e1anusa cu "e' nu(coa'# gcu Se0er Pophtt'a asa cumuu" +vet'a asa cum "
+vet'a asa cum " +vet TDD, p/6?8, r/7Y176
revam no" (an.u1coatreva ( "e" ca s# 0""e1nu$a.a noasr#trevam no" a(atreva (
"e" mu$a.amtpn# ne1am aprop"eattne1am apro1p""a "o s s# s#mtne1a cu gph
(coo(u!# &an"tt TDM I, p/ ?Y, r/ A16Y
A'eor", sun marcae pasa3e care *n $unc."e !e '"n"a "nona."ona'#, po $" sau nu
mosre !e !"scurs !"rec-
m# u"a" 'a "e"t;&# $"r1ar a' !racu s< +ct;#("a "e &e."0"t"atamn!o" "e &e."0"<tm#
%n!""u"ott;5a" s#1" !uc acas#m<ttcnum# !uct" !au 3ost!uc#ru.#trea&#
socoea'#mtt TDM III, p/7, r/?18
cnuwu0en"u( m1wu'"&erata0eanu(ueo $ra."ta0eanu(ueo suror"t
+"vet;sue1nsuor"<tt
;s2 m#1nsuort!a cum lttp# v"ne s# %#sesc l<tt
5a" cuaret5a" cuaret5a" 'a cuarettne1am !u+tun1anu'uaun"v unamtt TDM II,
p/A66, r/6:177
sau unu' (" ace'a(" se%men ese raa !"$er"-
(" "e' spunetve ;a" s# &emmve0a 'a ma<t#'a mW""ett
;nu &eau .u gph nu &eau n"m"ca "eutc#mam &#uu acas n"(e 0"nt(1m" $ave r#u !ac#
&eau ma" mu'ueutt(" snu'a !rumm<tt
n"m"ct;5a"<t(" ;5a"<t(" ;5a"<ttTDM III, p/6, r/7617? 4 p/7, r/6
cnum#uu%u'a '#uuar"tprop""earu cas" nu ne ma" 'as# p# no" ca s# ma" &#%#m
'#uar"1ucas#tt
;nu s# puae necu'a"e s# &a u '#uar" 'a m"ne1a"v ucas#<tt
;&#" nea %'"%oretc1o $" c1o p#."tc# suv"# c21n0r"<
;n"m"c s<ttne1a !au'a o pare cu '#uar"tt TDM II, p/7A, r/@16`
Aceas# con0en."e %ra$"c# are urm#oare'e "nco0en"ene-
ese superflu, n con!".""'e n care e)"s# a'e semna'e *0er&a'e, ca 0er&u' a zice, sau
suprase%mena'e, ca sc5"m&area "nona."e" ("tsau a ona'"#."", care "n!"c# $apu' c# se
rece !e 'a ce0a ce nu ese DR 'a DD sau, n "ner"oru' unor pasa3e ma" 'ar%" n DR,
$apu' c# se rece !e 'a o rep'"c# 'a a'a,-
(" "e' spunetve ;a" s# &emmve0a 'a ma<t#'a mW""ett
:6
;nu &eau .u gph nu &eau n"m"ca "eutc#mam &#uu acas n"(e 0"nt("1m $ave r#u !ac#
&eau ma" mu'ueutt(" snu'a !rumm<tt
n"m"ct;5a"<t(" ;5a"<t(" ;5a"<ttTDM III, p/6, r/7617? 4 p/7, r/6
ve ;n1are n"m"c<tt
;n1are mo&"'#m<tt
;n1are<tt
;"e1m&r#ca# l<tt
ve ;nu "e<tt
;p#" cum o "e" u a(a l<tt TDM III, p/9, r/?1A
ese inoperant, aunc" c2n! '"psesc !"n e) semna'"+aor"" DD> n aces ca+,
marcarea sau nemarcarea %ra$"c# a unu" se%men ca DD r#1m2ne o !ec"+"e a ce'u" care
ranscr"e nre%"srarea-
gnem.""h s# u"a mereu s# 0a+#1" 0e!e v"ne0at( p# "e"t"1a 'uau&an" numa!ec a"
#'u"at"o "1wuspus c#mn1amtn1amt'a m"ne nu "ett m#m!#s$#cu x"m"ru co'o nu "etn1
amtt TDM I, p/?Y, r/6?169
ese inexact, aunc" c2n! pasa3e'e marcae cu %5"'"me'e nu rapor1ea+# spuse'e, c"
ranspun 0er&a' semne a'e em".#oru'u" c"a-
+"vem!a mama $ave semnu+ve $ave semnu+ve ;ue p1#sa1'u'om<tt
!a mama +"ve- ;nu1mup'avetnu s# '"pe(e !#um"ne<tt
!a aa +vet"1a ar#a a(a "1a ar#a a(aKt;e a"t(" p1#sa nu1' 'as<tt gsh
TDM I, p/7:6, r/7617?
K gest cu mna la gt
nu puea s# 0uor&easc#tc# ("" lt!ac1a ras1o !# '"m&tgmh nu puea s# 0or&easc#tt
!#c m"1a ara a ara c# ;mam#tmam#<tt
;sn"en 'a sp5"a' ma"c#<tt
;p#" !# ce l<tt
;p#" !e s "e3" &uo'na0#<tt TDM III, p/?:, r/816?
muu +va muu +va- ;ma"u!#1" s s#1" !ea o su# s<tt gmh
(" " spunea muu spunea muu c#m;ma" $a3 l<u
;nu ma" $ac<tt"1ar#a !nm!n !ee ar#a !nm!n !ee c# nu ma" $avett
TDM III, p/9`?, r/:166
*n acese ca+ur", a'e%erea unor mo!a'"#." %ra$"ce !e marcare a !"0er1se'or "pur" !e
DR ar re&u" mo"0a# !e o e)punere a mo!u'u" n care ese n.e'es !"scursu' rapora/
Dac# se e0"!en."a+# pr"n %5"'"me'e se%1mene'e re!ae n sens larg, aunc" ar re&u" s#
se ."n# seama (" !e e)"sen.a unor e)emp'e precum-
ne !#sc"n%eamtne !#sp'eeamt"nram n camer# (mK p# mu.e(et
K Informatoarea mimeaz o convorbire optit/
TDM III, p/?66, r/7:
:7
&eat!a cu oa'a 'a rn!t&#rnu ' 0e!ea" c#m!#" !#" !#" !#" !n ua'#tce r#mnea p#
#'at(1' 0e!ea" p1orm# mK gsh 'e 'e su%ea ( p1a'ea !# p#mn gmhtt
K Imit sorbitul din oal.
TDM III, p/9:@, r/6916:
(1a1ncepu s2 &e'easc# uoc5"tt(1an rup uo""'"1n !ouo ( 'e1an sK a(a uo !a#t
K Subiectul fluier prelung.
TDM III, p/7`917`8, r/78>6
ua2 'umea Kt#'"'a'e p# &##ur# c5"ueat
K Dhiuie/
TDM III, p/:@8, r/7717?
"apa a1ncepu- ho <K s# r"nc5e+ett
K Imit nechezatul calului/
TDM III, p/`:6, r/A
(" a a'ora, asem#n#oare/,
Pasa3e'e n 0or&"re !"rec# sun prece!ae uneor" *!e p"'!# n ace'e ca1+ur" n care
'"pse(e 0er&u' !ec'ara"0, !e dou puncte/ Aces semn a' supramarc#r"" ese ns#
$o'os" $#r# consec0en.#-
ne0as#1mea- ;!e une1a" ma" %#stuutne&unuu#'a l< TDM III, p/?, r/7@
ne0as#1mea m ;p# cumtare (" "a ve0a l<t TDM III, p/9, r/7
&/ nu e)"s# semne spec"$"ce penru a'e "pur" !e DR *spec""'e m")e,/
Tou(", uneor", se%mene !e !"scurs "n!"rec $#r# 0er& sau !e !"scurs !"rec 'e%a sun
as"m"'ae !"scursu'u" !"rec (" puse nre %5"'"me'e-
;m#" cuscru'e smc# a $#cu1o &#e."tve s# 'e $avemt"o n1an (uu<tt
;e s n1a" ("u !umneaat!a m#1s# a ("uu<tt
;nu c# n1a ("u<tt
5a" c# n1a ("uutt TDM III, p/88A, r/@16?,
penru- ;m#" cuscru'e s<mc# ;a $#cu1o &#e."<tgmh
;nu< c# ;n1a ("u<tt *sau- nu, c# ;n1a ("u<,
;nutc# 'as#tc# nu "e n"m"catc# !ac#mna("tcop"'u "e &unttc# !ac# s# $ave mare "e
&un ( "e' !# s#r0""t&a !1umupuortu&a !1o 0ac#t&a !1o capr#<tt TDM I, p/??Y,
r/6@176,
penru- ;nu<tc# ;'as#<tc# ;nu "e n"m"ca<tc# ;!ac#mna("tcop"'u "e &un<ttc# ;!ac# s#
$ave mare "e &un ( "e' !# s#r0""t&a !1umupuortu &a !1o 0ac#t&a !1o capr#<tt
"e' ;nu c# p'ect"o c# p'ec "ar<t TDM III, p/67`, r/6`
:?
penru- "e' nu, c# ;p'ec "o< c# ;p'ec "ar</
c/ E'emene'e !e comun"care non verbal "neresea+# cercearea asu1pra !"scursu'u"
rapora, !eoarece une'e !"nre acesea ser0esc !"san1.#r"" rapororu'u" $a.# !e spuse'e
raporae *rapororu' (" poae pr"0" !e p"'!# semn"$"ca"0 "ner'ocuoru', sensu' $""n!-
;ce p#rere a" !e asa l> cum o $" puu s# spun# e' a(a ce0a l<,/ Or, n corpus, !"mens"1
unea ora'# a e)u'u" ese s'a& pus# n e0"!en.#- nu e)"s#, !e p"'!#, m"3'oace !e
marcare a "nona."e"/ In$orma.""'e 4 recue n noe !e su&1so' 4 !espre onu', %esur"'e
(" m"(c#r"'e "n$ormaoru'u" sun rare/
6/7/7/
n TDO, sec0en.e'e !e DD sun e0"!en."ae n !ou# mo!ur"-
1 uneor", apar pe un r2n! nou, sun prece!ae !e '"n"a !e !"a'o%, "ar pr"mu' cu02n ese
scr"s cu ma3uscu'#-
La urm#1n anu 0"""o gph 0"""or, a 0ru ve' ma" m"3'uoc ca s#m
4 Ta#, m# !uc "o, c# "o1' pr"n!/ TDO, p/6Y9, r/7717?
1 a'eor", pr"mesc %5"'"me'e-
L1a 'uua mu&ra.2 (" morm#n"nu'a "e', a s#r"!u&#"au- ;Omoar# pe aa s<>
umu&#"a o 03'an/ S1a pus cu &a p" "e', rae1" s "1a '#sa pe1#' &#rn (1a
'uau&#"au/
e s# $ac# gKh &#rnu l ;S#1m gph !ecus#1m omuare &#"au, ma" &"ne s# m#
omuare p" m"ne, c#msnuma" &#rn, !e ve s#1m" omuare &#"au l< Trae1" #'a cu
&a, rae1"/ TDO, p/7`, r/61:
Penru !"scursu' !"rec 'e%a sun $o'os"e re" proce!ee-
1 cu r2n! nou, '"n"e !e !"a'o%, ma3uscu'#-
" #"cu a +s c# c#-
4 e $ave #sa, $#, s# mereu a(a cu no", nu ne 'as# s# !urm"m n"vo!a#, p'ne
'%# no", 5a" s#1' !uvenu'a Dr#%#(anu'a sp"a'/ TDO, p/6Y8, r/7`178
1 cu %5"'"me'e-
Aunva .%anu a +s c# c# ;nu cre!</ " a +s gKh a +s-
4 Ia + u ;!e(x"!e1e mas#<
(" masa av s1a !e(x"s cu aea &una2.ur" (" "e" a mca amn!o" ("1ap# gKh pe
urm# a +s- ;x"!e1e mas#<> masa s1a1x"s ("1a p'eca acas# gmh TDO, p/9Y, r/691
6:
1 nu ese e0"!en."a-
:`
"1a nre&a1o c# un!e s# !uve a(a !e noap"/ "u"a a spus c# s# !uve p"u'a
&un"cu.a/ " "aua +#+ gph "1anr#&au'upu c# anr#&au'upu c# un!" (a!" &un"cu.a l "1a +s c#m cam
pe gKh cam !up# unus$er!u!euor# nr1o p#!ure/ " 'upu a +s c#mnu 0e!e ve
$'or" sn l TDO, p/A@, r/:166
6/7/?/
n Md, DD cu c ese marca-
1 cu %5"'"me'e-
(1a1nre&a c (1a1nre&a c1;a cu" "" 0aca el<tt Md 6, p/6:6, r/@
1 cu %5"'"me'e (" !ou# punce-
(" cn!um1anu!us ucas#tmama a spus c# a spus c#- ;1auc#ua aco'o<t Md 7, p/@`, r/7`
4 p/@9, r/6
n"c" unu' !"nre proce!ee nu ese ns# consec0en $o'os"-
aa m1ou'ua m1ou'uau'am&aa""tm'a su!u""tuc 'a su!u""tucm"uam %r"3am'ucrur"'u"u a'u"atsau !"
'ucru n"eu stt Md 6, p/A, r/6@17Y
6/7/`/
n jR (" n jN, DD cu c nu ese marca cu %5"'"me'e-
(1a1nvepuus2 var# !" 'a nuo" eaca mama 'u"t$ra"'e care aret c2 c2 "aca1nure&" +ev"
c#m#("tnure&"" +eve &a"v"tc1a0ea $a2tt jR, p/6`, r/6?169
A(a, sara '1o1nre&a a1s#u pe un"1a $os cu capr#'e ( a r#spuns c1o $os p" 'a
p"(or"> a(a c# s$nu o au!+ !""n 5o!a"e !"e !""nco'o> aunc" o "e( s$nu a$ar# (
o1nre&a pe cop"' c# c# mn"e m"er%e "ar pe1aco'o/ 1o r#spuns cop"'u c# ;m"er%<
gmh jN, e)u' I, p/6?
A "(" mp#rau a$ar ( 'e1a 0#+u (1a1nre&a c# c# c"ne a r"m"s as$e'" !e p'ocon
$rumos/ jN, e)u' XII, p/`7
Semne'e c"#r"" sun $o'os"e !ec" !esu' !e ar&"rar (" "nconsec0en n cu'e%er"'e !e
e)e !"a'ece'e !"n care am e)cerpa e)emp'e'e> n con1sec"n.#, "nerprearea unu"
anum" se%men ca $""n! "nc"!en sau nu !"scursu'u" rapora ese pos"&"' s# $"e uneor"
!"$er"# !e "nerprearea pe care au !a1o ce" care au ranscr"s respec"0e'e e)e/
6/?/
P'anur" a'e !"a'o%u'u" n nara."unea ora'#
jau'mWn 6@A:& !"s"n%e !ou# p'anur" a'e !"a'o%u'u", care se a$'# !e o pare (" !e a'a
a nara."un"" ora'e- ese 0or&a !espre un dialog indus, care cupr"n!e oae $orme'e !e
man"$esare a !"scursu'u" rapora ce apar nr1o anum"# nara."une, !"a'o% semna'a
pr"n indici intradiscur-sivi, (" un dialog inductor, meacomun"ca."ona', semna'a pr"n
indici interdiscursivi/
E)"s# a(a!ar n nara."unea ora'#-
:9
6/ un p'an e)ranara"0- "nsan.e'e comun"c#r"" sun R
e
*em".#oru' ra1poror,
"n$ormaoru', (" R
r
*"ner'ocuoru' 'u" R
e
- anc5eaoru' sau a'." a'ocuor",, po0es"oru'
(" ascu'#oru' s#u> ese p'anu' naraiei#
7/ un p'an "nranara"0, n care $"e se a$'# n !"a'o% C
e
*em".#oru' c"a, cu C
r
*"ner'ocuoru' s#u "nranara"0,, "ar C
e
ese naraoru'1persona3 *ese ca+u' nara."un"'or
auo!"e%e"ce,, $"e se a$'# n !"a'o% C
e
cu C
r
4 persona3e a'e po0es"r"" !"n care n"c"
unu' nu ese naraoru' *ese ca+u' nara."un"'or 5eero!"e%e"ce (" a' nara."un"'or
$"c."ona'e,> acesa ese p'anu' povestirii (" a' istoriei>

D"a'o%u' "n!ucor se acua'"+ea+# n e)emp'e precum-
;&#< +vemt;nu pous#1' omor"tc# #'a< +ve ;"e !omn"orum.#r"ta'
munen""ttnuupous#1' omoruu p# !omn"oru munen"" p# ne%ruu 0o!#<ttpo0esea
&#r2n"t!emtasa1" au+"# ( !# m"netnu 0#+u#t auu+"#t!# 'a &#rn"tm;!a< sve
;s# e &a(us'u%# 'a "e'tm(<mK acu nu ("uts# 0# spunma!#0#ru lm
gSpune cum a" au+" (" !umneaa sh gSpune cum a" au+" (" !umneaa sh
p" !e s cum am au+u( "outa(a 0# spunt!am!umnea0oas# poae 0#1x"pu". c#m
0# spu" "o !mtt
ve ;e &a(us'u%# 'a "e't( cn! o !a ca'u s# s# p"(ets# 'e3usu'acu ca''u" cu oua.#tm
s#1' srnu&"net(ucn! o p'eca "e' c#'are p# ca'<t ve ;s# ca+# ca'u cu "e' s#1'
omoare ca'u gmh TDM III, p/`9`, r/6717?
K Informatorul face o pauz lung.
sau-
nu ("u 'a !umnea0oasr# cun s1o +cet!a 'a no" po%oanet TDM III, 7Y8t6816:
!ar (" n a'e'e, n care !"a'o%u' cu "ner'ocuoru'1anc5eaor ese ma" su&"'>
neologismele, !e p"'!#, po "neresa (" !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' re'a."e" spec"a'e !"nre
"n$ormaor (" anc5eaor, a' "ma%"n"" pe care ("1o $ace 'ocuoru' !espre s"ne nsu(",
!espre "ner'ocuoru' s#u (" !e1spre ceea ce !ore(e u'"mu' !e 'a ce' !"n" n anc5ea
!"a'eca'#-

a m0en" !om'et(mam ran(atam m0or&W" am gph asa1n c5esea nun.tt TDM
III, p/77, r/`19
m1a 'o0" gph a s#r" sus !# p"c"oar'e !"napo" (" m1a 'o0" 'a $racuraK !reap1a""c"
a(a 'a oc5"t TDM III, p/:Y, r/?19
K Subiectul folosete termenul 2fractur4 pentru umrul obrazului! pe care l arat cu
mna! unde are o cicatrice.
*c'o(ca, s# asa&"'ea+# p# cu"&tt TDM III, p/:@, r/6?
uomu care ese n+es gph n%'o&a cu rea&a asa s1o $ac#tmer%e cu %#'eaa cu &an"
'a na(tt TDM III, p/6?@, r/6Y166
sun a'." care ("" as"sa s# 0a+# care !# $octcare pune mnat carema 0#+utt TDM
III, p/787, r/6`169
:8
"era cu'ca#t"era cammn.epen"#ta!"c# "era nca!ra# !# !urer"t ("" !# cr"+et TDM
III, p/`@:, r/`19
n "mpu c s# 'e%a sea%ut"e" n1a0ea 0oe s# !ep#(easc#mpese ce1am !"scua
"otpese ce 'e1am propus "o 'or aunc"ttn "mpu c s# 'e%a sea%utt TDM III, p/8Y9,
r/71`
sco! &r"cea%ut(" sco.tc5"ar (" !ocoru me1a spustgKh !#3a "e" ne spunetc2 ;n1a" 0o"e
s2 num<t!a "o pn 'a !ocort"o1' 'ecu"esctt TDM III, p/:`A, r/7?179
D"a'o%u' "n!us se acua'"+ea+# n e)emp'e precum-
a/ nara."une auo!"e%e"c#-
+ve ;5a" ucas<tt
;m#" ne"c#tnu mer% ucas# "ottm# !uctc# m1apuc# nuapea !# uo<t"o !# co'ott
TDM III, p/7, r/:1@
&/ nara."une 5eero!"e%e"c#-
( ve1a +s suacr#1sa lt;a"u" m""c#< +vet;pn1a""vtt!1a""v co'otnu ma" $avem n"v
umupas<tt
c# ;!# ve ltc#m<
ve ;#sa .1# sau<tt+vem ;"e3uru!ar<tt gmh
a 'ua1o r(tt#"'an." a 'uaup# $a#tt(1a 0en" cu o." cr!t gmh(t!ac1a ""nra
ucomun#1cuave1n sats1a ma" 0ese'" $eme"att TDM III, p/7Y, r/7A17@ 4 p/76,
r/6`168
c/ nara."une $"c."ona'#-
ursu' a a$'auc# 0u'pea a $#cumros !e pe(e ("ma +s c# !e un!e1a $#cuuro+u!e
pe(e, s#1" !ea ("u'u", c# are ma" rmne(e/ TDO, p/?, r/7?17`
Te)e'e e0"!en."a+# a!esea ns# o s"ua."e "nerme!"ar#- po0es"oru' se a$'#
concom"en pe am&e'e n"0e'ur", penru c# e' $o'ose(e !"a'o%u' "n!us ca mo!a'"ae !e
a "nra nr1o $orm# !e !"a'o% "n!ucor/ As$e' !e ca+ur" sun "'usr#r" per$ece penru
a$"rma."a c#, per$orm2n! o na1ra."une, po0es"oru' nu $urn"+ea+# "n$orma."", c" 3oac#
o !ram#- p#r." nre%" !"n !"scursu' rapora sun !e $ap sec0en.e !"a'o%ae *$orme a'e
!"a'o%u'u" "n!us, "nranara"0,, $o'os"e penru a "n!"ca ascu'#1oru'u" a"u!"nea
po0es"oru'u" $a.# !e spuse'e em".#oru'u" c"a-
Acu1" %reumAcu1" oac# l "c mune(" 'a &oer s Ap#" s mune(" !" cn! s
!"3%5"a. p#mnu (" pn"1n eru &o&oe+"" s nu ma" !"s1ca'. oc5"nca !"n c5"or n"
s# !"u" !o%5"ocu !"'a u%, s1. p'es1neasc ( oc5"" (1ap#" s +" c1a" mun" s
jN, e)u' XXI, p/?7`
::
ne0as#1sa omu'u1#'ueamm# pom"nesucu ea c1o p#ur# ( c1o pern#t s# m"1o !ea
m"etc# s# sau cu e' n "n!#tt
;!oamne $ere(e s< +tu;p#" anus#u "o cu v"ne0a gsh ca s gKh c#uam eo s# m#
cu'ucu #sa a"3u'a !umneaa l< gshtt
;p#" !e s a(a s# s#tc# no" a(a (#!eam na"ne<t
;p2" o" $" sauma!a'et!a eo n1anusattve 0or&#1" aeal<tt TDM III, p/A8, r/69176
sau-
gCum e o $eme"e !e1" +"c" %#'e("# lh
!1a&" mer%t!1a&" mer%tpac pact;!# ve mere. $ee1a(a l !# ve mere. a(a l
pactpact!# ve mere. $eetc# s#nes "neret n1a0e+u!#cu!oo+#3u!# an"tt# l<
s# $u(ucu 0a!rats# gph acu a!uc cu %#'ee !1#seatcu c#'!#r"tno" neu!uvaucu
0a!ra oma" !#tm $#vanu!o" x"'omer" p# grh p# n#m# aat (m!auacu l macu
n"unu s# scoa'#tpupa101a( su$'eut!uarme $""e1sa1mupat( m#1sa "e 'a ap#tt!up1
a"a gph ap#" cn s# m#r"#tm#o'eo s #o'eot;ve 01# $ee l p#" ve 01# l ve 01# l ve
%#'&ea+1a0e. l numa uo"'e1a0ea %#'&ea+#<tt nu1" n"m"c !# "neretnu1"
n"m"un"m"%tu"eu 'e 0#+ c# nu1" n"mW"ct (u"eu 'e +"c ( m# !r#cu"ett!a vetp#"
+u;!ac# nu1" n"m""u !# 0o" l !racu s cn!u"eream uan" 0o(r"t$#vam paru+#3u!#
x"'omer" !u1p#<mvet'a s'a"n#ts'a"na ou$#vauco'eat!a acut5 s p#c#netnu $a
gKh nu $a n"m"cttgmh
e s +vetu"e !# ve snu&o'na0etve mcauco+onau( m#nc#m p"ne !#m
mcanuno" p"ne !# 0a's lttneuuvanu'a par#tcnu 0enea mama mea !# 'a
moar#t$#vam- ;pune mam# ( noo<tne $#va a(atc1o uroa"et(1o &#%a1nuspu+# a(a
cu #vun"t$#va $ocu p#ueatc1o ur"c# m""c#t(u$#va ur#1nuso&#tmc# !oamne
p#+e(1et(1o1n0#'eat(us# ar!eat(une !um"ca cum cu +am# !# 0ar+#mtt
au'eo ;acu< +%u;01a+u&o'n#0"uc# mcasu$ran+e'#tmcasuco+o1
navtmca+<u+cm;numa" p'#v"nur"t01a!uve uamen" ! p#< gph 0W"n uamen"u! p#
(an""er" (" 0"n c#rca.tc#rcas cu $e' !# $e'tt TDM I, p/767, r/781??, p/76?, r/61
69/
n u'"mu' $ra%men, !e p"'!#, po0es"oru' pare ma" !e%ra&# c# "'us1rea+#, $o'os"n!u1
se !e DD, un con$'"c nre %enera."", un con$'"c !e mena'"#.", "ma%"n2n! un persona3
cu care se "!en"$"c#/
Teore"c, am a0ea !ec" urm#oare'e pos"&"'"#." !e srucurare a !"a'o1%u'u", !up#
cr"er"u' "nsan.e'or !e comun"care-
Penru !"a'o%u' "n!ucor *care nu "neresea+# !"scursu' rapora,-
In$ormaor Anc5eaor- ." spun c# m
Anc5eaor In$ormaor- ." spun c# m
Penru !"a'o%u' "n!us *p'anu' !"scursu'u" rapora,-
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h- ;"1am spus m<
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;I1am spus m<
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h- ;M"1a" spus m<
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;I1a" spus m<
:A
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;M"1a spus m<
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;"1a spus m<
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;I1a spus m<

n corpus, ns#, nu apar s"ua.""'e-
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h- ;M"1a" spus c#m<
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h- ;"1am spus c#m<
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;I1a" spus c#m<
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;"1a spus c#m<
$ap caracer"s"c penru s"ua."a !e comun"care !"n anc5ea !"a'eca1'#, !eoarece
persoana c#re"a " se raporea+#, anc5eaoru', ese un outsider, a(a!ar, ce' pu."n
eore"c, ese e)c'us# pos"&"'"aea unor e0en"mene 'a care s# $" par"c"pa "n$ormaoru'
(" anc5eaoru' mpreun#/
R#m2n !ec" urm#oare'e s"ua.""-
Penru nara."unea auo!"e%e"c#-

6/ gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;M"1a spus c#m<
7/ gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;I1am spus c#m<
Penru nara."unea 5eero!"e%e"c# (" penru nara."unea $"c."ona'#-

?/ gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h - ;I1a spus c#m<
Da $""n! ns# $apu' c#, penru cercearea noasr#, are "mporan.# (" "!en"aea celui
despre care se vorbete, s"ua.""'e se mu'"p'"c# as$e'-
6/ a/ M"1a spus- ;Eum<
&/ M"1a spus- ;Tum<
c/ M"1a spus- ;E'm<
7/ a/ I1am spus- ;Eum<
&/ I1am spus- ;Tum<
c/ I1am spus- ;E'm<
?/ a/ I1a spus- ;Eum<
&/ I1a spus- ;Tum<
c/ I1a spus- ;E'm<
6/`/ Nara."unea ora'#
6/`/6/
jenee 6@A? propune r"par"."a naraiune *acu' nara"0,)povestire *pro!usu' acu'u"
nara"0,)istorie *e0en"mene'e !enoae,/
n po0es"rea $acua'#, or!"nea !e !epen!en.# 'o%"c# ese-
"sor"enara."unepo0es"re *INP,
:@
pe c2n! n po0es"rea $"c."ona'#, or!"nea ese-
nara."unepo0es"re"sor"e *NPI,,
nruc2 "sor"a nu e)"s# !ec2 ca o pro"ec."e mena'# "n!us# !e po0es"re/
norme'e !"scursu'u" rapora presupun a(a!ar-
1 penru po0es"rea $acua'#, o aner"or"ae a spuse'or pe care 'e re!# rapororu'>
1 penru po0es"rea $"c."ona'#, o s"mu'ane"ae a acesora> n po0es"1rea $"c."ona'# nu
a0em raportarea, c" repre+enarea spuse'or persona13e'or/
A(a1num"u' discurs originar *Do, ."ne !e istoria po0es"r"" $acua'e, 'a e' $#c2n!
re$er"n.# spec""'e !e discurs raportat *DR,, a' c#ror 'oc ese, e0"!en, povestirea/ n
po0es"rea $"c."ona'#, 'ocu' DR ese !e asemenea povestirea, !ar re$er"n.a 'u" nu '
prece!# *empora', c" ' urmea+# *pe ca'e !e !e!uc."e,/ Ar $" a&sur! !ec" s# 0or&"m
a"c" !espre un Do/
Pro&'ema ese c# n nara."unea ora'# $acua'u' (" $"c."ona'u' "ner$erea1+#, rea'"aea
*istorie
H
, ese ranspus# nr1o po0es"re a'e c#re" pattern1ur" o rans$orm# nr1un
pro!us a' acese"a, n istorie
I
, !e un!e (" con1c'u+"a c# ;"nsances "n o5"c5 !"a'o%ue "s
presene! as e !"rec [uoa1"on f gmh "s rea''W e consruce! !"a'o%ue f, 5a "s,
pr"mar"'W 5e cre1a"on o$ 5e speaper ra5er 5an 5e parW [uoe!/< *Tannen- @@, (" c#
;uer"n% !"a'o%ue "n con0ersa"on "s as muc5 a crea"0e ac as "s 5e crea"on o$
!"a'o%ue "n $"c"on an! !rama/< *ib./6Y6,/
Nara."unea ora'# *NO, ese, !up# cae%or""'e 'u" jenee, o povestire factual *or!"nea
INP, cu o&ser0a."a !e ma" sus,, sincronic, cu foca-lizare intern *naraoru' a!op#
puncu' !e 0e!ere a' unu" persona3 4 e' nsu(",, ulterioar (" homodiegetic *(", !e ce'e
ma" mu'e or", (" autodiegetic,/
6/`/7/
Rou'e e a'"" n.e'e% pr"n diafonie o $orm# (" o $unc."e spec"$"c# a !"s1cursu'u", 0#+u
ca ne%oc"ere ;!on un 'ocueur re$ormu'e 'e !"scours !e 'b"ner'ocueur e 'b"ne%re
!ans son propre !"scours pour enc5aner sur ce'u"1'c/< *77,
Rou'e pro!uce urm#oarea sc5em#-

un!e locutori sun num"e "nsan.e'e comun"c#r"" !"n s"ua."a !e comun"care
e)ranara"0#, "ar enuniatori "nsan.e'e comun"c#r"" !"n s"ua."a !e comun"care
"nranara"0#/
un 'ocuor !o" 'ocuor"
un enun."aor pr"nc"pa'
*srucur# !e "ner0en."e,
MONOLOjAL
MONOLOjIC
DIALOjAL
MONOLOjIC
!o" enun."aor" pr"nc"pa'"
*srucur# !e sc5"m&,
MONOLOjAL
DIALOjIC
DIALOjAL
DIALOjIC
AY
D"scursur"'e nara"0e !"n corpus sun a(a!ar !"a'o%a'e (" !"a'o%"ce- !"a'o%a'e, penru
c# e)"s# !o" 'ocuor" *"n$ormaoru' (" anc5eaoru',, !"a'o%"ce, penru c# n nara."une
se con$run# !ou# 0oc" !"s"nce 4 em".#oru' raporor *R
e
, (" em".#oru' c"a *C
e
,/
6/`/?/
Pe !e a'# pare, n corpusu' !"a'eca' e)"s# o en!"n.# e0"!en# spre monolingvism-
po0es"oru' ora' nu ese un ar"s a' cu02nu'u", care ncearc# s# cree+e persona3e
"n!"0"!ua'"+2n!u1'e '"n%0"s"c> persona3e'e nara."un"" ora'e 0or&esc oae aceea("
'"m&#, cea a po0es"oru'u"-
"erea 'a p"e(" un !ocor un !ocor ' xema mar"nescuta(a1" spunea 'u"tmW1a spust+"ve ;s1a
$#cuu&#"au<tcnum# !uvwu'a "e' mereu cu "e't(" m"1a spust+"ve ;&#"au s1a
$#cuu!#su' !# &""net!a s#<t"ve ;'a (cua'# s# nu1' ma" !uv acu 'a (cua'#< +"ve ;c#
!ac# '1#" !uve1acu 'a (cua'# (" s1o p#run!e p'#mnutcum "e p'#mnu 'u" !#
cru!tp#"< ve ;aun3un1a" ve1" ma" $avet'1a" p"er<ttTDM I, p/6`?, r/A16?
!ac#1" spuneamt;am rea&#to0aru(uuc#p""an o0aru(uuc#p""anmtparu(uo&u!# uore<tt;&"ne s1
+"uma" !au !ou#3u!# uore ! 'a m"net!a numa s#1nu spu"ts# nu ma" p'eca."mgKh 'a
apa.aK s# &e."tgmh s# nu ma" 0# !uve+ 'a pe(etc# "e per"cu'uost0#
!uve."u"ucomun#t0o" mnu"." mre&ur"tm0e!e+"u&""ne1ta"v"1(at1" ma"
mu'umun".emts# nu 0# pun# v"ne0a 'a ca'ets#1" !asuruo"'tsau
caru(eta0e+"u%r"3em<tt TDM III, p/`?9, r/7917A 4 p/`?8, r/61`
K6ocalitate n "rdeal
Ese a!e0#ra c# uneor" po0es"oru' remarc# !"$eren.a-
;p#" !a u posus# e con!uv l c# a" s# mor" !# $uametn1o s# ma" ."m +!rean.# p#
"neto s# munve3"unuma p# ma'"%#<tc1a(a spunea "e" c1a(a spunea "e" gsht ;o s# munve(up# ma'"%#to
s#mo s# n1a" gph o s# ra&+u!# $uamem<tt TDM I, p/?:, r/771?`
sau, a'eor", re!uce aceas# !"$eren.#, apropr""n!u1(" ermen" a'o%en"-
;'as# c#1' eau cu !e'"caen.#t(" n1are s1o "a< +ctt TDM III, p/9, r/78
!ar ce'e !ou# m"(car" *observaia '"n%0"s"c#, re!a# pr"n !"scurs ra1pora, con("en#,
$ap !e !"a$on"e (" asimilarea '"n%0"s"c#, e$ec a' conacu'u" "ner'"n%0"s"c,
"ncon("en#, $ap !e !"a'o%"sm, pr"0esc ma" a'es n"0e'u' 'e)"ca'/ noare rar, o&ser0a."a
(" raporarea po a0ea ca o&"ec *(", a' n"0e', !e re%u'# ce' $one"c-

nu p(a !# !oo uor"t$#va- ;"a1m#1mm&'a.e mam#1ma'etc# m# !oa'e pave'"'"ttm#
!oa'e mam#1mare<t(" ve st!oar c1o puneanu 3osttTDM I , p/7YA, r/?Y1??
!a ve spune l ;nu1+u!au c#1nure&u"e s# $ac .u"c# s<Ktcu"a "era sur!# s#racatt
TDM III, p/7`A, r/6`169
KRidic tonul i sacadeaz cuvintele ncercnd s-o imite pe baba surd.
A6
7/
D"scursu' Rapora
7/6/
O !e$"n"."e
;D"scursu' rapora presupune re'a."onarea a !ou# !"scursur", !"nre care unu' creea+#
un spa."u enun."a"0 par"cu'ar, "ar ce'#'a' ese pus 'a !"san.# (" ar"&u" une" a'e
surse, nr1un mo! un"0oc sau ec5"0oc/< *Ros"er 6@@@a-679,
A)e !e cerceare
De$"n"."a propus# !e Ros"er con."ne urm#oare'e a)e !e cerceare-
I/ punerea n rapor a ce'or !ou# !"scursur">
II/ crearea unu" spa."u enun."a"0 par"cu'ar>
III/ ar"&u"rea ce'u" !e1a' !o"'ea !"scurs>
IZ/ punerea 'a !"san.# a ce'u" !e1a' !o"'ea !"scurs/
I/ Punerea n rapor a ce'or !ou# !"scursur"
Enun.area presupune s"mu'an o spunere (" n"(e spuse/ Spuse'e, maer"a'"+area une"
anum"e enun.#r", $ormea+# discursul citat/ O a'# enun.are nscr"e aces !"scurs
*pre+en2n!u1' ca pe un re+u'a a' une" enun.#r" recue, nr1o sec0en.# comp'e)#>
aceas# a !oua enun.are cons"u"e discursul care citeaz/
D"n momenu' n care e)"s# aceas# re'a."e, nre discursul care citeaz *C , ("
discursul citat *c ,, sunem n pre+en.a !"scursu'u" ra1pora *DR,/
Re'a."a ese una care se rea'"+ea+# n ace'a(" "mp-
6/ 'a n"0e' morfo-sintactic> "neresea+# mo!a'"#."'e pr"n care se rea'"1+ea+# 'e%#ura
!"nre C (" c>
7/ 'a n"0e' logico-semantic> "neresu' se mu# asupra 'e%#ur"'or 'o%"ce (" !e sens !"nre
c (" C>
?/ 'a n"0e'u' coerenei textuale> ana'"+a are n 0e!ere con$"%ura."a e)1ua'# $on!a# pe
s"semu' !e re'a."" empora'e (" persona'e care !eer1m"n# c (" C /
II/ Crearea unu" spa."u enun."a"0 par"cu'ar

Re'a."a !"nre C (" c ese pr"0"# a"c" !"n perspec"0a puner"" n cone) *"neresea+#
!ac# un anum" "p !e DR ese !eerm"na !e cone), $or1me'e m")e !e DR,/
III/ Ar"&u"rea ce'u" !e1a' !o"'ea !"scurs

O&"ecu' su!"u'u" ' $ormea+# e'emene'e care au ro'u' !e a !enoa $apu' c# a a0u
'oc o enun.are (" !e a num" acu' ace'e" enun.#r"- 0er&e'e !e "nro!ucere a !"$er"e'or
"pur" !e DR, su&san"0e'e, a!0er1&e'e ec/ cu aceea(" $unc."e/
A"c" "neresea+# (" !ac# e)"s# $orme spec"a'"+ae a'e 'u" C penru un anum" "p !e
!"scurs, $orme'e !e !"scurs care nu "mp'"c# un 0er& !ec'ara"0 ec/
IZ/ Punerea 'a !"san.# a ce'u" !e1a' !o"'ea !"scurs

A7
Pr"0e(e !"0erse mo!a'"#." *scr"p"ce sau ora'e, !e o&"ec"0are a re'a."e" !"nre C (" c /
Su&'"n"em $apu' c# pr"n !"scurs !"rec, "n!"rec ec/ n.e'e%em spec"" !e !"scurs
rapora, !ec" cup'ur" !e !"scurs c"a *c , (" !"scurs c"an *C ,/
As$e'-
6/ se e'"m"n# con$u+"a *pers"sen# n eor"a ra!"."ona'#, !"nre !"scursu' !"rec ("
un pos"&"' !"scurs or"%"nar *con$u+"e &a+a# pe !e$"n"rea !"scursu'u" !"rec ca
repro!ucere $"!e'# a unu" !"scurs or"%"nar,>
7/ se "ns"s# pe Em".#oru' raporor, 0#+u ca un componen "mpor1an a' !e$"n"."e"
!"$er"e'or "pur" !e !"scurs rapora> n $on!, !"s1cursu' !"rec apar."ne n pr"mu'
r2n!, a2 ca !"scurs c"a, c2 (" ca !"scurs c"an, em".#oru'u" raporor> a'$e' spus,
c are, ca (" C, o "mporan# componen# modalizatoare>
?/ se %enera'"+ea+# "mporan.a !"scursu'u" c"an n "ner"oru' cup'u'u" C 1 c *une'e
"pur" !e !"scurs rapora nu po $" !e$"n"e a'$e' n"c" n eor"a c'as"c#> as$e', o
r#s#ur# esen."a'# a !"scur1su'u" "n!"rec "nona !"rec ese c'asa resr2ns# !e
0er&e care po ap#rea n C 1 a ntreba, a zice ;a nre&a<, a spune ;a nre&a<,>
`/ !e0"n "mporane seu' !e 'e%#ur" *s"nac"c#, seman"c#, pra%1ma"c#, n cup'u'
C 1 c (" mo!ur"'e n care ese crea un cone) enun."a"0 par"cu'ar penru apar"."a
'u" c /
Zom ana'"+a, pe r2n!, pro&'eme'e pe care 'e pune $"ecare !"nre a)e'e !e
cerceare presupuse !e !e$"n"."a !a# !e Ros"er !"scursu'u" rapor1a> 0om 0e!ea apo"
care sun par"cu'ar"#."'e e)emp'e'or !"n corpus penru $"ecare !"nre acese n"0e'ur"/

7/7/
Punerea n rapor a ce'or !ou# !"scursur"
7/7/6/
N"0e'u' mor$o1s"nac"c
Mo!a'"#."'e pr"n care sun conecae C (" c po $" !"0erse> 'a aces n"0e', "neresea+#
!oar mo!a'"#."'e mor$o1s"nac"ce !e 'e%are, a!"c# relatorii> pro&'ema pr"0e(e oae
"pur"'e !e raporare care $o'osesc co1necor"/
7/7/6/6/
Dup# cr"er"u' con3unc."e" se'ecae aunc" c2n! c"ea+# indirect, 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e se
po a$'a n urm#oare'e s"ua.""-
A?
a, se'ecea+# c ma3or"aea 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e or"enae spre Recepor, oae 0er&e'e
!ec'ara"0e or"enae spre Au!"or, oae 0er&e'e recep#r"">
&, se'ecea+# s- a autoriza! a cere! a interzice! a invita! a mbia! a ndemna! a pofti! a
povui! a presa! a prescrie! a propune! a recomanda! a ruga! a sftui! a solicita! a
soma! a sugera>
Zer&e'e !e 'a &, sun ce'e care r"m" 'a un ac !e '"m&a3 penru per$ormarea c#ru"a
ese $o'os", n con$"%ura."a "mp'"c"#, "mpera"0u' sau con3unc"0u' 5ora"0-
Eino i tu cu mine < X 7i-a cerut)propus)solicitat s merg cu el.
S nu treci strada n fug < X 7i-a interzis s etc.
!ar (" mo!ur" care aenuea+# $or.a "'ocu."onar# a acu'u" !"rec"0 per$orma-
con!"."ona'u', 0""oru' sau pre+enu', $o'os"e n con!"."ona'#-
'ac ai fi)vei fi)eti atent! ai trece)vei trece)treci cu bine testele. X 7-a ndemnat
s)mi-a recomandat s etc.
c, se'ecea+# c sau s- a se anga-a! a fgdui! a promite! a da de neles! a telefona/
Zer&e'e !e 'a c, r"m" 'a un ac !e '"m&a3 penru per$ormarea c#ru"a ese $o'os", n
con$"%ura."a "mp'"c"#, 0""oru' *su& !"$er"e $orme,, "ar n con$"%ura."a e)p'"c"#, $"e
0""oru', $"e con3unc"0u'-
Eoi veni.)Ein.)"m s vin.)* s vin. X " promis c vine)s vin.
;romit c voi veni)s vin. X " promis c vine)s vin.
La ce'e spuse a"c" am puea a!#u%a urm#oare'e o&ser0a.""-
- a amenina se consru"e(e !oar cu c aunc" c2n! su&"ecu' ese "gent, spre
!eose&"re !e ca+ur"'e n care acesa ese Dauz> compar# $'arius% amenin c va
devasta oraul. cu $Uraganul% amenin s devasteze oraul.
- a accepta (" a fi de acord au sens !e ;a con$"rma 0a'oarea !e a!e0#r a ce'or spuse !e
"ner'ocuor< aunc" c2n! se consru"esc cu c (" sens !e ;a se supune !or"n.e"
e)pr"mae !e "ner'ocuor pr"nr1un or!"n, s$a, pr"nr1o su%es"e ec/<, aunc" c2n! se
consru"esc cu s/
1 !"nre 0er&e'e ps"5o'o%"ce, a se mira c ara# c# 'ocuoru' (" e)pr"m# a!m"ra."a,
surpr"n!erea, ne!umer"rea, pe c2n! a se mira s ara# c# 'ocuoru' (" e)pr"m#
n!o"a'a- 7 mir c este att de devreme $a.# !e 7 mir s fie att de devreme/
- a spune! a striga! a sufla! a opti se consru"esc cu s aunc" c2n! !escr"u un ac
!"rec"0, !ar cu c, !ac# r"m" 'a ace repre+ena"0e, com"s"0e, e)pres"0e sau
!ec'ara.""-
S-mi aduci cartea < X I-a spus)strigat)suflat s etc.
gM#n2nc un m#r/h
gO s#1." a!uc carea/h X I-a spus c etc.
gM# &ucur c# a" 0en"/h
1 a telefona se consru"e(e cu c aunc" c2n! ese 0er& com"s"0 *I-a telefonat c vine,,
!ar cu s, aunc" c2n! ese 0er& !"rec"0 *I-a telefonat s vin,/
1 a pretinde se'ecea+# c aunc" c2n! e)p'"c"ea+# opinia *(" mar1c5ea+# o !"san.#
ma)"m# nre op"n"a rapororu'u" (" cea a 'ocuo1ru'u" c"a, (" se'ecea+# s aunc"
c2n! e)p'"c"ea+# cererea/ ;retinde c a stat acas.t;retinde s-i pltesc deplasarea.
!, se'ecea+# dac- a ntreba/ Zer&u' a ntreba poae repro!uce "n!"1rec o
"nero%a"0# oa'# *(" aunc" se'ecea+# dac, sau o "nero%a"0# par."a'# *(" $o'ose(e
ca re'a"0e a!0er&u' "nero%a"0 sau pronume'e "nero%a"0 !"n propo+"."a "n"."a'#,/
A`
n pr"0"n.a DI, corpusul nre%"srea+# s"ua."" n care apare super$'uu con3unc."a c,
a'#ur" !e s, aco'o un!e '"m&a '"erar# o se'ecea+# pe u'"ma !"nre e'e/
nenomenu' are 'oc-
1 or" !e c2e or" R
e
raporea+# o propo+"."e care, !"rec, ar $" consru"# cu con3unc"0u'
sau "mpera"0u'-
(1o spus o spus cms cms1" !au uo su !" 'e" !e1a'" !ouu( !"u'e" m#run.t caus nu um&'"1 1" !au uo su !" 'e" !e1a'" !ouu( !"u'e" m#run.t caus nu um&'"1
nu &an"tcaus $a'eascus spu""ucuar" &an"ts1ara"u 'a uam"n" nu &an"tcaus $a'eascus spu""ucuar" &an"ts1ara"u 'a uam"n"tt Md 6, p/778, r/7`1
78
( ve1;a ursa a ursaumuucop""' c# c# cnus1o $ave !# paru anu cnus1o $ave !# paru anus# s# !uc# s# sa"e1m pu. !uc# s# sa"e1m pu.<
TDM III, p/??`, r/A1@
A $os umuprop""ear" a""va, +s Is#r"escu, a""va un"1" %ospo!#r""a/ " m# pomenesc
c# r"mee 'a m"ne pe omun ser0"or a' 'u"/ C# s# C# s# m# !uc p m# !uc p u'a "e' u'a "e'/ TDO, p/7`@,
r/918
1 uneor", propo+"."a consru"# cu c (" s raporea+# o propo+"."e pr"n care se e)pr"m#
o dorin 1 $"e "mp'"c", pr"n "n!"ca"0 *pre+en sau 0""or, sau opa"0, $"e e)p'"c", pr"n
0er&e ca a vrea! a dori! a inteniona ec/
As$e', sec0en.a-
( uxa(u nutc# s#1nuarc#1n!#r# 1nuarc#1n!#r#tt TDM I, p/89, r/6@
raporea+# o propo+"."e care, !"rec ar re&u" s# $"e >u m ntorc)m-a ntoarce)vreau
s m ntorc ndrt., "ar sec0en.a-
mp#rau1a +s a +s c# s# s# !uc# s# !uc# s# 0ea+# (1mp#rau p#'aur"'e un!e s# "e' gPene(
mp#rah/ jN, e)u' XII, p/`?
raporea+# o e0enua'# propo+"."e 7 duc)m voi duce)vreau s m duc)intenionez s
m duc)am hotrt s m duc s vd ec/
7/7/6/7/
DN pare a $" e)c'us !"nre "pur"'e !e raporare care $o'osesc conecor", !eoarece e'
ese un ca+ n care $"e C (" c se con$un!# *ca 'a jenee 6@:7,, $"e r"m"e !oar 'a C *ca
e)emp'e'e !"n pr"ma c'as# !e DN !e 'a Ros"er 6@@@a,, $"e !eno# e$ece'e !"scursu'u",
ca 'a jau'mWn 6@A:& *0e+" (" `/9/,/
Am 0#+u c# DN acoper#-
a/ ca+ur"'e unor 0er&e care !eno# o enun.are (" care sn $o'os"e a&so'u *ne 0om
re$er" 'a acesea pr"n s"na%ma 'A absolut, >
&/ ca+ur"'e unor 0er&e care $ormea+# DN aunc" cn! sn nso."e !e un
comp'emen *a spune o prostie)o poveste)o poezie! a face o afirmaie
suprtoare ec/> 'a acesea 0om r"m"e pr"n s"na%ma 'A cu complinire,/
A9
Pr"n complinire n.e'e%em or"ce sec0en.# capa&"'# !e a $orma, s"n%ur#, un ec5"0a'en
penru enun.u' !e rapora/ DN cu comp'"n"re ar $", as$e', un %en !e DR ma" aprop"a
!e DI, !ar cu un %ra! ma" mare !e a&srac"+are !ec acesa> !ac# 0om pr"0" $orme'e
!e man"$esare a'e DR ca pe se%mene "!en"$"ca&"'e nr1un con"nuum, DN cu
comp'"n"re ar $" un %en care $ace 'e%#ura nre DI (" DN a&so'u -
DI - Spunea c viaa i fusese foarte dificil n acei ani.
DN cu comp'"n"re - Spunea cum evadase din lagr. > Ae spunea poveti.
DN a&so'u - Spunea de prin rzboi.
DN ese, a(a!ar, o mo!a'"ae %ra!a&"'# !e a !uce 'a u'"me'e consec"n.e *i.e. !e a
s"ne"+a, re!area unu" coninut - ;ovestea cum s-a ntmplat accidentul) Ae povestea
n fiecare sear cte ceva., pn# cn! aces con."nu *a!"c# !"scursu' c"a, c, ese recu
cu 0e!erea, "ar DN se re!uce 'a C - ;ovestea fermector.
Pro&'ema conecor"'or s1ar pune !ec" !oar penru ace'e e)emp'e !e DN *C kc, n care
c ese o comp'e"0#/
n acese ca+ur" a0em a $ace cu un "p !e DR care nu se con$un!# cu DI, !"n ce' pu."n
!ou# mo"0e-
6/ c a' DN poae $", singur, un ec5"0a'en penru enun.u'tenun.ur"1'e !e rapora
*r#s#ur# pe care o are (" DI sau DD,> n ace'a(" "mp, ns#, c a' DN ese o
raporare $oare s"ne"c# a ce'or spu1se>
7/ 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e cer re'aor" !"$er"." penru DI (" DN/
De p"'!#, a nva poae ap#rea n consruc."" precum -
6 a/ As#+" am n0#.a c# suma un%5"ur"'or unu" r"un%5" ese 6AY/
&/ Am n0#.a s# $ac !"$eren.a nre ma" mu'e "pur" !e so'ur"/
c/ Am n0#.a cum s# mer% cu ca""/
7 a/ D"n nmp'area asa am n0#.a c# nu re&u"e s# m# ncre! n n"men"/
&/ Am n0#.a s"n%ur s# mer% pe &"c"c'e#/
c/ Am n0#.a !esu' !e repe!e cum mer% re&ur"'e pe a"c"/
E)emp'e'e !e 'a 6/ "'usrea+# 0er&u' a nva
H
;o eac5<
``
"n!"cn! !"$er"e %ra!e !e
a&srac"+are n "ner"oru' une" mo!a'"#." indirecte !e re!are a spuse'or cu"0a - 6a/ ese
DI propr"u1+"s *sec0en.a suma unghiurilor unui triunghi este HYZ[ poae $" o pare !"n
!"scursu' em".#oru'u" c"a,, 6&/ (" 6 c/ sn e)emp'e !e DN - n 6/c, !e p"'!#, sec0en.a
cum s merg cu caii nu raporea+# !e $ap spuse'e em".#oru'u" c"a, c" r"m"e 'a
nre% !"scurs, propunn! o ec5"0a'en.# penru acesa *'a $e' ca n am nvat multe,/
E)emp'e'e !e su& 7/ "'usrea+# 0er&u' a nva
I
;o 'earn<> n"c" unu' !"nre e'e nu ca!e
su& "nc"!en.a DR/
Pro&'ema, penru ce'e !ou# 0er&e a nva, ese c# numa" unu' !"nre e'e r"m"e 'a o
s"ua."e !e comun"care - a nva
H
/ Aceas# par"cu'ar"ae pra%ma"c# se re$'ec# n
A8
p'an s"nac"co1seman"c - a nva
H
poae pr"m" ca su&"ec 4 "gent nume'e $"ec#re"a
!"nre "nsan.e'e comun"c#r"" -
Eu am n0#.a c# suma un%5"ur"'or unu" r"un%5" ese 6AY/
E' m1a n0#.a c# suma un%5"ur"'or unu" r"un%5" ese 6AY/
$ap care nu ese pos"&"' penru a nva
I
-
Eu am n0#.a s"n%ur s# mer% pe &"c"c'e#/
E' m1a n0#.a eu s"n%ur s# mer% pe &"c"c'e#/
D"$eren.a !"nre ce'e !ou# 0er&e ese 0"+"&"'# (" n pr"0"n.a mo!u'u" n care po $"
pas"0"+ae - a nva
H
*o eac5, are pas"0 ana'""c, "ar pas"0u' re$'e)"0 ese rar $o'os" -
6a Universitate se nva bine carte/ Toae ocuren.e'e 'u" a nva !"n e)emp'e'e !e
su& 6/ po $" su&s"u"e cu $orme !e pas"0 ana'""c/ " nva
I
*;o 'earn<,, nu are pas"0
ana'""c, c" !oar pas"0 re$'e)"0 *M"m fost nvat singur s merg pe biciclet., !ar
7ersul pe biciclet se nva relativ uor,/
A(a!ar, pos"&"'"aea su&s"u."e" pr"nr1un pas"0 ana'""c ar re&u" s# "n!"ce $apu' c# ne
a$'#m n pre+en.a 0er&u'u" a nva
H
, urma !e o mosr# !e DR/ Ese a!e0#ra c# e)"s#
(" s"ua."" am&"%ue, ca "m nvat multe de la el., un!e a0em un e)emp'u !e DN !oar
!ac# propo+"."a a!m"e o re$ormu'are n care el s# $"e A%en *>l m-a nvat multe,/
A'$e', !ac#, n e)emp'u' nosru, de la el ese Surs# *cu sensu' ;am n0#.a !"n
comporamenu' 'u"<, ca (" n "m nvat multe din ntmplarea asta., aunc" a0em a
$ace cu a nva
I
, un 0er& care nu se nscr"e n ser"a !ec'ara"0e'or/
norcn!u1ne 'a e)emp'e'e !e su& 6/, o&ser0#m c# DI $o'ose(e conec"0u' c, pe cn!
e)emp'e'e !e DN *6/& (" 6/c, $o'osesc s (" cum/ R#mne s# 0e!em care ese s"ua."a
penru ce'e'a'e 0er&e care a!m" a consruc."a cu DI, c (" DN cu comp'e"0#/
D"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' conecoru'u" se'eca penru a $orma DN, 0er&e'e rom2ne("
se %rupea+# as$e'-
a/
se'ecea+# un adverb sau un pronume relativ urm#oare'e 0er&e-
{ a citi! a scrie! a spune! a zice

DN - \mi citea)scria)spunea cum)unde)cnd)de ce s-a petrecut acci-dentul sau 7i-a spus cu
cine va pleca, $a.# !e -
DI - \mi scria)spunea s nu fac nimic nainte de a-l consulta.>
{ a aminti! a arta! a dezvlui! a explica! a informa! a raporta! a rea-minti! a repeta!
a nva *;o eac5<, n e)emp'e ca " nvat-o cum s redacteze o scrisoare de
intenie,/
D"$eren.a !"nre ce'e !ou# ser"" c"ae a"c" ese (" una !e or!"n seman"c- n "mp ce
0er&e'e !"n pr"ma ser"e !eno# per$ormarea unu" !"scurs, ce'e cupr"nse n a !oua au ca
o&"ec o rep'"c#, pe care o po c"a !"rec sau "n!"rec/
&/
se'ecea+# un adverb relativ sau c - a povesti! a spune ;a po0es"<! a relata! a istorisi
c/
A:
se'ecea+# con3unc."a s - a sugera, a da de neles, ca n-
gAsa ese o per"oa!# cn! am $oare mu' !e 'ucru/h,
un enun. care, n DN, poae $" rapora pr"n-
7i-a sugerat)7i-a dat de neles s plec. >
!/
se'ecea+# con3unc."a c *acese 0er&e nu po c"a "n!"rec,
`9
-
{ a demonstra! a dovedi! a face dovada, ca (" a a-unge la concluzia! a calcula! a
proba! a socoti! a stabili -
7i-a demonstrat c nu aveam dreptate.
" a-uns la concluzia c mergeam n pierdere.
E)emp'e'e !e DN cu comp'e"0# !"n corpus sun re'a"0 rare> e'e "'us1rea+# aceea("
spec"a'"+are a conecor"'or penru DR- 0er&e'e aser"0e se consru"esc cu c aunc"
c2n! raporea+# "n!"rec, !ar cu un a!10er& re'a"0 sau cu un pronume re'a"0, aunc"
c2n! raporea+# nara1"0-
;'enu.otun!e sumu&o""l<
"ve ;0"netm#m"c#< vet;0"ne (" "e"<tt
;$# spune !reptc# "o nu ("u ve s1a1nmp'a l<tt
"aua1nvepuus# p'%#t( n1a 0ruus#1nuspun#tt(mp1orm1a 0en" uucumna a'
m"eu care "erea cu &o"" (" m"1a spus m"1a spustcum a $#cut ("mtt TDM I, p/68, r/7:1?6 4
p/6:, r/6
4 P#" !ac# "e(upros gmhu"e, cn! "e(u'a capu 'ocu'u" s# nu e ma" r#se(" 'a &o"
a(a gmh m#1m0#.a m#1m0#.a cum s# mer% cu &o""/ TDO, p/`Y7, r/6Y16?/
Dac# 0e!eam c# 0"e s# 'e m#sur#m pr"m#0ara, ap#" e srneam (ape, op
ora"gmh (1ap#" e ueam ( 5o#ram 5o#ram cn s# p'ec#m m mune #. o!a#/ O,
e)u' CXI, p/6`6
La me+u nop. s1epe 0"re'au/ On om &#rn car" ("" s#r&#or""e e m#%an (1
" cum"ne e ("" num"'"e 'a %ru, 'a s#car#, p'u%, &o" *#e e, pom"esc pom"esc gmh e1
+ue re&u"n.# uomu'u" pe p#mn gmh ALRT II, p/6Y9, r/?61?? 4 p/6Y8, r/6
E)"s# ns# (" e)cep.""- a comanda, 0er& care n '"m&a '"erar# c"ea+# "n!"rec cu s,
!ar nu c"ea+# nara"0, apare n corpus cu un c"a na1ra"0 "nro!us pr"n cum-
ave(" o. oamenu!au ascu'are 'a un con!uc#or, 'a un !"!"u, cum " spunem no"
a""va, 'a unu0#a3/ Ave+u0#a$ 'e coman!# 'e coman!# cum s# 3oave/ TDO, p/`YA, r/71`/
7/7/6/?/
L"m&a 0or&"#, n 0ar"ana e" !"a'eca'#, o$er# e)emp'e penru !ou# spec"" !e DR care
$o'osesc conecor"- !"scursu' !"rec 'e%a (" !"scur1su' "n!"rec "nona !"rec/ Acesea
AA
0or $" raae ns# n "ner"oru' sec1."un"" a !oua *Crearea unu" spa."u enun."a"0
par"cu'ar,, !"n mo"0e pe care 'e 0om ar#a aco'o/
7/7/7/
N"0e'u' 'o%"co1seman"c
7/7/7/6/
Dup# cum spuneam, 'a aces n"0e' "neresea+# 'e%#ur"'e 'o%"ce (" !e sens !"nre c ("
C , precum ace'ea man"$ese n $ra+a- ;n la urm a recunoscut. 2'a! eu am fcut
asta.4
Pro&'eme'e care se pun 'a aces n"0e' ."n !ec" !e su!"erea mo!u'u" n care se
rea'"+ea+# 'e%#ur"'e !e sens !"nre ermenu' !e "nro!ucere a se%menu'u" rapora
*ermen care poae $" sau nu !ec'ara"0, (" se%1menu' c"a/ Penru a !a un s"n%ur
e)emp'u, o c5es"une care are 'e1%#ur# cu aces n"0e' ese mo!u' n care DIL, un "p
!e DR $#r# 0er& !e "nro!ucere, ese pre%#" !e !"scursu' naraor"a'/ napu' a susc"a
aen."a cerce#or"'or, !e 'a da5"n 6@@8a *e!"."a pr"nceps 6@7@,, care enun.# !ae'e
pro&'eme", 'a Nz'pe i O'sen 6@@@/ Ace("a !"n urm#, !e p"'!#, $ac o ana'"+#
am#nun."# *u"'"+2n! un corpus !e e)emp'e !"n '"eraura $rance+#, a mo!u'u" n care
!"scursu' naraoru'u" *DN, (" !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er *DIL, po $" puse n 'e%#ur# pr"n
donc/ E" a3un% 'a caracer"+#r" !e$"n"or"" penru ceea ce num"m s"'u' unor auor"-
cup'u' 'At!onct'A ese ra!"."ona', &a'+ac"an, cup'ur"'e 'At!onct 'I6, 'I6t!onct'I6
(" 'I6t!onct'A sun $'au&er"ene *n 'oamna +ovar8, !"nre ocuren.e'e srucur"" pe
care o !"scu#m, 6: mer% !up# mo!e'u' 'I6t!onct'A, procen p#sra (" n >ducaie
senti-mental# n sc5"m&, 'At!onct'I6 ese "'usra n 6: !"n ca+ur" n 'oamna
+ovar8 (" n `7,9 !"n ca+ur" n >ducaie sentimental, ceea ce nseamn# un p'us !e
su&"ec"0"ae a' u'"mu'u",/
La aces n"0e', ne 0or "neresa ace'e e)emp'e !"n corpus n care rapor1oru' "!en"$"c#
n C 0a'oarea mo!a'# (" $or.a "'ocu."onar# a' 'u" c (" e)emp'e'e n care apar 0er&e'e
semna', penru 'e%#ura !e sens !"nre acese 0er&e (" se%menu' rapora/
7/7/7/7/
Corpusu' o$er# numeroase e)emp'e a'e une" perec5" n care, '2n%# un 0er& *sau o
'ocu."une 0er&a'#,, apare un c"a !"rec-
("m nu+ua gph p# 'a uora +evetm1am pomen"un"e&unttam nvepu s# r#%nesc s# r#%nesc
aco'ots aco'ots 13ur 13urt;u10# muma1ucur s# 0#m!# 3apone+" gshtta 0en" s# m# #"a." a""v
puromn""a p# m"ne<tt TDM III, p/6A, r/6:17Y
Mo!e'u' 'a care ne re$er"m a"c" nu ese ace'a a' cup'u'u" C k c n2'n" curen n
nara."unea ora'#, a$"rma."e n spr"3"nu' c#re"a se po a!uce ce' pu."n !ou# ar%umene-
6/ n mo! o&"(nu", n cup'u' C kc parea scoas# n e0"!en.# ese c *!"scursu'
c"a,, "ar C *!"scursu' c"an, are !oar ro'u' !e a1' semna'a pe pr"mu'/ napu'
c#, u+ua', C ese n0es" cu o sarc"n# m"nor# ranspare n ca'"aea m"3'oace'or
pr"n care e' ese acua1'"+a> as$e', c ese semna'a (" pus n 0a'oare pr"n
ermen" !e$"1c"ar" seman"c *ca 0er&u' a zice sau pro10er&e ca iar! i! tot ec/,,
pr"n pau+e n 0or&"re sau pur (" s"mp'u pr"n succes"unea rep'"c"'or !"rece/ n
cup'u' pe care ' su!"em a"c", ns#, parea re'"e$a# ese C , 'ucru e0"!en."a !e
A@
seman"smu' 0er&e'or (" !e po+"."a $ore pe care o ocup# n cup'u *na"nea 'u"
c ,>
7/ aunc" c2n! $oca'"+a ese c, $apu' are ca e$ec accenuarea "'u1+"e" c# e' ese
auen"c, rea', c# ese $"!e' nr1un mare %ra! re1p'"c"" pe care o repro!uce> e'
pare a caracer"+a persoana c#re"a " ese ar"&u", ese 'e%a !e momenu' (" !e
'ocu' n care a $os per$orma# rep'"ca or"%"nar#> aunc" c2n!, !"mpor"0#, ce'
$oca1'"+a ese C, ro'u' 'u" c se re!uce 'a a1' "'usra pe pr"mu'> Rapor1oru' pare
nencre+#or n puerea !e su%es"e a 'u" C (" aunc" ' e)emp'"$"c#- e' a'e%e, !e
p"'!#, 'ocu."unea a lua la goan, penru a se re$er" 'a un anum" $ap, apo"
s"me ne0o"a s# $urn"+e+e o !e$"n"."e penru ermenu' $o'os"> cu ro'u' !e a
!e$"n" ese n0es1" c, care, ocma" !aor"# acesu" 'ucru, pare comun, %enera',
!epersona'"+a-
(1a re&""tm1a 'uau'a %oan# m1a 'uau'a %oan# p#r"n. ;!u1e (ue !uv aco'otve ."1o $avet."1o $ave<tt
TDM III, p/7:?, r/7817:
aa m1a 'uau'a %oan# m1a 'uau'a %oan# !1acas- ;s# e !u3u!racu !# 'a casa meatc# nu maua" rea&#
s2 ma" sa" a""v<ttTDM III, p/7`8, r/:1@
Proce!eu' nu ese mo"0a !e seman"smu' 0er&u'u"> sun $oare rare ca+ur"'e n care
am puea a0ansa "poe+a c# 'a or"%"nea %'os#r"" 0er&u1'u" !"n C ar e)"sa o presupo+"."e
ne%a"0# a "n$ormaoru'u" *n sensu' c# "n$ormaoru' presupune c# anc5eaoru' nu
cunoa(e sensu' 0er&u'u",-
nu#"nu"a nu#"nu"a "e't;m#" s< +vet;p#" s# 0e+< +vetm;cn! am $os "o1n !o&roa<
+vet;5e"tmu'e 5e'eauam $#cu "o p1aco'o< +vett TDM I, p/89, r/:1@
D"mpor"0#, n mo! curen, pr"mesc o %'os# ermen"" ce" ma" u+ua'"-
m# scu'au!"u!"m"nea.2 gaah ( m# r"meea m# r"meea p"nusa- ;!u1" m#" ( ma" cauu<t
m;m#" "'u. !u1" p"nusa ( ma" cauu 0o !o" uam"n"tsau re" c %#s#(uuts
mear% 'a s#"r" cu no"<tt Md 7, p/@6, r/7617?
'1o 'oa soocrat( '1o &#uu'a cap '1o &#uu'a capt;mer" ( "e1+m0#!ana<t(1wu$#cuu nun.e
o!a#tt TDdN, p/67, r/617
s# m"'oea s# m"'oeat;&# nenet"a1m# ( p# m"ne pn# 'a re"+e3u!evem&r"e< gmh TDM III,
p/9Y7, r/617
g" ce1a" $#cu lh
1amu$#cu ltmamu$#cuua(a- curc1anu!a1uoua$ar2 anu!a1uoua$ar2t;u s1.uca1uu.u!" uouau
#ut!"mcurcanu #ut(m"a gKh c'omc'o(c curc nu1" ma" re&u"<tt Md 7, p/?@,
r/?19
Pare 'o%"c s# presupunem c# o %'os# care ese un c"a !"rec nu poae $unc."ona ca o
;!e$"n"."e< sui generis !ec2 penru ermen" !ec'ara"0"> e)"s# ns# e)emp'e !e 0er&e
sau !e 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e a' c#ror u+ nu ese !ec'ara"0, !ar care !e0"n !ec'ara"0e
!aor"# $apu'u" c# sun urmae !e c"au' !"rec-
@Y
a !a !# e"t%'ve0W"n!u1s#1nusoseatt( unu ma" 0uor&#re.tma" n!r#+ne.ta-nfhib a-nfhib
minili-n a btrn minili-n a btrntcum s# +vett
; ;!a ve r#"101ar !umne+#uta+u0en"< !a ve r#"101ar !umne+#uta+u0en"< +ve ;aa !rumtaa ca'et( nu 0resus# ma" ;aa !rumtaa ca'et( nu 0resus# ma"
mer%e+< mer%e+<ut+ce ;uu ;uux x"'omerulttp#" nu n1e sau "'omerulttp#" nu n1e sau #sa $"r1ar mama 'or a' r#""'or !# #sa $"r1ar mama 'or a' r#""'or !#
ru!ar"ttsau nuosru< ru!ar"ttsau nuosru< +ve ;s#1nvepe ! ;s#1nvepe ! u"e" co'o< u"e" co'o<ttTDM III, p/76, r/A16?
$"e !aor"# une" !u&'e cau+e- apar nr1o succes"une !e 0er&e, !"n care ce' pu."n unu'
ese !ec'ara"0, (" sun urmae !e c"a !"rec-
(" m# 3e'ewui m -umule]Gi m bteam i m -umule]Gi m bteam p# oa# po"anauaco'o1(at c# ;uor ' c# ;uor '
scoae." uor mpu(ca.1m# p# m"netc# s# nu gph "eu nu m# !u%u!1a""vatnu p'e%u!1 scoae." uor mpu(ca.1m# p# m"netc# s# nu gph "eu nu m# !u%u!1a""vatnu p'e%u!1
a""va< a""va<t TDM I, p/6`8, r/719
c# !e1a"a m gndesc acu m gndesc acuu( m# ma" 3#'e+utmai pl^g mai pl^gt;!uamne cum o" " r#""!utv1 ;!uamne cum o" " r#""!utv1
o" " ma" $#cu "ot!# 'e1am ma" .nu l< o" " ma" $#cu "ot!# 'e1am ma" .nu l<tt TDM III, p/8A, r/6716`
Pro&a&"' ce' ma" "neresan $ap !e urm#r" 'a aces n"0e', a' coeren.e" 'o%"co1
seman"ce, ese ace'a n care %'osa nu "'usrea+# nr1un mo! pre0"+"&"' 0er&u' !"n C,
$ap a' c#ru" e$ec ese o !"m"nuare a coeren.e" n "ner"oru' cup'u'u" !e care ne
ocup#m/
As$e', a sftui, un 0er& care apare !e o&"ce" pr"nre ce'e ce e)p'"c"1ea+# o ofert, ese
urma !e un c"a care "'usrea+# o in-onciune-
g3an!arm""h a 0"n!u'a $am"'"a mea (1a sftuiit a sftuiit1ot;spune p# $""1o une "etc#< ;spune p# $""1o une "etc#< ve ;e ;e
"au p# "n "au p# "n u'ocu 'u"< u'ocu 'u"<tt TDM III, p/7:?, r/7?179
un 0er& care e)p'"c"ea+# o "n3onc."une s'a&# *rugminte, ese %'osa cu un c"a care
"'usrea+# o "n3onc."une $ore *ordin,-
s1a !u+urepe!e 'am'a urut'a par"!t(1aunvtve '1a r"me+ !1aco'o lt l-a l-a
trimes trimesm!1aco'o-
; ;e !uv" 'a 3an!aru !ucomun# ("1mmm 0"" cuu"e' !e+arma< e !uv" 'a 3an!aru !ucomun# ("1mmm 0"" cuu"e' !e+arma<tt TDM III, p/9?:,
r/6616`
sau, "n0ers, un 0er& !e "n3onc."une $ore *interdicie, ese urma !e un c"a "'usr2n! o
"n3onc."une s'a&#-
nu l-a mai lsat nu l-a mai lsat p1a'am$ra"1so-
; ;5a" cu m"ne< 5a" cu m"ne<t"vet TDM I, p/7@, r/617
As$e' !e $enomene sun e)p'"ca&"'e ns# nr1un cone) ma" 'ar% (" ."n !e ceea ce am
num" crearea unu" spa."u enun."a"0 par"cu'ar/
7/7/7/?/
Cu mo!e'u' !"scua ma" sus are 'e%#ur# (" man"era !e a $urn"+a, !u1p# $o'os"rea, n
nara."une, a unu" anum" ermen, un c"a e)emp'u penru u+u' ermenu'u" respec"0>
naura $"c"0# a 'u" c ese a"c" $oare 0"+"&"'#- e' nu re!# o rep'"c# per$orma# !e c#re
un anum" em".#or, 'a un momen !a, c" repre+"n# un cone) m"n"ma' penru
ermenu' !e %'osa-
@6
a(a ne !uvenuno"tmereu 'a bl_i bl_i 'a cmpu'u%ta(a1" spunet;5a" 'a ;5a" 'a bl- bl-u'a s$nu u'a s$nu
"'""e< "'""e< gsh ttp'ec#m o+u&#"e. p1av""atsara ne !uvemtne sr"%#mt;m#" 0eret&#
""uanet5a" 'a bl_ bl_ s<
;mer% m# s<
;%aatcu ve p'ec#m l cu &""c'ea l<
;nu m#tmereucu raa m#tc# n1a0em une s# '#s#m &"v"c'e"'"<tt TDM I,
p/6Y`, r/7717A
s# $#vea curte curtettcurte curte1a(a1" spuneam no" aunv"tt+"ve- ;m"1amu $#cuu ;m"1amu $#cuucurte curte< <tt TDM
III, p/?Y, r/6716?
aun+unu "erea ca acuts# $ac# puori puoriterea uu%ar!t' 'e%a !# &a&1aeat( !1
#'a'tua"a c1o p"e!"c#t!coa cumuo srm#t(ms# nu1m"a ve ;aea "e ;aea "e puarta puarta
mare< mare<tt TDM III, p/?Y, r/6:16@
Aces "p !e %'osare, $unc."on2n! n "ner"oru' unu" cup'u n care nu apar pu(" n
'e%#ur# un !"scurs c"an (" un !"scurs c"a, c" un ermen oarecare (" un c"a !"rec,
pr"n care pr"mu' ese e0"!en."a, ne "neresea+# !oar n m#sura n care ese acua'"+area
unu" proce!eu $rec0en n2'n" n nara."unea ora'#, (" anume !"scursu' !"rec/
7/7/7/`/
Am 0#+u, supra, c# po !e0en" !ec'ara"0e 0er&e care sun urmae !e un c"a !"rec/
jrupa !ec'ara"0e'or secun!are ese m&o%#."#, n cor1pus, pr"n $apu' c# uneor"
pr"mesc o %'os#1c"a !"rec 0er&e (" 'ocu."1un" care !eno# comun"carea pr"n semne
*$"e penru c# acesa ese sensu' 'or !enoa"0, $"e penru c# pr"mesc cone)ua' aces
sens, ca 0er&e'e a zice (" a spune !"n e)emp'e'e care urmea+#,-
+"vem!a mama $ave semnu+ve ;ue p1#sa1'u'om< ;ue p1#sa1'u'om<tt
!a mama +"ve- ;nu1mup'avetnu s# '"pe(e !#um"ne<tt
!a aa +vet"1a ar#a a(aKt;e a"t(" p1#sa nu1' 'as< ;e a"t(" p1#sa nu1' 'as<tt gsh TDM I, p/7:6, r/7617?
K gest cu mna la gt
nu puea s# 0uor&easc#tc# ("" lt!ac1a ras1o !# '"m&tgmh nu puea s# 0or&easc#tt
!#c m"1a ara c# ;mam#tmam#< ;mam#tmam#<tt
;sn"en 'a sp5"a' ma"c#<tt
; ;p#" !# ce l< p#" !# ce l<tt
;p#" !e s "e3" &uo'na0#<tt TDM III, p/?:, r/816?
muu +va- ;ma"u!#1" s s#1" !ea o su# s< ;ma"u!#1" s s#1" !ea o su# s<tt gmh
(" " spunea muu c#m;ma" $a3 l< ;ma" $a3 l<u
; ;nu ma" $ac< nu ma" $ac<tt"1ar#a !nm!n !ee c# nu ma" $avett TDM III, p/9`?, r/:166
7/7/?/
N"0e'u' coeren.e" e)ua'e
@7
La aces n"0e' "neresea+# con$"%ura."a e)ua'# $on!a# pe s"semu' !e re'a.""
empora'e (" persona'e care !eerm"n# c (" C / A"c" ese 'ocu' uuror !"scu.""'or care
"au n cons"!erare, penru a anum"# '"m&#, s"semu' !e corespon!en.e *empora'e,
persona'e, !e"c"ce, pr"n care se o&."n enun.ur" corece re!ae n DI sau n DIL/
Penru cercearea noasr#, ne propunem s# r#spun!em a"c" 'a nre1&area !ac# e)"s#
e)emp'e !e DIL n nara."unea ora'# (", !ac# !a, care ese spec"$"cu' acesu" "p !e DR
*sau ce anume ' !"$eren."a+# !e DIL n2'n" n nara."unea cu'#,/
Ia# une'e !"nre e)emp'e'e pe care 'e a0em n 0e!ere-
*6,
;u"e< "ve ;0# !uve+u'a casa a"a co'o< +ve ;( 0e+ c21" o m#u(e<t"vet ;s#1" spu" s#
0# $ac# mama'"%# s# mca.< "ve ;c# v"ne (""e (1a'e e" p# un!e mc#<tta0ea ( eat
gph a0us#s# ( "e' !oo $ee ( p'ecas#r# (" "e'e s#mrera%#tt TDM I, p/?Y, r/ 77179
*7,
(1a ma" mers $romparu an"tv"nv an !# +'e1a(att!uoru!uort u!uoru!uortc# nu1"
revetc# nu1" revetpu'1a 'uausa'0area !# 'a puar#tt TDM III, p/79, r/ 7Y176

*?,
"e' m#1nre&a p# m"n" c2 ;cum "" 'a sp"a' l<tt m simt ieu bine &tts#ms# .u
re"mts# .u !""ea care me1a !a1o me!"v"t(us# sau '"n"("2ts2unu $ac e$uortc#
snu$a# n#r# (mt;a" cuop"' a#tre&" s#1' cre("<tt!evmno!eauna m# pun"a
'am'a ca'e !e &"nett TDM II, p/`9?, r/77178
*`,
cnum# !uc a gph n ca+u'a "e'ts1a pus #'a cu spae'e1n u(#t(" nu mai m-a lsaGs
plegGdluoctt"at(" &eat(" &eat(" &eat(" &eam 0W"ntt"o s'a& !# &#uuur#tm;m#t"o nu
ma" &eau s<tt!wus# p'ect TDM III, p/7, r/6616`
*9,
("manusa aco'o g'a sp"a'hmuo s#p#mn# cuueatc1av" c#ue rup gp"c"oru'htav" c#
nuue rupttgmh (1amu0en" "ar cu "a1n!#r#t !ocoru c#mnu "e ruptwusa o
s#p#mn1aco'otnu "e ruptt TDM II, p/6?, r/76178
*8,
ursu' a a$'auc# 0u'pea a $#cumros !e pe(e ("ma +s c# !e un!e1a $#cuuro+u!e
pe(e, s#1" !ea ("u'u", c# are ma" rmne(e/ TDO, p/?, r/7?17`
*:,
"1a nre&a1o c# un!e s# !uve a(a !e noap"/ "u"a a spus c# s# !uve p"u'a
&un"cu.a/ " "aua +#+ gph "1anr#&au'upu c# un!" (a!" &un"cu.a l "1a +s c#mcam
pe gKh cam !up# unus$er!u!euor# nr1o p#!ure/ " 'upu a +s c#mnu 0e!e ve $'or"
sn l De ve n1a!un# ca s#1" !uc# &un"cu.e" sa'e l Parc# mere 'a (coa'1a(a mer"
!emnu &a%2 $'or"'usam#/ TDO, p/A@, r/:167
*A,
@?
Sm&## s# %#ea !# nun#, !# sm&## sara, re&u"a s# rmea# !2 'am!2 'a $a#, s#
rmea# 'a "nere c.0a oamen" cu c#ru.#'e aunva, "erea !#mu'/ S# 0""e cu '#uar"1
coav/ TDO, p/`Y8, 81A/
E)emp'e'e !e ma" sus se caracer"+ea+#, pe !e o pare, pr"nr1o sruc1ur# a "mpur"'or
(" a persoane'or ocuren# n !"scursu' "n!"rec, "ar, pe !e a'a, pr"n pre+en.a unor
e'emene ce apar n !"scursu' !"rec *"nona."a, n e)emp'e'e ?, `, 8, :, A> a!0er&e'e i
(" tare, n e)emp'e'e 6 (" 8> !e"c"cu' ncoace, n A,/
Une'e !"nre acese e)emp'e mer"# un scur comenar"u/
n *7,, pre+en.a con3unc."e" c ar puea $" un ar%umen penru nca1!rarea e)emp'u'u"
nosru-
1 n cae%or"a DI *p'e!ea+# mpor"0# ns# p#srarea "nona."e" (" srucura
repe""0#,>
1 n cae%or"a !""! *!ar p'e!ea+# mpor"0# $apu' c# enun.u' or"%"nar nu ese o
"nero%a"0#,/
Aces e)emp'u ese ns# un ca+ !e DIL spec"$"c '"m&"" 0or&"e/ Ese !e re."nu a"c"
pre+en.a unu" su&san"0 *duor, penru a re!a un 0er& *m)l doare,/
n *?,, apar"."a "mper$ecu'u" !"n m simt ieu bine & ar $" $#cu (" !"n aces se%men
un e)emp'u c'ar !e DIL> a(a cum ese consru", enun1.u' "a'"c"+a ese un e)emp'u !e
!"scurs "n!"rec "nona !"rec> e)emp'u' nosru con"nu# ns# cu propo+"."" care nu ma"
sun "nero%a"0e (" care sun !esp#r."e !e pr"ma sec0en.# pr"n semnu' pau+e"> n p'us,
a"c" apare con3unc"0u' 5ora"0, corespon!en a' ace1'u"a(" mo! !"n Do, ceea ce
"mp'"c# p#srarea "nona."e"> ese !e remar1ca eero%en"aea nre%u'u" pasa3 !"n
puncu' !e 0e!ere a' !"scursu1'u" rapora *DD 'e%a, DIID, DIL, DD, DN,/
n *`,, sec0en.a "a'"c"+a# ar puea $" (" o mosr# !e DN> ea ese, a(a!ar, am&"%u# gnu
se ("e !ac# R
e
re!# cu0"ne'e Eo *nu te mai las s pleci deloc,, ca+ n care am a0ea
DIL, sau !ac# R
e
re!# !oar sensu' spuse'or Eo, ca+ n care se%menu' n !"scu."e ar $"
DN/h> !e aseme1nea, sec0en.a e0"!en."a# ar puea $" (" n DD *n ano'o%"a c"a#, ea
nu are ns# m#rc"'e %ra$"ce a'e !"scursu'u" !"rec/,
In$ormaoru' care spune po0esea !"n care a $os e)ras *:, ese un (co'ar> po $" !ec"
&#nu"e a"c" "n$'uen.e'e 'ecur"'or persona'e sau a'e a'or e)e, c""e n c'as#/
n s$2r(", se%menu' marca n *A, poae $" ana'"+a (" ca !"scurs !"rec '"&er *DDL,/
Corespon!en.a "mpur"'or
Corespon!en.a "mpur"'or n e)emp'e'e !e ma" sus ese urm#oarea-
Do DIL ca n e)emp'e'e
pre+en pre+ent
"mper$ec
7, ?, 9 (" :
6 (" `
"mper$ect
per$ec compus
ma" mu' ca per$ec 6
con3unc"0 con3unc"0 ?, A
"mpera"0 "mpera"0t
con3unc"0
`, 8
@`
S"ua."a nu se !eose&e(e !e $e'u' n care se rea'"+ea+# corespon!en.a "mpur"'or n DI>
DIL nu se caracer"+ea+# pr"nr1o corespon!en.# spe1c"$"c# a "mpur"'ortmo!ur"'or
0er&a'e/
Corespon!en.a persoane'or
E)"s# ma" mu'e "pur" !e srucur# a !"scursu'u" rapora, !up# po1+"."a
"ner'ocuor"'or (" a raporur"'or !"nre e", precum (" !up# cr"e1r"u' persoane" 'a care se
$ace re$er"re n !"scursu' c"a/ E)emp'e'e noasre "'usrea+# srucur"'e !e ma" 3os, n
care corespon!en.a per1soane'or ese urm#oarea-
6/ penru srucura-
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h
a/ M"1a spus- ;Eum<
&/ M"1a spus- ;Tum<
c/ M"1a spus- ;E'///<
7/ penru srucura-
gC
e
C
r
h gR
e
R
r
h
a/ I1a spus- ;Eum<
&/ I1a spus- ;Tum<
c/ I1a spus- ;E'm<
S"ua."a nu ar !"$er" a(a!ar n"c" a"c" !e aceea !"n DI, cu o s"n%ur# e)cep."e, cea !"n 6&
*e)emp'u' `,, un!e persoana a 71a !"n Do ese ranspus# pr"n persoana a 71a n DIL,
e)ac ca n DD *am 0#+u ns# c# e)emp'u' respec"0 ese am&"%uu,/
De"c"ce'e
E)"s# !ou# "pur" !e s"ua.""-
A/
S"ua."" n care se poae 0or&" !espre un raamen a' e)pres""'or "n1!e)"ce !"n
!"scursu' or"%"nar, !eoarece e)"s# o 'e%#ur# nre acesea (" corespon!ene'e 'or !"n
!"scursu' rapora/
6/
unu" "n!"caor !"n Do " corespun!e un c0as""n!"caor n DIL
`8
*presupun2n! c# *A,
ese o mosr# !e DIL> !up# cum am spus, se poae s# a0em a $ace a"c" (" cu un !"scurs
!"rec,> a(a!ar, mo!e'u' ese-
Do DIL e)emp'e
6 ? 6, 7
7 6t7 ?, `
? ? 9
Do DIL e)emp'e
6 ? 8
7 ? :
? ? A
@9

Do DIL
Zreau s# p'ec de aici de aici. Zo"a s# p'ece de aici. de aici.
n *A, (" n *@,, ^coa_, respec"0 asta sun c0as""n!"caor"/
*A,
Sm&## s# %#ea !# nun#, !# sm&## sara, re&u"a s# rmea# !2 'am!2 'a $a#,
s# rmea# 'a "nere c.0a oamen" cu c#ru.#'e aunva, "erea !#mu'/ S# 0""e cu
'#uar"1coav/ TDO, p/`Y8, 81A/
*@,
s# !uve ma"ca (1s# u"1a(attc# n1o 0rea n"v "a p1asatt TDM I, p/?8?, r/?Y
7/
n DIL apar ana$or"ce care nu au corespon!en !e"c"c n Do> pasa3u' n DIL ese
prece!a !e unu' n DD, n care se %#sesc surse'e ana$ore'or-
*6Y,
( "eu am nre&a-
;ve (an.ur" sun pe ""v a(a l<
;p#"<t+"ve gaaht;u"e m#ta""v a $os r%utu"e a""v a(a a $ostu"e a""v a $os
5oratcn a 'uuau+me"" $ee'e<tt
(" r%u sta "era compus !"n !ou# pro0"nv""t0enea (" !"n mu'!o0a (" 0enea ("
!"n ar!ea'ttreva cu ca""tcu car"tp e 1 a c o ' o p e 1 a c o ' o p# !rumur"'e e ' e a e ' e a t"eu am $o pe
" e ' e " e ' e tt( a!uva m#r$ur'e a_i (" aii_a 'e cump#ra poporutt("1nr1o &un# +" cnu"era
suare ( ca'!ta $#cu $ee'et$#vau 5or# ca cum $ac ("1a " " v a a " " v a t!aca nu ("u 'a
!umnea0uasr# !e un!e1." $" !"n ve 'oca'"ae gsh cum "1a " " 3 u ' a " e ( " a " " 3 u ' a " e ( " t!ac# nu
cunua(e."tt3uac#t$ave 5ora !e !oo r"" sue !e persuanet$eet&#"e.t"nereutt(1a
0en" !o" +me" !"mumune'e ne%o"ut(1a a'e+u!ouo $ee 'e ma" $rumuase !u5or#
(" 'e1a 'uua p# sus ( 'e1a !us acolotn 0r$u ne%o"u'u"t"e o po"en".# (1" +ve po"ana
+meuu'u"tt(1acolo 'e1a !us mupo"en".auaeat( ("1a &#uu3uo% !e "e'e pn# cnu'e1a
uomortt( "eu m# !uvamt0e+t"eram ma" m#r"(uort&#"a! mare c am
crescu!unuma p# mune cu uo""'et v"o&antm# !uvam p e 1 a c o ' o p e 1 a c o ' o ( m#
u"amttTDM I, p/6, r/68178 4 p/7, r/61:
n *6Y,, sta nu ese un ana$or"c intratextual, ca+ n care ana$or"cu' (" sursa 'u" ar
apar."ne ace'u"a(" !"scurs *trgul de care vorbesc eu acum,> e' ese un ana$or"c
intertextual *trgul de care emitorul origi-nar vorbea atunci i la care m refer eu
acum,> nu e)"s# o corespon1!en.# "n!"caor1c0as""n!"caor nre Do (" DR, !e %enu'-
Zreau s# p'ec de aici/ 1 Zo"a s# p'ece de acolo/
c" mo!e'u' ese unu' !e "pu'-
Do DIL
+ucuretiul ese un ora(
"n$ec/
2+ucuretiul ese un ora( "n$ec<, +"cea/ Zo"a s# p'ece
de acolo.
@8

gn *6Y,, ese !e remarca (" sc5"m&area consan# a obiectivului pe care ' urm#re(e
su&"ecu'- raportarea spuse'or unu" em".#or or"%"nar *tata, a'ernea+# cu nararea
unor e0en"mene !"n perspec"0a em".#o1ru'u" acua', a "n$ormaoru'u"> unu' !"nre
e$ece'e acesu" 3oc ese apar"."a n aceea(" sec0en.# a unor !emonsra"0e care percep
n mo! !"$er" !"san.e'e, !e(" se re$er# 'a ace'a(" 'oc *2r%u',- sta, a_i, aii_a,
ana$or"ce n rapor cu trgu, $a.# !e pe-acolo, elea, iele, !e"c"ce s"m&o1'"ce !ac# 'e
punem n re'a."e cu aii_a, aii-Gla titeti> 'a $e', acolo (" aea, ana$or"ce n rapor cu
muntele negoiu, $a.# !e pe-acolo, care poae $" "nerprea a2 ca ana$or"c c2 (" ca
!e"c"c/h
n *6Y,, a_i (" aii_a sun ana$or"ce *n rapor cu trgu sta,, $#r# a $" ns# ("
c0as""n!"caor"
`:
/
?/
n DIL apar ana$or"ce care nu au corespon!en !e"c"c n Do, "ar pasa-ul n 'I6 nu
este precedat de unul n '', $ap care $ace ca ana$o1r"ce'e s# $"e ma" !e%ra&#
intratextuale !ec2 "nere)ua'e-
*66,
#"cu cnua $osu'ua n arma#ta gph s1a !us gph a $os corpo1ra!u'a carac#'tt"e'
aii_a a $os !up# ve a $#cu re" 'unu "nsruc.""eta $o+u'ua n r#+&o"ttmer%n!
ur#+&o"tn mun."" ara m"c#tn veos'o0av""ataii_e "e' %#se(e gph s# urc# p# mun."
aacn! nem." !# sus gph nem."1aacau !# sus (" romn" !# 3osttns# "e" mer%#n!upe
mun."t!# o n"nsoare $oare marett"e" a c u ma a c u ma nu ma" pueau s# ma" aave !#
3osttre&u"au s# mear%# s# m!ea +#pa!a 'a o paretca s# poaus#1na""ne+ettnr1o
noapet"e" a0eau 'e%#uru cumcan"ne'e p"n $"retnr1o noape unu neam. co&oar#
$#r# s# (""e romn" ( a"e $"rutt gmh TDM II, p/`9, r/6166
Te)e ca *66, "'usrea+# o ran+"."e spre s"ua."a !"n d/> mo!e'u' ese-
Do DIL
Deocam!a# sun n ducu1re("
penru nc# !ou# +"'e/
Deocam!a# era nc# n du c u r e ( " n du c u r e ( " > urma s#
p'ece de aici pese !ou# +"'e/
n *66, apar ca ana$or"ce aii_a, aii_e !ar (" un !e"c"c e)ua', acuma, *sa&"'e(e
crono'o%"a n2mp'#r"'or,> ca (" n *6Y,, aii_a (" aii_e sun !oar ana$or"ce, nu ("
c0as""n!"caor"/
d/
!e"c"ce'e apar."n nara."un"" (" nu e)"s# n"m"c n e) care s# pro&e+e o 'e%#ur# a 'or
cu e)pres"" asem#n#oare !"n Do> mo!e'u' ese-
Do DIL
M"1am perecu 0ara 'a da'c"c/ A sa oa# 0ara aici, 'a da'c"c/
@:
n *67,, aii_a, a_i sun !e"c"ce, "ar apar".""'e 'u" a v " " a a v " " a sun ana$or"ce> n *6?,,
^cua_e (" aii_a sun !e"c"ce> nu e)"s# c0as""n!"caor"/
*67,
p#" uspuneammamatmc# cn! a 0en" urv"1a $os #&#r aii_at'am cmpu
3&'"tt(m'a cmpu 3&'" a v " " a a v " " a $#cuser# "e"m conave'e 'or penrum"ernatpenru
c# s# sea "e" a v " " a tgKh a!una ! pnusae 0""eta!unamuunur"ta!una m"ereta0eau
uamen" 'ortt (2mcn! a 0en"uru( p#s# "e"tcn! auauu+ c# 0"n ru( p#s# "e"m
nr1o noape1am p'ecattp#mm#1sa &#rn# cum " +vetp# &un"1c#1sa &#rn#ta
'ua1o cu uxa(u aco'ot'a cor0oa!#tt( cn! a p'eca "e" nuapeat"1a 'uau(1aii_am
cn s# reac# 'a &#&u"e("t uxa(u gph m#u(a (1a a!us am"ne c1a
u"auv"+me'etaco'o1mu &or!e"e'e 'or un!e 'e1a a0utt( uxa(u nutc# s#1nuarc#1
n!#1r#ttarn#u. #ea care1a $osucu "e" !#1" !uvat ma spus c#mnutnu (""a
rumne(ett"1ar#a c# a u"atm#'a n1a gKh n.e'es ve +vet(1a_i 'a cum " +ve 'a cruva
'u e&#'an c#re &#&o"e(" aco'ot"1a #"au caputt'1a '#saumor aco'ott TDM I, p/89,
r/6Y17`
*6?,
&un"ca a r#"!unoo+e(v"nv !e an"tt("1n noo+e(v"nv" !e1an"tne1a po10es" $"e'ur" ("
x"pur"tta $os urv"tr#+&o"turvesctt"e" au p'eca!u !"nmrax"att%on"n!u1" urv"
^cua_et2m'a !oo 'a re" 'ocur" "1a !#rma p2t"e" a $osucop"" uor$an"ttm#1sa a
#"a1o urv"ta r#mas "e" re" $"e" or$an"tt( a1.u ("ta1.u 'e1a1nv"ns cu %a'&en"ttcu
x"mere !" aur !"suptt!a cop"""tc2 p# cop"" nu1" x"nu"atp# a1.o1' x"nu"at(" 'a re"
'ocur"t'1a !#rmatcu sa&"""'" p# "e'tt;aurutu (1aurut(uauru<tt(" "e' o nu1
'u!#!eatt(" ocma" aii_at$"ermat &#"taco'o ("1a !a aurut&un"cutt TDD, p/77?, r/691
7?
A(a!ar, re%u'a !up# care ser"a !e"c"ce'or eu 1 aici 1 acum !e0"ne n DIL ser"a el 1
aici 1 acum ese !"$"c"' !e "'usra cu e)emp'e !e "p !"a'eca'1ora'1nara"0/ S"n%uru'
c0as""n!"caor care nu pune pro&'eme !e "nerpreare ese el > aici ese uneor"
c0as""n!"caor, !ar $oare !es un ana$or"c sau un !e"c"c e)ua' > nu am %#s" n"c" un
e)emp'u care s# aese $o'os"rea 'u" acum ca un c0as""n!"caor/ Cre!em c# mo"0u'
penru care DIL ora' (" nara"0 pre+"n# o asemenea con$"%ura."e ese $apu' c#
$o'os"rea unor as$e' !e semne, care s#1(" a$'e n em".#oru' or"%"nar cenru' !"n
perspec"0a c#ru"a sun mp#r."e spa."u' (" "mpu' ar sc5"m&a su&san."a' ca'"aea !e
surs# pra%ma"c# a em".#oru'u" raporor (" ar a$eca n.e'e%erea nre%u'u" !"scurs/
Mo!u' n care apar c0as""n!"caor"" ese !ec" unu' !"nre cr"er""'e "mporane !up#
care se !"$eren."a+# DIL '"erar !e DIL ora'/
7/?/
Crearea unu" spa."u enun."a"0 par"cu'ar
Re'a."a !"nre C (" c ese pr"0"# a"c" !"n perspec"0a puner"" n cone) 4 "neresea+#,
a(a!ar, !ac# un anum" "p !e DR ese !eerm"na !e cone) (" mo!u' n care acesa
3us"$"c# $orme'e m")e !e DR (" $unc."a 'or/
7/?/6/
@A
O o&ser0a."e !e0en"# ru"sm n 'e%#ur# cu $rec0en.a "pur"'or !e DR n e)e'e !e
naur# ora'# ese aceea c# e)e'e !e aces %en aes# o pre$er"n.# penru $orme'e
!"rece a'e !"scursu'u" rapora/ E)"s# e)p'"1ca."" penru aces $ap l
7/?/6/6/
O pos"&"'# e)p'"ca."e are 'e%#ur# cu strategiile narative/
jo$$man o&ser0# c# po0es"oru', aunc" c2n! narea+#, ;nu $urn"+ea1+# "n$orma.""
unu" !es"naar, c" repre+"n# o !ram# na"nea unu" pu&'"c/< *`@@,/ Po0es"oru' nu
o$er# re+umau' une" n2mp'#r", e' spune o po0ese, $ap care presupune un 3oc pe
!ou# p'anur", ce' "n1ranara"0 (" ce' e)ranara"0/ Naraoru' ;creea+# "'u+"a 'um""
po0es"e, !2n! o "!en"ae persona3e'or sa'e, m"m2n!u1'e 0ocea (" ma" a'es m1
prumu2n! puncu' 'or !e 0e!ere asupra e0en"mene'or narae< *jau'1mWn 6@A:&-
??`,> para'e', e' ;an"c"pea+# reac.""'e ascu'#or"'or, 'e conro'ea+#, 'e man"pu'ea+#
$ormu'2n! presupuse'e 'or e0a'u#r" asu1pra $ape'or narae *vei spune c3! v gndii
n mod sigur c3,< *???,/ Naraoru' men."ne rea+ nr1un !u&'u mo! "neresu' penru
ce'e po0es"e- ;"!en"$"c2n!u1se cu ascu'#or"" 'u", 'e perm"e aceso1ra s# se
"!en"$"ce 'a r2n!u' 'or cu po0es"oru'> "!en"$"c2n!u1se cu ero"" s#", perm"e
ascu'#or"'or s# se "!en"$"ce e" n("(" cu ace("a/< *??`,/
D"scursu' rapora n!ep'"ne(e a(a!ar o !u&'# $unc."e-
1 $ace recerea !e 'a istoria ce'or ce urmea+# a $" narae *pac5e "n$or1ma."ona'
e'emenar, 'a povestirea propr"u +"s#, srucur# comp'e)#, &"p'an#, re+u'a a' acu'u"
!e narare, %u0erna 'a r2n!u' 'u" !e "ne1rese spec"$"ce, c#rora 'e sun su&or!onae
puncte de vedere $#cue e)1p'"c"e pr"n "nerme!"u' a !"$er"e voci#
1 as"%ur# n!ep'"n"rea ce'or !ou# o&"ec"0e men."onae aner"or *(" anu1me sus."nerea,
na"nea ascu'#oru'u", a unu" anum" punc !e 0e!e1re, care poae $" a' naraoru'u" sau
a' persona3e'or po0es"r"",, o&"ec"0e ce po $" repre+enae as$e'-

6/ Naraor Ascu'#or *naraoru' se "!en"$"c# cu ascu'#oru' (" n1cearc# s# '
!eerm"ne pe acesa s# $ac# 'a $e'> o&"ec"0u'
naraoru'u" ese ace'a !e a "m1pune ascu'#oru'u"
propr"u' s#u punc !e 0e!ere,>
7/ Naraor Persona3 Ascu'#or *naraoru' se "!en"$"c# cu un per1sona3 ("
ncearc# s# ' !eerm"ne pe ascu'#1or s# $ac# 'a $e'>
o&"ec"0u' naraoru'u" ese ace'a !e a "mpune
ascu'#oru'u" puncu' !e 0e!ere a' persona3u'u",/
U"'"+area $orme'e !"scursu'u" rapora creea+# as$e' !ou# "pur" !e s"ua.""- pe !e o
pare, plurivalen *unu' (" ace'a(" "p !e DR ese $o1'os" penru a rea'"+a a2 pr"mu'
o&"ec"0, c2 (" pe ce' !e1a' !o"'ea,> pe !e a'a, specializare *un anum" "p !e DR "n!e
s# a"&# o anum"# $unc."e n econom"a nara."un"",/
7/?/6/7/
O a'# e)p'"ca."e "mp'"c# a'e%erea unu" anum" mod de enunare/
Dup# Srauc5, oae 0er&e'e ce "nro!uc !"scurs rapora au n co1mun $unc."a
seman"c# !e semnal de reproducere a unu" !"scurs/ D"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' acese"
r#s#ur", 0er&e'e n !"scu."e po $" simple *ca a zice, (" complexe/ Zer&e'e s"mp'e
$urn"+ea+# o "n$orma."e mini-mal !espre ac"0"aea !e per$ormare a enun.u'u"
or"%"nar, "n$orma."e ce re&u"e a!esea comp'ea# cu a3uoru' a'or m"3'oace *0er&a'e
@@
sau non10er&a'e,, care s# res"u"e sensu' comp'e a' enun.u'u" or"%"nar *ro'u' s#u
cone)ua', $unc."a sa 'o%"c#, ona'"aea a$ec"0# cu care a $os pro!us ec/,/
Naraoru' are a(a!ar 'a !"spo+"."e !ou# m"3'oace !e e)punere- unu' 4 sra"$"ca ("
eero%en, e$ec a' une" sintaxe mixte, $o'os"n! 0er&e s"m1p'e penru raporare ("
m"3'oace !"0erse penru re!area sensu'u" com1p'e a' enun.u'u" *"nona."e, %es"c#,
m"m"c#, m"(c#r",, ce'#'a' 4 e0o'u12n! pe un s"n%ur p'an, ce' a' '"m&""/
Nara."unea ora'# se caracer"+ea+# pr"n $apu' c# 'ocuoru' ' a'e%e pe pr"mu' !"nre
acesea/
7/?/6/?/
n s$2r(", un a' mo! !e a e)p'"ca apar"."a DD (" a "pur"'or care au 'e%#ur# cu acesa
ese !e or!"n lingvistic i psiholingvistic/
Pe !e o pare, op."unea penru $o'os"rea "pur"'or "n!"rece !e rapora1re *DI, DIL,
DN, presupune a!esea ca Rapororu' s# a"&# 'a !"spo+"."e 0er&e care s# "n!"ce nu
numa" $apu' c# em".#oru' c"a a per$orma un anum" enun., c" (" sarea ps"5"c# pe
care o a0ea n ace' momen/ Manea o&ser0# ns#, penru '"m&a rom2n#, $apu' c# nu !e
$"ecare !a1# se poae rea'"+a ;o corespon!en.# nre su&san"0e ce spec"$"c# sare
ps"5"c# ca en"ae (" 0er&e monoseman"ce care e)pr"m# ace1ea(" semn"$"ca."e ca
sare !e $ap-
e sare !e aca'm"e f a tempera
e sare !e a%asare f a agasa
g mh
e sare !e a%"a."e *su$'eeasc#, f 4
e sare !e a'ean f 4
e sare !e am#r#c"une f 4
e sare !e amoc f 4
e sare !e amor."re *ps"5"c#,
su$'eeasc#, 4
e sare !e an)"eae f 4
e sare !e ap#sare *ps"5"c#, 4
e sare !e !esc#u(are *ps"5"c#, f 4
e *sare, sen"men !e !or f 4
e *sare, sen"men !e %e'o+"e f 4 ec/< Manea- ?Y1?`
L"sa 'u" Manea cupr"n!e ?: !e as$e' !e s"ua."" *!"n 6`Y,, n care un su&san"0 care
e)pr"m# o sare ps"5"c# nu are ca ec5"0a'en un 0er& monoseman"c cu aceea("
semn"$"ca."e/
Pe !e a'# pare, pre$er"n.a penru "pur"'e !"rece !e raporare re&u"e e)p'"ca# (" pr"n
aceea c# DI presupune ana'"+a mesa3u'u" !e rapora, 'ucru !"$"c"' !e rea'"+a !e c#re
0or&"or" $#r# "nsruc."e cum sun "n1$ormaor"" se'eca." penru anc5ea !"a'eca'#/
Ese un $ap u(or !emonsra&"' c#, !e ce'e ma" mu'e or", sec0en.e'e ma" 'ar%" n care
apare DI apar."n "n$ormaor"'or e'e0"-
0er"(oara cu'ea $ratt(" " o u " o u m" s p u n e a s p u n e a uc# s1a !us uo""'" !#parett(" " a a " a a
+ s + s c# s# ne gph s# m# !uc "ou cu 0#r#1m"o 'a "e'et(" "a r#mne s# cu'e gph
sucu'ea%# $ratt("mcnune !uvem apruape !# uo"tuuc"ne marett(" " a a + s " a a + s s#
6YY
nu ne1aprop""emtc# "e uuc"ne1a' 'u nenea "uon &om&o(tt(" no" nu ne1am
aprop""attTDM I, p/6?6, r/7Y179
7/?/7/
D"sr"&u."a $orme'or !"scursu'u" rapora n econom"a po0es"r"" ese !ec" re0e'aoare
penru aceasa/ D"scursur"'e "n!"rec (" nara"0"+a nu as"%ur# ace'ea(" $unc."" ca
discursul direct, !"scurs care, penru jau'1mWn 6@A:& *?`@1?9Y, are urm#oare'e
ro'ur"-
a/ "nsa'ea+# nr1o acua'"ae "ma%"nar# persona3e'e repre+enae, pr"n pre+enu' $"c"0
a' enun.#r"" s"mu'ae>
&/ pro!uce o !rama"+are, o sc5"m&are !e r"m nara"0 *corespun+#1oare une" $a+e
!ec"s"0e sau cr""ce a ac."un"",, pr"n sc5"m&area "m1pur"'or, care opune pre+enu'
spuse'or raporae recuu'u" $o'os" n nara."une>
c/ auor"+ea+# persona3u' 'ocuor s# se a!rese+e !"rec !es"naaru'u" po0es"r"">
naraoru' rece nr1un p'an secun!, se ascun!e, "ar s"ua1."a $"c"0# as$e' auen"$"ca#
m#re(e "'u+"a rea'"#."">
!/ as"%ur# suspansu' nara."un"", !a $""n! $apu' c# spuse'e raporae n mo! !"rec sun,
!e ce'e ma" mu'e or", pro"ece, prom"s"un", !or"n1.e>
e/ o$er# un spa."u n care po0es"oru' (" poae man"$esa crea"0"aea/

Tocma" aces u'"m $ap $ace ca DD s# $"e mu' ma" comp'e) !ec2 pa1re/ DD !# 0"a.#
unu" persona3, creea+# "'u+"a rea'"#."" (" a !"a'o%u'u" !"rec cu ascu'#oru',
srucurea+# po0es"rea, a'ern2n! pasa3e !"rec1e (" pasa3e narae sau "n!"rece,
"'usrea+# con$'"cu' !"nre persona3e (" pro!uce suspans> pe !e a'# pare, ese ce' ma"
puern"c m"3'oc !e a su&m"na auor"aea persona3u'u" c#ru"a " !# 0"a.#, (" aceasa $"e
din interior, $"e din exterior/
n pr"mu' ca+, cu0"ne'e, e)pres""'e "!"oma"ce, ona'"aea (" "nona."a care "mpun un
anum" persona3, sun, n ace'a(" "mp, m"3'oace pr"n care naraoru' ' man"pu'ea+#,
m"3'oace pr"n care ese su%era ascu'#1oru'u" $e'u' n care re&u"e cons"!era $"ecare
acan a' po0es"r""-
!a ve spune l ;nu1+u!au c#1nure&u"e s# $ac .u"c# s<Ktcu"a "era sur!# s#raca gmh
;ma"c# stamu$osuproas# c# nu .1anu!a prune "er"tc# "a u"e ma"c1a"
!racuuuuo%ra!a meatcum m"1a rupuoae prun"'"tm"1a $rucr#v"'" cu ou s<tt
;&"ne .1a $#cu stt< TDM III, p/7`A, r/6`169 4 p/7`@, r/6Y16?
KRidic tonul i sacadeaz cuvintele ncercnd s-o imite pe baba surd.
n $e'u' acesa, rep'"ca !"rec#, e'emen a' dialogului indus, "nranara1"0, !e0"ne un
m"3'oc penru a "nra n dialogul inductor, e)ranara"0/
n a' !o"'ea ca+, rep'"c"" persona3u'u" " poae $" crea un cone) care s# o pun# n
e0"!en.#, cone) $orma-
a/ $"e !e rep'"catrep'"c"'e a'or persona3e *sau a'e persona3u'u"1nara1or,, cu care ea
!"sonea+# pr"n conuru' "nona."ona', pr"n ermen" "!"oma"c", pr"n !"$eren.e !e
po'"e.e pra%ma"c#-
ne0as#1meam;p# cumtare (" "a ve0a ;p# cumtare (" "a ve0a l< l<t
ve ;n1are n"m"c<tt
6Y6
; ;n1are mo&"'#m< n1are mo&"'#m<tt
;n1are<tt
; ;"e1m&r#ca# "e1m&r#ca# l< l<t
ve ;nu "e<tt
; ;p#" cum o "e" u a(a p#" cum o "e" u a(a l< l<t
;p#"< vet;!# unus# a"&#m$aalt!a< ve ;1m p'ave m""e !# "at(1o "au "eu<tt
; ;&"n"um#tma"c#tu< &"n"um#tma"c#tu< ve ;(" cu ser0"u(" cu rostcu cuarets# "e" p1aea $#r# ;(" cu ser0"u(" cu rostcu cuarets# "e" p1aea $#r#
n"m"un"m"c l< n"m"un"m"c l<t
;p#" u ve1a" a0uut$atp# !racu1a" a0u l<vetm" spune m#1s"tt
; ;cum l< cum l< vet;"o n1am a0uu(1"o a0ere l< ;"o n1am a0uu(1"o a0ere l<t
;a" a0uup# !racut$".1ar a0ereaua !racu< vett;ae1a0uun"(e p#ur" !# c'.<t gmh +"ve
;n1a" a0u n"m"ca< gmh
o %#s#sup# m#1sampu s !# r#+nea (" &u0neamtt
TDM III, p/9, r/716A
; ;!om'e< !om'e< +ct;u"e care e socoea'a< ;u"e care e socoea'a< +ct;nu 0# sup#ra.tt"o an +s c# rac ( "ou nr1 ;nu 0# sup#ra.tt"o an +s c# rac ( "ou nr1
o cure !e uamen v"ns".ttgmh u"e1a 0en" (1a 'uam!# !oo uor v"ap#< o cure !e uamen v"ns".ttgmh u"e1a 0en" (1a 'uam!# !oo uor v"ap#<tt gmh
;nea uomate ruo%< +vet;p# &#rne.ea !umW"a'e< +cetgmh ;nu ma" spune<
+vet;1nusa!< +vet;ve s1a1nmp'a! 'a no" n cure< +vet;c# ne $aven !# rs<tt
TDM III, p/667, r/79178 4 p/66?, r/7> r/7`178
&/ $"e pr"n comenar"" a'e naraoru'u", a!resae !"rec ascu'#oru'u"-
gS# ne spu" o 'ucru' cnep"", o, o, o sh
p#" ot(" er" eam po0es"tt
gCu" lh
'a !umn"+eu s u"e 'a cop""1e("at'a o n#r#tc# (a!"e m 'a !umn"+eu s u"e 'a cop""1e("at'a o n#r#tc# (a!"e mK Kt
!ac1a" (" mam# ra"u m"eut
n1a" ma" !uorm" noapea r#utt
p#" am m#r"a paru $eet'e1an !a paru +#&'a"e !# c#ru.#ts# $ave '"e+ne un +#&'#u l p#" am m#r"a paru $eet'e1an !a paru +#&'a"e !# c#ru.#ts# $ave '"e+ne un +#&'#u l
gmhtt gmhtt
K KSubiectul se scarpin n cap i se strmb dispreuitor. Subiectul se scarpin n cap i se strmb dispreuitor.
TDM III, p/```, r/6`176
Tocma" penru c# rep'"ca !"rec#, e'emen a' dialogului indus, !e0"ne un m"3'oc
penru a "nra n dialogul inductor, DD *(" $orme nru!"e cu acesa, !""! (" !!', ara# o
or"enare ma" accenua# spre ascu'#or/
7/?/?/
D"scursu' "n!"rec "nona !"rec *!""!,
n 7-a ntrebat cum m-am descurcat eu cu ati copii & e)"s# o 'e%#1ur# nre
"nona."a ascen!en# a "nero%a"0e" "n!"rece (" $e'u' n care a $os recepa# nre&area
or"%"nar# !e c#re 'ocuoru' raporor- $ap1u' c# a $os nre&a (" n ace'a(" "mp
comptimit !e c#re 'ocuoru' or"%"nar> ese ceea ce Rapororu' 0rea s# ransm"#
"ner'ocuoru'u" s#u/ Rapororu' enun.#, !ec", pr"n c5"ar mo!u' n care re!# nre&a1rea
respec"0#, $apu' c# ese de comptimit (", e0enua', de admirat 4 'ucru pe care nu '
puea $ace !ec2 n DIID/
6Y7
R
e
poae a'e%e, penru a rapora n !""!, pe a zice *rar (" pe a spune, (" pe a ntreba/
Acese 0er&e po $" $o'os"e (" penru a rapora n DD, !!', DI/ A'e%erea unu"a sau a
a'u"a !"nre acesea ese mo"0a# nara"0, pra%ma"c (" '"n%0"s"c/
" zice *rar (" a spune,
DD zice/ 2unde-ai fost &4> u+ua' nr1o re!are neur# !"n punc !e 0e!ere a$ec"0
*nemarca a$ec"0,> cic
H
poae ap#rea (" e' cu aceas# 0a'oare>
!!' zice c unde-ai fost &> marca a$ec"0, $"!e' Do, ou(" suscep"&"' !e a pro0oca
am&"%u"#." *;e' nrea&# un!e a" $os u, "ner'ocuoru' meu< sau ;e' a nre&a
un!e $usesem eu<,> n compara."e cu !""!, ese rar>
!""! zice c unde-am fost &> puern"c marca a$ec"0, re'a"0 $"!e' Do, su&"', capa&"' !e
nc#rc#ur# "ron"c#, re'a"0 $rec0en n O'en"a (" Munen"a n nara."un" '"&ere>
DI Mzice unde am fost# *;nrea&# un!e am $os<, consruc."e "mpos"1&"'#>
" ntreba
DD m-a ntrebat/ 2unde-ai fost &4> re'a"0 $rec0en# n e)e, u+ua' nr1o re!are
neur# !"n punc !e 0e!ere a$ec"0 *nemarca a$ec"0,>
!!' m-a ntrebat c unde-ai fost> ace'ea(" o&ser0a."" ca 'a a zice !!'> rar#>
DI m-a ntrebat unde-am fost> $oare rar# n e)e, consruc."e '"erar#>
!""! m-a ntrebat c unde-am fost> !esu' !e &"ne repre+ena/
n conc'u+"e, re!area unu" Do, marca# a$ec"0, n con!".""'e n care ese a'es a zice,
"mp'"c# DD sau !""!> !ac# ese a'es a ntreba, !""! ese n concuren.# cu DD sau !!'/
!""! cu a zice/
a +s a +s gaah c# c# !# ve1amu$#cu a(atnu re&ea s# $ac (t"o amu $#cutuc# !1aeau
amu$#cutuc# nu m# !#!ea 'a "e'tt TDM III, p/8YY, r/A16Y
ursu' a a$'auc# 0u'pea a $#cumros !e pe(e ("ma +s c# a +s c# !e un!e1a $#cuuro+u!e
pe(e, s#1" !ea ("u'u", c# are ma" rmne(e/ TDO, p/?, r/7?17`
No" am +s c# am +s c# p"nru ve sar n ca'e 'a no", c# n1am $acu pa%u&# cu o"'e/ O, e)u'
CCCXIZ, p/76?/
!""! cu a spune-
(1o spus c (1o spus cm;" cauuuc1uo"'tc1o sr"caum5'u3""<tt Md 6, p/778, r/6Y166
aunv $e".a a p'ecau("us1a1n'n"uc1unu'upt(" 'uput"1a spus c# a spus c# ;unuseu!uve l<tt
Md 6, p/7::, r/71?
(" cn!um1anu!us ucas#tmama a spus c# a spus c#- ;1auc#ua aco'o<t Md 7, p/@`, r/7`
4 p/@9, r/6
!""! cu a ntreba-
6Y?
m#1nrea&# m#1nrea&# oa# 'umea c# 'umea c# !# une ma" sn l cumuanur#"" "eu an"u#("atc# m1
auar+u!ouo case lttm"1a ars o cas1a""vua(at'a !rumtu"e1a0eam cas1a(a 'a
!rumtacu amu$#cu a'att TDM I, p/6?7, r/@166
cn! m1am !us acastm#m"ca m1a1nre&a c# m1a1nre&a c# un!e am $os lt TDM III, p/:?, r/7?1
7`
uamen" 0#+n! a(amc#mcum ("1a $#cuup#ca'#uaa a0eret'1a gph 0en"r# 'a e' s#1' s#1'
nre&e nre&emcum a $#cu "e' aa a0ere ltt TDM III, p/6:6, r/91:
"1a nre&a1o c# a nre&a1o c# un!e s# !uve a(a !e noap"/ "u"a a spus c# s# !uve p"u'a
&un"cu.a/ " "aua +#+ gph "1anr#&au'upu c# anr#&au'upu c# un!" (a!" &un"cu.a l "1a +s c#m cam
pe gKh cam !up# unus$er!u!euor# nr1o p#!ure/ " 'upu a +s c#m 'upu a +s c#mnu 0e!e ve $'or"
sn l TDO, p/A@, r/:166
" '1-ure&au -ure&au mp#rau c# c# c"ne '1-u0#.a s# spu"e a( (" saracu o +s c# $aa 'u"/
CN, p/6@6, r/7@1?Y
(1a1nre&a c (1a1nre&a c1;a cu" "" 0aca el<tt Md 6, p/6:6, r/@
A(a, sara '1o1nre&a a1s#u pe un"1a $os cu capr#'e ( a r#spuns c1o $os p" 'a
p"(or"> a(a c# s$nu o au!+ !""n 5o!a"e !"e !""nco'o> aunc" o "e( s$nu a$ar# (
o1nre&a o1nre&a pe cop"' c# c# mn"e m"er%e "ar pe1aco'o/ 1o r#spuns cop"'u c# ;m"er%<
gmh jN, e)u' I, p/6?
!""! cu perifraze verbale/
aa m1ou'ua m1ou'uau'am&aa""tm'a su!u""tuc 'a su!u""tucm"uam %r"3am'ucrur"'u"u a'u"atsau !"
'ucru n"eu stt Md 6, p/A, r/6@17Y
aco'o cnun"1o 0#+uupre(e!"n"'" sup#raup" no"tn"1o 'uau'a ar ;cu n"1o 'uau'a ar ;cuun!"1am
um&'aupn1acu l<tt Md 7, p/6Y`, r/71`
!""! cu elipsa verbului/
c#m p'ec m "ese1n ca'etc# c# !# ce m# !u% 'a com"sar""at;p#" m# !uctca s# $ac (" "o
!repaea< +"c ;c#tnre no" nu ne puem mp#cats# 0e!em ma" !#pare<tt
s# repe!e 'a m"nett TDM III, p/`AY, r/7?17:
n corpus se n2'nesc re'a"0 $rec0en ca+ur" am&"%ue, care po $" "n1erpreae a2 ca
!""!, c2 (" ca !!'-
*6, Aunc" "e" '1a1nre&a a1nre&a c# c# c"1" ma" &un#- !repaea or srm&#aea/ jN, e)u'
ZIII, p/7`@/

*7, Ie' ne("n! cum s# poare .oa'e'e, s# u"a p# "e'/ mp#rau a1nre&a a1nre&a p# m.#
c# c# !" ce s# u"# p# "e'/ jN, e)u' XII, p/`?
6Y`
*?, A "(" mp#rau a$ar ( 'e1a 0#+u (1a1nre&a c# a1nre&a c# c"ne a r"m"s as$e'" !e p'ocon
$rumos/ jN, e)u' XII, p/`7
*`, cn! a 0"n" Cu+ea s# u"a 'a $'or#r""a a"a, 'a scoar.#'e ( 'a 5on!roace'e a'ea/
1nre&a, c# nre&a, c# !# c"ne sn $#cue l
4 D# !umnea0oasr# sn l jN, e)u' ZIII, p/776
*9, (1a1nre&a c1 (1a1nre&a c1;a cu" "" 0aca el<tt Md 6, p/6:6, r/@
Cau+e'e am&"%u"#."" unor e)emp'e precum ce'e c"ae sun-
6/ a&sen.a !e"c"ce'or persona'e, a!3ec"0a'e (" a!0er&"a'e> as$e', n-
l-a ntrebat c de unde ai primit scrisoarea & ("
l-a ntrebat c cine a trecut pe-aici &
e)"s# !!', "ar n-
l-a ntrebat c de unde a primit scrisoarea & ("
l-a ntrebat c cine trecuse pe-acolo &, !""!/
As$e', pre+en.a unor !e"c"ce a!3ec"0a'e n *?, (" n *`, ar !e+am&"%u1"+a acese
e)emp'e- ntreba c cine a trimis acest plocon# ntreba c de cine sunt fcute acestea/
n pr"0"n.a 'u" *9,, nre&area ese !ac# `aea `aea ese corespon!enu' 'u" aceasta sau a' 'u"
aceea !"n Do> n pr"mu' ca+, DR ar $" am&"%uu 4 !""! sau !!' 4 "ar n ce' !e1a' !o"'ea
ca+, !oar !!'/
7/ mo!u' (" "mpu' 0er&u'u" ce $unc."onea+# ca pre!"ca ese unu' !"nre urm#oare'e-
1 "n!"ca"0 pre+en, per$ec compus sau 0""or, opa"0 pre+en sau per$ec-
a ntrebat c cine are)a avut)va avea)ar avea)ar fi avut nevoie de o carte
(" n"c"o!a# "mper$ecu' (" ma" mu' ca per$ecu' "n!"ca"0u'u", con13unc"0u' sau
con!"."ona'u'> a(a!ar, ace'e mo!ur" (" "mpur" care po ap#rea n mo! e%a' n propo+".""
pr"nc"pa'e (" secun!are po pro0oca as$e' am&"%u"aea/ Semne'e %ra$"ce ar puea
sa&"'" !"$eren.a n scr"s, !ar a"c" pre+en.a 'or ar araa !oar pre$er"n.a penru o anum"#
"ner1preare/
De p"'!#, n-
Cn s# scu'# $eme"a, !"m"nea.a, !# !# "e' (1nrea&# nrea&# c"n"1"/ jN, e)u' XIZ, p/798
c"n"1" poae $" raporarea sec0en.e" care eti & sau a 'u" cine e & , "ar n-
ursu' a a$'auc# 0u'pea a $#cumros !e pe(e ("ma +s c# !e un!e1a $#cuuro+u!e
pe(e, s#1" !ea ("u'u", c# are ma" rmne(e/ TDO, p/?, r/7?17`
Do poae $"- ;!#1m" (" m"e, c tare mai rvnesc< sau ;!#1m" (" m"e, tare mai rvnesc</
7/?/`/
D"scursu' !"rec 'e%a *!!',
6Y9
Pr"n !!' n.e'e%em o spec"e !"scurs !"rec cu con3unc."e/ E)"s# ns# !ou# "pur" !e
s"ua.""- una n care con3unc."a $ace pare !"n Do *ca1+ur" n care c ese "ner"or
!"scursu'u" !"rec, (" a'a, n care con13unc."a nu apare n enun.u' !e rapora, c" ese un
m"3'oc !e 'e%are e)ern !"scursu'u" !"rec/ Auen"cu' !!' ese a(a!ar un DD cu c e)o1
%en/
Ne 0om ocupa ma" n2" !e ca+ur"'e !e DD cu c en!o%en, care nu ca! su& "nc"!en.a
!!', !ar sun n m#sur# s# o$ere un ermen !e compa1ra."e penru n.e'e%erea acesu"a
!"n urm#/
7/?/`/6/
DD cu c en!o%en
Mo!e'u' DD cu c en!o%en ese ne-a zis c eu plec, n con!".""'e n care se poae
!emonsra c# re'aoru' apar."ne Do *a'$e', ne1am a$'a n $a.a une" am&"%u"#." nre DD
cu c en!o%en (" DD cu c e)o%en,/
E0o'u."a ar puea $" a(a!ar urm#oarea-
Do- Rmnei aici! c eu m duc dup a-utoare.
DD/ 6e-a ordonat/ 2rmnei aici! c eu m duc dup a-utoare4.
DD cu c en!o%en- 6e-a spus s rmn acolo! $zicnd% 2c eu m duc dup
a-utoare4. *n care se p#srea+# con$"%ura."a e)p'"c"# a "n3onc."1un"" 4 0er&u' a
rmne 4 (" pos"&"'"aea "nerpre#r"" se%menu'u" "nro1!us pr"n c !rep e)p'"ca."e
penru $o'os"rea acesu" 0er&,/
S"ua."e ora'# am&"%u#- 6e-a spus 2c eu m duc dup a-utoare4t6e-a spus c 2eu
m duc dup a-utoare4 *un!e !"spar"."a 0er&u'u" care e)1pr"ma mo!a'"aea
$a0or"+ea+# am&"%u"aea !"nre spec""'e !e DD cu c,/
DD cu c e)o%en- 6e-a spus c 2eu m duc dup a-utoare4/
L"sa care urmea+# "n0enar"a+# pos"&"'e'e surse a'e DD cu c en!o1%en/
a/ c are 0a'oare cau+a'#, 0er&u' !ec'ara"0 ese e'"p"c *zic ;a$"rm<) spun)ntreb
asta3,, penru c# em".#oru' nu1(" pune pro&'ema 'e)"1ca'"+#r"" "pu'u" !e mo!a'"ae
pe care a $o'os"1o> c are 0a'oare cau+a1'# penru c# a"c" DD con."ne e)p'"ca."a pe
care em".#oru' o !# n 'e%#1ur# cu $apu' $o'os"r"", aner"or, a une" "n3onc."un", o$ere,
3u!ec#.", op"n"" ec/ *se%men e0"!en."a se%men e0"!en."a,/
0"u 'a #sa ;&# s#1nu!a" &an" &# s#1nu!a" &an"< +"ct;c# 0#+ c# 'ocu '1a" 0n!ut#'a nu m# 'as# s# "nru
p# 'uoc<tt TDM III, p/`AY, r/6`169
#sam"erea o'eant5o.t+ve ;p#" !ac# ma" nu!# ve0a !ac# ma" nu!# ve0a< +"vet;c# "o anusu$er"<tce
;c# m"1a sparucaputnu ("u ve< gmhtt TDM III, p/`A6, r/7`179
;nea uomate ruo%< +vet;p# &#rne.ea !umW"a'e< +cetgmh ;nu ma" spune<
+vet;1nusa!< +vet;ve s1a1nmp'a! 'a no" n cure< +vet;c# ne $aven !#
rs<ttTDM III, p/66?, r/7`178
;e s m1a+umnamp# muarea s2 m# m#nnce 'up" p# !rumttu"e ve1am p#.<tt
ve ;auo'"u s a("uc# c5"ar nu e1a mnca a("uc# c5"ar nu e1a mnca< +vet;c# 'u# ouuae1a 'u nea 0ran a+1
nuape< +vett;!# co'ea<ttveu;"1a 'ua uaea #'uea<tt TDM III, p/699, r/6@17?
6Y8
Ie' n1a0ea mncar" ca s m#nn", '"1a spus 'a copc5"" ca s (a! acas s (a! acas ;c "eu m#
!uc, +", ca s 01a!uc !"mncar"</ jN, e)u' II, p/7:9
;nutc# 'as#tc# nu "e n"m"catc# !ac#mna("tcop"'u "e &unttc# !ac# s# $ave mare "e
&un ( "e' !# s#r0""t&a !1umupuortu&a !1o 0ac#t&a !1o capr#<tt TDM I, p/??Y,
r/6@176
&/ c nu are 0a'oare cau+a'#, 0er&u' ese !e asemenea e'"p"c *zic ;cre!<)cred)sunt
convins,> aces "p nu poae ap#rea !ec2 aunc" c2n! "'usrea+# mo!a'"aea e'ocu"0#
num"# opinie/
;m#" cuscru'e smc# a $#cu1o &#e."tve s# 'e $avemt"o n1an (uu<tt
;e s n1a" ("u !umneaat!a m#1s# a ("uu<tt
;nu c# n1a ("u<tt
5a" c# n1a ("uutt TDM III, p/88A, r/@16?
Nu e pos"&"' ca se%mene'e n cau+# s# $"e con$un!ae cu mosre !e DI *$#r# ermenu'
!e !ec'ara."e,, !eoarece 0er&u' e'"p"c nu ese un 0er& !ec'ara"0, c" un 0er& !e
a"u!"ne propo+"."ona'#-
;m#" cuscru'e smg
eu sun con0"ns#
h c# a $#cu1o &#e."tve s# 'e $avemt"o n1an (uu<tt
;e s n1a" ("u !umneaat!a m#1s# a ("uu<tt
;nu g
ese a!e0#ra
h, g
eu cre!
h c# n1a ("u<tt
5a" g
s# +"cem
h c# n1a ("uutt
7/?/`/7/
DD cu c e)o%en *!!', se re$er# 'a s"ua."" care nu "'usrea+# mo!e'e'e !"scuae
aner"or/ Re'aoru' ese e)er"or, "ar a&sen.a 'u" ar pro!uce mosre !e DD propr"u1+"s/
a/ D!' poae $" "nro!us !e 0er&e !ec'ara"0e precum-
a zice-
"o cu1a maret'%# so&1anu(#+uttc1a0eanusoacr#tta0eanusoacr#t vea c# c# ;!e s1m
pa l<tt TDM III, p/?7, r/6:16A
cum s# +"cea aun3una""ne c# c# ;s# $""e ac" '%# m"nets#1' 0#! cn! muare< gsht
TDM III, p/:Y, r/6A16@,
" #"cu a +s c# c#-
4 e $ave #sa, $#, s# mereu a(a cu no", nu ne 'as# s# !urm"m n"vo!a#, p'ne
'%# no", 5a" s#1' !uvenu'a Dr#%#(anu'a sp"a'/ TDO, p/6Y8, r/7`178
wu+suc wu+suc ;!u1" &#"u" stcuu&o"" "" pu'am!ea'ut( !"u%1" 'ea%1" 'a "es'"<t Md 7,
p/9@, r/6?16`
6Y:
Aunv or m#rs caa cas (1o +s o +s mu"r %a+!aco"u'u" caa &ar&au1so c# c#
5armasar"u nos ve' " r" a " ma" "ue pa 'ume (" mer v " sup " r" a "
ma" !u've, ("1" ma" mua'e cnape"u "" va'a " maas#/ CN, p/6@6, r/6@176
(" $emeea1" !#scn1aco'ot(1m0re(e ap1aea1uc#'!aret!up1aea ve c# " s1a1nxe%a
caputc# " capu1!#(xeatt TDM III, p/67?, r/6616?
*un e)emp'u n care are 'oc neura'"+area !"s"nc."e" !"nre DD cu c e)o%en ("
DI,/
a spune-
!up1aea soru1mea or".a "1a spus c# c# ;+"evet+"eve p# ea s<tt TDM I, p/A?, r/7:17A
nuspune c# c#-
;nu 0re" s# m# !u3u'a &o%a. l<
;!a s e !uc "o<tt TDM III, p/6, r/6`168
no"u2mspun"uc spun"uc ;" 0re.us ne1a'ea gph sus1a'ea%tverutuuor p#mnu l<tt Md 6,
p/::, r/69168
a ntreba-
m#1nre&a c# c# ;ve 0re" s# $av l< ;am umu$rae1aco'ot0reau s#1" scr"u<tt TDM I,
p/6`, r/6Y166
"mcre! c# "o1" $" $os (" 'a $a.# cum0a a(amsp#r"uas# sau ve ("u"o, c# "a nu s1o
aprop""a!u!e m"ne, !ar o sr%au'a m"ne (" m1a1nre&au c# c#-
4 L".# M#r""e, ve a" l TDO, p/7:, r/7817@
" !ocoru Scr"pc# a1nre&a!u!e m"ne, c# c#-
4 d#"e.a(u $u sau ma" "e av"a l TDO, p/6Y:, r/:1A
acuo'o cnuamua3stnr"a& nr"a& p"uTuo$anu Uonuos-
c cm- ;a"u$osu(#$u!"u#r'a l< Md 6, p/A@, r/7: 4 p/@Y, r/6
a1nre&a c a1nre&a c1;aucu"u""u0acauasal<tt+c- ;a nuasr< Md 6, p/6:6, r/`19
sau !e perifraze verbale/
a pus1o 'a ca'e p#r"n." "e"tc# c# ;"a1'tc# ese &#"a!u!# puop#tc# e1a(atc# e p#
!co'otc#1" !# popa saetc#1" $ace cas#<t TDM III, p/696, r/6`169
(u'1au%#sucu uo""'e1aco'o 'a no"tt"o '1wu'uau'a %ur#tc# c# ;ve causu cu1o"'e1
a""v l<tt TDM I, p/8:, r/A16Y
Zer&u' !ec'ara"0 poae $" e'"p"c-
c c1;a" a(a<tc# c# ;"e &W"ne< c# c#m ;"e po+"."e 'a !rumtve s# e !u(uu p1a'em
coasetp1a'em!"a'ur"<tt TDM I, p/@6, r/A1@
6YA
( ve1a +s suacr#1sa lt;a"u" m""c#< +vet;pn1a""vtt!1a""v co'otnu ma" $avem n"v
umupas<tt
c# c# ;!# ve ltc#m<
ve ;#sa .1# sau<tt+vem ;"e3uru!ar<tt TDM III, p/7Y, r/7A17@ 4 p/76, r/617
"e' ;nu c# p'ect"o c# p'ec "ar<t TDM III, p/67`, r/6` *penru- "e' nu, c# c# ;p'ec "o< c# c#
;p'ec "ar<, DD cu c e)ocenr"c,/
g&#"au'h +m&"a !# rst"e' (e!ea ca moanu gshtto $"" +"s "e' ;sa" c# e1
apuxu"eu<tt("m"o n1amu0rutt"e' n"m"cttanu!ev"s#r#tp#r"n." m"e" 0reatt
;nu< c# c# ;s# '1e"<t
"o c# c# ;nu '1eau<mtt TDM III, p/`A8, r/7917@
&/ De asemenea, !!' poae ap#rea !up# 0er&e semna' *penru care 0e+" 7/`/6?,-
0enea $eme" cums#ca!etoamen"tc# c# ;!# ve l< cum&#"au1#' mW"'3octc# c# ;!# ve s#
nenorove(e &#"aum$eme"1asatcu $aau asa l<ttTDM I, p/@?, r/6?169
!am"e'uera maret(1a!uveat grh a!uvea cu ran".au- &ocanvt( $e' !# $e' !#
mun".ettnu1" oprea n"men"tnu1" gKh !up1aeauap#" a ma" re"e(u!#1" m#" srnea c# c#t
mv"ne1aua!una ( ve1a $#cutt TDM I, p/69, r/7:1?Y
a !au'a $ra.t'a #"'an.tma" are !o" $ra.t(" re" suror"t c# c# ;s# !au 'u $'orea<tc# c# ;s# !au
'u on"c#<tc# c# ;s# !au 0e"<tc# c# ;s# !au "'"c#"<tc# c# ;s# !au m"ru."<t TDM I, p/76Y,
r/7817A
7/?/9/
D"scurs !"rec '"&er *DDL,
Dup# cum ar#am 'a I/`/7/ *(" n noa !e $"na' 76,, pr"n discurs direct liber se n.e'e%e
o $orm# !e DD, repera&"'# cone)ua' (" n2'n"# cu prec#!ere n e)e nara"0e cu'e,
c#re"a " '"psesc m#rc"'e %ra$"ce !e "!en"$"care, m#rc"'e ar"&u"r"" spuse'or *0er&u'
!ec'ara"0,, m#rc" pra%ma"ce *a'ocuoru',/ A&sen.a 0er&u'u" !ec'ara"0 $ace !"$"c"'#
sa&"'"rea 'ocu'u" n care ncepe DDL, penru c# recerea !e 'a cu0"ne'e naraoru'u" 'a
cu0"ne'e persona3u1'u" se perece pe nes"m."e> pe !e a'# pare, '"psa 0er&u'u" !#
sen"1menu' unu" !"scurs $#r# a'ocuor> !aor"# acesu" $ap, DDL poae $" u(or
con$un!a cu un monolog interior/
7/?/9/6/
Corpusu' aes# sec0en.e !e DD care nu sun "nro!use !e un 0er& !ec'ara"0 (" n"c"
nu sun ar"&u"e unu" 'ocuor> e'e apar ca rep'"c" nr1un !"a'o%, rep'"c" penru care, o
!a# sa&"'"." "ner'ocuor"", e'emene'e !e ar"&u"re *0er&u' !ec'ara"0 (" nume'e
em".#oru'u", !e0"n "nu"'e-
!"m"n"a.a n1wu+s n"m"ca +c- ;nene (" .a.#<tgmh
;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#<tt
;!# vetcum l<tt
;p#" !1a"atc#mm"ca nu1m" %r"3e3u!# 0ac#<tc# "a !#3atoua(a p'eca#tta0eam
p# &"eu "cut"e' s# ra !up# "e'ettve s# $ac# uomu l s# cu 0aca (" cu ua"atnu "era
6Y@
%ar! ca 'umeatnu "eramtt ;"e" nu1m" %r"3e(e '""uan"'e ca 'umeat(" "o nu1
mucon0"ne<tt
;p#" !a u posus# e con!uv l c# a" s# mor" !# $uametn1o s# ma" ."m +!rean.#
p# "neto s# munve3"unuma p# ma'"%#<tc1a(a spunea "e" gsht;o s# munve(up#
ma'"%#to s#mo s# n1a" gph o s# ra&+u!# $uamem< TDM I, p/?:, r/771?`
"era unutunm3"!an !e 'a $#%#ra(tt3"!anu-
;!a.u3!eru<tt
;nenet+u!u3!eru !ac# mnv (" !umneaa v1am mcauno"<t gmh (1#'a-
;m#nc<tt
"1anu!aum#m#'"%1a mcat!1a"a cuap# cu vap#t("m!a +ve-
;nu!a+u3!eru l<
;a" c# ."1' !#m acumtne1a3unem !mupre.t.1' !#m<tt TDM I, p/9:, r/`16`
a 0en"u'a po!u !m&o0"."t!# !# maa mo(u #sa &#rnt!# !# "e' ("1" spune-
;m#< +vet ;""e ne1a 'uuau&an"tcuare<
;(" un!e l<
;ucuare 'oc<tt
mo(u1a pu+umna p1o pa'".# ("1a p'ecau!up1#"ats%urt TDM I, p/9A, r/618
a $u" ursutp# urm# ne1am !u+uno" !1a""vatcnune1anu!u+uno" !1a""v"1(a-
;un!e1" ursu m#l un!e1a $o+um# l v1a $#cu m# l cum .1a $#cuum# l<
;u"e ua"atam scos ua"a am a!us1o ""v"1(atu"e1o co'ea1mu prun<tt
s# !uva s#pnu uo"" n#""net(" no" !up# "e'ts#mne1araett TDM I, p/9@, r/7@1?7 4
p/8Y, r/61?
!om'etcnua ""( co'one'u !n canve'aret!om'e reve pu!na""nea nuasr#ttcus#
reac#mta(atpa"c# m"1a &#%a uucu. mu m"nett$#cu" re" pa( n#""ne1a(a
;sur#""+u!on'e co'one' s<tt
;veuetm# l<
;"eu so'!au p#ra(cu m"a"t$""n! convenrau(ase 'unu!# +'e1
mu&u!ape(at(1as#+ m# 0#+ convenra "ar a""v<tt TDM I, p/8@, r/A16`
cn! a 0en"!u"ner"1m"ut
;ve1" !a" $'oar" l c " !a" l<
no" "1anuspustt"e' a0ea !ouo+#(ase !# po%oanettera s%urt
;p#" nu ne &ro!"m ore<t
;&a ne &ro!"m<t
;nu ne &ro!"m<t
"1anu!auv"n(upo%oane !# p#mntt
;un!e "" 'e !a" l<
;'a cur#or"<t
a(att ;pomos s<
;pomos<tt
;$nar" s<
;$nar"<tt"1anu!att
;co(are s<
;co(are<tt
;p#u' s<
66Y
;p#u'<tt TDM I, p/76Y, r/?16@
asaK1" cuscrattasaK1" $aat("m#saK %"ner"catta(att(" "o "1am ceru 'a cuscrat
;u"e !umnetasa ."1e $aat#sa m"1e &#eautts p'ac" m# &#eau1 'e l<
a spus c# ;!a m p'ace<tt
;$#" $a# ."e1s p'ace l<
;m p'ace (" m"e<t
;acum s# $"s s#n#o("ts# ne1n.e'e%emt0re" cuscre l<ttb
!at!at!ac2 s21n.e'e%ets"%ur c# ree s# 0reattc
;e s u"e ce esetm"e1n !a" !oo+e3 !# (er%aretpenru c#'.unar"<ttb
!ata(attc
;(" !oo+e3 !# &a+ma'e<ttb
a(a era1na"n"ttc
apro&#t+" numa" !a btt;(" ma" m !a" c"nspre+ece &a"cur" penru suror" !# %"n"re<tb
a(atc
*K0est spre persoanele de fa.
bSe adreseaz unei vecine care asist.
cReplicile aparin vecinei creia i se adreseaz informatorul.,
TDM III, p/A@A, r/69178 4 p/ A@@, r/619
Nu acesea sun ns# sec0en.e'e pe care 'e a0em n 0e!ere aunc" c2n! 0or&"m !espre
DDL/
7/?/9/7/
E)emp'e'e !"n corpus pe care 'e1am %rupa su& nume'e DDL pre+"n# urm#oare'e
par"cu'ar"#."-
1 ese 0or&a !espre sec0en.e !e DR a c#ror ocuren.# se pro!uce nr1un cone)
nara"0>
1 0er&u' !ec'ara"0 ese e'"p"c>
1 em".#oru' c"a nu ese e)p'"c" "n!"ca, !ar poae $" uneor" !e!us !"n cone)/
*6,
Sm&## s# %#ea !# nun#, !# sm&## sara, re&u"a s# rmea# !2 'am!2 'a $a#, s#
rmea# 'a "nere c.0a oamen" cu c#ru.#'e aunva, "erea !#mu'/ S# 0""e cu '#uar"1
coav/ TDO, p/`Y8, 81A
*7,
("manusa aco'o g'a sp"a'hmuo s#p#mn# cuueatc1av" c#ue rup gp"c"oru'htav" c#
nuue rupttgmh (1amu0en" "ar cu "a1n!#r#t !ocoru c#mnu "e ruptwusa o
s#p#mn1aco'otnu "e ruptt TDM II, p/6?, r/76178
*?,
gA 0en" p"s"ca s#'&a"c# a"c" lh
a 0"nt"eramt'ocu"am a""v pese %r'#ttsper""ase o c#unutv"ne mc# ouu'"
pr"m#0ara l v"ne mc# ouu'" l #"tve s# $""e l pn# cn! am 0#+u c# "era
aco'otsp#rsese o gph %ar!u1aco'o nuspa"'" %ra31!"u'u" (1am 0#+uun"(e p#r 0n#
a(atTDM I, p/@A, r/91@/
Acese sec0en.e con."n e'emene caracer"s"ce penru DD, !ar, !aor"1# r#s#ur"'or
enun.ae ma" sus, e'e sun "nerprea&"'e !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' "pu'u" !e DR pe care
666
' repre+"n#- *6, poae $" (" o mosr# !e DIL, *7,, o se0en.# !e nara."une, "ar *?,,
mono'o% "ner"or/
7/?/8/
Dac# apar"."a "pur"'or !"rece !e raporare se 3us"$"c# n pr"mu' r2n! pr"n a'e%erea
unor srae%"" nara"0e 4 sun !ec" or"enae spre ascu'#1or 4 DI sau DN sun ma"
!e%ra&# or"enae spre e)/
7/?/8/6/
Apar"."a sec0en.e'or n DI poae $" mo"0a#-
a/ nara"0-
1 'a ncepuu' po0es"r"", a'#ur" !e a'e e'emene, DI re+um# (" pre%#1e(e po0es"rea
care 0a urma-
(1am 0#+u unm&e."0t'a %ar#tcu muerea (uc1uucop"'a( "eratt sva sva c# "e' "e xe'ner
mu&ucure("t(" !#m!# $e'u 'u" "era !mu&o%a.t xe'nerut"e' spuneta(a m"1a spustt
TDM III, p/6, r/:16Y
1 n cone)e ar%umena"0e, DI 3us"$"c# un anum" punc !e 0e!ere-
Uomu o 0u'a puopa ( +e- Asuspus c# ru%a. p"e Dume+#u s# e !"a p'ua"e/ 1
aa puopa +e +e c1o 0"n unu uuurma "a, c# +e +e are r"$uo" !1asrs ( s# nu1'
p'ua"", c1a'a1" ( m#" !# "ps# s# nu1' p'ua""/ ALRT II, p/6`, r/6?168
&/ pra%ma"c-
1 em".#oru' care ese sursa enun.u'u" c"a ese ne!eerm"na-
m# %n!eam a(a c# 0e!eam "eu (" cn!uauu+se auu+seuc1a p'eca a. ("1a.u!nusau
m"eu nu$"ne an satt TDM I, p/6Y8, r/?61??
1 enun.u' c"a ese "poe"c-
Pun" p" $"me"e os, (1" pun" W".'" sup c5"or ( ra" cu %5""u pn "1 o +(" o +(" c nu "1
o ma" nre&a !" " r+" !" " r+"/ jN, e)u' XXXZ, p/?`6
1 enun.u' c"a $ace pare 'a r2n!u' 'u" !"nr1un c"a-
( ve1 ve1;a ursa a ursaumuucop""' c# cnus1o $ave !# paru anus# !uc# s# sa"e1m pu.<
TDM III, p/??`, r/A1@
c/ '"n%0"s"c-
1 penru a e)p'"c"a enun.area 'a care $ace re$er"n.#, Rapororu' $o'ose(e un 0er& care
presupune DI-
667
acuma ve pre"n!e ve pre"n!e "e" gsocr"" m"c"h ""etca s2 gph ve 'e !au 'orutt1a pre"n! 1a pre"n! s2 "au
ruoxe !e "reas2t"era cu 0u'xu&#'anet"era ruoxe !em!e p'u(utts21" "au s1
om&racuts2 "au panuots2 "au 5a"na1aea !e p'u(uts21" "au "res"ua!"c2 "ots21" $ac
ruoxe !e "reas2 gmh TDM II, p/A67, r/7Y17`
ursu' a a$'a a a$'auc# 0u'pea a $#cumros !e pe(e gmh TDO, p/?, r/7?
( 0e"nu1a p'eca acastsu$ac mcar"t( m1a '#sa m1a '#saup" m"n" s2m r#spun! "ott!"-
ra"sa cu mcar"tua'"1aco'u1(at"uma"ua0e1"e'tt su'e1a!uc "o acas2tt Md 6, p/A,
r/6716`
1 enun.u' c"a "'usrea+#, n $orma or"%"nar#, un ac a'ocu"0 *"n3onc."1une, auor"+are,
a0er"smen, 3u!eca#, cerere, (" se consru"e(e cu "mpera"0u' sau cu con3unc"0u'
5ora"0-
(1o spus c o spus cms1" !au uo su !" 'e" !e1a'" !ouu( !"u'e" m#run.tcaus nu um&'"1nu
&an"tcaus $a'eascus spu""ucuar" &an"ts1ara"u'a uam"n"tt Md 6, p/778, r/7`178
(" "e' gc#'#oru'h a au+"u 'a !oo(p"e noapeatc1a 0en" re" $eme"t'a amtt(ucum '1
a ursa p# "e' gpe nou1n#scuhtta'a '1a ursa a ursa c# s# (1ea $eme"a $rumoas#ts# $"e
&o%#a(ts# $"e 0ren"ct5arn"ctt#ma'a '1a umursa a umursa s# $""e numa &on'a0ts# $"ems#1
(uea $emee ur#ts# $"e puuroas#t( am#rtt( aea !# p# urm#ta reea urs"oaret'1a a
ursa ursams# moar# cn! o a gK ho $" nuna 'u"tmare s# moar#1mupu.t necatt TDM
III, p/`A@, r/7717A
7/?/8/7/
n e)emp'e'e !e DI 'a care ne1am re$er" aner"or apare a2 ermenu' !ec'ara"0 *n
mo! o&"(nu", un 0er&,, c2 (" con3unc."a su&or!onaoa1re/ E)"s# ns# s"ua."" n care
ca'"aea !e DI a une" anum"e sec0en.e ese !e!uc"&"'# cone)ua', !eoarece nu
a0eam a $ace cu con$"%ura."a o&"(nu"# penru DI- verb declarativ d con-uncie d
discurs citat/
E)emp'e'e care urmea+# "'usrea+# o cae%or"e pe care am num"1o 'I narat (" care se
poae a$'a n urm#oare'e re'a."" cu un 0er& !ec'ara"0/
7/?/8/7/6/
Un 0er& !e !ec'ara."e ese $o'os" 'a raporarea unu" DD sau a unu" DI aner"or> e'
3us"$"c# "nerprearea ca DI nara a une" sec0en.e care " urmea+#-
( "eu am nre&a-
;ve (an.ur" sun pe ""v a(a l<
;p#"<t+"ve gaah +"ve gaaht;u"e m#ta""v a $os r%utu"e a""v a(a a $ostu"e a""va $os
5oratcn a 'uuau+me"" $ee'e<tt
(" r%u #sa "era compus !"n !ou# pro0"nv""t0enea (" !"n mu'!o0a (" 0enea ("
!"n ar!ea'ttreva cu ca""tcu car"tpe1aco'o p# !rumur"'e e'eat"eu am $o pe "e'ett(
a!uva m#r$ur'e av" (" a""va 'e cump#ra poporutt("1nr1o &un# +" cnu"era suare (
ca'!ta $#cu $ee'et$#vau 5or# ca cum $ac ("1a""vat!aca nu ("u 'a !umnea10uasr#
!e un!e1." $" !"n ve 'oca'"ae gsh cum "1a""3u'a "e("t!ac# nu cunua(e."tt3uac#t$ave
5ora !e !oo r"" sue !e persuanet $eet&#"e.t"nereutt(1a 0en" !o" +me"
!"mumune'e ne%o"ut(1a a'e+u!ouo $ee 'e ma" $rumuase !u5or# (" 'e1a 'uua p#
sus ( 'e1a !us aco'otn 0r$u ne%o"u'u"t"e o po"en".# (1" +ve po"ana +meuu1'u"tt(1
66?
aco'o 'e1a !us mupo"en".auaeat( ("1a &#uu3uo% !e "e'e pn# cnu'e1a uomortt(
"eu m# !uvamt0e+t"eram ma" m#r"(uort&#"a! mare c am crescu!unuma p# mune
cu uo""'et v"o&antm# !uvam pe1aco'o ( m# u"amttTDM I, p/6, r/68178 4 p/7, r/61:
( sr%a sr%atc# gmh
;!#1e %ru nu e !a p'ea0#t
c# m"r"e "1" e rea&#<t
(1" &un gsh oruc# ;m"reasa "1" e rea&#<tmsr%ataco'o TDdN, p/69, r/68177
g&uc#aru' spuneah ;e" s !#m pe(" 'a &uor(<tt'uam uucuo(t!"n asampesc gph !1
e"a !" nue'"t'1ump'eamua'eaucrapu ve' ma" marettacuma !"ucra&una s &#"e.
spunea spuneatve ;m"a1m p'ave ( somn<t#'a1" p'aveu( p'#"c2tma'u1" p'aveu(a'#umtt
TDD, p/9, r/6:176
p#" uspuneammama uspuneammamatmc# cn! a 0en" urv"1a $os #&#r a""vat 'am cmpu
3&'"tt(m'a cmpu 3&'" av""a $#cuser# "e"mconave'e 'or penrum"ernatpenru c#
s# sea "e" av""atgKh a!una ! pnusae 0""eta!unamuunur"ta!una m"ereta0eau
uamen" 'ortt(2mcn! a 0en"uru( p#s# "e"tcn! auauu+ c# 0"n ru( p#s# "e"mnr1
o noape1amp'ecattp#mm#1sa &#rn# cum " +vetp# &un"c#1sa &#rn#ta 'ua1o cu
uxa(u aco'ot'a cor0oa!#tt( cn! a p'eca "e" nuapeat"1a 'uau(1a""vamcn s#
reac# 'a &#&u"e("tuxa(u gph m#u(a (1a a!us am"ne c1a u"auv"+me'etaco'o1
mu&or!e"e'e 'or un!e 'e1a a0utt( uxa(u nutc# s#1nuarc#1n!#r#ttarn#u. #ea
care1a $osucu "e" !#1" !uvatma spus c#mnutnu (""a rumne(ett "1ar#a c# a u"at
m#'a n1a gKh n.e'es ve +vet(1av" 'a cum " +ve 'a cruva 'u e&#'an c#re &#&o"e("
aco'ot"1a #"aucaputt'1a '#saumor aco'ott
gLa unc5"a(u' lh
uxa(u'u"ttarn#uu.u glh urvesctt"1a #"a capu uxa(u'u"t c# n1a ("uuuve
+vett"e' o $"1n.#'es c# spune a'em&#n#n#"ttn1a ("u c#ms#1nuarc# s# "a v"+me'ett
TDM I, p/89, r/6Y17:
7/?/8/7/7/
O s"ua."e asem#n#oare cu cea !escr"s# ma" sus ese aceea n care o anum"# sec0en.#
ese "nerprea&"'# ca DI nara !aor"# unu" DN care ' pre%#e(e (" care poae $"
cons"u" !"nr1un 0er& !ec'ara"0, o per"$ra+# 0er&a'# sau un nume/ E' "n!"c# $apu' c#
pasa3u' care " ur1mea+# ese !"scurs rapora (" nu nara."une> DN (" DI sun separae
!e pau+# *tt,/
Se%menu' n DN-
a, poae s# precea!# DI-

&un"ca a r#"!unoo+e(v"nv !e an"tt("1n noo+e(v"nv" !e1an"t ne1a po10es" $"e'ur" (" ne1a po10es" $"e'ur" ("
x"pur" x"pur"tta $os urv"tr#+&o"turvesctt"e" au p'eca!u !"n// rax"att%on"n!u1" urv"
cuavet2m'a !oo 'a re" 'ocur" "1a !#rma p2t"e" a $osucop"" uor$an"ttm#1sa a
#"a1o urv"ta r#mas "e" re" $"e" or$an"tt( a1.u ("ta1.u 'e1a1nv"ns cu %a'&en"ttcu
x"mere !" aur !"suptt!a cop"""tc2 p# cop"" nu1" x"nu"atp# a.o1' x"nu"at(" 'a re"
'ocur"t'1a !#rmatcu sa&"""'" p# "e'tt;aurutu(1aurut(uauru<tt(" "e' o nu1'u!#!eatt("
ocma" a""vat$"ermat&#"t aco'o ("1a !a aurut&un"cutt TDD, p/77?, r/6917?
66`
!amme1a po0es" me1a po0es" un on !2 'a opa'ut"" morta mur" !m!2 aact!u$r"c2t'1a !a
n aactta a0u o $a2 'am&#'vescu m#r"a12tt(2ua"!e1aunva 'a &o&uoea+2 s2us#
!uc2 'a $a2ttcumueram nuuera ma(n"ts1a !us p# 3ostt( "arn2tx"v"ur2 !1aeatcnus1
a aprox"a nre !oro&an.u ( &#'v"escutp# uo 0a'e1aco'ots1a pom"n" cu u5a""c !2
0rom +eve vspre+ev"ttgmh TDD, p/7?8, r/7Y179
(1a(aua 0e gph a $ostc1a 0en"!u"nera'u !# !"0"+et1aunv "ar s1a !a or!"n s1a !a or!"nttua#m
re"menu s# $"e1m&r#ca. nu5a"n"'" !# ser0"vtt TDM III, p/67, r/A16Y
&, poae s# urme+e DI-
"e'm#sata $os un uom n#rttunm&#"aun#rtcar" "e' n 0"a.a 'u"t c1a(a1+u&#e."
"ner"ts1a a0u &"ne cu $"e'"ttgmh (" "e' n1a 'ua1o pua" p#mp"ersuan1aea car" s1a
!us "e'mc0a "mu&"net( a 'ua a'att(1aeat(1a r#+&una p# "e'tgmh( '1a $"ermecat
gmh asa1" po0ese auu+"#tnu c# am ("u "o saumt"se1auu+"# asa1" po0ese auu+"#tnu c# am ("u "o saumt"se1auu+"#tt TDD, p/7`@, r/6Y1
6@
mamatma 0ruus# m# !uc# 'a sp""a'tt"era unu !ocor (u.u 'a rmn"ctt!omnu'e1
aunv" nu "era ca acuttcare cunus# !uva1" #"am mnatp""voru !ac# "erea cum0a
rupttot" #"a p""voare'et" e"a mnat!ac# "era cum0a rup#tt( punea !# 'e gKh !#
'"emntp"vor !# 'emntta(att"otcnuammc# !e st!# uop an" "otmcnuam auu+ "o am auu+ "o
a(a p# mama a(a p# mamam;mam#< +%t ;ma" &"ne mor p# grh p# &'ana pau'u"t !#cus# m#
!u3u'a rmn"c s#1nua"e p"voru<tt TDM I, p/:?, r/6Y16:
c, poae s# ocupe am&e'e po+".""-
!up# spuse'e a#'u" meut!up# au+"e !e 'a oamen" ma" &#rn" !up# spuse'e a#'u" meut!up# au+"e !e 'a oamen" ma" &#rn"tsau "sa
uru'e("ma recu unu2 vo&antcu o"'etcare a p#scu mup#(un"'e mo'!o0"tt!"n
romn"ata(a n" spunea a(a n" spunea !"n munen"a a $osuvo&anu ve'att jR, p6, r/91A
7/?/8/7/?/
Un ca+ e)rem ese ace'a n care DI nara nu ese sus."nu !e ocuren1.a unu" 0er&
!ec'ara"0> ca'"aea !e DR a e)u'u" e0"!en."a ese, o1u(", !e!uc"&"'# !"n cone)-
#"cu cnua $osu'ua n arma#ta gph s1a !us gph a $os corpo1ra!u'a carac#'tt"e'
a""va a $os !up# ve a $#cu re" 'unu "nsruc.""eta $o+u'ua n r#+&o"ttmer%n!
ur#+&o"tn mun."" ara m"c#tn veos'o0av""ata""ve "e' %#se(e gph s# urc# p# mun."
aacn! nem." !# sus gph nem."1aacau !# sus (" romn" !# 3osttns# "e" mer%#n!upe
mun."t!# o n"nsoare $oare marett"e" acuma nu ma" pueau s# ma" aave !#
3osttre&u"au s# mear%# s# m!ea +#pa!a 'a o paretca s# poaus#1na""ne+ettnr1o
noapet"e" a0eau 'e%#uru cumcan"ne'e p"n $"retnr1o noape unu neam. co&oar#
$#r# s# (""e romn" ( a"e $"rutt gmh TDM II, p/`9, r/6166
7/?/:/
669
DN apare $rec0en ca o sec0en.# ce r"m"e 'a un se !e "n$orma."" con1s"!era pu."n
"mporan penru econom"a nara."un"" sau a02n! o 'e%#1ur# n2mp'#oare cu aceasa-
Ieram uc'as# 'a ora !e romn# (1a0eam o 'ec."e ;Parcu'< (" ne1n0#1.a uo o0ar(e
n0#.#oare cam nu0rs# (1po gph m1a pus s# po0esesc 'ec."a/ TDO, p/`78, r/7: 4
p/`7:, r/617
(um&'n coeuoco'ote1amm!aue po0es"u(meram pre"n# &un# cu "'eana
cume"(.att(1ap2"mn!ruma ca +# 0""e 'a no" 'a $ee (mt 1
auc#s#or"u!oomn#ttTDdN, p/6Y, r/67169
S1sr% $"e" ( orc/ 1apu s1sr% ( &#"e./ Spun po0"e(" $'#c#"", e"esc/ ALRT II,
p/6:8, r/6?16`
A" s1a!un# "er", &#r, $"ee, e0"es#/ S#1c#'+#sc ( 0or&"esc, +c mu$'u""r",
uc'#e> a'. cn#, a'. &"au/ ALRT II, p/69, r/7Y177
;( "ouamu$o+un#c#3uca "netme1a mur"ucop"""t(u!ac1am ma" 'uuau pu(ca1m mn#
(ucuuuamen"mam ma" u"a (u"o n#ca+ur'"tt#'a unat#'a o po0eset#'a c#uam
(xopa "epur'et#'a c# s# 0e+ c# $#cu a(atmma" u"am n#ca+ur'etta(a a" s# $a(u(
u<tuspune m"ett TDM I, p/?Y7, r/7Y17?
""" 0or&eatm s ca uomut("1a!uvea am"ne !# oae1a'ea pn1aco'ot c#u"e cam
!#pare pn# une s1a !us "e"tt TDD, p/?96, r/7@1?Y
(" $emeea1" !#scn1aco'ot(1m0re(e ap1aea1uc#'!aret!up1aea ce c# " s1a1nxe%a
caputc#u" capu1!#(xeatt TDM III, p/67?, r/6616?
("1a 0en"tne1au n3uratune1au &r$"gmh TDM III, p/7`9, r/6?16`
sr"%a 'a $eett( $e"'" ma" ' oc#reatma" !r#cueatt TDM III, p/:86, r/66
Uneor", ocuren.a sec0en.e" !e DN ese mo"0a# !e $apu' c# R
e
nu are compeen.a
'"n%0"s"c# !e a repro!uce spuse'e C
e
-
(" !up1aeatm1a 0#rsau'aua'ure"menmttre"menut#sa "era numa !1#(ea !nm
m!muparea asa !# 'amme5e!"n.tta0ea 0or&e re'et!#mre"menu s# !esm gph "
'uase !rape'tnu "era a(a m re"men ca 'umeat TDM I, p/6`, r/719
a 'ua pop" amn!o" !ouo c#r.t(1a1nvepu ;poo'e(e !oamnet $uruna<t!#1"tv""re
"e" pop" aco'o una ua'atts1a !omo'"tt TDM I, p/7@, r/6916:
La %roap#1" ee(e popa> !up# e '1a1n%ropa " $ae poman#/ jN, e)u' 9, p/9

sau nu ese necesar s# 'e repro!uc#, !eoarece e'e sun cunoscue (" !e c#re anc5eaor-

1acuma1mupare &"ne c# 0en" na(a !e spus# (1auu+r#uc# ne ma" n0ese'"ru(
no"/ g$""n!c# &o'na0u' s1a ns#n#o("h TDO, p/?@:, r/71?
668
manu#"a umupu", pn#1' 3umu'"r#m, pn# mcaru(mcnu0en"" acas#, m#
xemar#+u!umnea0oasr2/ TDO, p/`Y:, r/7617?
O sec0en.# n DN poae 0a'ora ca re+uma a' re'a#r"" care o urmea+# sau care o
prece!#/ Cu aces ro' apar !es 0er&e ca a povesti sau s"no1n"me a'e acesu"a-
m1am mpe!eca !e1o p"art(1auc#+uu3ostt&""c'ea uo c#+uu p"s" m"n"tt(u!up#
aeeatmamatgph m1anu!usu(u"1am po0es" mam""t Md 6, p/`:, r/6:16@
naa "1a po0es" uae neca+ur"'e "e" ( "1a spus s1o &ae ( pe "a, s1oms#1"
%r"3e+e ( "e" casa, s'u%2/ Aunv &a&a a pr"m"1o (" "1a spus gmh TDO, p/`6?, r/:1
A
am au+upo0es"ntc# 'oamtmana " 'a m#r5#"ta(a s# spuetc# 'oa mana " 'a
m#r5#"t TDdN, p/:6, r/81:
ma" spunea e' !uupnuarma#t TDM III, p/A8, r/6?
n as$e' !e ca+ur", n care DN ese re+umau' une" sec0en.e ma" 'ar%", n DN po
ap#rea $"e un 0er& !ec'ara"0 nso." !e un e'emen ana$or"c, $"e !oar acesa !"n urm#/
Corpusu' "'usrea+# urm#oare'e s"ua.""-
I/ Ca+ur" n care un DN ana$or"c se re$er# s"mu'an-
6/ 'a p#r." !"n e) ap#rue aner"or ("
7/ 'a un !"scurs or"%"nar, pe care ' raporea+#/
"1amu$#cu "o mcaret1am mcatuve ;o'eo .#."c#< ;o'eo .#."c#< +vet;n1am ma" ;n1am ma"
mcaumcarem&un#< mcaumcarem&un#< +"vet;!# cnua mur"umamattc#< ;!# cnua mur"umamattc#< ve ;asat mocaca1asa< ;asat mocaca1asa<
+vet;unu$e' !# mcare (""1attunu1s pune p mas#tp1#'a s#1' m#nnv< ;unu$e' !# mcare (""1attunu1s pune p mas#tp1#'a s#1' m#nnv<tt( +vetm
"erea "arn#t;snu(u"o cu p"voar'" %oa'e< ;snu(u"o cu p"voar'" %oa'e<t+ve ;1n v"+met"1anuveruu(u"o s21m "a ;1n v"+met"1anuveruu(u"o s21m "a
vora&u( n1a 0ru< vora&u( n1a 0ru<ttgmh m"1a spus ot(1a p'ecatt(ucnu0"ne &#r&au1mWot"
po0es"" ( 'u"t gmhtta p'ecau( '1a %#s"!u'a copera"0#tt
;veue m#l<t
;u"e1a(atu"e1a(a<t TDM III, p/6@9, r/6169
"e'ms1apuc# (1nu+ve m"""ttc#us#um# "a1uc#s#or""e s#um# "a1uc#s#or""ett"otm"1era ru(ne !e "e'utt
gmh(1a0eam o sor#uacas2ttcare !orm"a cu no" a!"c#touc#s#or"#uerattgmh ;!a!#<
+"c ;"oemve me1a +"s #'aua 'u $urn"c2t"e1a(ata(ata(a<mtt TDM III, p/A6Y, r/9177
"e' a +s c#1mmm"1ara# !rumuts1a su""u(1"e' uc#ru.#m(" "eum m1wusu"" s1a su""u(1"e' uc#ru.#m(" "eum m1wusu""
uc#ru.#tt(u'oc s#1" !au !"rec."a p# (oseatca'u a ("1uu pese !ea'ttacu a 'ua1o uc#ru.#tt(u'oc s#1" !au !"rec."a p# (oseatca'u a ("1uu pese !ea'ttacu a 'ua1o
pese !ea' ca'uttcu m"ne1uc#ru.#tt anu!au!rumu 'a 5#.ur"tc# "o am pese !ea' ca'uttcu m"ne1uc#ru.#tt anu!au!rumu 'a 5#.ur"tc# "o am
n.epen"tcomp'ectt(1a r#mas (1#'a1uc#ru.#t&o%#.o"uta r#mas o uc#ru.#t&ea n.epen"tcomp'ectt(1a r#mas (1#'a1uc#ru.#t&o%#.o"uta r#mas o uc#ru.#t&ea
mort( "eu anu!au!rumu 'a 5#.ur"t( 'a &"vtt(1wur#mas a(amuc#ru.#tt samm mort( "eu anu!au!rumu 'a 5#.ur"t( 'a &"vtt(1wur#mas a(amuc#ru.#tt samm
mortn c#ru.#ttgmhm1a !us ca'u1aca+u!om'e s mortn c#ru.#ttgmhm1a !us ca'u1aca+u!om'e sttgmh;u"e "atam p#." asatasa<
+ct;pueam s# $"u muor!<t TDM III, p/7, r/7Y178 4 p/?, r/8 4 p/`, r/6
cn! av"tmm# r"!"ca" "otuo 'ua" p1un !m& a(a1co'otmn# s mn# sts# cn! av"tmm# r"!"ca" "otuo 'ua" p1un !m& a(a1co'otmn# s mn# sts#
scu'#t scu'#t usust(uuo 'u# !up# m"nett(opa s (opa s (ou !up# m"nett;auo'eu st!oamne usust(uuo 'u# !up# m"nett(opa s (opa s (ou !up# m"nett;auo'eu st!oamne
66:
pupa1e1a3<u+"ct;#sa m# m#nc# p1a"vt#sa "e 'uptveuma" stt!oamne s !oamne s< pupa1e1a3<u+"ct;#sa m# m#nc# p1a"vt#sa "e 'uptveuma" stt!oamne s !oamne s<
ma" m#1 ma" m#1x x"na"t gmh merse"tmerse"ts#u "na"t gmh merse"tmerse"ts#u u'octt u'octtgmh
;ve1a" p#. l<
;e s m1a+umnamp# muarea s2 m# m#nnve 'up" p# !rumtt u"etu"e ve1am
p#.<tt TDM III, p/69`, r/6`16@ 4 p/699, r/6A17Y
O m#rs aa cu ua'a 'a $a# (" $aa '1o r"m#s napo" s '1o r"m#s napo" s uorc#u mparau ua'a pa !os/ uorc#u mparau ua'a pa !os/
Aunv" o m#rs napo" 'aumparau (1o +s-
4 Ia v1o +s $aa m (" "1o spus/ CN, p/6@7, r/`1:
II/ Ca+ur" n care DN ana$or"c se re$er# s"mu'an-
6/ 'a p#r." !"n e) ap#rue aner"or,
7/ 'a un !"scurs or"%"nar, pe care ' raporea+#, ("
?/ 'a o sec0en.# u'er"oar#, n DD sau DI/
cmum1am !u+u'a ca+arm# 'amtn1am ma" %#sun"m""c mupat "e$ec"'" 'uae cmum1am !u+u'a ca+arm# 'amtn1am ma" %#sun"m""c mupat "e$ec"'" 'uaettm1
anu!u+u'a uucamara! a' m"eu !1a""3u!nusatc# (e!ea ma" co'eaua(ata
mur"tan!re" '"naruttgmhcmum1an !us (" "1wuspus- ;&#"tan!re"<t+"ct;u"e u"etm"1 m"1
a 'ua e$ec"'" a 'ua e$ec"'"<tt TDM III, p/66, A169
gpopah spuneat+ve ;uo s21" !au casa< ;uo s21" !au casa<ta0ea uo cas#1mumar"nett ;"" !au casauasa ;"" !au casauasa
'u $ra"1m"u< 'u $ra"1m"u< +vet;(ms# s# c#s2oreasc# (m< t;(ms# s# c#s2oreasc# (m<tt u$"net!# uun!e pn# uun!e a
%#s"up# mamatcu 'o%u!# cas2tt gmha pus1o 'a ca'e p#r"n." "e"tc# ;"a1'tc# ese
&#"a!u!# puop#tc# e1a(atc# e p# !co'otc#1" !# popa saetc#1" $ave cas# c#1" !# popa saetc#1" $ave cas#<t TDM
III, p/696, r/@169
cnu0#+ c#.eaua cu uo &ur#ts#u'#tve s# ""e cu asa m#" $rae lttet c#.eaua c#.eaua
mcase (" "a 'a 5o" aco'otun!1erea 5uo"ut nuapea uomorse ursu mcase (" "a 'a 5o" aco'otun!1erea 5uo"ut nuapea uomorse ursu
umum umum +atu3ucu !"ure" an" +atu3ucu !"ure" an"ttW"ne vo&an" cu uo"'"ta0eam unu ma" m#r"(uortma"
&#rntma" m"c ca m"netueu!# u'a rnve!t !um"ru 'uputt
;m#" !um"re< +"ct;u"e m# asatasatasata 0"n"uc#.eaua ma" a(atma" a 0"n"uc#.eaua ma" a(atma"
a!"n"auram a!"n"auram<tt
III/ Ca+ur" n care DN ana$or"c se re$er# s"mu'an-
6/ 'a un !"scurs or"%"nar, pe care ' raporea+#, ("
7/ 'a o sec0en.# u'er"oar#, n DD sau DI/
a'!a# cnuwus#uucu1e' !# 0or&# mW1a +stc# ;"1a" spu+umam" c# u"e1a(a (1a(atc# c#
nu 0re" s2um# "e" nu 0re" s2um# "e"<t TDM I, p/7AY, r/7Y176
IZ/ Ca+ur" n care DN ana$or"c se re$er# s"mu'an-
6/ 'a p#r." !"n e) ap#rue aner"or ("
7/ 'a o sec0en.# aner"oar# ("tsau u'er"oar#, n DD sau DI/
Ie o +s-
4 4 Cn!1o" %re(" (" !ac# m"1" .pa s# m# 'e(" s# "eu numa ve po 'uua Cn!1o" %re(" (" !ac# m"1" .pa s# m# 'e(" s# "eu numa ve po 'uua u&ra.#/ u&ra.#/ gmh ("
mparaasa '1o 'uua pa "e' u&ra.# (1o +s c# a(e '"1o $os 0or&a s# "e ve poe 'uua s# "e ve poe 'uua
u&ra.# u&ra.# gmh CN, p/6@7, r/771??
66A
7/?/A/
A$"rma."a c# !"sr"&u."a $orme'or !"scursu'u" rapora n econom"a po10es"r"" are
mo"0a."" nara"0e, pra%ma"ce, '"n%0"s"ce sau ps"5o'"n%0"s1"ce nu re&u"e s# ne
con!uc# spre conc'u+"a c# $orme'e !"scursu'u" rapora apar nr1un mo! aproape
mecan"c, %u0ernae !e 'e%" care !ep#(esc capac"aea !e !ec"+"e a po0es"oru'u"/
nun!amena'# pen1ru e)e'e !e naur# ora'# ese caracer"s"ca sponane"#.""
acesora, a '"pse" !e e'a&orare- !up# cum am ar#a n 7/7/`/6/6/7/, em".#oru' ese
supus unor ens"un" !"$er"e, n !"a'o%u' 'u" cu receporu', e' pr"1me(e s"mu'an
"n$orma."" !"n ma" mu'e surse (" are !e n!ep'"n" ma" mu'e o&"ec"0e> e)u' pe care
' pro!uce nu poae !ec2 s# re$'ece acese $enomene/
Corpusu' "'usrea+# a&un!en ca+ur" n care un anum" "p !e DR ese a&an!ona n
$a0oarea a'u"a- a2 e)emp'e n care DD ese pre1$era unu" a' "p !e raporare, c2 ("
e)emp'e penru s"ua."a "n0ers#/
D"scursu' !"rec ese pre$era a'u" "p !e !"scurs a'u" "p !e !"scurs
DD ese pre$era DI DI
*6,
0"ne un 0#r a' m"eu s# 0"u cu ca"" s#1'm s# 0"u cu ca"" s#1'm0"ne gph '1a mna aa +ve-
;m#<t+vet;+am$"re< +"ve ;5a" s# 'ua.up#mnea ren.ea !# 'a ca+ant cu c#ru.a<t
TDM III, p/:7, r/6916@
DD ese pre$era DN DN
*7,
mp"% "o u(ato o x xem p# 02m em p# 02m;0as"'cot0as"'co s "a 0"no1coave s<
jR, p/`, r/81:
*?,
La urm#1n anu 0"""o gph 0"""or, a 0ru ve' ma" m"3'uoc ca s#m a 0ru ve' ma" m"3'uoc ca s#m
4 Ta#, m# !uc "o, c# "o1' pr"n!/
TDO, p/6Y9, r/7717?
DD ese pre$era DIL DIL

*`,
"e' m#1nre&a p# m"n" c2 ;cum "" 'a sp"a' l<tt( m# s"m "eu &"ne ltt s#ms# .u s#ms# .u
re"mts# .u !""ea care me1a !a1o me!"v"t(us# sau '"n"("2ts2unu $ac e$uortc# re"mts# .u !""ea care me1a !a1o me!"v"t(us# sau '"n"("2ts2unu $ac e$uortc#
snu$a# n#r# (m snu$a# n#r# (mt;a" cuop"' a#tre&" s#1' cre("<tt!evmno!eauna m# pun"a
'am'a ca'e !e &"nett TDM II, p/`9?, r/77178
DD ese pre$era nara."un"" nara."un""
*9,
gCum " +"cea 'a 3ocu' #sa lh
n0r"1e pur"et
66@
g" cum era lh
p" nu "ra pur"e ec#r"tnuma ca s#m" numa ca s#m" gKh numa numa gKh ;nu m10r<t TDdN, p/8,
r/6Y16?
Mo"0e'e penru care raporarea "n!"rec# ese a&an!ona# n $a0oarea ce'e" !"rece
e0"!en."a+#, n oae acese e)emp'e, a0ana3e'e !"scursu1'u" !"rec- ese ma" u(or !e
$o'os" !ec2 ce' "n!"rec (" ese ma" su%es1"0/
n *6,, !"scursu' !"rec re+o'0# !"$"cu'aea rapor#r"" unu" enun. a" c#ru" "gent ("
Surs nu co"nc"! *F l-a trimis pe e! pentru ca acesta din urm s-mi transmit din
partea primului c ec/,> n *7,, *?, (" *`,, DD ese a'es !aor"# capac"#."" !e a
e)pr"ma ma" prec"s (" ma" puern"c $or.a "'ocu."onar# cu care ese n0es" enun.u' !e
rapora> n s$2r(", n *9,, a'e%erea DD re+o'0# o !"$"cu'ae n care ese pus $rec0en
"n$or1maoru' pe parcursu' une" anc5ee !"a'eca'e, (" anume aceea !e a $urn"+a o
!e$"n"."e penru un anum" 'ucru *n ca+u' !e $a.#, un 3oc,/
n sc5"m&, aunc" c2n! a'ce0a ese pre$era !"scursu'u" !"rec !"scursu'u" !"rec, mo"10e'e sun !e ce'e
ma" mu'e or" !e or!"n nara"0 sau pra%ma"c-
DD DD nrerup
*8,
!"m"n"a.a n1wu+s n"m"ca +c- ;nene (" .a.#< ;nene (" .a.#<t!up# v1wur#n" pu %ra3!ur"t"aua
$#cuumcaret"o m1anu!us (" "outt(" !up# ve1am mcatm1am a(e+aup# patu"e1
a(atcummsau acutt;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#< ;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#<tt
;!# vetcum l<tt
; ;p#" !1a"atc#mm"ca nu1m" %r"3e3u!# 0ac#< p#" !1a"atc#mm"ca nu1m" %r"3e3u!# 0ac#<tc# "a !#3atoua(a p'eca#tta0eam
p# &"eu "cut"e' s# ra !up# "e'ettve s# $ac# uomu l s# cu 0aca (" cu ua"atnu "era
%ar! ca 'umeatnu "eramtt ;"e" nu1m" %r"3e(e '""uan"'e ca 'umeat(" "o nu1 ;"e" nu1m" %r"3e(e '""uan"'e ca 'umeat(" "o nu1
mucon0"ne< mucon0"ne<tt
TDM I, p/?:, r/771?Y
*:,
"era unutunm3"!an !e 'a $#%#ra(tt3"!anu-
;!a.u3!eru<tt
; ;nenet+u! nenet+u! u3!eru !ac# mnv (" !umneaa v1am mcauno"< u3!eru !ac# mnv (" !umneaa v1am mcauno"<tno" a0eam n"(e
m#m#'"%# cuap#tc# m#m#'"%a necuap# ne.a (" n1o pueam mcat;!ac# mnv (" ;!ac# mnv ("
!umneaa m#m#'"%# cuap# ca cum am mcauno" !1am pr"n+u3!eru< !umneaa m#m#'"%# cuap# ca cum am mcauno" !1am pr"n+u3!eru<t(1#'a-
;m#nc<tt
TDM I, p/9:, r/`166
DIL ese pre$era DD DD
*A,
; ;u"e< u"e< "ve ;0# !uve+u'a casa a"a co'o< ;0# !uve+u'a casa a"a co'o< +ve ;( 0e+ c21" o m#u(e< ;( 0e+ c21" o m#u(e<t"vet ;s#1" spu" s# ;s#1" spu" s#
0# $ac# mama'"%# s# mca.< 0# $ac# mama'"%# s# mca.< "ve ;c# v"ne (""e (1a'e e" p# un!e mc#< ;c# v"ne (""e (1a'e e" p# un!e mc#<tta0ea (
eata0us#s# ( "e' !oo $ee ( p'ecas#r# (" "e'e s#mrera%#tt TDM I, p/?Y, r/77179
DItDI naratDN sun pre$erae DD DD
67Y
*@,
( "eu am nre&a-
;ve (an.ur" sun pe ""v a(a l<
; ;p#"< p#"<t+"ve gaaht;u"e m#ta""v a $os r%utu"e a""v a(a a $ostu"e a""va $os ;u"e m#ta""v a $os r%utu"e a""v a(a a $ostu"e a""va $os
5oratcn a 'uuau+me"" $ee'e< 5oratcn a 'uuau+me"" $ee'e<tt
(" r%u #sa "era compus !"n !ou# pro0"nv""t0enea (" !"n mu'!o0a (" 0enea ("
!"n ar!ea'ttreva cu ca""tcu car"tpe1aco'o p# !rumur"'e e'eat" e u a m $ o p e " e u a m $ o p e
" e ' e " e ' e tt( a!uva m#r$ur'e av" (" a""va 'e cump#ra poporutt("1nr1o &un# +" cnu"era
suare ( ca'!ta $#cu $ee'et$#vau 5or# c a c u m $ a c ( " 1 a " " v a t ! a c a n u ( " u c a c u m $ a c ( " 1 a " " v a t ! a c a n u ( " u
' a ! u mn e a 0 u a s r # ! e u n ! e 1 . " $ " ! " n v e ' o c a ' " a e g s h c u m " 1 ' a ! u mn e a 0 u a s r # ! e u n ! e 1 . " $ " ! " n v e ' o c a ' " a e g s h c u m " 1
a " " 3 u ' a " e ( " t ! a c # n u c u n u a ( e . " t t 3 u a c # t $ a v e 5 o r a ! e ! o o a " " 3 u ' a " e ( " t ! a c # n u c u n u a ( e . " t t 3 u a c # t $ a v e 5 o r a ! e ! o o
r " " s u e ! e p e r s u a n e t $ e e t & # " e . t " n e r e u r " " s u e ! e p e r s u a n e t $ e e t & # " e . t " n e r e u tt(1a 0en" !o" +me"
!"mumune'e ne%o"ut(1a a'e+u !ouo $ee 'e ma" $rumuase !u5or# (" 'e1a 'uua p#
sus ( 'e1a !us aco'otn 0r$u ne%o"u'u"t"e o po"en".# (1" +ve po"ana +meuu'u"tt (1
aco'o 'e1a !us mupo"en".auaeat( ("1a &#uu3uo% !e "e'e pn# cnu'e1a uomortt( (
" e u m# ! u v a mt 0 e + t " e r a m ma " m# r " ( u o r t & # " a ! ma r e c a m " e u m# ! u v a mt 0 e + t " e r a m ma " m# r " ( u o r t & # " a ! ma r e c a m
c r e s c u ! u n u ma p # mu n e c u u o " " ' e t v " o & a n t m# ! u v a m p e 1 c r e s c u ! u n u ma p # mu n e c u u o " " ' e t v " o & a n t m# ! u v a m p e 1
a c o ' o ( m# u " a m a c o ' o ( m# u " a mttTDM I, p/6, r/68178 4 p/7, r/61:
*6Y,
a 'ua pop" amn!o" !ouo c#r.t(1a1nvepu ;poo'e(e !oamnet $uruna< ;poo'e(e !oamnet $uruna<t!#1"tv""re
"e" pop" aco'o unaua'atts1a !omo'"tt TDM I, p/7@, r/6916:
*66,
ve s# ma"tman +s c# ne %#+!u"e ( p# no" ppa aco'et0r&a #'u"a c1a0e !#su'e
(an!rama'etvem vema +s c# n1are un!e TDM I, p/7@, r/7717`
*67,
popatnu ne1a %#+!u""tam p'ecaucu &"eu 5#'a p1o u'".# usu+u'a !ea't;5a" m#< ;5a" m#< +c
;0e!em ( no" un!e< ;0e!em ( no" un!e<ttnrea&# co'eatnut nrea&# co'eatnutt TDM I, p/7@, r/7`178
As$e', n *8,, *:, (" *A,, DD ese nrerup penru c# naraoru' re&u"e s# !ea
"n$orma."" care s# '#mureasc# ascu'#oru' n 'e%#ur# cu e'e1mene ap#rue n
po0es"re o !a# cu rep'"c"'e repro!use !"rec *a0em a $ace, cu a'e cu0"ne, cu s"ua.""
n care nara."unea a r#mas n urma !"scursu'u" !"rec, !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a'
"n$orma."e" nara"0e,/
n *@,, ns#, !up# o pr"m# sec0en.# n DD, n care se enun.# ema po10es"r"", urmea+#
o sec0en.# nara#/ R
e
repro!uce o "sor"e au+"# !e 'a C
e
(" are !ou# mo"0e penru a o
rapora n DI nara- $apu' c# aceas# "sor"e ese '"ps"# !e e'emene'e su&"ec"0"#."" 'u"
C
e
*un !"scurs puer1n"c su&"ec"0 a' 'u" C
e
ar $" $os rapora !"rec, (" $apu' c# R
e
are
as$e' pr"'e3u' penru a "nsera sec0en.e care cupr"n! propr""'e 'u" o&ser0a."" ("
comenar""/
n s$2r(", ma" po e)"sa ca+ur" n care un "p "n!"rec !e re!are ese pre$era unu"a
!"rec, $"e !eoarece 'u" R
e
" '"pse(e compeen.a '"n%0"s1"c# penru a repro!uce
enun.u' !e rapora 4 ca n *6Y,, $"e penru c# enun.u' n s"ne are "mporan.# m"n"m# n
econom"a po0es"r"" 4 ca n *6Y,, *66, (" *67,/
7/ `/
676
Ar"&u"rea 'u" c
La aces n"0e', n cenru' aen."e" ese C, !"scursu' c"an, ce' care a1r"&u"e spuse'e
cupr"nse n !"scursu' c"a, c/ Dou# e'emene esen."a'e ser0esc 'a ar"&u"rea 'u" c-
termenul declarativ pr"n care ese semna'a1# (" "!en"$"ca# !e c#re R
e
ac"0"aea !e
enun.are ce a pro!us !"s1cursu' or"%"nar (" nominalul care "n!"c# persoana
responsa&"'# !e acea enun.are/
n %rupa ermen"'or !ec'ara"0", 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e ocup# ce' ma" "mporan 'oc> !"n
aceas# %rup# ma" $ac pare ns# (" a!0er&e, su&san"0e sau s"na%me cu ro' !ec'ara"0/
7/`/6/
ncerc#r" !e !e$"n"re a 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e
Unu' !"nre ce'e ma" u+"ae cr"er"" !e c'as"$"care a 0er&e'or !e care ne ocup#m a"c"
ese ce' seman"c/ Tena"0e'e !e c'as"$"care !up# cr"er"u' seman"c p'eac# !e 'a o
r#s#ur# spec"$"c# *;0er&e care !eno# o ac"0"ae !e enun.are<, (" au un mo!e'
"sor"c- ce' a' %rama"c"'or 'a"ne("/ Eerba dicendi sun cons"!erae ns#, n %rama"c"'e
'"m&"" 'a"ne, !"n !ou# punce !e 0e!ere- n pr"mu' r2n!, ca 0er&e ce po "nro!uce un
!"scurs rapora, n a' !o"'ea r2n!, ca 0er&e re%ene penru consruc."a acu+a"0u' cu
"n$"n""0u'/ n ceea ce pr"0e(e ce' !e1a' !o"'ea aspec, %rupa !"n care $ac e'e pare
ese o&."nu# pr"n ap'"carea unu" !u&'u cr"er"u, s"nac"c (" seman"c- e'e sun re%ene
penru consruc."a accusativus cum infinito modo, "ar n "ner"oru' acese" %rupe
!"scr"m"narea se $ace seman"c- verba dicendi, sentiendi, affectuum, voluntatis/
U"'"+area unu" cr"er"u pur seman"c are ca re+u'a, !up# cum ara# Lpe+ Muo+
6@@`16@@9, ;o enumerare p'"c"s"oare a unor $am"'"" !e 0er&e cu %reu !e'"m"ae-
0er&e !ec'ara"0e *dire! manifester,, 0er&e !e op"n"e *consid,rer! -uger,, 0er&e !e
aprec"ere *po+""0# sau ne%a"0#- louer! approuver! criti(uer! blmer,, 0er&e'e
"n3onc."un"" *ordonner! interdire,, 0er&e'e cerer"" *supplier! prier,, 0er&e a'e
mo!a'"#."" enun1."a"0e *s5,crier! demander, ec/< *69A,/
De p"'!#, Laroc5ee posu'ea+# o c'as# !e 0er&e 5eeroscop"ce, suscep"&"'e ;a !enoa
$"e o opera."e mena'# sau un ac !e comun"ca1re, $"e "%noran.a cu"0a n 'e%#ur# cu
r#spunsu' 'a o nre&are< *7:?,/ E' c'as"$"c# 0er&e'e p'ec2n! !e 'a seman"smu' 'or ("
a3un%e 'a o opo+"."e $unc."ona'# nre !"scursu' !"rec (" !"scursu' "n!"rec/ T"po'o%"a
acesor 0er&e ar $" urm#oarea-
6, 0er&e care !eno# un ac !e comun"care-
a, 0er&e care repro!uc con."nuu' ("tsau e)pres"a !"scursu'u" or"%"nar (" care
accep# n mo! e%a' o consruc."e !"rec# sau "n!"rec# *"p dire,>
&, 0er&e care nu repro!uc !ec2 con."nuu' Do (" care nu se consru"esc !ec2
"n!"rec *"p apprendre,>
c, 0er&e care repro!uc e)pres"a (" con."nuu' Do, !ar care nu se consru"esc
!ec2 !"rec, !e pre$er"n.# n po+"."e "nc"!en# *"p ricaner,/
7, 0er&e care !eno# o opera."e mena'# sau o percep."e-
a, 0er&e care perm" repro!ucerea e)pres"e" sau a con."nuu1'u", sau !oar a
con."nuu'u" s"n%ur (" care a!m" am&e'e cons1ruc."" *"p penser,>
&, 0er&e care nu a!m" !ec2 !"scurs "n!"rec *"p apercevoir,/

677
?, 0er&e care !eno# "%norarea r#spunsu'u" 'a o nre&are-
a, 0er&e care perm" repre+enarea nre&#r"" n s"' !"rec (" "n!"rec *"p
demander,>
&, 0er&e care accep# si "nero%a"0 (" care nu po "nro!uce o nre&are
!"rec# *"p comprendre,/
Ros"er 6@@@a o&ser0#, n 'e%#ur# cu acesea, c# ;raporu' !"nre su&1c'ase'e g'a care
a3un%e Laroc5eeh (" ap"u!"nea g0er&e'orh !e a re!a con."nuu' ("tsau e)pres"a
!"scursu'u" or"%"nar ese pu."n con0"n1%#oare/ gmh Su&c'ase'e care nu accep# !ec2
una !"nre consruc."" gDD sau DIh sun ce'e ma" !"scua&"'e/< *7Y9, As$e', c'asa 6c/
pune accen pe 'e%#ura !"nre DD (" "nc"+#> pe !e o pare, aceas# c'as# pare
permea&"'# uuror 0er&e'or, apar."n2n! a'or cae%or"", suscep1"&"'e a ap#rea n "nc"+#>
pe !e a'a, Laroc5ee nu "a n cons"!erare ca1+ur"'e !e DI consru" cu "nc"+#, precum
Situaia se complicase! zicea el! i nu mai putea s prseasc oraul. La $e', n 6&/
!oar consruc."a cu DI ese perm"s#, !e(" apprendre consru" cu DD ese !e asemenea
pos"&"'- Il lui apprit la nouvelle/ 26es +elges ont gagn,4/> ca+ur"'e n care un 0er& *ca
marmonner, cunoscu ca e'emen !e "nro!ucere a DD se consru"e(e cu DI sun (" e'e
$rec0ene/

Tre&u"e s# o&ser0#m c# operarea cu cr"er"u' seman"c poae !a na(ere ma" mu'or
"pur" !e or%an"+are a c'ase" 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e/ As$e', Ma"n%ueneau 6@@6 (" Lpe+
Muo+ 6@@`16@@9 $o'osesc (" e" cr"er"u' seman"c sau, ma" &"ne +"s, anum"e
par"cu'ar"#." !e sens a'e 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e, par"cu'ar"#." care au 'e%#ur# $"e cu
r#s#ur"'e enun."a"0e a'e acesor 0er&e *Ma"n%ueneau,, $"e cu mo!u' n care ese
per$orma !"scursu' or"%"nar *Lpe+ Muo+,/
Ma"n%ueneau propune urm#oarea c'as"$"care-
6/ 0er&e care presupun a!e0#ru' sau $a's"aea !"scursu'u" rapora- r,v,ler!
pr,tendre ec/>
7/ 0er&e care s"uea+# !"scursu' rapora nr1o crono'o%"e !"scurs"0#- r,pondre!
r,p,ter! conclure ec/>
?/ 0er&e care nscr"u !"scursu' rapora nr1o "po'o%"e !"scurs"0#- raconter!
d,montrer ec/>
`/ 0er&e care spec"$"c# mo!u' !e rea'"+are $on"c# a enun.u'u"- crier! chuchoter
ec/

Lpe+ Muo+ 6@@`16@@9 *care se ocup# !oar !e pro&'ema c'as"$"c#r"" 0er&e'or ce po
"nro!uce !"scurs "n!"rec, cre!e c# un cr"er"u !e care ar re&u" s# se ."n# sema penru
o su&c'as"$"care n "ner"oru' acese" %rupe ese mo!u' n care ese per$orma !"scursu'
or"%"nar *ora', scr"s, %es"c ec/,/ Auoru' o&."ne urm#oarea c'as"$"care-
6/ 0er&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e care presupun un !"scurs ora'- dire! ordonner!
demander! crier! nier! entendre! faire une promesse! propager une nouvelle#
7/ 0er&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e care presupun un !"scurs per$orma a'$e' !ec2 ora'-
a/ scr"s- lire! ,crire! d,peindre#
&/ %es"c- montrer! indi(uer>
c/ mena'- penser! conclure! croire/
67?
dan$"e'! ara# c#, ;n a$ara caracer"s"c"'or seman"ce, 0er&e'e !e comun"care au
propr"eaea s"nac"c# !e a a!m"e un o&"ec "n!"rec care r"m"e spre !es"naar< *9?,,
re%u'# !e 'a care $ac e)cep."e continue *n en%'e+#, (" reprendre *penru $rance+#,/
;Mo!e'u' comun"c#r"" !"nre un 'ocuor (" a'ocuoru' s#u (" %#se(e as$e' re$'ecarea
n s"na)#/ Dac# a!m"em c# un o&"ec "n!"rec nu "mp'"c# propr"eaea seman"c# !e a
r"m"e 'a un ac !e comun"care, n sc5"m&, oae 0er&e'e care nu a!m" un as$e' !e
o&"ec sun e)c'use !"n para!"%ma 'ocuorta'ocuor/< *9`, O&ser0a."a ese $#cu# pe
e)emp'e !"n en%'e+# (" $rance+#> 0om 0e!ea c#, n '"m&a rom2n#, e)cep.""'e sun !e
ma" mu'e $e'ur" (" !e "mporan.# !"$er"#/ n a' !o"'ea r2n!, 'a $e' ca (" n ca+u'
u"'"+#r"" unu" cr"er"u pur seman"c, o c'as"$"care ce ."ne seama !oar !e !ae'e
s"nac"ce a'e pro&'eme" r"sc# s# $"e u(or !e conesa/ Ze+", !e p"'!#, infra, conc'u+""'e
'a care a3un%e
Mon0"''e1durson n 'e%#ur# cu comporamenu' 0er&e'or dicendi !"n presa !e
"n$ormare/

re"nr"c5 %#se(e penru c'asa 0er&e'or !e comun"care re'a."a !e$"n"or"e !"nre un
anum" !a seman"c *ransm"erea unu" mesa3, ceea ce "mp'"c# un em".#or (" un
recepor, (" re$'ecarea s"nac"c# a acesu"a- 0er&e'e !e comun"care sun 0er&e
r"0a'ene, acua'"+2n! srucura su&"ec *em".#oru', 4 o&"ec !"rec *mesa3u', 4 o&"ec
"n!"rec *receporu',/
;Nous ran%eons parm" 'es 0er&es !e srucura"on 'es 0er&es !on 'e s\man"sme
$ourn" une $orme [u" se pr]e c un conenu a!\[ua c cee $orme/ Une e''e
srucura"on peu nare e se $ormer !bapr_s 'e sc5\ma !bune percep"on e)\r"eure
*entendre! voir! sentir, ou "n\r"eure *penser! r@ver! imaginer, ou !bune 0o'on\
*vouloir! d,sirer! esp,rer, ou !bun 3u%emen sur 'a s"ua"on *approuver! r,prover!
reconnatre,/ M]me 'es 0er&es !e commun"ca"on son, s" on 'e pren! au p"e! !e 'a
'ere, !es 0er&es !e srucura"on, pu"s[ub"'s $ourn"ssen !es $ormes sp\c"$"[ues !e
commun"ca"on [u" se pr]en au) conenus !e 'a commun"ca"on/ < *`8A,
;Les 0er&es !e commun"ca"on *verba dicendi! putandi! sentiendi, ser0en c $a"re
passer un messa%e e c srucurer ce messa%e/gmh Les 0er&es !e commun"ca"on son
pour 'a p'upar !es 0er&es c 0a'ence1o&3e, cbes1c1!"re [ub"'s peu0en ]re
accompa%n\s !ans 'e e)e !es !eu) acans- su3e e o&3e, sou0en a0ec
accompa%nemen !u parena"re/< *`88,
;Comme mar[ue !u !"scours rappor\ on u"'"se en %\n\ra' un 0er&e !e
commun"ca"on/ gmh M]me s" une op"n"on nba \\ [ue pens\e ou crue e non
e)pr"m\e, e''e !e0"en o&3e !e commun"ca"on !_s 'ors [ube''e es c"\e- cbes
pour[uo" "' W a, pour "nro!u"re un !"scours rappor\, c c\ !es 0er&es !e
commun"ca"on au sens \ro" !u erme *verba dicendi,, 'es 0er&es !bop"n"on *verba
putandi, e !e sensa"on *verba sentiendi, !e m]me [ubun %ran! nom&re !e 0er&es !e
srucura"on/< *98`,
Penru re"nr"c5, 0er&e'e !e comun"care cupr"n! 0er&e'e !e !ec'ara."e, 0er&e'e
ep"sem"ce (" 0er&e'e ps"5o'o%"ce *dicendi! putandi! sentiendi,, c#rora 'e %#se(e o
mar"ce !e sens comun# (" un mo!e' s"nac"c comun> oae 0er&e'e cu care auoru'
"'usrea+# c'asa 0er&e'or !e srucur# *entendre! sentir! penser! r@ver! imaginer!
vouloir! d,sirer! esp,rer, approuver! r,prover! reconnatre, po a0ea u+ur" !e 0er&e
!ec'ara"0e/
re"nr"c5 ara# e)p'"c" c# un 0er& !e comun"care ser0e(e uneori penru a rapora-
capac"aea !e a rapora a 0er&e'or !e comun"care nu ese a(a!ar n"c" !e$"n"or"e
penru acesea (" n"c" monopo'"+a# !e e'e/
67`
Un $ap "mporan !e re."nu ese ace'a c# 0er&e'e !e comun"care se po consru" n
$rance+# cu (ue (" In!"ca"0u' *l5hftesse annonce (ue l5avion partira imm,diatement,
sau cu (ue (" Con3unc"0u' *-e vous souhaite (u5elle revienne, (" ne puem pune
nre&area !ac# ;marca s"nac"c# a aser."un"'or !"n su&or!onaa gcare !ep"n!e !e un
0er& !ec'ara"0h ese, penru rom2n#, conec"0u' c< *Pan# D"n!e'e%an 6@@:,/
C'as"$"carea ra!"."ona'# a 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e !"n %rama"c"'e '"m&"" 'a"ne nu poae
!a seama !e mo!u' n care $unc."onea+# spec""'e s"'u'u" "n!"rec- "nero%a"0a
"n!"rec#, !"scursu' "n!"rec, s"'u' "n!"rec n sens 'ar%/
do'pese"n (" propune s# recons"!ere pro&'ema/ E' %rupea+# 0er&e'e ce "nro!uc
!"scursu' "n!"rec n '"m&a 'a"n# !up# un se !e cr"er"", ce cupr"n!e un cr"er"u
seman"c, unu' s"nac"c (" unu' a' mo!a'"#."'or enun."a"0e/ P'ec2n! !e 'a mo!u'
!"$er" n care sun raae, 'a recerea !"n oratio recta n oratio obli(ua, propo+".""'e
declarative, imperative (" interogative, auoru' c'as"$"c# acese 0er&e n $unc."e !e
ocuren.a 'or cu ro' !e 0er&e "nro!uc"0e a'e "pur"'or !e propo+"."" men."onae/ napu'
c# acese propo+"."" sun raae !"$er" n oratio obli(ua $ace ca e'e s#1(" p#sre+e
"nac# $or.a "'ocu."onar#> 0er&e'e !e care 0or&"m sun 0#+ue a(a!ar ca une'e care
acua'"+ea+# e)p'"c" ace !e 0or&"re spec"$"ce- ;La"n speec5 ac 0er&s are
su&c'ass"$"a&'e as o o5e5er 5eW occur o"5 Dec'ara"0e, an!tor Impera"0e an!tor
Inerro%a"0e comp'emens, an! 5ere urns ou o &e a corre'a"on *a'5ou%5 no a
s"mp'e one1o1one, &eoeen &as"c "''ocu"onarW Wpe o$ 5e comp'emen gmh an!
$orma' proper"es, 5a "s, 5e consruc"on emp'oWe! gmh/< *67`,
Auoru' a3un%e as$e' 'a urm#oarea su&c'as"$"care a !ec'ara"0e'or-
su&c'ass &as"c senence Wpe $orm
0er&s o$ aasser"n%b DECLARATIZE ACI
aneura'b DECLARATIZE
IMPERATIZE
ACI
ut kSUdU
0er&s o$ aor!er"n%b IMPERATIZE ut kSUdUtACI
*un!e ACI !esemnea+# consruc."a 'a"neasc# accusativus cum infinito $modo%,
SUdU 4 mo!u' con3unc"0, "ar ut ese con3unc."a su&or1!onaoare,/
D"n pr"ma su&c'as# $ac pare 0er&e ca negare, confirmare, fateri *;a m#rur"s", a
recunoa(e<, !ar (" ;a $ace cunoscu, a ar#a<, (" narrare# !"n u'"ma, 0er&e ca iubere,
imperare *am&e'e nsemn2n! ;a porunc", a or!ona<,, $ad%hortari *;a n!emna, a
ncura3a<,/ Se po consru" a2 cu propo+"."" !ec'ara"0e, c2 (" cu "mpera"0e 4 $""n!,
!"n aceas# cau+#, num"e ;neure< 4 0er&e ca dicere, scribere, respondere, nuntiare,
suadere *;a s$#u"<,/
Zer&e'e care !eno# o ac"0"ae mena'#, 4 verba cogitandi 4 *num"e (" 0er&e !e
a"u!"ne propo+"."ona'#,, ca (" 0er&e'e care !eno# emo."" sau percep."" 4 verba
sentiendi 4 sun raae a!esea n 'a"n# 'a $e' ca (" 0er&e'e dicendi/ Pe &a+a ace'ora("
cr"er"" ca (" 'a 0er&e'e !e !ec'ara1."e, auoru' a3un%e 'a urm#oarea su&c'as"$"care a
0er&e'or ac"0"#."" mena'e *67A,-
su&c'ass &as"c senence Wpe $orm
679
aasser"0eb DECL ACI
aneura' ab DECL
Non1DECL
ACI
ut kSUdU
aneura' &b DECL
Non1DECL
ACI
ut kSUdUtACI
aoan"n%b Non1DECL ut kSUdUtACI
Acese su&c'ase cupr"n! 0er&e ca-
aasser"0eb- putare *;a cons"!era, a cre!e<,, reri *;a %2n!", a cre!e<,, arbitrari *;a
soco", a cons"!era<,, intellegere *;a n.e'e%e, a pr"cepe<,>
aneura' ab- cogitare *;a %2n!", a se %2n!", a "nen."ona<,>
aneura' &b- censere *;a 3u!eca, a cre!e> a propune *pu&'"c,> a !ecrea<,, decernere
*;a !ec"!e, a 5o#r> a soco"> a se 5o#r<,, statuere *;a cons"!era, a
soco"> a !ec"!e<,, constituere *;a !ec"!e, a 'ua o 5o#r2re<,>
aoan"n%b- velle *;a 0o", a !or"> a sa&"'", a !ec"!e> a pre"n!e<,, cupere *;a !or"<,/
Mar"n1da'ar $o'ose(e un cr"er"u seman"co1pra%ma"c *"a n cons"!erare a2 sensu'
0er&e'or, c2 (" "po'o%"a ace'or !e 0or&"re pe care acesea 'e "n!"c#,/ Auoarea
pro!uce urm#oru' a&e' penru 0er&e'e care po "nro!uce !"scurs rapora-
!omen"u'
%2n!"r""

0er&e
!escr"p"0e
su&"ec"0e
mo!a'e
!e 3u!eca#
!e 0o"n.#
!e sen"men
!e percep."e
cenr"$u%#
cenr"pe#
o&"ec"0e !e operare
con."nu
$orm#1con."nu
$orm#
!omen"u'
ace'or !e
0or&"re
0er&e per$orma"0e
!omen"u'
e$ece'or
!"scursu'u"
0er&e per'ocu"0e
n !omen"u' %2n!"r"", rapororu' "nerpreea+# ceea ce %2n!e(e sau rose(e em".#oru'
c"a/ A"c", 0er&e'e *num"e verbe descriptive, se or%an"+ea+# pe !ou# a)e- una
su&"ec"0# *0er&e'e !eno# repre+en1#r"'e su&"ec"0e a'e em".#oru'u" rapora, L, ("
una o&"ec"0# *0er&e'e !eno# opera."" !"scurs"0e o&"ec"0e rea'"+ae !e cu0"ne'e 'u"
L,/ A)a su&"ec"0# a!un#, pe !e o pare, a(a num"e'e 0er&e !e a"u!"ne
propo+"."ona'# sau 0er&e mo!a'e, pe care 'e %rupea+# n re" cae%or""- !e 3u!eca#
*croire,, !e 0o"n.# *pr,f,rer! pro-eter! souhaiter, (" !e sen"men *esp,rer! craindre!
678
regretter,, "ar, pe !e a'a, 0er&e'e care !eno# percep."a, proces cons"!era a se
!es$#(ura $"e nr1un mo! cenr"pe *!e 'a o&"ecu' percepu 'a su&"ecu' care percepe-
$se% sentir,, $"e nr1un mo! cenr"$u% *!e 'a su&"ecu' care percepe 'a o&"ecu'
percepu- constater! observer! remar(uer,/ Pe a)a o&"ec"0# se s"uea+# 0er&e'e !e
operare, num"e as$e' !eoarece !eno# opera."" !"scurs"0e o&"ec"0e rea'"+ae !e
cu0"ne'e em".#oru'u" rapora/ D"scursu' rapororu'u" nu are n 0e!ere su&"ec"0"aea
em".#oru'u" c"a, c" $orma ("tsau con."nuu' spuse'or acesu"a !"n urm#> !"n aces
punc !e 0e!ere, 0er&e'e care $ormea+# !"scursu' c"an po $"-
1 0er&e care !escr"u !"scursu' or"%"nar !"n perspec"0a con."nuu'u"- anal8ser!
conclure#
1 0er&e care !escr"u !"scursu' or"%"nar !"n perspec"0a raporu'u" $orm#tcon."nu-
,vo(uer! faire allusion V#
1 0er&e care !escr"u !"scursu' or"%"nar !"n perspec"0a $orme" acesu1"a- prononcer!
r,p,ter! souligner/
n !omen"u' ace'or !e 0or&"re, rapororu' nu ma" "nerpreea+# ceea ce %2n!e(e sau
rose(e em".#oru' c"a, c" "!en"$"c# acu' !e 0or&"re pe care acesa '1a per$orma-
accepter! accuser! affirmer! avertir! avouer ec/
n s$2r(", !omen"u' e$ece'or !"scursu'u" cupr"n!e ace'e 0er&e care !eno#
consec"n.e'e pe care 'e1a a0u !"scursu' em".#oru'u" c"a asupra rapororu'u" sau a
unu" a' recepor- alarmer! d,courager! in(ui,ter ec/
C'as"$"carea 'u" Mar"n1da'ar nu are n 0e!ere (" "pu' !e !"scurs rapora pe care '
po "nro!uce 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e/ D"n aces punc !e 0e!ere, 0er&e'e per'ocu"0e pun
anum"e pro&'eme, n sensu' c# e'e nu po "nro!uce DI, "ar $o'os"rea 'or ca 0er&e !e
"nro!ucere penru DD ese '"m"a#/
Srauc5 propune o c'as"$"care ce are 'a &a+# re" "pur" !e cr"er""- seman"c, enun."a"0
(" pra%ma"c/ As$e', 0er&e'e care "nro!uc !"scurs rapora po $" or%an"+ae n
urm#oru' a&e'-
s"mp'e comp'e)e
c"rcumsan."a'e

s"ne"ce
criterii relaie descriere
form cone)ua'e e'ocu"0e
coninut no."ona'e a$ec"0e
Dup# auoru' c"a, oae 0er&e'e care "nro!uc !"scurs rapora au n comun $unc."a
seman"c# !e semnal de reproducere a unu" !"scurs/ D"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' acese"
r#s#ur", 0er&e'e n !"scu."e po $" simple *dire! penser ec/, 4 num"e a(a !eoarece e'e
$urn"+ea+# o "n$orma."e minimal !espre ac"0"aea !e per$ormare a enun.u'u"
or"%"nar, "n$orma."e ce re&u"e a!esea comp'ea# cu a3uoru' a'or m"31'oace *0er&a'e
sau non10er&a'e,, care s# res"u"e sensu' comp'e a' enun.u'u" or"%"nar *ro'u' s#u
cone)ua', $unc."a sa 'o%"c#, ona'"aea a$ec"0# cu care a $os pro!us ec/, 4 ("
complexe/
67:
Acesea !"n urm# se mpar n !ou# su&c'ase, !up# $e'u' n care repro!uc !"scursu'
or"%"nar- verbe circumstaniale *acesea $urn"+ea+# o "n$orma."e care poae $"
repre+ena# pr"nr1un 0er& s"mp'u, nso." !e un comp'emen c"rcumsan."a' 4 a!0er&
sau propo+"."e, (" verbe
sintetice *acesea !au "n$orma."" pr"0"n! mo!a'"aea !"scursu'u" repro!us- nier!
demander! affirmer,/
Zer&e'e c"rcumsan."a'e se or%an"+ea+#, 'a r2n!u' 'or, !up# !ou# cr"1er""/ D"n puncu'
!e 0e!ere a' tipului de relaie pe care o conracea+# !"scursu' c"a cu un a' !"scurs
*apar."n2n! em".#oru'u" c"a sau "ner'ocuoru'u" acesu"a,, puem a0ea !ou# s"ua.""-
re'a."a !espre care 0or&"m are 'oc n p'anu' comunicrii lingvistice sau ea se sa&"1
'e(e n p'anu' categoriilor gndirii/ Zer&e'e care !eno# pr"mu' "p !e re'a."e sun
num"e contextuale- r,pondre! conclure! r,p,ter ec/, ce'e care r"m" 'a a' !o"'ea "p
sun num"e noionale- accorder! rappeler! refuser! informer ec/ Dup# cr"er"u'
descrierii, 0er&e'e c"rcumsan."a'e se su&c'as"$"c# n 0er&e elocutive *!eno# $e'u' n
care ese ransm"s mesa3u'- ,crire! murmurer! crier, (" 0er&e afective *!eno# ca'"#."'e
a$ec"0e a'e mesa3u'u"- rassurer! insister! protester,/
Mon0"''e1durson nu (" propune o c'as"$"care %enera'# a 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e, c" are
n 0e!ere !oar verba dicendi care apar n co"!"ane'e $rance+e/ Ar"co'u' auoare"
c"ae ne "neresea+# ns# !eoarece e0"!en."a+# un se !e r#s#ur" seman"ce ("
pra%ma"ce pe care 'e au ce'e ma" mu'e !"nre 0er&e'e !e care se ocup# 4 d,clarer!
affirmer! estimer! annoncer! pr,ciser! expli(uer! a-outer! souligner 4 (" care 'e !"1
$eren."a+# !e a'e 0er&e !ec'ara"0e/
Acese 0er&e sun caracer"+ae pr"n-
;6/ o $or.# "'ocu."onar# spec"$"c#, "n$orma"0#>
7/ o non1"n!"0"!ua'"+are a !es"naaru'u", $ap care con$er# "mper1sona'"ae acu'u"
!e 0or&"re (", pr"n recu', un %ra! m"c !e su&"ec1"0"ae mesa3u'u">
?/ o or"enare spre con."nuu' mesa3u'u">
`/ o $orma'"ae ce re'e0# $or.a mesa3u'u"/< *8`,
Comen2n!, !e p"'!#, 0er&u' d,clarer, auoarea o&ser0#- ;O !ec'ara."e nu a(eap#
r#spuns, nu "n0"# 'a !"scu."e gmh/ Locuoru' ese con0"ns !e "mporan.a mesa3u'u" s#u
(" !e $apu' c# ese !repu' 'u", a02n! n 0e!ere po+"."a sa par"cu'ar#, s# 0or&easc# a(a
cum 0or&e(e/ Aceas# po+"."e ese n mo! $"resc una !e auor"ae gmh, !e un!e
caraceru' "mpersona' a' enun.ur"'or pe care 'ocuoru' 'e !ec'ar#/ Acese enun.ur" sun
a!resae oamen"'or n %enera' *!e a"c" $rec0en.a unor sec0en.e precum publi(uement!
urbi et orbi! devant les cam,ras, (" nu unu" anum" !es"naar< *99,/ n 'e%#ur# cu
estimer, Mon0"''e1durson ara# c# ;e' nu a!m"e, n"c" c5"ar $acu'a"0, un o&"ec care
s# repre1+"ne !es"naaru'< *9:,, "ar !espre expli(uer o&ser0# c# ;n co"!"ane, e' ese
rar nso." !e un comp'emen care s# r"m"# spre !es"naar< *9@,> 'a $e', ;a-outer
e)c'u!e men."onarea !es"naaru'u" gmh, "ar pr,ciser ' a!m"e $acu'a"0, !ar n
cone)e ce '"psesc !"n corpusu' nosru< *87,/
Au ma" $os $o'os"e, !e asemenea, penru !"scr"m"narea 0er&e'or care "nro!uc
!"scurs rapora, cr"er"u' topicii 0er&u'u" n rapor cu unu' sau a'u' !"nre "pur"'e !e
!"scurs (" cr"er"u' prezenei *necesare sau $acu'a"0e,, respec"0 a absenei 0er&u'u"
!e "nro!ucere/
As$e', penru L"ps, po+"."a 0er&u'u" !e "nro!ucere separ# ne !"scursu' !"rec !e ce'
"n!"rec- !oar n !"scursu' !"rec (" n !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er 0er&u' !e "nro!ucere
poae prece!a, "nerseca sau succe!a enun.u', "ar, !up# Zersc5oor, opo+"."a
67A
!"rect"n!"rec re+"!# n caraceru' secun!ar a' 0er&u'u" !e "nro!ucere a' !"scursu'u"
!"rec/ n""n!c# a!eseor" '"pse(e, 0er&u' nu ese !ec2 un indice (" nu un semn a'
!"scursu'u" !"rec> !"mpor"0#, !"scursu' "n!"rec se caracer"+ea+# pr"n pre+en.a
necesar# a unu" 0er& !e "nro!ucere> !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er se aprop"e !e !"scursu'
!"rec pr"n aceas# '"ps#/ D"scursu' "n!"rec ar $" as$e' "+o'a s"nac"c !e ce'e'a'e !ou#
"pur" !e !"scurs, care pose!# !"$er"e m"3'oace !e a1(" anun.a pre+en.a (" nu !ep"n! n
mo! necesar !e un 0er& !e "nro!ucere/
7/`/7/
Propunem urm#oarea %r"'# !e con!"."" penru 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e-
Dondiiile enunrii-
6/ s# !enoe un ac !e enun.are>
7/ s# 'e)"ca'"+e+e Em".#oru' (" s# pre0a!# penru acesa un Rol (" o $unc."e s"nac"c#/
;rima condiie a enunrii *ca (" prima condiie a receptrii, ese cea ma" %enera'#
!"n %r"'#> ea !"s"n%e 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e !e a'e "pur" !e 0er&e/

Zer&e'e care sa"s$ac a !oua con!"."e a enun.#r"" acua'"+ea+#, n '"m&a rom2n#,
srucura Em".#or4"gent4su&"ec-
Eu nsumi i-am spus c ntlnirea nu va mai avea loc.
n consec"n.#, cea !e1a doua condiie a enunrii su&c'as"$"c#, !"n punc !e 0e!ere
s"nac"c, !ec'ara"0e'e n 0er&e persona'e (" 0er&e "mpersona'e/
Dondiiile receptrii-
6/ s# presupun# e)"sen.a unu" Recepor>
7/ s# 'e)"ca'"+e+e Receporu' (" s# pre0a!# penru acesa un Rol (" o $unc."e s"nac"c#/
;rima condiie a receptrii $ace perec5e cu pr"ma con!"."e a enun.#r"" (" ser0e(e 'a
!e'"m"area 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e !e ce'e apar."n2n! a'or c'ase !e 0er&e/
Zer&e'e care sa"s$ac a doua condiie a receptrii po acua'"+a, n '"m&a rom2n#,
srucur"'e-
Recepor 4 gint 4 o&"ec "n!"rec- I-a spus s-l urmeze>

Recepor 4 gint 4 o&"ec !"rec- Ne-a nvat cum s facem diferena>
Recepor 4 gint 4 su&"ec- El a fost nvat s fie politicos/
Caracer"s"ca pe care o !"scu#m a"c" ese una esen."a'# penru 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e/ Ea
ese re$'ecarea s"nac"c# a r#s#ur"" seman"ce !e$"n"or"" pe care o au acese 0er&e,
aceea !e a !enoa per$ormarea unu" ac !e comun"care/ Ce'or !o" po'" a" comun"c#r"",
Em".#oru' (" Receporu', 'e corespun! ca+ur"'e seman"ce !e "gent (" gint-
Em".#oru' 4 "gent ese "n"."aoru' enun.#r"", ce' care per$or1mea+# mesa3u',
Receporu' ese ginta acesu" mesa3/ Em".#oru' ese ce' care "n"."a+# mesa3u' ("
oo!a# ce' !e 'a care mesa3u' p'eac#, sursa acesu"a/ Pr"ma ca'"ae ese, penru
67@
Em".#or, ma" "mporan# n econom"a acu'u" !e comun"care !ec2 cea !e1a !oua>
srucur" precum-
F spune)nva)ntreab pe e /
!o0e!esc aces $ap/

Unu' (" ace'a(" ac !e comun"care poae $" pr"0" ns# !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a'
Em".#oru'u", pun2n! n 'um"n# ro'u' 'u" !e "gent, sau poae $" pr"0" !"n perspec"0a
Receporu'u", ca+ n care Em".#oru' apare acua'"+a ca Surs-
"gent/

X spune lui e.#
X l nva pe e.#
X l ntreab pe e.#
X adreseaz lui e o ntrebare.
Surs/
e afl de la X.#
e nva de la X. $surs uman%#
e nva din X. $surs non-uman%/
n oae acese e)emp'e, Em".#oru' ese pr"0" $"e !rep "n"."aoru' unu" anum" mesa3
*"gentul,, $"e !rep ce' !e 'a care acesa pro0"ne *Sursa,/
E)"s# (" s"ua."" n care acese !ou# ro'ur" sun acor!ae unor nom"na'e !"$er"e !"n
$ra+#, ceea ce !emonsrea+#, !e asemenea, c# "gentul (" Sursa po $" !"soc"ae-
*Eu, ." ransm" !"n parea 'u" X ce'e ma" ca'!e ur#r"/
"gent gint Surs

Ca'"aea !e surs# 'aen# a Em".#oru'u" ese pro&a# !e srucur" cu 0er&e non1
a%en"0e *ca 0er&e'e recep#r"",, n care sursa mesa3u'u" ocup# ca+u' seman"c Surs,
"n!"ca pr"nr1un nom"na' consru" cu prepo+"."" precum de la, din, n! dinspre! din
partea/ Po acua'"+a as$e' !e srucur"-
a, 0er&e a'e recep#r"" *a auzi)a afla de la F# a afla din surs sigur# a descoperi
n# a nva din# a percepe)a recepta)a recepiona dinspre,#
&, 0er&e !ec'ara"0e a' c#ror su&"ec ese non1uman (" !ec" non1a%en"0, precum
experiena ne nva c *enun. ec5"0a'en cu tim din experien c,>
c, 0er&e !ec'ara"0e 'a $orma re$'e)"01pas"0# *ni se transmite din)din partea! ni
se spune din studio c,/

Ca'"aea !e gint a Receporu'u" ese pro&a# !e capac"aea unor 0er&e sau
su&san"0e pos0er&a'e !e a "n!"ca Receporu' pr"nr1un nom"na' consru" cu
prepo+"."a ctre/ Se po consru" n aces mo!-
a, une'e !"nre 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e *a spune)a zice ctre,>
&, su&san"0e pos0er&a'e $ormae !e 'a un 0er& !ec'ara"0 *nvturile lui
Aeagoe +asarab ctre fiul su! eodosie,>
6?Y
c, a'e 0er&e care po !enoa procesu' comun"c#r"" *a trimite)a diri-a)a direciona
ctre,>
!, prepo+"."a ctre apare !e asemenea n $ormu'e "p, u"'"+ae penru sa&"'"rea
conacu'u", precum urnul de control ctre aeronava FeT </
noare mu'e 0er&e !ec'ara"0e se po consru" cu prepo+"."a naintea sau cu 'ocu."unea
prepo+"."ona'# n faa, conecor" care ara# or"ena1rea c#re un Recepor *n %enera'
co'ec"0 sau o$"c"a',-
A !ec'arata 0or&"ta !e+0#'u"ta c""ta rapora oae acesea naintea)n faa
colectivului)Instanei/
De asemenea, ca'"aea !e gint a Receporu'u" ma" poae $" pro&a# (" !e e)"sen.a
unor srucur" para'e'e, n care, pe '2n%# 0er&, poae ap#rea un nom"na' n ca+u' gint
sau unu' n ca+u' +eneficiar, ca n e)emp'e'e-
gint -
\i scr"e lui F/
\i c"e(e lui F/
\l n0a.# pe F/
\i ra!uce lui F/
X i r#spun!e lui e/
+eneficiar-
Scr"e pentru Ftn beneficiultn favoarea)n detrimentul lui F/
C"e(e pentru Ftn beneficiul lui F/
n0a.# pentru F)n locul lui F.
Tra!uce pentru F)n beneficiul)n locul lui F.
X r#spun!e pentru e/
sau !e srucur" n care 0er&u' !ec'ara"0 se consru"e(e s"mu'an cu un nom"na' n
ca+u' gint (" cu a'u' n ca+u' +eneficiar-

\i 0or&e(e lui F. vs. " 0or&e(e 'u" X n numele lui e/
X l roa%# pe e/ vs. X ' roa%# pe n numele lui Ttpentru T /
X l "n0"# pe e/ vs. X ' "n0"# pe n numele lui T/
\l nrea&# pe e/ vs. nrea&# *pe =, pentru etn numele lui e.
\i propune ce0a lui F vs. \l propune pe F cu"0atpenru ce0a/
A1' anun.a pe F !e ce0a/t
A1" anun.a ce0a lui F/ vs. A1' anun.a pe F 'u" /
A pre+ena ce0a lui F/ vs. A1' pre+ena pe F 'u" /

n oae acese e)emp'e, srucur"'e n care apare ginta "'usrea+# o s"ua."e !e
comun"care, n care un Em".#or " se a!resea+# unu" Recepor, pe c2n! n srucur"'e cu
+eneficiar apar sau 0er&e ne!ec'a1ra"0e sau, ca n u'"me'e enun.ur", 0er&e !ec'ara"0e
care acua'"+ea+# s"mu'an un nom"na' Recepor 4 gint (" a'u' +eneficiar/
Dup# cum se o&ser0# !"n ce'e !"scuae ma" sus, 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e !"n '"m&a rom2n#
se po a$'a n urm#oare'e s"ua.""-
6?6
6/ "n!"c# ginta pr"n !a"0 sau pr"nr1o prepo+"."e !e !"rec."e, s"ua."e n care "n!"c#
+eneficiarul pr"nr1una !"nre prepo+".""'e sau 'ocu."un"'e prepo+"."ona'e
pentru! n beneficiul! n favoarea! n detrimentul! n numele *ese 0or&a !espre
0er&e ca a spune! a vorbi! a scrie! a citi,>
7/ "n!"c# ginta pr"n acu+a"0 (" +eneficiarul pr"n pentru *0er&e ca a ntreba! a
invita! a nva,>
?/ "n!"c# ginta pr"n !a"0 (" +eneficiarul pr"n acu+a"0 cu pe *0er&e ca a anuna!
a propune! a prezenta,/
Zer&e'e !ec'ara"0e se !"s"n% as$e' !e a'e "pur" !e 0er&e, care po "n!"ca
+eneficiarul pr"nr1un !a"0 sau pr"nr1un acu+a"0 *cu sau $#r# prepo+"."e,- a tricota
un pulover cuiva)pentru cineva# a crede cuiva)pe cineva/
Enun.ur" precum ce'e !e ma" 3os "'usrea+# "!eea c# ginta ese un ca+ seman"c
comp'emenar Sursei-

gint *>u, am a$'atam au+" de la F. Surs
Ai se spune din studio.
Ae n0a.# experiena.
n acese srucur" apar $"e 0er&e a'e recep#r"" *a auzi! a afla! a descoperi! a lua
cunotin,, $"e $orme pas"0e a'e unor 0er&e !ec'ara"0e pe '2n%# care poae ap#rea
nume'e 'ocu'u" un!e se a$'# Em".#oru' *ni se arat de la marginea terenului! ni se
scrie din Ianina ec/,, $"e 0er&e non1a%en"0e, precum a nva *o 'earn, !"n srucur"
ca Ae nva ex-periena.
Cea !e1a doua condiie a receptrii ese necesar# penru !"s"n%erea 0er&e'or
!ec'ara"0e or"enae spre un Recepor !e ce'e or"enae spre Au!"or/
Am 0#+u, !"scu2n! pe Mon0"''e1durson, c# une'e 0er&e !ec'ara"0e au, n anum"e
s"ua."", caracer"s"ca seman"c# (" pra%ma"c# !e a nu "n!"0"!ua'"+a !es"naaru',
e0"!en.""n!, n sc5"m&, o or"enare spre con."nuu' mesa3u'u"/ De '2n%# une'e !"nre
acese 0er&e !es"naaru' mesa3u'u" ese e)c'us, pe '2n%# a'e'e e' poae ap#rea
$acu'a"0/ Num"m !es"naaru' acu'u" !e comun"care !enoa !e acese 0er&e "uditor/
n.e'e%em a(a!ar pr"n "uditor-
1 !es"naaru' care nu ese (" recepor *a ursi! a boteza,>
1 receporu' care poae $" a&sen *a condamna! a anatemiza! a slvi,>
ginta +eneficiarul
DtAc pentru)pe
ginta +eneficiarul
4
DtAc sau
pentru
6?7
1 receporu' care, ca (" em".#oru', nu ese 'e)"ca'"+a "n!"0"!ua' *ei au discutat!
au uneltit mpreun)unul cu cellalt,>
Ne puem a$'a a(a!ar $"e n s"ua."a n care Em".#oru' ' cons"!er# pe ce' c#ru"a " se
a!resea+# un "ner'ocuor ac"0 (" un 0"rua' Em".#or, $"e n s"ua."a n care Em".#oru'
' cons"!er# pe ce'#'a' un "ner'ocuor pas"0, ca+ n care accenu' ca!e pe Em".#or ("
pe ce are e' !e spus/
;roprietatea citrii-
Une'e !ec'ara"0e po $orma !"scurs c"an/
Capac"aea !e a c"a ese a!eseor" enun.a# ca par"cu'ar"ae !e$"n"1or"e a 0er&e'or
!ec'ara"0e/ A2a 0reme c2 pr"n 0er&e !ec'ara"0e se n.e'e% 0er&e'e a zice (" a spune,
'ucru' ese a!e0#ra> o ana'"+# e$ecua# pe un "n0enar ma" &o%a a' !ec'ara"0e'or
ara# ns# c# 'ucrur"'e nu sau !e'oc a(a- nu oae 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e sun (" 0er&e a'e
c"#r""/ Unu' (" ace'a(" 0er& poae a0ea sens (" u+ !"$er", !up# cum ese 0er& !ec'ara"0
sau 0er& !ec'ara"0 (", s"mu'an, 0er& a' c"#r""- ese ca+u' 'u" a pretinde, pe care DEX
' !e$"ne(e as$e'- ;6/ Tran+/ A cere "ns"sen un 'ucru> a rec'ama, a re0en!"ca/ 7/
Tran+/ (" "nran+/ A sus."ne, a a$"rma ce0a cu #r"e/< Zer&u' !e$"n" a"c" *!ec'ara"0, nu
aco1per# e)emp'e ca- ;retinde c a stat n cas toat ziua., un!e a pretinde ese 0er&
a' c"#r"", pe care Rapororu' ' a'e%e penru a marca !"san.a ma)"m# !"nre propr"a 'u"
op"n"e (" a!e0#ru' ce'or spuse !e Em".#oru' c"a/
`A
Capac"aea !e a $orma !"scurs c"an su&c'as"$"c# 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e n 0er&e care po
$orma !"scurs c"an (" 0er&e care nu po $orma !"scurs c"an/
Zer&e'e !ec'ara"0e 0or $" !ec" su&cae%or"+ae n $unc."e !e urm#oare'e cr"er""-
6/ un cr"er"u seman"co1pra%ma"c *0er&e !ec'ara"0e or"enae spre Recepor vs.
0er&e !ec'ara"0e or"enae spre Au!"or,>
7/ propr"eaea c"#r"" *0er&e !ec'ara"0e care po $orma !"scurs c"an vs. 0er&e
!ec'ara"0e care nu po $orma !"scurs c"an,>
?/ ca+u' seman"c (" $unc."a s"nac"c# acor!ae Receporu'u" *gint 4 o&"ec
"n!"rec> gint 4 o&"ec !"rec> gint 4 su&"ec,>
`/ "pu' !e !"scurs c"a pe care ' re%"+ea+# *!"rec, "n!"rec, nara"0"+a,>
9/ po+"."a n care se a$'# $a.# !e !"scursu' !"rec *"n"."a'#, me!"an#, $"na'#,/
7/`/?/
Zer&e !ec'ara"0e or"enae spre Recepor
7/`/?/6/
Zer&e care po $orma !"scurs c"an-
7/`/?/6/6/
0er&e care acua'"+ea+# srucura Recepor 4 gint 4 o&"ec "n!"rec-

a/
"/ 0er&e care au capac"aea !e a c"a !"rec *!"scurs c"an anepus, n "nc"+# ("
pospus,, "n!"rec (" !e a $orma !"scurs nara"0"+a-
a citi! a scrie! a spune! a zice/
6??
Acesea c"ea+# nara"0 cu comp'e"0# $o'os"n! a!0er&tpronume re'a1"0 *\mi
citea)scria)spunea)zicea cum s-a petrecut accidentul,> au (" pos"&"'"aea !e a c"a
nara"0 $#r# comp'"n"re, re$'e) a' propr"e#."" 'or !e a se consru" a&so'u *\mi citea
adesea,/
""/ c"ea+# !"rec *"n"."a' (" $"na', (" "n!"rec-
a declara! a rspunde.
a rspunde poae c"a nara"0 a&so'u *a rspuns obraznic,> a declara nu $ormea+#
!"scurs nara"0"+a/
&/
0er&e care au capac"aea !e a c"a !"rec *n po+"."e $"na'#, nu (" anepus- MIon i
aminti)transmise/ = 3. ? , (" "n!"rec-
"/ c"ea+# "n!"rec $o'os"n! c-
a aminti! a arta! a atrage atenia! a dezvlui! a explica! a se -eli! a se -elui! a se
plnge! a prezice! a profei! a raporta! a reaminti! a reproa! a semnala! a striga
$ceva cuiva%! a sufla! a opti! a transmite! a se vita! a vesti /

""/ c"ea+# "n!"rec $o'os"n! s-
a propune/
"""/ c"ea+# "n!"rec $o'os"n! c)s-
a se anga-a! a fgdui! a promite/
n pr"0"n.a capac"#."" !e a $orma !"scurs nara"0"+a, 0er&e'e !e 'a &/ po c"a nara"0
cu comp'e"0# *DN
6
,, cu comp'emen *DN
7
, sau a&so'u/
As$e',
a aminti! a arta! a atrage atenia! a dezvlui! a explica! a se plnge! a prezice! a
profei! a raporta! a reaminti! a repeta! a reproa! a semnala! a striga! a sufla! a
opti! a transmite! a vesti
sun 0er&e care c"ea+# nara"0 cu comp'"n"re/
D"nre acesea-
S/ a aminti! a arta! a dezvlui! a explica! a raporta! a reaminti! a repeta po c"a
nara"0 cu comp'e"0# sau comp'emen/
"n!"rec- I-a amintit c avea o ntlnire important.
nara"0"+a 6- I-a amintit cum s a-ung acas la ea.
nara"0"+a 7- I-a amintit $despre% datoria pe care o avea.
q/ a atrage atenia! a prezice! a reproa! a semnala! a transmite (" a vesti $ormea+# un
!"scurs nara"0"+a a c#ru" comp'"n"re ese un o&"ec, !ar nu poae $" o comp'e"0#/
"n!"rec/ I-a reproat c nu este ndea-uns de atent.
nara"0"+a 6- l
nara"0"+a 7- I-a reproat neatenia.
E/ a se plnge! a profei! a striga! a sufla! a opti c"ea+# nara"0 cu comp'emen sau
$ormea+# DN a&so'u/
"n!"rec- " strigat c nu el este vinovatul.
nara"0"+a 6- l
6?`
nara"0"+a 7- I-a strigat vorbe de ocar.
nara"0"+a a&so'u- Striga! dar nu l auzea nimeni.
B/ c"ea+# nara"0 $#r# comp'"n"re-
a se -eli! a se -elui! a se vita *sun 0er&e "nran+""0e care nu po a0ea comp'emen
"n!"rec,/
Cum se compor# ns#, !"n aces punc !e 0e!ere *capac"aea !e a $orma DN, 0er&e'e
a propune# a se anga-a! a fgdui! a promite l
S# presupunem sec0en.e'e-

*6, gZo" $ace a(a cum m"1a" ceru/h
*7, gAm s#1' conace+ pe X> 0om $")a o n2'n"re (" aunc" am s# ncerc s#1' con0"n%
s# n" se a'#ure/h
n ca+u' n care a'e%e re!area sec0en.e" *7, $o'os"n! pe a spune, rapororu' poae opa
penru unu' !"nre ce'e re" "pur" !e repre+enare-
a, !"rec- >l mi-a spus/ 234.>
&, "n!"rec- Spunea c are s-l contacteze pe F etc.#
c, nara"0"+a- Spunea cum are s procedeze.>
D"n acesea se poae 0e!ea c# &, nu ese raporarea "n!"rec# a 'u" *6,, a(a cum n"c" c,
nu ese raporarea nara"0# a 'u" *6,/
n sc5"m&, se'ecarea 'u" a propune! a se anga-a! a fgdui! a promite, presupune o
a'e%ere nre !ou# proce!ee *0om '#sa !e o pare raporarea !"rec#, n2'n"# !oar n
nara."unea cu'#- 234! promise el.,/ Acese proce!ee sun-
$"e o re!are a 'u" *6, respec2n! $orma (" con."nuu' acesu"a-

I-a promis s fac aa cum i ceruse.
$"e o re!are a 'u" *7,, care nu 0a puea $" ns# !ec2 o re!are a con."nuu'u" acesu"a-

I-a promis s fac aa cum i ceruse.
Dup# cum se poae 0e!ea, ncerc#r"'e !e a rapora sec0en.e'e *6, sau *7, $o'os"n! ca
0er&e !e "nro!ucere unu' !"nre 0er&e'e c"ae *a propune! a se anga-a! a fgdui! a
promite, 0or a3un%e 'a unu' (" ace'a(" re+u'a/
Ceea ce a$"rm#m a"c" ese c# re!area $orme" 'u" *7, ese a%rama"ca'#, !eoarece un ac
ca ace'a a' prom"s"un"" are n 0e!ere faptul realizrii une" ac."un" (" nu detaliile
acese"a *pro&'em# cu care 0er&e ca a spune! a zice! a scrie! a citi nu se con$run#,-
M" promis c are s-l contacteze pe F! c va fixa o ntlnire i atunci are s ncerce
s-l conving s etc.
6?9
n consec"n.#, !espre 0er&e'e care se consru"esc cu s *a propune, (" ce'e care
$o'osesc n mo! e%a' c (" s *a se anga-a! a fgdui! a promite, puem spune c#-
6/ po c"a !"rec $"na' *$o'os"re resr2ns# 'a nara."unea cu'#,>
7/ c"ea+# "n!"rec *cu s, sau cu c)s,- gZo" $ace a(a cum m"1a" ceru/h I1a prom"s
s# $ac# a(a cum " ceruse/
Penru a se anga-a! a fgdui (" a promite, c (" s sun n 0ar"a."e '"&er#> a da de
neles! a telefona! a spune! a zice se'ecea+# c aunc" c2n! e)p'"c"ea+# un ac
repre+ena"0 *a da de neles! a spune! a zice, sau com"s"0 *a telefona,, !ar
e)p'"c"ea+# un ac !"rec"0 c2n! se'ecea+# s# a amenina! a accepta! a fi de acord! a
se mira au sensur" !"$er"e aunc" c2n! se consru"esc cu una !"nre ce'e !ou#
con3unc.""/
?/ c"ea+# nara"0- gAm s#1' conace+ pe X> 0om $")a o n'n"re (" aunc" am s# ncerc
s#1' con0"n% s# n" se a'#ure/h I1a prom"s s# $ac# a(a cum " ceruse/
c/
"/ 0er&e care c"ea+# !"rec (" nara"0-
a povesti
`@
! a spune! a relata! a istorisi.
""/ 0er&e care c"ea+# !oar nara"0-
a sugera# a da de neles.
gAsa ese o per"oa!# c2n! am $oare mu' !e 'ucru/hX 7i-a sugerat)7i-a dat de
neles s plec.
9Y
!/
pas"0e'e re$'e)"0e a'e 0er&e'or ran+""0e cupr"nse 'a 7/`/?/6/6/a/, &/, c/> acesea sa"s$ac
!oar pr"ma !"nre con!".""'e enun.#r"", 'e)"ca'"+ea+# *$acu'a"0, un Recepor4 gint 4
o&"ec "n!"rec> nu sun per$orma"0e/
Ineresea+# a"c" s"ua.""'e n care acese 0er&e se consru"esc cu o&"ec "n!"rec/
Ce'e ma" mu'e !"nre 0er&e'e !e 'a 7/`/?/6/6/a/ se $o'osesc n e%a'# m#sur# cu sau
$#r# o&"ec "n!"rec *s-a spus)s-a scris, 'a $e' !e &"ne ca (" mi s-a spus)mi s-a scris# !ar
mi s-a rspuns ese cu mu' ma" $rec0en !ec2 se rspunde,# !"nre 0er&e'e cupr"nse
'a 7/`/?/6/6/&/ (" c/, a aminti! a arta! a dezvlui! a explica! a reaminti! a repeta! a
striga! a sufla! a sugera! a transmite (" a vesti par a a0ea ma" $rec0en u+ur" n care
ese "n!"ca Receporu' *mi s-a amintit! mi s-a artat ec/,/
Acese 0er&e nu po c"a !"rec (" $"na' *M 26ucrrile vor ncepe mine4! mi s-a
spus.,> e'e c"ea+# !"rec n po+"."e "n"."a'#- gi s-a spus 2nu traversa pe rou <4! nu-i
aa &, sau c"ea+# nso."e !e o caa$or#-
7i s-au transmis urmtoarele/ 234 *!ar nu M 7i s-a rspuns/ 234,
96
/
norme'e !e pas"0 re$'e)"0 care apar consru"e cu o&"ec "n!"rec (" p#srea+#
capac"aea !e a $orma !"scurs nara"0"+a- 7i s-a spus cum a decurs ntlnirea.
Pas"0e'e re$'e)"0e consru"e $#r# o&"ec "n!"rec $ormea+# o&"ecu' para%ra$u'u"
7/`/9/6/
e/
po c"a !oar !"rec-
"/ n po+"."e "n"."a'# sau $"na'#, a!esea nso."e !e o caa$or# sau o ana$or# *aa!
astfel,
97
-
a cuvnta! a glsui! a gri
9?
! a rosti! a vorbi *;a se a!resa cu"0a<,/
""/ n po+"."e $"na'#-
a i-o ntoarce! a replica! a i-o reteza/
6?8

$/
po c"a !oar "n!"rec-
"/ $o'os"n! c-
a divulga! a revela! a telefona! a telegrafia/
""/ $o'os"n! s-
a cere! a interzice! a prescrie! a pretinde! a recomanda! a solicita/
D"nre acesea, po $orma DN
6
-
a divulga! a revela! a cere! a interzice! a prescrie! a recomanda! a solicita *I-a
prescris plimbri pe munte> I-a interzis accesul> I-a solicitat a-utorul ec/,
7/`/?/6/7/
acua'"+ea+# srucura Recepor4 gint 4o&"ec !"rec-

a/
a nva *!ocre, o eac5,> c"ea+# !"rec *n po+"."e "n"."a'#, $"na'# sau n "nc"+#,,
"n!"rec, nara"0 cu comp'"n"re> $o'ose(e c penru DI (" cum penru DN>
a ntreba $dac%> poae c"a !"rec *n or"ce po+"."e,, "n!"rec, c"ea+# nara"0 cu
comp'emen sau a&so'u, !ar nu poae c"a nara"0 cu comp'e"0#>
a striga $pe cineva%! a chema ;a "nerpe'a< *c"ea+# !"rec "n"."a', $"na', nara"0 $#r#
comp'"n"re,/
&/
c"ea+# !"rec *!oar n po+"."e $"na'#, (" "n!"rec-
"/ c"ea+# "n!"rec $o'os"n! c-
a amenina! a anuna! a asigura! a ateniona! a avertiza! a informa! a ncredina! a
ntiina! a lmuri! a mini! a vesti
9`
.
""/ c"ea+# "n!"rec $o'os"n! s-
a invita! a mbia! a ndemna! a pofti! a povui! a presa! a ruga! a sftui/

D"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' mo!u'u" n care c"ea+# nara"0, 0er&e'e !e 'a 7/`/?/6/7/&/ se
%rupea+# as$e'-
S/ a amenina! a anuna! a asigura! a ateniona! a avertiza! a informa! a ncredina! a
ntiina! a lmuri c"ea+# nara"0 cu comp'emen-
"n!"rec- 6-a anunat c va sosi a doua zi/
nara"0"+a 6- l
nara"0"+a 7- 6-a anunat despre accident.
q/ a mini c"ea+# nara"0 a&so'u-
"n!"rec- " minit c nu l vzuse.
nara"0"+a 6- l
nara"0"+a 7- l
nara"0"+a a&so'u- hi s nu minim naintea lu 'umnezeu i oamenilor. *Cores",
>vangheliar, apu! DLR,
E/ a invita! a mbia! a ndemna! a pofti! a povui! a presa! a ruga! a sftui
e)p'"c"ea+# ace !"rec"0e (" se consru"esc cu s> penru e'e, !ae'e pro&'eme" ("
6?:
conc'u+"a sun ace'ea(" cu ce'e enun.ae 'a 7/`/?/6/6/ &/, n 'e%#ur# cu 0er&e'e care
e)p'"c"ea+# ace com"s"0e *a propune! a se anga-a! a fgdui (" a promite,/

c/ " ntreba se'ecea+# dac penru a c"a "n!"rec o "nero%a"0# oa'# (" cum! cnd!
unde! ct *a!0/tpron/,! ce! cine! care penru a c"a "n!"rec o "nero%a"0# par."a'#> nu
poae c"a nara"0 cu comp'e"0# *!eoarece cum, conecoru' u"'"+a !e aser"0e penru
a c"a nara"0 cu comp'e"0#, are un a' ro' n ca+u' 'u" a ntreba,/
!/ nu c"ea+# nara"0-
a autoriza! a soma *nu au consruc."e a&so'u#> se consru"esc o&'"%aor"u cu o
comp'e"0#, ca+ n care c"ea+# "n!"rec/,
7/`/?/6/?/
acua'"+ea+# srucura Recepor4gint4su&"ec-
1 pas"0e'e ana'""ce a'e 0er&e'or ran+""0e cupr"nse 'a 7/`/?/6/7/ a/, &/, c/, a!"c# 0er&e
care au 'a !"ae+a ac"0# un o&"ec !"rec persona' (" care a!m", n ace'a(" "mp,
consruc."a cu propo+"."e pe po+"."a o&"ecu'u" secun!ar- a anuna! a vesti! a nva! a
ruga etc. *Un anga-at de la raionul buturi este rugat s se prezinte la casa cinci.,,
!ar nu (" a zice! a spune! a declara etc.# acesea po c"a !oar "n!"rec/

7/`/?/7/
Zer&e care nu $ormea+# !"scurs c"an
Penru a n.e'e%e !e ce une'e 0er&e !ec'ara"0e au propr"eaea c"#r"", "ar a'e'e nu
*sau o au !oar n anum"e con!"."",, "nro!ucem a"c" un nou cr"er"u, (" anume $e'u' n
care se compor# 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e ca per$orma"0e e)p'"c"e/
D"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' $o'os"r"" 'or ca per$orma"0e e)p'"c"e, 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e se
po a$'a n urm#oare'e s"ua.""-
7/`/?/7/6/
0er&e cu u+ur" spec"a'"+ae *au r#s#ur"'e gk$orma'h, gk"ns"u."ona'h,-
a constata! a decide! a declara! a decreta! a hotr! a vorbi ec/
Acesea au u+ per$orma"0 aunc" c2n! sun $o'os"e-
1'a $orma !e persoana n2", s"n%u'ar, "n!"ca"0 pre+en ac"0 *E declar cstorii.,>
1'a persoana n2", p'ura', "n!"ca"0 pre+en ac"0 *"deverim prin prezenta c# Ne! the
;eople of the United States i3j do ordain and establish this Donstitution for the
United States of "merica.,>
1'a persoana a re"a, s"n%u'ar, "n!"ca"0 pre+en ac"0 *Instana)Durtea
hotrte)decide urmtoarele# "tenie! v vorbete cpitanul/ ,>
1'a persoana a re"a, s"n%u'ar, "n!"ca"0 pre+en pas"0 *Se adeverete prin prezenta c,/
no'os"e 'a "mpur" per$ece, e'e au u+ !escr"p"0/
7/`/?/7/7/
0er&e care *$o'os"e !oar 'a persoana n2", s"n%u'ar, "n!"ca"0 pre+en ac"0, au ro'u' !e
a scoae n e0"!en.# a$"rma."a sau "nero%a."a !"n comp'e"0#-
a zice! a spune! a ntreba ec/,
6?A
n u+ur" !e "pu'- gConsa c# a" re+o'0a &"ne e)erc"."u'/h> gTe nre& penru u'"ma oar#
mh> sau ca n
g 4 Ion e1a 0#+u "er" 'a X/
4 Iar eu ." spun c# nu am $os aco'o sh#
'a $e', n
gZreau s#1." spun c# am $os s"n%ura care am recu e)amenu' s/h
gS# nu m# n.e'e%" %re("> ce 0reau s# spun ese c# mh
*un!e s"na%ma vreau s-i spun nu ara# !or"n.a Em".#oru'u" !e a enun.a ce0a, c" are
ro' meacomun"ca."ona'- !e $ap, pr"n respec"0a $ormu'#, Em".#oru' $"e su&'"n"a+# c#
se a(eap# ca Receporu' s# $"e surpr"ns !e ceea ce urmea+# a $" spus, $"e e)p'"c"ea+#
sau aenuea+# ce0a enun.a aner"or,/
Zer&e'e cupr"nse 'a 7/`/?/7/6/ (" 7/`/?/7/7/ "nr# n enun.ur" per$orma1"0e, enun.ur" a
c#ror em"ere "mp'"c# rea'"+area prac"c# a ac."un"" e)pr"mae !e 0er&/ n ca+u' 'or,
accenu' ca!e pe aciunea mp'"n"# pr"n enun.are (" nu pe enunul propr"u1+"s, "ar
aceasa se 0e!e (" !"n $apu' c# nu po ap#rea n c -
gZ# !ec'ar c# n1am ("u n"m"c !espre asa/h M>l a spus c declar#
gTe nre& penru u'"ma oar#h M>l i-a spus c o ntreab#
gIar eu ." spun c# nu am $os aco'o sh M>l a spus c el i spune c>
gAen."e, 0# 0or&e(e c#p"anu'h MDpitanul le-a spus c le vorbete>
gZ# or!on-mh M>l le-a spus c le ordon>
gZreau s#1." spun c#h M>a a spus c vrea s-i spun c etc.
gnre&are- Cum a3un% 'a "ne acas# lh M>l a spus/ 2\ntrebare etc.4
c" po $" !oar men."onae/ Aceasa "mp'"c# ns# "!en"$"carea acu'u" !e '"m&a3
per$orma !e c#re 'ocuor, !eoarece u+u' e)p'"c" a' 0er&u'u" poae mo!"$"ca $or.a
"'ocu."onar# a enun.u'u"> 'ucru' are "mporan.# aunc" c2n! se pune pro&'ema re!#r""
unor as$e' !e sec0en.e-

gNu am $os aco'o/h
are o $or.# "'ocu."onar# "!en"$"ca&"'# pr"n a spune! a afirma,
pe c2n!
gEu spunt!ec'arta$"rm c# nu am $os aco'o sh
are o $or.# "'ocu."onar# "!en"$"ca&"'# pr"n a insista! a susine! a pretinde/
n consec"n.#, 0er&e'e !espre care !"scu#m a"c" nu po ap#rea n"c" n C -
gTe nre& penru u'"ma oar#h M6-a ntrebat dac3
gIar eu ." spun c# nu am $os aco'o sh MI-a spus c3
gAen."e, 0# 0or&e(e c#p"anu'h M6e vorbea cpitanul3
gZreau s#1." spun c#h MEoia s-i spun c3
Penru a $" corec raporae *ese 0or&a !espre o corec"u!"ne pra%ma"c#,, ese
necesar ca $or.a 'or "'ocu."onar# s# $"e "!en"$"ca# pr"n 0er&e mono$unc."ona'e !"n
6?@
punc !e 0e!ere pra%ma"c *!ec" care $unc."onea+# !oar ca reprezentative sau
directive sau comisive ec/, 'ucru care nu se poae spune !espre un 0er& ca a spune,
po'"$unc."ona',-
gTe nre& penru u'"ma oar#h Insista s tie dac3
gIar eu ." spun c# nu am $os aco'o sh Se -ura c3
gAen."e, 0# 0or&e(e c#p"anu'h 6i s-a solicitat atenia! cci urma s3
gZreau s#1." spun c#h ;unea mare pre pe faptul c3
gnre&are - Cum a3un% 'a "ne acas# lh Eoia s tie cum a-unge etc.
A(a!ar, anum"e 0er&e nu po $" $o'os"e penru a rapora n DN, !eoarece aces $ap ar
mo!"$"ca $or.a "'ocu."onar# pe care o a0ea 0er&u' n !"scursu' or"%"nar/
Se "0e(e n mo! $"resc nre&area cu ce "p !e raporare a0em a $ace n-
gDec'ar c#mh >l a declarat c3
gSune." auor"+a s#mh 6-au autorizat s3
gCurea !ec"!e ;m< h Durtea a decis c)s3
e)emp'e n care "!en"$"carea acu'u" !e '"m&a3 nu apar."ne Rapororu'u" *e' $ace o
!escr"ere, ar%umen n $a0oarea !"scursu'u" nara"0"+a, !ar !"scursu' c"ea+#, uneor"
cu un mare %ra! !e prec"+"e, spuse'e em".#oru'u" or"%"nar *ar%umen n $a0oarea
!"scursu'u" "n!"rec,/
Da $""n! ns# $apu' c# 0er&u' $o'os" !e Raporor descrie (", s"mu'an, citeaz, cre!em
c# ne a$'#m nr1unu' !"nre ca+ur"'e n care '"m"a !"nre ce'e !ou# "pur" !e !"scurs
rapora nu poae $" ras# cu prec"+"e/
Zer&e'e !e 'a 7/`/?/7/7/ $ormea+# C !oar aunc" c2n! "!en"$"carea acu'u" !e '"m&a3
per$orma apar."ne Rapororu'u" (" nu Em".#oru'u" or"%"nar-
A-am tiut nimic despre asta. >l a declarat c nu tie etc.
"i rezolvat bine exerciiul. >a a constatat c el rezolvase etc.
"i fost i tu acolo & >a l-a ntrebat dac etc.
"m s vin mine. >l i-a spus c)i-a promis c)l-a ameninat c etc.
E)"s# 0er&e care nu po a0ea !ec2 un as$e' !e u+ *a!"c# nu po $" $o'os"e !ec2 !e
c#re Raporor,-
Ioane! am foarte mult treab. 7aria i ddu de neles c ar trebui s plece.
MIoane! i dau de neles c etc.
7/`/?/7/?/
A"c" "nr# 0er&e per$orma"0e e)p'"c"e ca- a avertiza! a imputa! a mulumi! a se
opune! a permite! a se plnge! a promite! a ura.
Toae acesea au o op"c# spec"a'"+a#- n momenu' n care sun per$orma"0e !esc5"!
$ra+a *;romit c voi veni,, "ar aunc" c2n! sun !escr"p"0e apar !oar cu u+ nara"0 *>l
a promis c va veni, sau !"rec $"na' *2Eoi veni4! promise el,, n"c"o!a# M>l promise/
2Eoi veni4/

7/`/?/7/`/
0er&e care nu po $" $o'os"e ca per$orma"0e, c" !oar ca !escr"p"0e *nu au u+
mea'"n%0"s"c, c#c" Em".#oru' nu poae "!en"$"ca, $o'os"n!u1'e, acu' !e '"m&a3 pe
6`Y
care ' rea'"+ea+#/,- gZ1am pre!a "er"tZ# 0o" pre!a as#+"h, !ar nu gZ# pre!auh, ca
gZ# prom"h-

M i art)dezvlui)dau de neles)explic)povestesc)relatez)strig)suflu c# M te nv c /
99

7/`/?/7/`/6/
In!"c# Receporu' pr"n o&"ec "n!"rec (" c"ea+# nara"0 *une'e !oar cu comp'emen,
a'e'e (" cu comp'e"0#,-

\i enumer)expuse)prezent avanta-ele acestei teorii,
!ar nu a!m" s"mu'an un o&"ec "n!"rec n !a"0 (" un !"scurs !"rec cu 0er&u' n
po+"."e "n"."a'#-

M \i enumer)expuse)prezent/ 234
sau o&"ec "n!"rec n !a"0 (" !"scurs "n!"rec-

M \i enumer)expuse)prezent c3>
Ce'e ma" mu'e po sa ns# n pospo+"."e, !up# un !"scurs !"rec-
23!3! 34! $i% enumer el.
La $e'-
I-a prezentat)reprodus)zugrvit k comp'emen)
M I-a prezentat)reprodus)zugrvit c3 )
234! i prezent el situaia.
Zer&e'e care au aceas# caracer"s"c# !e consruc."e "n!"c# Recep1oru' pr"n o&"ec
"n!"rec n !a"0, !ar sun n ace'a(" "mp ran+""0e-
a enumera! a evoca! a expune! a mprti! a nfia! a preda! a prezenta! a
reproduce! a zugrvi /
7/`/?/7/`/7/
Zer&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e "nran+""0e> nu c"ea+# !ec2 !"rec $"na'> "n!"c# Receporu'-
"/ pr"n o&"ec "n!"rec/
a se confesa! a da socoteal! a face moral! a face observaie! a se spovedi! a-i
spune psul>
""/ pr"n o&"ec "n!"rec prepo+"."ona'-
a-i bate -oc! a bga spaima! a-i cuna! a cocheta! a se confia! a se descrca! a$-i%
etala $cunotiinele% fa de! a se rsti! a se rsufla ctre *!ar (" cu !a"0u',! a se
slobozi ctre! a se stropi! a-i vrsa amarul/

7/`/?/7/`/?/
Zer&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e care "n!"c# Receporu' pr"n o&"ec !"rec *n consec"n.#, nu
ma" po "n!"ca mesa3u' pr"n acu+a"0 (" nu po c"a nara"0 cu comp'"n"re,> ce'e ma"
mu'e po c"a !"rec $"na'-
a ademeni! a admonesta! a amei! a apostrofa! a bat-ocori! a binecuvnta! a
chestiona! a complimenta! a consilia! a contrazice! a convoca! a contacta! a corecta!
a cori-a! a dscli! a desclci ;a '#mur"<! a descoase! a dezinforma! a dezmierda! a
6`6
do-eni! a drcui! a felicita! a huidui! a implora! a in-uria! a instrui! a insulta! a
interpela! a invectiva! a ironiza! a ndrepta! a ndruma! a n-ura! a -igni! a -udeca ;a
cr""ca, a musra<! a luda! a lingui! a lua n balon! a lua n derdere! a lua n rs! a
lua la pertu! a lua la rost! a lua la vale! a lua peste picior! a mguli! a mustra! a
mutrului! a ocr! a ovaiona! a peria! a persifla! a pomeni ;a am"n" !e c"ne0a sau !e
ce0a<! a preveni! a pune $pe cineva s fac ceva%! a pune la cale $pe cineva%! a refuza
$pe cineva%! a repezi! a saluta! a sictiri! a anta-a! a slvi! a tachina! a zeflemisi/
7/`/?/7/9/
0er&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e care nu repro!uc spuse'e *e'e re!au !oar conc'u+"a 'a care s1
a a3uns n urma une" anum"e opera.""- I-a dovedit c nu avea dreptate.,- a demonstra!
a dovedi! a face dovada/
7/`/`/
Zer&e !ec'ara"0e or"enae spre Au!"or
7/`/`/6/
Zer&e care po $orma !"scurs c"an-
a/
po c"a !"rec *$"na',, "n!"rec, nara"0 cu comp'emen-
a admite! a afirma! a aprecia! a constata! a decide! a ntri! a fi de acord! a fi de
prere! a insinua! a observa! a opina! a postula! a preciza! a pretinde! a recunoate! a
releva! a reliefa! a remarca! a sublinia! a sugera $c%! a susine
98
>
&/
po c"a !oar !"rec *anepus ,-
a arta! a declara! a releva! a repeta! a spune! a sublinia,
aunc" c2n! sun consru"e cu a!0er&e'e adesea! ntotdeauna! mereu! frecvent! ec/
sau cu de *ka!3ec"0, ori /
"m afirmat adesea/ 234
!ar M 234! am recomandat adeseori.
n acese con!"."", e'e nu po "n!"ca Receporu' (" nu a!m" o&"ec "n!"rec-
MI-am afirmat n mai multe rnduri c n Romnia se ncearc o dezbinare a forelor
de dreapta.
c/
po c"a !oar !"rec *$"na',-
a se amesteca! a articula! a se bga! a bolborosi! a bombni! a cobi! a completa! a
conchide! a concluziona! a consimi! a continua! a exclama! a exploda! a se fandosi! a
se fli! a gargarisi! a gfi! a grohi! a se grozvi! a horci! a insista! a interveni! a
isprvi! a izbucni! a se mpotrivi! a se ncpna! a ncepe! a ncheia! a ncuviina! a
ngima! a ntmpina! a ntregi! a ntrerupe! a se nvoi! a se lamenta! a ltra! a mri!
a mormi! a mugi! a murmura
9:
! a se oferi! a se olici! a se or! a para! a prinde
glas! a protesta! a pufni! a pune capt discuiei! a rupe tcerea! a-i scpa
9A
! a
schimba vorba! a sfri! a ssi! a scheuna! a scrni! a susura! a uiera
9@
! a termina!
a zbiera/
8Y
jrupa 7/`/`/6/c/ cupr"n!e-
6`7
"/ 0er&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e aspecua'e *!eno# c# enun.area ncepe, con"nu# sau se
erm"n#,-
a se amesteca, a se bga! a completa! a conchide! a concluziona! a continua! a
interveni! a isprvi! a ncepe! a ncheia! a ntmpina! a ntrerupe! a para! a prinde
glas! a rupe tcerea! a schimba vorba! a sfri! a termina/
""/ 0er&e care s"uea+# enun.area n crono'o%"a unu" !"scurs *e'e "n!"c# 0a'oarea unu"
enun. n rapor cu a'e enun.ur" a'e ace'e"a(" ar%umen1#r" sau cu enun.ur" a'e
"ner'ocuoru'u", -
a admite! a afirma! a aprecia! a constata! a decide! a ntri! a fi de acord! a fi de
prere! a insinua! a observa! a opina! a para! a postula! a preciza! a pretinde! a
recunoate! a releva! a reliefa! a remarca! a sublinia! a sugera $c%! a susine>
"""/ 0er&e care !au !ea'"" asupra "n$'e)"un"" 0oc""- a accentua! a bzi! a bombni! a
cotcodci! a declama! a gargarisi! a gfi! a graseia! a grohi! a intona! a ltra! a
mri! a mormi! a mugi! a murmura! a necheza! a piigia! a psalmodia! a pufni! a
recita! a ssi! a scheuna! a scrni! a susura! a uiera! a zbiera! a zumzi/
"0/ 0er&e care !au !ea'"" asupra c'ar"#."" sau a nec'ar"#."" enun.#r""- a blm-i! a
bolborosi! a gngvi! a horci! a ngima! a stlci! a opi! a uoti/
Incapac"aea acesor 0er&e !e a $orma DN ese !e naur# seman"co1s"nac"c# - pe !e
o pare, e'e nu !eno# per$ormarea unu" enun., c" se re$er# 'a c"rcumsan.e a'e
enun.u'u" *%rupe'e "/ (" ""/, sau a'e enun.#r"" *%rupe'e """/ (" "0/,, pe !e a'a, e'e nu se po
consru" a&so'u/
!/
po c"a "n!"rec-
a adeveri! a argumenta! a aserta! a consemna! a depune mrturie! a dezmini! a face
o observaie)remarc! a nega! a paria! a preconiza! a propovdui! a rspndi
vestea)tirea c! a reafirma! a scoate n relief! a specifica! a stipula! a tgdui! a
vehicula tirea c>
C"ea+# nara"0 *cu comp'emen sau comp'e"0#,- a adeveri! a aserta! a certifica! a
consemna! a dezmini! a nega! a preconiza! a propovdui! a reafirma! a scoate n
relief! a specifica! a stipula! a tgdui.
e/
po c"a !oar nara"0 *cu comp'emen sau comp'e"0#,-
a anula! a aroga! a aviza! a blm-i! a certifica! a cita! a colporta! a da n vileag! a
debita! a decreta! a defini! a descrie! a difuza! a dispune! a emite! a enuna! a
exprima! a indica! a infirma! a intona! a invoca! a lansa! a nara! a se obliga! a opta! a
pleda! a prezenta! a proclama! a profera! a pronuna! a recita! a refuza $ceva%! a
regreta! a revendica! a scorni! a testa ;a !a !"spo+"."" pr"n esamen<! a trasa! a trata!
a urzi/
86
7/`/`/7/
Zer&e care nu po $orma !"scurs c"an-
7/`/`/7/6/ cupr"n!e 0er&e ca-
6`?
a bate ;a $ace o a'u+"e<! a se cciuli! a crcoti! a comenta! a contramanda! a crcni!
a-i da asentimentul! a declina ;a re$u+a s#1(" asume o sarc"n#<! a deslui! a detalia! a
dezvolta! a diagnostica! a glumi! a interveni ;a $ace un !emers n $a0oarea cu"0a<! a
se ncontra! a -uca teatru! a -ura! a se -ustifica! a se lansa! a-i luda marfa! a se
manifesta! a mistifica! a monologa! a nscoci! a pertracta! a plusa! a predica! a
profesa! a se pronuna! a proscrie! a publica! a pune o vorb! a radiodifuza! a
rspica! a rstlmci! a reformula! a reproba! a retracta! a riposta! a scpa o vorb!
a schia! a sonda! a opi! a uoti! a tlmci! a tlcui! a traduce! a trece peste ;a $ace
o preer"."e<! a veni $cu anumite fraze% /
Une'e !"nre 0er&e'e !"n 7/`/`/7/6/ po "n!"ca Au!"oru'-
1pr"nr1un o&"ec !"rec- a achita! a acoperi! a anatemiza! a blagoslovi! a blama! a
blestema! a boteza! a categorisi! a cftni! a caterisi! a condamna! a contesta! a
deplnge! a descnta! a dezaproba! a dezavua! a dezlega! a discredita! a disculpa! a
ferici! a huli! incrimina! a inculpa! a nfiera! a ngna! a -udeca ;a e)am"na o
persoan# n ca'"ae !e 3u!ec#or (" a !a o 5o#r2re 3u!"c"ar#<! a mscri! a medita ;a
!a 'ec."" par"cu'are<! a numi! a osndi! a pr! a pedepsi! a pomeni ;a ros" nume'e
cu"0a n ca!ru' unu" ser0"c"u re'"%"os<! a ponegri! a porecli! a preamri! a prepara ;a
!a 'ec."" par"cu'are<! a probozi! a proslvi! a rszice! a reclama! a recomanda! a
recuza! a repudia! a respinge! a scuza! a stigmatiza! a struni! a icana! a ugui! a
trmbia! a vitupera.
1pr"nr1un o&"ec "n!"rec- a atribui *n !a"0,> a se dezice *prepo+"."1ona',/
87
Zer&e'e !e su& 7/`/`/7/6/ sun o su&c'as# eero%en# seman"c1s"nac"c1s"'"s"c/ D"n
punc !e 0e!ere seman"c, acesea s1ar puea mp#r." n-
a/ 0er&e ca a analiza! a conveni! a convorbi! a delibera! a dezbate! a dialoga! a
discuta! a flecri! a se ntreine! a se nelege ;a a3un%e 'a o n.e'e%ere<! a negocia! a
parlamenta! a plnui! a se socoti! a sporovi! a toca! a unelti! a vorbi ;a a3un%e 'a o
n.e'e%ere<! a se vorbi ;a c#!ea 'a n.e'e%ere<, *precum (" a se consulta! a se tutui! a
se sftui, se consru"esc a!esea cu ermen" ca mpreun! amndoi! reciproc! unul cu
cellalt, care !eno# rec"proc"aea sau asoc"erea *$"ecare !"nre 'ocuor" ese pe r2n!
em".#or (" recepor,/
Aprop"ae acesora ca sens sun 0er&e'e care !eno# repearea une" rep'"c" sau
sc5"m&u' a'erna"0 !e ro'ur" !"nre em".#or (" recepor-
a bate la cap! a cina! a cicli! a ciocni! a interoga! a intervieva! a pisa! a pislogi!
a sci! a toca! a tracasa/
Penru une'e, !es$#(urarea ac."un"" !enoae !e 0er& presupune a&sen.a persoane" care
$ace o&"ecu' !"scursu'u"-
a brfi! a cleveti! a conspira! a defima! a denuna! a unelti,
sau pre+en.a $acu'a"0# a acese"a-
a anatemiza! a caterisi! a contesta! a critica! a demasca! a disculpa! a imita! a
incrimina! a inculpa! a -udeca ;a e)am"na o persoan# n ca'"ae !e 3u!ec#or (" a !a o
5o#r2re 3u!"c"ar#<! a maimuri! a osndi! a parodia! a pedepsi! a pomeni! a recuza!
a repudia! a respinge/
&/ 0er&e a'e c"#r"" auon"m"ce- a boteza! a chema! a numi! a porecli! a intitula.
6``
c/ 0er&e care !eno# ac."un" pr"n care se repro!uc nu numa" 0or&e'e, c" (" m"(c#r"'e
("tsau m"m"ca em".#oru'u" or"%"nar- a imita! a ngna! a maimuri! a parodia/
!/ 0er&e care !esemnea+# e$ece per'ocu."onare-
a agasa! a alarma! a alerta! a amgi! a amei! a consola! a convinge! a desclci ;a
'#mur"<! a dezinforma! a enerva! a fermeca! a flata! a incita! a mbrbta! a ncnta!
a ncredina! a ncura-a! a nnebuni! a nela! a liniti! a mguli! a manipula! a pcli!
a persuada! a prosti! a tmpi! a vr-i/
8?
Dup# jau'mWn 6@A:&, acese 0er&e po $orma DN/
7/`/`/7/7/
0er&e care nu repro!uc spuse'e c" re!au !oar conc'u+"a 'a care s1a a3uns n urma une"
anum"e opera.""- "u a-uns la concluzia c etc.
a a-unge la concluzia! a calcula! a proba! a socoti *;a ca'cu'a<,! a stabili/
7/`/9/
Zer&e care nu sun or"enae n"c" spre Recepor, n"c" spre Au!"or
7/`/9/6/
0er&e care nu sun or"enae spre Recepor sau Au!"or, c" ma" !e%ra1&# spre-
enun.are-
a accentua! a declama! a elucida! a nuana! a numra ;a enun.a pe r2n! un ("r !e
numere<! a omite! a psalmodia! a trece $de la o idee la alta% >
enun.area une" $ormu'e-
a adera! a ab-ura! a revoca>
re$eren-
a anticipa! a crni! a se crampona! a deriva! a descifra! a da pe fa! a depune
mrturie! a denumi! a exemplifica! a glosa! a insera! a interpreta! a intitula! a
notifica! a parafraza! a prefixa! a ratifica! a recapitula! a rectifica! a se referi! a
rezuma! a subintitula! a sufixa>
a"u!"nea Receporu'u" $a.# !e ce'e enun.ae !e c#re Em".#or-
a bate apa n piu! a bate cmpii! a cotcodci! a-i da aere! a-i da ifose! a se da n
spectacol! a divaga! a exagera! a fabula! a face fasoane! a face figuri! a face fie! a
face nazuri! a fantaza! a se fasoli! a fi cu gura mare! a gngvi! a se izmeni! a nflori!
a mzgli! a necheza! a se piigia! a se sclifosi! a stlci/
7/`/9/7/
pas"0e'e re$'e)"0e !"scuae 'a 7/`/?/6/6/!/, aunc" c2n! nu se consru"esc cu o&"ec
"n!"rec/ Acese 0er&e nu po c"a !"rec n"c" "n"."a' (" n"c" $"na' *M 26ucrrile vor
ncepe mine4! se spuse.,> c"ea+# $rec0en "n!"rec *Se zice c nu va veni., (" !"rec, n
po+"."e "n"."a'#, cu caa$or# *htii cum se zice/ 2'ac dai! n-ai.4, (" n mea'"m&a3 *6a
noi se zice 2curechi4,/
6`9
7/`/9/?/
re$'e)"0e'e "mpersona'e a'e unor 0er&e ep"sem"ce- Se tie)se crede) se presupune)se
prognozeaz c ...# c"ea+# !oar "n!"rec>
7/`/9/`/
consruc.""'e cu su&"ec ne!eerm"na, ca Spune la radio# c"ea+# !oar "n!"rec>
7/`/9/9/
0er&e sau 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e ca-
transpir)rsufl tirea c# se zvonete c# circul zvonul c# umbl vorba c
8`
> a
iei vorbe cuiva! a scoate vorbe cuiva# po c"a !oar "n!"rec/
89
7/`/8/
Zer&e'e recep#r""
Dac# !ec'ara"0e'e sun 0er&e'e enun.#r"", re&u"e s# ."nem seama !e $apu' c# e)"s#
(" 0er&e a'e recep#r"", care au n comun cu pr"me'e capac"aea !e a cons"u" !"scurs
c"an/
7/`/8/6/
0er&e persona'e-
a auzi! a afla! a descoperi! a nva *!"scre, o 'earn,! a lua cunotin! a percepe! a
prinde $cu urechea! din zbor%! a prinde de veste! a recepta! a recepiona#
Acesea au urm#oare'e r#s#ur"-
1 !eno# receparea une" rep'"c" *o&"ec !"rec,>
1 pre0#! un Recepor *su&"ec,>
1 a auzi c"ea+# !"rec *"n"."a' (" $"na', (" "n!"rec> oae ce'e'a'e nu po c"a !ec2
!"rec>
1 pre0#! penru Recepor ro'u' !e gint.
1 po "n!"ca $acu'a"0, Sursa- el a auzit)a aflat)a nvat de la d Sursa/
7/`/8/7/
0er&e "mpersona'e-
a se auzi>
a-i a-unge la urechi tirea c# a-i parveni tirea c# a$-i% suna! a$-i% rsuna! a-i trece
pe la urechi/
7/`/8/?/
D"nre 0er&e'e recep#r"", !oar a auzi (" $orma 'u" pas"01re$'e)"0# po c"a !"rec, ma"
a'es n s"ua."" n care sursa em"e sunee a c#ror repro!ucere "n!"rec# ese "mpos"&"'#
sau n care Em".#oru' ese non1persoan# sau "nan"ma- 2Uip! uip4! auzi el)se auzi.
Sun ns# a%rama"ca'e consruc."" precum-
M 2Au se mai poate face nimic4! afl)nv el.
M 2Se numr i Ion printre vinovai4! i parveni tirea.
7/`/:/
Dec'ara"0e'e secun!are

6`8
7/`/:/6/
Am 0#+u c# 0er&e'e cupr"nse 'a 7/`/`/6/c/ au n comun-
6/ $apu' c# ac."un"'e pe care 'e !eno# se rea'"+ea+# simultan cu emiterea unei replici#

7/ $apu' c# e0"!en."a+# circumstanele acestei emiteri sau, n ca+u' 0er&e'or care
!esemnea+# e$ece per'ocu."onare, efectele e"/
Toae 0er&e'e ne!ec'ara"0e care au acese r#s#ur" po !e0en" !ec'ara"0e/
nna%W 0or&e(e !espre ;secon!arW 0er&s o$ saW"n%< *78A, (" 'e c'as"$"c# n 0er&e care
!eno#-
6, o pro!ucere !e sunee non10er&a'# *a chicoti! a scnci! a uiera! a csca! a geme! a
ofta! a plnge! a rde! a rgi! a rn-i ec/,>
7, $enomene sonore naura'e sau mecan"ce *a tuna! a fulgera! ec/,
88
>
?, m"(c#r" $ac"a'e *a zmbi! a se ncrunta! a scpra din ochi ec/,>
`, m"(c#r" a'e corpu'u" *a se ntoarce! a se rsuci! a ncuviina din cap! a se apra cu
minile! a scutura mna! a face semn ec/,>
9, un comporamen soc"a' *a apra! a interveni $pentru cineva%! a disculpa ec/,>
8, srae%"" con0ersa."ona'e *a ntrerupe! a relua! a ntri! a nu se putea abine! a-i
scpa! a se opri ec/,>
:, a"u!"n" emo"0e care nu "mp'"c# un ac !e 0or&"re *a se mira! a se nfuria! a se
indigna! a-i lua inima n dini! a ovi! a se bucura, *78`1788,
nna%W are n 0e!ere 0er&e pe care 'e e)cerpea+# !"n opere ma%5"are !e $"c."une> un
a&e' care s#1(" propun# "n0enar"erea uuror 0er&e'or ne!ec'ara"0e care po !e0en"
!ec'ara"0e ar $" ns# mu' ma" &o%a/
L"sa 'u" nna%W cupr"n!e 0er&e $a"ce *num"e !e e' 0er&e a'e srae%""'or
con0ersa."ona'e,, 0er&e care au una !"nre r#s#ur"'e seman"ce gkm"m"ch, gk%es"ch,
gkp"ne+"ch *su&%rupe'e 61`,, 0er&e ps"5o'o%"ce> a(a!ar, 0er&e care r"m" 'a mo!u' !e
$unc."onare a cana'u'u" *0er&e'e $a"ce, sau 'a c"rcumsan.e 'e%ae !e Em".#or *0er&e'e
!"n ce'e'a'e %rupe,/
7/`/:/7/
Una !"nre surse'e 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e secun!are ese %rupa 0er&e'or !e m"(care
or"ena#> e'e sco n e0"!en.# !ea'""'e m"(c#r"" une" rep'"c" !e 'a Em".#or 'a Recepor-
a arunca! a avansa! a ntoarce! a lansa! a lsa s cad! a repezi! trnti/
E'e !e+0o'# "!eea con$run#r"" 0er&a'e, as$e' c# a'#ur" !e e'e ma" po ap#rea-
a $se% acoperi! a ademeni! a amenina! a anga-a! a $se% apra! a $se% arta! a ataca! a
atinge! a bate n retragere! a bga spaima! a bga! a biciui! a bufni! a capitula! a
cuna! a ciocni! a ciupi! a combate! a se da btut! a $se% enerva! a se entuziasma! a
etala! a exploda! a se fli! a se floi! a izbi! a izbucni! a se mpotrivi! a mpunge! a se
ncontra! a ndrzni! a respinge! a riposta! a sri! a scuipa! a slobozi! a se struni! a
suspecta! a icana! a trzni! a trmbia! a turna/

Ce'e ma" mu'e !"nre acesea !au seam# s"mu'an !e a"u!"nea Em".#oru'u" $a.# !e
ce'e spuse (" !e cum se raporea+# 'a !"scurs rep'"ca 'a care se $ace re$er"re/ Ce'e ma"
6`:
mu'e !"nre e'e sun 0er&e care c"ea+# !oar aunc" c2n! apar $o'os"e !e c#re
Raporor (" "'usrea+# funcia metalingvistic a '"m&a3u'u" *Rapororu' "!en"$"c#
rep'"ca rapora# ca $""n! o amen"n.are, prom"s"une, aser."une ec/,
7/`/:/?/
Zer&e'e ps"5o'o%"ce, surs# a !ec'ara"0e'or secun!are-

ja'a.anu propune urm#oru' es penru a !"s"n%e 0er&e'e !e comun"care !e ce'e a'e
e)per"en.e" su&"ec"0e-
a/ com&"narea cu %rupu' a!0er&"a' cu o voce d ad-ectiv sau pe un ton d ad-ectiv ese
pos"&"'# !oar n "ner"oru' c'ase" 0er&e'or !e comun"care> esu' are n 0e!ere
e)p'"c"area cana'u'u" !e ransm"ere, e'emen "ne)"sen n ca+u' 0er&e'or ps"5o'o%"ce>
&/ com&"narea cu o e)pres"e care s# ne%e sau s# con$"rme s"ncer"aea su&"ecu'u"
Em".#or- 7i-a urat noroc# de fapt! mi dorea eecul# esu' are n 0e!ere e)p'"c"area
opo+"."e" !"nre un ac !e '"m&a3 (" o sare ps"5o'o%"c#/
Tesu' 'u" ja'a.anu nu poae $" $o'os" penru a !e'"m"a 0er&e'e ps"5o'o%"ce care po
!e0en" !ec'ara"0e secun!are !e ce'e care nu au aceas# ca'"ae/
As$e', se po com&"na cu s"na%me'e cu $o% voce d ad-ectiv, pe un ton d ad-ectiv sau
cu $un% glas d ad-ectiv urm#oare'e 0er&e *ps"5o'o%"ce (" ep"sem"ce,-
a-i aminti! a bnui! a considera! a cugeta! a se decide! a dori! a se extazia! a gndi!
a se gndi! a se hotr! a se ndoi! a se ngri-a! a se ngri-ora! a se ntreba! a -ubila! a
-udeca ;a1(" $orma o op"n"e<! a se mira! a medita! a reflecta! a socoti ;a cre!e<! a se
teme/
Dar nu au aceas# ca'"ae (" 0er&e'e-
a-i aprea! a se atepta! a bnui! a chiti! a fi convins! a-i conveni! a crede! a durea!
a-i imagina! a inteniona! a inventa! a-i nchipui! a i se nfia! a nelege! a se
lumina! a i se nluci! a i se nzri! a numra ;a cons"!era pe c"ne0a n ace'a(" %rup<,
a i se prea! a plcea! a presimi! a pricepe! a reine! a simi! a socoti ;a cre!e<! a se
supra! a ti! a-i trece prin minte! a ine minte! a uimi! a visa/
Dup# cr"er"u' pos"&"'"#."" !e a !e0en" !ec'ara"0e, 0er&e'e ps"5o'o%"ce se %rupea+#
as$e'-

6/ !e0"n !ec'ara"0e secun!are !oar 'a $orma ne%a"0#- a nu se lsa! a nu se lsa
dus)prostit)pclit)nduplecat etc.! a nu se stpni>

7/ !ec'ara"0e secun!are !oar 'a $orma a$"rma"0#- a se alarma! a se ci! a cugeta! a se
decide! a dispera! a se entuziasma! a se exalta! a se extazia! a gndi! a se gndi! a se
hotr! a intui! a inventa! a se ndoi! a se nduioa! a se nfuria! a se ngri-a! a se
ngri-ora! a se ntreba! a -ubila! a -udeca ;a1(" $orma o op"n"e<! a se lumina! a medita!
a se mira! a reflecta! a se supra! a suspecta! a se teme/

?/ !ec'ara"0e secun!are 'a am&e'e $orme- a se descumpni! a se descura-a! a se
dumiri! a se ndupleca!

`/ !ec'ara"0e n !"scurs "n!"rec '"&er- a-i aminti! a-i aprea! a se atepta! a bnui! a
considera! a fi convins! a-i conveni! a crede! a durea! a ierta! a-i imagina! a
6`A
inteniona! a-i nchipui! a i se nfisa! a nelege! a nva *!"scre, o 'earn,! a
nd-dui! a i se nluci! a i se nzri! a numra ;a cons"!era pe c"ne0a n ace'a("
%rup<! a i se prea! a plcea! a presimi! a pricepe! a reine! a simi! a socoti ;a
cre!e<! a spera! a sta n cumpn! a ti! a-i trece prin minte! a ine minte! a uimi! a
visa/

9/ ne!ec'ara"0e- a admira! a adora! a cunoate! a dispera! a dori! a dumni! a
ndrgi! a voi! a vrea
Se o&ser0# c# 0er&e'e care nu se po com&"na cu %rupu' a!0er&"a' cu o voce d
ad-ectiv sau pe un ton d ad-ectiv se re%#sesc pr"nre 0er&e'e care !e0"n !ec'ara"0e
!oar aunc" c2n! sun $o'os"e cu !"scurs "n!"rec '"&er sau mono'o% "ner"or> $""n!
0er&e ps"5o'o%"ce, oae po ap#rea ns# cu !"scurs "n!"rec '"&er/

Tesu' 'u" ja'a.anu nu ser0e(e, n conc'u+"e, penru a separa n mo! c'ar 0er&e'e
ps"5o'o%"ce care sun poen."a' !ec'ara"0e !e ce'e care nu au aceas# ca'"ae/
Pe !e a'# pare, !e(" esu' are n 0e!ere (" !e$"n"rea 0er&e'or !e comun"care, e' nu
poae !a seam# !e u+ur" non10er&a'e a'e unor 0er&e- "rtistul plastic
transmite)exprim)d glas! prin tue viguroase! un)unui sentiment de ec/, !ar nu (" M
"rtistul plastic exprim! cu o voce rguit! prin tue viguroase ec/
Zer&e'e ps"5o'o%"ce care !e0"n !ec'ara"0e au aceas# poen."a'"ae !eoarece sarea 'a
care e'e $ac r"m"ere poae $" crea# (" cu a3uoru' cu0"ne'or-
a, aunc" c2n! re!# rep'"ca, Rapororu' "n!"c# !e $ap m"3'ocu' pr"n care se rea'"+ea+#
ac."unea (" pr"n care 'ocuoru' ransm"e o anum"# sare "ner'ocuoru'u"> sun 0er&e
care !esemnea+# un e$ec per'ocu."onar-
a alarma! a alerta! a consola! a descura-a! a dezamgi! a flata! a incita! a mbrbta!
a ncura-a! a nfricoa! a nnebuni! a nspimnta! a liniti! a nec-i! a pcli! a
persuada! a tempera! a vr-i/
Nu oae 0er&e'e care !esemnea+# un e$ec per'ocu."onar po !e0en" ("
!ec'ara"0e> 0er&e'e c"ae su& a/ au un caracer "nen."ona' e0"!en, ceea ce nu se poae
spune !espre 0er&e ca- a consterna! a contraria! a demoraliza! a deprima! a dezgusta!
a mhni! a nemulumi! a plictisi! a oca/
&, aunc" c2n! re!# rep'"ca, Rapororu' "n!"c# $apu' c# 'ocuoru' nsu(" are un anum"
sen"men sau c# ese su&"ecu' une" sc5"m&#r" !e sare-
a se alarma! a se amuza! a se bucura! a se ci! a se descumpni! a se demoraliza! a
se descura-a! a se emoiona! a se enerva! a se exalta! a se entuziasma! a se extazia! a
se fstci! a se impacienta! a invidia! a se ncpna! a se ncrncena! a se nduioa!
a se nflcra! a se nfuria! a se ngrozi! a se ntrista! a se liniti! a se mnia! a se
minuna! a se mira! a se oripila! a se panica! a regreta! a se resemna! a se ruina! a se
supra! a se teme/
Nu po !e0en" !ec'ara"0e 0er&e'e ps"5o'o%"ce !e$"n"e pr"n carace1r"s"ca aspecua'#
gsareh- a admira! a adora! a agrea! a antipatiza! a deplnge! a deplora! a detesta! a
desconsidera! a deznd-dui! a diviniza! a dori! a dumni! a invidia! a iubi! a
ndrgi! a -indui! a nd-dui! a nzui! a pizmui! a plcea! a rvni! simpatiza! a spera!
a stima! a ur! a voi! a vrea/ nace e)cep."e, ou(", a regreta/
6`@
7/`/:/`/
Zer&e'e ep"sem"ce

jrupur"'e nom"na'e re$eren."a'e !"n !"scursu' "n!"rec au no!eauna ce' pu."n o
"nerpreare care conra+"ce "poe+a con$orm c#re"a e'e ar !er"0a !"n !"scursu' !"rec/
As$e', !"nre enun.ur"'e-
a/ Oe!"p a spus c# mama sa ese $rumoas#/
&/ Oe!"p a spus- ;Mama mea ese $rumoas#</
ce' !e1a' !o"'ea are !ou# "nerpre#r" pos"&"'e-
", Oe!"p a spus c# o anum"# persoan#, "!en"$"ca# !e 'ocuoru' raporor ca $""n!
mama 'u" Oe!"p, ese $rumoas# *"nerprearea de re, sau
"", Oe!"p a spus- ;Mama mea ese $rumoas#< *"nerprearea de dicto,/ D"scursu'
rapora ese e)emp'u' une" para!"%me !e consruc."" care sun "nerpreae no!eauna
ca $""n! de dicto, "ar &, n"c" nu poae pr"m" o a'$e' !e "nerpreare !ec2 una de dicto/

napu' c# ace'ea(" !ou# "nerpre#r" *de dicto (" de re, sun 0a'a&"'e penru propo+".""
"nro!use !e 0er&e ca a crede *care nu "nro!uc n"c"o!a# un c"a !"rec (" care nu sun
0er&e !e comun"care, pare a "n!"ca $apu' c# "nerprearea de dicto a !"scursu'u"
"n!"rec ese !epare !e a $" o para$ra+# a2 !e e0"!en# a !"scursu'u" !"rec pe c2 s1ar
puea cre!e/ As$e' nc2, !ac# c/ ese accepa&"'# (" pre+"n# am&"1%u"aea !e care s1a
!"scua, !/ ese "naccepa&"'#/
c/ Oe!"p cre!ea c# mama 'u" ese $rumoas#/
!/ Oe!"p cre!ea- ;Mama mea ese $rumoas#</
" crede $ace pare !"n c'asa mo!a'"+aor"'or ep"sem"c"> ca operaor mo!a' !e op"n"e
e' ese am&"%uu !"n punc !e 0e!ere pra%ma"c, n sensu' c# are o nc#rc#ur#
ilocuionar !"$er"#- ;X cre!e c# P< *"neresea+# a"c" cum anume se compor# e' nr1
un s"sem re'a"0"+a, poae nsemna ;X ese con0"ns c# P< sau ;X cons"!er# c# P< sau
;'u" X " se pare c# P< *Pan# D"n!e'e%an- 6@,/ D"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' 'e%#ur"" 'u" cu
eor"a !"scursu'u" rapora, re&u"e remarca $apu' c# se poae 0or&" !espre o
am&"%u"ae a acesu" operaor mo!a' (" 'a n"0e'u' locuionar, a' enun.#r""/ As$e',
penru enun.ur" ca N-

N *6, Ion cre!ea c# ea 0a 0en"/
N *7, Ion cre!ea c# nu e necesar s#m
N *?, Ion cre!ea c# a 0#+u1o/
po $" presupuse cone)e n care acese enun.ur" pr"mesc n e%a'# m#sur# o
"nerpreare de re (" una de dicto-
de re- Ion cre!eatera con0"ns c#m
N*6a, Ion cre!ea c# ea 0a 0en"/
de dicto- Ion a spus- ;Cre!tSun con0"ns c#<
69Y
*6&, O5, cre!ea c# ea 0a 0en", nu puea $" a'$e' s

N*7a, Ion cre!ea c# nu e necesar s# de re- Ion cre!eatcons"!era c#m

de dicto/ Ion a spus- ;Eu cre!tcons"!er c#<

*7&, Nu a0eau !ec2 s# $"e !e a'# p#rere> e' unu' cre!ea c#m
N*?a,Ion cre!ea c# a 0#+u1o/ de re- Ion cre!eatLu" Ion " s1a p#ru c#m

de dicto- Ion a spus- ;Cre!tM" se pare c#<
*?&, Cre!ea n con"nuare 4 ce sup"! s 4 c# o 0#+use/
n ca+u' "nerpre#r"" de dicto, e)"s# un em".#or c"a (" un !"scurs c"a, care ese
c5"ar N, ca+ n care *6a,, *7a,, *?a, sun mosre !e !"scurs "n!"rec/ Pe !e a'# pare,
re&u"e s# o&ser0#m c# ne a$'#m a"c" n pre+en.a unu" anume mo! !e man"$esare a
!"scursu'u" "n!"rec-
!"scurs !"rec- Ion a spus- ;Cre! c# am 0#+u1o/<
!"scurs "n!"rec Ion spunea c# e' cre!e c# a 0#+u1o/
Ion cre!ea c# a 0#+u1o/
" crede ese a(a!ar a"c" un 0er& spec"a', care, pe '2n%# $apu' c# are unu' !"nre
sensur"'e am"n"e, semna'ea+# c# nre%u' enun. re&u"e "nerprea de dicto (" nu de
re> e' repro!uce 0er&u' $o'os" !e c#re em".#oru' c"a (" ese, s"mu'an, marc# a unu"
"p !e !"scurs rapora/
n ca+u' "nerpre#r"" de re, nu e)"s# un em".#or c"a, "ar auoru' 'u" N ("e c#
su&"ecu' enun.u'u" N e cre!ef !eoarece e', auoru' 'u" N-
a/ $"e ese un naraor omn"sc"en, pro!uc#or a' une" nara."un" 5eero!"e%e"ce>
enun.u' ese mosr# !e nara."une (" nu !e !"scurs rapora> s"ua."e spec"$"c# penru
!"scursu' nara"0"+a>
&/ $"e !e."ne !espre su&"ec "n$orma."a c# acesa apar."ne unu" %rup ce mp#r#(e(e
respec"0a cre!"n.# *."n2n! con c# nu ese neap#ra necesar ca a!eren.a 'a un %rup s#
$"e man"$esa# pr"n m"3'oace 0er&a'e,> auoru' 'u" N nu are acces 'a %2n!ur"'e
su&"ecu'u" (" n"c" nu repro!uce un !"scurs> e' se mu'.ume(e s# a$"rme !espre su&"ec
c# mp#r#(e(e o anum"# cre!"n.#, (" asa pe &a+a unor !o0e+" e)ra1'"n%0"s"ce> !"n
puncu' !e 0e!ere a' !"scu."e" noasre, a"c" a0em a(a1!ar un 0er& credendi (" n"m"c
a'ce0a, "ar N nu poae $" "nerprea !rep e)emp'u !e !"scurs rapora, or"care ar $"
ace'a> a$"rma."a !e su& &/ ese 0a'a&"'# penru sensu' 'u" a crede !"n N *6,, e0enua' N
*7,/
*A (" d pr"0esc !e pe mar%"ne o !emonsra."e a eco'o%"("'or/
696
A- Uite-l pe F < "adar i el crede c tia pot rezolva ceva 3 Au mi-a fi nchipuit <
d/ Aici eu <%
n *6&,, *7&,, *?&,, mosre !e !"scurs "n!"rec '"&er, !"scursu' ese am&"%uu n m#sura
n care re!# spusele sau gndurile su&"ecu'u" !"n N> a crede se a$'# n pr"mu' ca+ n
aceea(" s"ua."e cu cea comena# 'a !"scursu' "n!"rec, "ar n ce' !e1a' !o"'ea ca+ nr1o
s"ua."e asem#n#oare cu cea !e 'a "nerprearea de re> urmea+# !e a"c" c# e)"s# !ou#
"pur" !e man"$esare a !"scursu'u" "n!"rec '"&er/

Urm#oare'e 0er&e $a0or"+ea+# am&"%u"aea- a-i aminti! a-i aprea! a bnui! a
considera! a fi convins! a crede! a se decide! a deplnge! a durea! a enerva! a se
entuziasma! a gndi *;a1" rece cu"0a pr"n m"ne c#<,, a se hotr! a se ilumina! a-i
imagina! a intui! a-i nchipui! a se ndoi! a i se nfia! a se ntreba! a nelege! a
-ubila! a medita! a i se nluci! a i se nzri! a numra *;a cons"!era<,, a observa *;a
&#%a !e seam#<,, a i se prea! a percepe! a pricepe! a presimi! a recunoate! a
reflecta! a regreta! a remarca, *;a &#%a !e seam#<,, a rememora! a simi! a socoti! a
ti! a-i trece prin minte! a visa! a zice *;a se %2n!"<,/
7/`/A/
n ar"&u"rea 'u" c un ro' "mporan are nominalul care "n!"c# persoa1na responsa&"'#
!e acea enun.are pe care o are n 0e!ere Rapororu' aunc" c2n! raporea+#/
Zom 0e!ea c# ar"&u"rea 'u" c pr"n nom"na' se rea'"+ea+# n !"$er"e mo!ur" n
nara."unea popu'ar# (" c# "n!"carea persoane" responsa&"'e !e enun.area or"%"nar#
poae $" (" un m"3'oc !e !"san.are/

7/`/@/
Dec'ara"0e'e n corpus
7/`/@/6/
Zer&e'e
7/`/@/6/6/
n 'e%#ur# cu mo!u' n care apar 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e n corpus, puem $ace
urm#oare'e o&ser0a.""-
6/ con$"%ura."a "mp'"c"# a mo!a'"#."'or 'ocu"0e are prepon!eren.# asupra
con$"%ura."e" e)p'"c"e> a$"rma."a ese ns# una %enera'#, penru c# $"ecare
mo!a'"ae re&u"e 3u!eca# n par"cu'ar>
7/ un num#r m"c !e 0er&e *!"nre care ce' ma" u+"a ese a zice, ese $o'os" penru a
per$orma un num#r mare !e ace !e '"m&a3> re+u'# !e a"c" pos"&"'"aea ma" mu'or
u+ur" penru unu' (" ace'a(" 0er& *a zice! spune,>
?/ raporarea !"rec# are prepon!eren.# $a.# !e a'e mo!a'"#." !e raporare>
`/ n con!".""'e n care pr"nc"pa'u' 0er& a' c"#r"" ese a zice, "!en"$"carea ace'or !e
'"m&a3 ese '#sa# a!esea n seama "ner'ocuoru'u", pr"n "nerme!"u' cone)u'u" ("
a' coe)u'u"/

7/`/@/6/7/
Zer&e'e !ec'ara"0e care apar e$ec"0 n corpus sun-
7/`/@/6/7/6/
0er&e or"enae spre Recepor-
697
a/ 0er&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e care acua'"+ea+# srucura Recepor 4 gint 1 o&"ec
"n!"rec-
a aduce aminte! a cere! a se cere ;a so'"c"a perm"s"unea<! a chema! a citi! a da ;a
sr"%a<! a da veste! a explica! a gri! a ntreba! a se milogi! a pretinde! a propune! a
pune o ntrebare! a ruga! a se ruga! a scrie! a spune! a striga! a telefona! a trimite
vorb! a vorbi
H
;a enun.a un anum" 'ucru<! a zice#
cn!t0""ne &#"au m"eu !# co'ot!# 'a p#u'tpune mna p# an!re"catp# soru1sattgcare
$usese 'o0"# !e $u'%erh gmh !#1" ;an!re"co< ;an!re"co<t!#1"t&ae1ot TDM III, p/?9, r/?18
Omu ea'a sarac s1a eru !" 'a $'#c#"" e"a ca s m" aco'o 'a "" ca s m" aco'o 'a "", (" $'#c#"" '1a pr""
gmh jN, e)u' II, p/7:8
&/ 0er&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e care acua'"+ea+# srucura Recepor 4 gint 1 o&"ec
!"rec-
a anuna! a avertiza! a bat-ocori! a cere pova! a da strigte $ctre cineva%! a duce
cu glgia ;a n(e'a<! a face o ntrebare! a glumi! a interveni $pe lng cineva%! a
ndruma! a nva! a se -elui! a lsa
H
*;a perm"e cu"0a s# $ac# ce0a<,! a lsa
I
*;a
ns#rc"na pe c"ne0a s# $ac# ce0a<,! a lua contact! a lua la ceart! a lua la goan! a lua
la suduit! a mustra! a opri! a pune *;a !eerm"na pe c"ne0a s# $ac# ce0a<,! a se rsti! a
sftui! a tocmi! a trimite/
!ee co'om;pro!#nescu s< ;pro!#nescu s<tsr"%#et;veue cu #("a l< ;veue cu #("a l<tt TDM I, p/8@, r/7Y
7/`/@/6/7/7/
Zer&e or"enae spre Au!"or-
a/ ran+""0e *o&"ecu' !"rec "n!"c# Au!"oru',-
a condamna! a descnta! a drcui! a n-ura! a luda! a ocr! a rndui ;a urs"<! a
ursa/
&/ ran+""0e *o&"ecu' !"rec "n!"c# mesa3u', (" "nran+""0e> 0er&e care !eno# $apu' c#
!o" sau ma" mu'." "ner'ocuor" au a3uns 'a o anum"# n.e'e%ere-
a se gndi! a face trampa! a tinui ;a $ace p'anur"<! a vorbi
I
*;a a3un%e 'a o
n.e'e%ere<,>
!#!eanus2 sp#'#mtoa" rupett;ve s2 $avem l<t+"vet;rup"m o c#ma(# noo<tne1
au%n!" no" re" suror"tt;m#" sor# !ra%#ts2 rup"m una rup2t"a o "" rup2<tn1
a0eam crp" ca s2 crp"m p1a"'a'."t TDD, p/77`, r/:166
c/ "nran+""0e-
a se aoli! a avea vorbe rele ;a cr""ca<! pas"0u' re$'e)"0 a se cerceta ;a $ace o
anc5e#<! a hoi! a tgdui ;a spune a!e0#ru'<! a se ine una *;a se nc#p#.2na s#
sus."n# ce0a<,/
7/`/@/6/7/?/
Zer&e care nu sun or"enae n"c" spre Recepor, n"c" spre Au!"or-
re$'e)"0u' "nr"nsec a se zvoni/
69?
7/`/@/6/7/`/
Zer&e a'e recep#r""-
pas"0u' re$'e)"0 a se afla! a auzi! a primi telefon/
7/`/@/7/
Teore"c, a'e%erea unu"a sau a a'u"a !"nre 0er&e'e !e !ec'ara."e !ep"n!e !e-
1mo!a'"aea enun."a"0#
8:
*interogaia (" cunoaterea presupun pe a ntreba n
!"scursu' c"an sau pe a ti 'a $orm# ne%a"0# k dac (" !"scurs "n!"rec> a zice se
consru"e(e cu c aunc" c2n! re!# o aser."une sau un ac e'ocu"0, !ar cu s aunc"
c2n! re!# ace care $o'osesc n mo! o&"(nu" "mpera"0u' sau con3unc"0u' 4
"n3onc."unea sau a0er"smenu',>
1con$"%ura."a spec"$"c# pr"n care se rea'"+ea+# respec"0a mo!a'"ae>
10er&e'e spec"$"ce une" anum"e con$"%ura."" *a ordona penru "n3onc."une ec/,>
E)emp'e'e !"n corpus ara# ns# c#, pe !e o pare, mo!a'"#."'e care se rea'"+ea+# cu
con$"%ura."a e)p'"c"# nu $o'osesc 0er&e spec"$"ce *a zice sau a spune po "nro!uce
prac"c or"ce "p !e ac 'ocu"0,, "ar, pe !e a'a, c# un 0er& ca a zice ese $o'os" (" n
s"ua."" !"n care e' ar $" n mo! norma' e)c'us !"nr1un mo"0 sau a'u' 4 !e p"'!#,
penru a re!a o "nero%a."e-
a +s gaah c# !# ve1amu$#cu a(a !# ve1amu$#cu a(atnu re&ea s# $ac (t"o amu$#cutu c# !1aeau
amu$#cutuc# nu m# !#!ea 'a "e'tt TDM III, p/8YY, r/A16Y
ursu' a a$'auc# 0u'pea a $#cumros !e pe(e ("ma +s c# !e un!e1a $#cuuro+u!e c# !e un!e1a $#cuuro+u!e
pe(e pe(e, s#1" !ea ("u'u", c# are ma" rmne(e/ TDO, p/?, r/7?17`
No" am +s c# p"nru ve sar n ca'e 'a no", c# n1am $acu pa%u&# cu o"'e p"nru ve sar n ca'e 'a no", c# n1am $acu pa%u&# cu o"'e/ O, e)u'
CCCXIZ, p/76?/
Te)e'e !"n corpus ara# pre$er"n.a penru urm#oare'e con$"%ura.""-
7/`/@/7/6/
Ace a'ocu"0e
7/`/@/7/6/6/
interpelarea> s"n%ura con$"%ura."e pos"&"'# ese cea e)p'"c"#, pr"n ermen" !e
"!en"$"care> re!area "nerpe'#r"" ese $oare u+"a# n nara."unea ora'#> nu "neresea+#
penru su!"u' 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e-
;ce e m# l<tt
;auo'eo s nea neac(u'et"a ma" sa" ac"ts#1s spu" ce0attun 'up<t TDM III, p/69`, r/
7A1?Y
7/`/@/7/6/7/
in-onciunea> con$"%ura."e e)p'"c"# *0er&e 'a "mpera"0 sau 'a con3unc1"0 5ora"0,-
( m1a uopr"m'a &uc##r""ettnu 0ream s# sau gmh ;nutsa"
$uu-.<tcum e 'a arma#tt TDM III, p/66, r/`1:
69`
g3an!arm""h a 0"n! 'a $am"'"a mea (1a s$#u""1ot;spune p# $""1o une "etc#< ce ;e
"au p# "ne1n 'ocu 'u"<tt TDM III, p/7:?, r/7?179
ou(", e)"s# (" m"3'oace "mp'"c"e, spec"$"ce nara."un"" ora'e (" cu un puern"c
coe$"c"en !rama"c, precum-
sce ;$5"r1a" a !racuts re&ue m#r"a l . s1a $#cu !# m#r"a lt+ !au "o m#r"attnu
e m#r"." s<tt TDM III, p/:89, r/81:
un!e "ner!"c."a se rea'"+ea+# *(", pr"n "nero%a."e/
Penru "n3onc."une, con$"%ura."a "mp'"c"# ese comp'"ca# penru 0ar"1ana ora'# ("
!"a'eca'# a '"m&"" (" ese '"ps"# !e !rama"sm-
(1a(aua 0e gph a $ostc1a 0en"!u"nera'u !# !"0"+et1aunv "ar s1a !a or!"nttua#m ua#m
re"menu s# $"e1m&r#ca. nu5a"n"'" !# ser0"v re"menu s# $"e1m&r#ca. nu5a"n"'" !# ser0"vtt TDM III, p/67, r/A16Y
( ve1;a ursaumuucop""' c# cnus1o $ave !# paru anus# !uc# s# sa"e1m pu. c# cnus1o $ave !# paru anus# !uc# s# sa"e1m pu.<
TDM III, p/??`, r/A1@
cnum#uu%u'a '#uuar"tprop""earu cas" nu ne ma" 'as# p# no" ca s# ma" &#%#m ca s# ma" &#%#m
'#uar"1ucas# '#uar"1ucas#tt
;nu s# puae necu'a"e s# &a u '#uar" 'a m"ne1a"v ucas#<ttTDM II, p/7A, r/@167
(" "a a +s s# nu ne1aprop""emtc# "e uuc"ne1a' 'u nenea "uon &om&o( s# nu ne1aprop""emtc# "e uuc"ne1a' 'u nenea "uon &om&o(tt(" no" nu ne1
am aprop""attTDM I, p/6?6, r/7`179
Do$oru nu "e Dumne+eu> (" ma" opre(e p# &o'na0 (" !# mncare (" ma" r#u s#
&o'n#0e(e/ jN, e)u' XXII, p/69Y
7/`/@/7/6/?/
autorizarea> e)pr"ma# "mp'"c"> con$"%ura."a e)p'"c"# ese "nu+"a#, penru c#
presupune 0er&e ce apar !oar n s"ua."" $orma'e !e comun"care *te autorizez s,>
;un e !u( $#" mar"u.o l<tt
;a m# !uc (" "eu 'a copera"0#<ttgmh
;5a" !u1e s< TDM III, p/?`8, r/76179
!ac#1" spuneamt;am rea&#to0aru(u c#p""anmtparu(o& !# uore<tt
;&"ne s1+" ma" !au !ou#3 !# uore ! 'a m"net TDM III, p/`?9,
r/7917:
7/`/@/7/6/`/
avertismentul> rea'"+a "mp'"c"> con$"%ura."a e)p'"c"# ese $oare rar u+"a#, penru c#
presupune 0er&e ce apar !oar n s"ua."" $orma'e !e comun"care *te avertizez c,-
o %#s#s p# m#1sampu s !# r#+nea (" &u0nea gmhce ;nu ma" 0# sp#'tnu ma" 0# $a%
n"3 mncaretc#< ce1 ;a spus c# "o n1am a0u p# !racut( nu sn &un# !# n"m""ct(1o $"
(1o p#.<t TDM III, p/9, r/6@177
699
;m# &#"au'e s !ac# nu1m !a" &an"t"o m# !u% 'amcom"saru1#sa a""v"a (" s# $ac o
rec'ama.""etnu!a" &an" !ac# numa" 0n!u 'ocu<ttTDM III, `AY, r/6@176
pr"ma !a1uo 0or&" Toma Zas'" cu $aatt"o "1anuspustt'1am a0ere+au!"n "mptt
"e' m"1a spus ;"o nuuam sucestts 0or&esucu "e<tt
"o "1anuspus- ;!ac u1a" a0uuma" mu'usucves !"c m"n"tnvercu( "o s 0#! pua"
am<tt Md 6, p/89, r/@16?
gmh pun"a o sra3#1n cuc# ca cn 0e!"a pe "ne0a 0en""n! pe !rum n"e%ru !a 0"es#
'a oamen"" care mun"a (" o 'u0a 'a p#!ure !"e $u%#/ jN, e)u' ZI, p/918
7/`/@/7/6/9/
-udecata> "mp'"c"#> con$"%ura."a e)p'"c"# ese rar u+"a#, penru c# presupune 0er&e
ce apar !oar n s"ua."" $orma'e !e comun"care *te felicit! te condamn! te acuz, !ar ("
bravo ,> sun $rec0ene $orme'e e)c'ama"0e, "nero%a"0e sau e)c'ama"01"nero%a"0e>
(ce ;am $o+ 'a $'or"c1asear#<tt
;p#" &"ne m# nenoroc"u'etu nu1+ !a" seama lttnu ."1an spus m care "e rea&a l ("
!oar a" ("u! !#su' !# &"ne 3 !# 'a m
&#rn"<mttgmh ;p" &"n" m#t!a u a" 0#+ ce1s oc "o aco'o cu
&e!""1aea &."e parc# &."e o+" !rac" !"n 'ume1asa lttu nu e %n!ea" 'a rea&1asa
l<tt TDM III, p/8Y8, r/:16Y> r/7?179
;p#" !e s a(a s# s#tc# no" a(a (#!eam na"ne<tt
;p2" o" $5" sa maa'et!a eo n1an sattce 0or&#1" aea l<tt TDM III, p/A8, r/7Y176
gS# ne spu" o 'ucru' cnep"", o, o, o sh
p#" ot(" er" eam po0es"tt
gCu" lh
'a !umn"+eu s u"e 'a cop""1e("at'a o n#r#tc# (a!"e mKt
!ac1a" (" mam# ra"u m"eut
n1a" ma" !uorm" noapea r#utt
p#" am m#r"a paru $eet'e1an !a paru +#&'a"e !# c#ru.#ts# $ave '"e+ne un +#&'#u l
gmhtt TDM III, p/```, r/6`176
KSubiectul se scarpin n cap i se strmb dispreuitor.
m"1a ar!"ca1o m""e 'a sp"nare *ma("na !e cusu !e 'a conacu' &o"e1ru'u",t(1am
p'eca cu "a acas# mve gshttm1anu!us cu "a acastam pus1o p# pr"sp1acu'otnu "eream
aa acas#tnu "erea mamauacast "erea o." 'amr#0u'"u.""1aco'otgmh cn! a 0en"
aat
;m# a# v1asu$#cuum#tv1asu$#cuu0o" l<
;am $#cu1otam $#cu1o<ttTDM III, p/7?9, r/7Y178
a +s gaah c# !# ve1amu$#cu a(atnu re&ea s# $ac (t"o amu$#cu c# !# ve1amu$#cu a(atnu re&ea s# $ac (t"o amu$#cutu c# !1
aeauamu$#cutuc# nu m# !#!ea 'a "e'tt TDM III, p/8YY, r/A16Y
698
m#1nrea&# oa# 'umea c# !# une ma" sn l cumuanur#"" "eu an"u#("atc# m1 c# !# une ma" sn l cumuanur#"" "eu an"u#("atc# m1
auar+u!ouo case l auar+u!ouo case lttm"1a ars o cas1a""vua(at'a !rumtu"e1a0eam cas1a(a 'a
!rumtacu amu$#cu a'att TDM I, p/6?7, r/@166
8A
1a(a acuma "er" care1s acuma !r#cu"e p1a" &#r, c1or $os pro( c# n1or c1or $os pro( c# n1or
pr"m" aco'o, c# aco'o1" p#mnu &un, num1or 0"" a""a ( acuma nu1" &"e, c# pr"m" aco'o, c# aco'o1" p#mnu &un, num1or 0"" a""a ( acuma nu1" &"e, c#
cn! p'ua"e1' ac#/ cn! p'ua"e1' ac#/ ALRT II, p/??, r/7817@
(m!e1ae gKh m#umusr"a+ttcu!"u1am c#+u cu!"u1am c#+ut Md 6, p/788, r/66167
7/`/@/7/6/8/
sugestia> "mp'"c"#, !ar (" e)p'"c"# *ar fi bine dac tu, dac a fi n locul tu# sun
"nu+"ae ns# 0er&e ca te sftuiesc! i sugerez! i recomand,> m"3'oace'or $orma'e !e
e)pr"mare *a(a cum sun 0er&e'e su%es"e", a'e s$au'u", 'e sun pre$erae "mpera"0e'e-
;ce $#cu( $#" mar"u.# l<tt
;!e $# n"cu'"no ce s# $ac s u"e gKh p#."" &e'eaoa<tt
;$# !u1e1napuo" sttm !u1e1napuo"tc# macu nu ma" e3 n"( cu $e"'"t nu ma e n"( cu
$eme"'"tt!1aca+ nu1+ 0"ne s# sa"t'a 5or# nu e ma" &a%# n"3 !racu1n seam#tt!u1e1
aco'otn1a" ce $ace s u a" $#cu1otu ra%e1o s<tt TDM III, p/?`8, r/916Y
;$#<t+"c ;u"e ce e socoea'ate1a" n.#pa r#u<tc "era sn%"'"ts# $#cuse sn%e'e c5"ar
(" p# p#mnt+"c ;rupe ce0a o rean.# m("1n0#1'u"1" &"ne 'a p"c"or<tt TDM III,
p/`@9, r/6Y16?
;e"t( nu e1nsor" l<
;&rets# 0e!emt!ocan!a# m!1a&"a m1an '"&era<ttgmh
ce ;m#e1a( a0ea eotare sor1mea 0o"catp# nepoaa an.a m#<ttc"c# ;e $aa
munc"#t$a# c5"nu"#tea m<ttc"c# ;"a 0es u cum $ac"<tt TDM III, p/8:6, r/6A17?
;nu .1"au $aatt!a !#1n ( m"e um &#ea<tt
;nu1+ !auttnu1+ !au c2 nu poc"uttu"" "a !2 'a #('an."t! 'a n"amur'e ase'anetc2
sm ma" sc#p#a."tmar" ma" mu'."tca m"ne<t TDM III, p/A?A, r/7617`
7/`/@/7/6/:/
oferta- "mp'"c"#> nu sun $o'os"e 0er&e sau 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e pr"n care se $ace
e)p'"c"# o propunere *i propun, i ofer ,>
"o sn osen" !u p# !rumta3 0rea s# rac ( "ou 'a c"ne0a(1'ea1n cure<tt
;nene p#" !ac# "e 0or&a< cet;mer3 'a nuo" acas#< +cett;( !uorm 'a nuo" "n cure<tt
TDM III, p/66Y, r/6?168
"ce ;!a<ttce ;n1am un!e s# m# !uctc1acu a( p'eca<tt
ce ;m# !ac# 0re"<t+ce ;0"no 'a m"ne sttc# "o e ."u<tt TDM III, p/6@9, r/6:16A
7/`/@/7/6/A/
interogaia- e)p'"c"#>
69:
(" "eu am nre&a!u;!om'e !ocort!a s# puae ca s# m"1o $ave." l &"ne s# $ave sau ;!om'e !ocort!a s# puae ca s# m"1o $ave." l &"ne s# $ave sau
s# nu ma" s# nu ma" x xe'u" &an" l< e'u" &an" l<tt TDM I, p/669, r/7?17`
urcut1' xam# 'a "e'tt(1' nrea&#t+v"-
; ;v1a" u m# l< v1a" u m# l< +vet;!2 n1a" mca n "mpu1#sa c am $os "o p'ecatnuu0re" s# ;!2 n1a" mca n "mpu1#sa c am $os "o p'ecatnuu0re" s#
m#n m#n (tuv" "(usup#ra l< (tuv" "(usup#ra l<tt TDD, p/79Y, r/71`
(um1ouxema gSe0er Poph a"" un!"1" !uamna n'uort(um1uo1nre1&au-mcum s# cum s#
'ucr"a+ cu r#+&o"ut!ac# pr"ep 'a a%r"co'2tsau u castn c#s""""ttu'a r#+&o"t'a 'ucr"a+ cu r#+&o"ut!ac# pr"ep 'a a%r"co'2tsau u castn c#s""""ttu'a r#+&o"t'a
.#suut" s1nsamn# su'utr#+&o"ut "".2t0#a'"tmspaa1nr1ns'"m .#suut" s1nsamn# su'utr#+&o"ut "".2t0#a'"tmspaa1nr1ns'"mttp"1urmum1uo1
nre&a c# # gKh !ac# ("u s2u.#sut(uc.uan"uamtamuma" .#suu'a "ne0atsauunu- !ac# ("u s2u.#sut(uc.uan"uamtamuma" .#suu'a "ne0atsauunu-
anu.#suunuma penru m"n"tsau penru a' "ne0a s anu.#suunuma penru m"n"tsau penru a' "ne0a sttp" uurm2 m1uo1nre&au!e gKh !e gKh
$eme""'" cnus# c#s#orescu$"e"'"em $eme""'" cnus# c#s#orescu$"e"'"emttMd 7, p/7`:, 8167
"c# Dumne+#u cn! a ur+ p#mnu, "c1a $#cu p#mnu ma" mar" ca er"u, ( !"1
acoa'ea Dumne+#u erea po0a. &a 'a unu, &a 'a a'u, ( nu1" spunea n"m"nea " s
$ac/ Cn co'o "aca un ar" "( !"nr1o &or/ Cn '1a 0#+u Dumne+#u, s1a !us ( 'a
!nsu ( s1a 3#'u"/ jN, e)u' I, p/7:9
anur"mes p# u$rae1a eutm( p# un a' 0ev"n uou!e1a' "e"tou!"1aco'ots21" $ac#1
nre&arets2 0a+# o m#r"2 sau nu s2 0a+# o m#r"2 sau nutt TDM II, p/A66, r/7817A
mo!a'"ae e)pr"ma# n %enera' su& $orm# "nero%a"0#, "nero%a."a nu e)c'u!e
rea'"+area 'a $orma a$"rma"0#-
aa m#1nre&2t;"uanet ;"uaneteo an +s c# s# 0""" ma" !# !"m"ne.# eo an +s c# s# 0""" ma" !# !"m"ne.#< <tt
;a#tm1an r##c"<tt TDM III, p/?6, r/76177
De mu'e or", !"n e)emp'e'e care "'usrea+# "nero%a."a nu ranspare numa" ne(""n.a,
c" po $" e)pr"mae n p'us cur"o+"aea, repro(u', $ur"a sau susp"c"unea-
ne0as#1mea- ;!e une1a" ma" %#stuutne&unuu#'a l< ;!e une1a" ma" %#stuutne&unuu#'a l< TDM III, p/?, r/7@
; ;posus# e !uv l posus# e !uv lt"e (a"3u!# p"'omer"<tt
+c ;pov<ttTDM III, p/6:, r/:1A
cn! m1am !us acastm#m"ca m1a1nre&a c# un!e am $os l c# un!e am $os lt TDM III, p/:?, r/7?1
7`

Caracer"s"c# penru e)e'e !"a'eca'e ese repearea nre&#r""-
;p#r"netce $ac l s# !uce p# un!e0a s#1neac#t$acetce s# ma"
$ac l<tt
;u(# anco 0e+" !# "e't gmh< TDM III, p/99A, r/91:
7/`/@/7/6/@/
cererea> con$"%ura."a "mp'"c"#-
cm m1am !us (" "1an spus- ;&#"tan!re"<t+"ct;u"e u"etm"1a 'ua e$ec"'"<ttgmh
69A
+"ce gmh $acem no" ro+ !# "e'e<tt TDM III, p/66, r/6`16A
con$"%ura."a e)p'"c"# *i cer, te rog, te implor, pare !esu' !e rar# (" apare n s"ua.""
!rama"ce, ca n-
;nea uomate ruo%< +cet;p# &#rne.ea !umW"a'e< +cetgmh;nu ma" spune<
+cet;1n sa!< +cet;ce s1a1nmp'a! 'a no" n cure< +cet;c# ne $acen !# rs<tt
TDM III, p/66?, r/7`178
Con$"%ura."a "mp'"c"# a cererii poae $o'os" "mpera"0u', ca n-
;nea ac5et+ m""es m""es +" &ru m"eu s &ru m"eu s<
#sa 0"nea (" (cea- ;nu nea ac5e nu nea ac5et$#1n ( sr&a mea s 1n ( sr&a mea s< TDM III, p/A`?, r/7:17A
;m#" m#r"net!#1m m m#m(ape op po'" (ape op po'"tm# !uc s# eau o ma(n2<tt TDM III, p/7?8,
r/6:
sau $orma "nero%a"0#, ca n-
;ce $a% nene< +ce ;'a cr'ana asatc#tm+ece m" !# 'e"< +"ce ;u"e1an c5e'u"tp# 'a
!ocor"tp# 'a mttnu po s1o 'ecu"<tt
!"&u" "ou cr'anatp"c"oru !n $a.#ttgmh TDM III, p/`9:, r/6?169/
7/`/@/7/7/
Ace e'ocu"0e
7/`/@/7/7/6/
constatarea> con$"%ura."e "mp'"c"#, ma" rar e)p'"c"# *vd c,-
m# u"a" 'a "e"t;&# $"r1ar a' !racu s< +c +ct;#("a "e &e."0"t"atamn!o" "e &e."0"<tm#
%n!""u"ott;5a" s#1" !uc acas#m<ttcnum# !uct" !au 3ost!uc#ru.#trea&#
socoea'#mtt TDM III, p/7, r/?18
( ve1a +s suacr#1sa lt;a"u" m""c#< +vet;pn1a""vtt!1a""v co'otnu ma" $avem n"v
umupas<tt
c# ;!# ve ltc#m<
ve ve ;#sa .1# sau<tt+vem +vem ;"e3uru!ar<tt gmh
TDM III, p/7Y, r/7A17@ 4 p/76, r/617
0"u 'a #sa ;&# s#1nu!a" &an"< +"ct;c# 0#+ c# 'ocu '1a" 0n!u c# 'ocu '1a" 0n!ut#'a nu m# 'as# s# "nru
p# 'uoc<tt TDM III, p/`AY, r/6`169
(u"1anuspus "e" +%tu;mar""ana< +c ;5a" su.1ar#up# $ra"1m"o<tt
("u" '1am ar#att
ve ;sa" c# c#< vet;a" &#"a gph a" $rae $rumos a" &#"a gph a" $rae $rumos<ttTDM I, p/677, r/6?168
e)"s# pos"&"'"aea rea'"+#r"" pr"n "nero%a."e reor"c#-
69@
m"1era ru(ne s#1" spu" cu 'am&1apr"ns2tau+"t!a ma" sn $"ee acuma a(a l
auo'eu stt TDM III, p/A6Y, r/7717?
7/`/@/7/7/7/
cunoaterea> e)p'"c"# *tiu c, nu tiu dac, (" "mp'"c"# *pr"n "nero1%a."e,-
nu ("u 'a !umnea0oasr# cun s1o +cet!a 'a no" po%oanet TDM III, 7Y8t6816:
mn#1mnt1an sos 'a &r'uo%utt;m#" ce sa " #satc# nu "e %'"%anutt#sa1" &r'o%u<tt
TDM III, p/?6, r/6A16@
;ce s# $ac ( "eutce s# p"esctce s# p"esc ( "eu !"n cas# l<tt TDM III, p/88, r/6?16`
7/`/@/7/7/?/
opinia> con$"%ura."e "mp'"c"#> 0er&e'e pr"n care se $ac e)p'"c"e convingerea ("
presupoziia apar $oare rar n 0ar"ana popu'ar# a '"m&""> a fugi 'a "mpera"0 (" em"s pe
o anum"# ona'"ae a 0oc"" !eno# '"psa con0"n%er"", ca n-
;e s p#ca"'" e'e 'up s<tt
;+#us "e un 'upttu"e mco'ea 'a $nna 'u mo( parasc5"0 n !ea'tun 'upstce ma"<
;$u3 m# !1ac"<t TDM III, p/699, r/61`
convingerea poae $" re!a# pr"nr1o "nero%a."e-
cn s# !uceta"3 !#0a'e 'a no" a au+ pr s pr st;m# !a ce 'o $oc m# l<tt"e' ro!ea
cu oase cu ot'uputt TDM III, p/7Y9, r/6:16A
7/`/@/7/7/`/
aprecierea- "mp'"c"#> rea'"+a# uneor" cu a3uoru' "nero%a."e"-
g'#u+ah care1o punea1m pato puneatcare nu o punea ( 'n%# so&# p# pa"ett"o cu1a
maret'n%# so&1an (#+uttc1a0ean soacr#tt a0ean soacr#tcea c# cea c# ;!e s1m
pa l<ttTDM III, p/?7, r/6816A
7/`/@/7/7/9/
obligaia> e)p'"c"# *trebuie! am k sup"nu',-
puean s#1" spun- ;!omne nu sn o&'"%a<t!amns#ma(a pu."n caracertre&uea
s#mtt TDM III, p/8:6, r/69168
7/`/@/7/7/8/
posibilitatea> e)p'"c"# *pot,-
;pos s# e !uc" lt"e (a"3 !# p"'omer"<tt
+"c ;poc"<tt TDM III, p/6:, r/:1A
7/`/@/7/7/:/
dorina> e)p'"c"# *vreau,-
68Y
;"o sn osen" !u p# !rumta3 0rea s# rac ( "ou 'a c"ne0a('ea1n cure<tt TDM III,
p/66Y, r/6?16`
s# ru%am&"eu aa +ce +cet ;!oamne !oamne< +ce +cet;$ra"1m"o sae s# moar# ars $ra"1m"o sae s# moar# ars<t( ars a
mur"tt TDM III, p/697, r/617
7/`/@/7/7/A/
promisiunea> e)p'"c"# *las c merg, (" "mp'"c"#-
;'as# c#1' eau cu !e'"caen.#t(" n1are s1o "a< +ctt TDM III, p/9, r/78
+ce +ce ;( $acem no" ro+ !# "e'e<ttpenru c# "e' cuno(ea o r"%"menutt TDM III,
p/66, r/6A16@
aa ce spune lt;m#" sts# 0""" !# !"m"nea.# a#tc# amms# mer%en 'a p#!ure 'a
%o'easca s# 'uom ne(e 'emne<tt
;0W"u<tt TDM III, p/?6, r/6716`
7/`/@/7/7/@/
acceptarea> e)p'"c"# *hai! bine! da! nu,-
;nene p#" !ac# "e 0or&a< cet;mer3 'a nuo" acas#< +cett;( !uorm 'a nuo" "n cure<tt
;&"nett!a nu sa" mu'!< +ctt
ce ;nut0""u<tt TDM III, p/66Y, r/6916A
;5a" s# 'u#m o .u"c#< gaah
;p#" !oucos"c#<tve ;nu &#ur#m no" l< ga%enu' san"arh
;nutc# s# ma" &em<t
5a"tscoae aa &an" !"mu&u+unar s# p'#easc#t;n"m"c< ve ;nu 'ua" "eu &an" l<
+"vet"e't;nu 'ua" "eu &an" l 5a" s# $avem<tt TDM III, p/:7, r/:166
7/`/@/7/7/6Y/
acordul> con$"%ura."e e)p'"c"# *da! nu! a!0er&u' dar,-
;m#" cuscru'e smc# a $#cu1o &#e."tce s# 'e $acemt"o n1an (uu<tt
;e s n1a" ("u !umneaat!a m#1s# a ("uu<tt
;nu c# n1a ("u<tt
5a" c# n1a ("uutt TDM III, p/88A, r/@16?
;!om'e (e$ s %eamur'e1asea s# !esc5"!ett"ese p1aco'o s# !uce1m &uc##r""e pese
cop""t."1omoar# cop""<tt
ce ;%5"ne +3" m#t"a a" s#1' 'e%#m<tt TDM III, p/8@@, r/6616?
;m#"< +"ct;u"e #'a "e 'up<tt
+"cet;+ m#nnc# arm#saru<tt
"o ;ma" par!ontc#< +"c ;c# p# arm#sar" nu prea1" m#nnc# 'up5"t TDM III, p/A86,
r/67169
686
rea'"+are pr"n "mpera"0-
;e s m1a+ mnamp# muarea s2 m# m#nnce 'up5" p# !rumttu"e ce1am p#.<tt
ce ;auo'"u s a(" c# c5"ar nu e1a mnca c# c5"ar nu e1a mnca< +cet;c# 'u# o uae1a 'u nea 0ran a+1
nuape< +cett;!# co'ea<ttce ;"1a 'ua uaea #'uea<tt TDM III, p/699, r/6@17?
'eclaraia (" proclamaia sun mo!a'"#." neaesae n corpus/
7/`/@/7/?
Nara."un"" ora'e " ese spec"$"c# una sau a'a !"nre con$"%ura."" penru rea'"+area une"
anum"e mo!a'"#." enun."a"0e> penru une'e mo!a'"#.", con$"%ura."a explicit ese
$oare $rec0en# sau s"n%ura aesa# *!"nre a'ocu"0e- interpelarea! in-onciunea!
interogaia, "ar !"nre e'ocu"0e- promisiunea! obligaia! posibilitatea! dorina!
acceptarea! acordul,> a'e mo!a'"#." a'e% con$"%ura."a implicit ca "p !e rea'"+are
*a'ocu"0e- autorizarea! avertismentul! -udecata! oferta! cererea# e'ocu"0e- opinia!
aprecierea,/ E)"s# a(a!ar o po'ar"+are a mo!a'"#."'or !e enun.are n $unc."e !e "pu'
con$"%ura."e" $o'os"e *!oar re" mo!a'"#." aes# rea'"+area pr"n am&e'e con$"%ura.""-
sugestia! constatarea (" cunoaterea,/
n pr"0"n.a m"3'oace'or mor$o1s"nac"ce !e acua'"+are a mo!a'"#."'or !e enun.are, se
o&ser0# $apu' c# e'e nu sun n mo! o&'"%aor"u spec"$"ce *"nero%a"0e'e nu sun
$o'os"e !oar n interogaie, a(a cum "mpera"0u' nu apare !oar penru a per$orma
in-onciunea,> as$e', se ma" po rea'"+a pr"n "nero%a"0e- in-onciunea! -udecata!
cererea! constatarea! cunoaterea! opinia! aprecierea, "ar cu a3uoru' "mpera1"0u'u"-
sugestia! cererea! opinia! acordul/ Lucru' se e)p'"c# pr"n %ra!u' mare !e !rama"sm
pe care ' are $o'os"rea "nero%a"0e'or (" a "mpera"0u'u", m"3'oace care presupun un
"ner'ocuor *sau ;creea+#< e'e nse'e unu',/
Ace'e 'ocu"0e po $" "erar5"+ae !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' capac"#."" 'or !e a $"
n0es"e cu $unc."e !rama"c#> pr"me'e !"n '"sa a'ocu"10e'or, ca (" pr"me'e !"n cea a
e'ocu"0e'or au ce' ma" $rec0en o con$"%ura."e e)p'"c"# (" sun !e ce'e ma" mu'e or"
raporae !"rec/
A'ocu"0e-
6/ Inerpe'area *"!en"$"c# (" ca'"$"c#> e)p'"c"ea+# raporur" soc"a'e> su%erea+#
ascu'#oru'u" mo!u' n care ar re&u" s# "nerpree+e ce'e spuse !"n perspec"0a re'a."e"
!"nre acan.",> e)p'"c"#>
7/ In3onc."unea *e)p'"c"ea+# "erar5"" soc"a'e, creea+# raporur" !e $or.#,> e)p'"c"#>
?/ Inero%a."a *e)p'"c"#, re'a."e puern"c# cu un "ner'ocuor,>
`/ u!ecaa *$rec0ene $orme'e e)c'ama"0e, "nero%a"0e sau e)c'ama1"01"nero%a"0e>
"mp'"c"#,>
9/ A0er"smenu'>
8/ Cererea *poae $o'os" "mpera"0u' sau $orma "nero%a"0#,>
:/ Su%es"a *"mpera"0e, >
A/ O$era>
@/ Auor"+area/
E'ocu"0e-
687
6/ Prom"s"unea *e)p'"c"#,>
7/ Cunoa(erea *e)p'"c"# (" "mp'"c"# 4 cu "nero%a."e,>
?/ Pos"&"'"aea *e)p'"c"#,>
`/ O&'"%a."a *e)p'"c"#,>
9/ Op"n"a *poae $o'os" uneor" "mpera"0u' sau "nero%a."a,>
8/ Dor"n.a>
:/ Aprec"erea *"nero%a."a,>
A/ Acceparea>
@/ Acor!u'>
6Y/ Consaarea/
Ace'e a'ocu"0e *care presupun "mp'"carea "ner'ocuoru'u" n enun.are, sun ma"
puern"ce !ec2 ce'e e'ocu"0e, un!e 'ocuoru' (" !e$"ne(e enun.u' rapor2n!u1' 'a s"ne
nsu("/ Pe !e a'# pare, "erar5"+area, n "ner"oru' $"ec#ru" "p !e ac, a mo!a'"#."'or !e
enun.are, re&u"e s# ."n# seama !e ma" mu'e cr"er""-
1 $unc."a !rama"c# *cons"u"e mo!a'"aea respec"0# n s"ne un 02r$ !e ens"une
!rama"c# (" nara"0# sau pre%#e(e un as$e' !e momen l,>
1 con$"%ura."a pr"n care se rea'"+ea+# *con$"%ura."a e)p'"c"# are ma" mu'# $or.#
!rama"c# !ec2 cea "mp'"c"#,> a$"rma."a re&u"e 3u!eca# penru $"ecare mo!a'"ae n
pare, penru c# n nara."unea ora'# se perece o po'ar"+are a mo!a'"#."'or n $unc."e !e
con$"%ura."e>
1 m"3'oace'e mor$o1s"nac"ce !e rea'"+are a une" anum"e mo!a'"#." *"nero%a"0e'e
!"rece (" "mpera"0u' au o ma" mare $or.# !rama"c# !ec2 a'e'e> ace'a(" 'ucru penru
0oca"0, m"3'ocu' spec"$"c !e rea'"+are a interpelrii,/
7/`/@/?/
A'." ermen" !ec'ara"0" n corpus
7/`/@/?/6/
Un !ec'ara"0 "mporan !e men."ona ese a!0er&u' cic
H
# $apu' c# e' ese un m"3'oc
a' c"#r"" neuru *i.e. nu ara# ;a"u!"nea po0es"oru'u" $a.# !e con."nuu' comun"c#r""
repro!use< 0ramatica limbii romne, 7- ?96, ese pro&a !e urm#oare'e $ape-
6/ cic
H
poae $" $o'os" ca m"3'oc a' auoc"#r""-
aco'om+e !ocoru c#r# m"et+e gph e c#r# mo(ut;mo(ue n1a" ec s# e
pu cu !a'a (ucu ocanu pe capu &a&"ts#1' spartc# n1a" e s#1" $a<tt
; ;p#"< p#"< "c#t;cum s# spar% "o capu &a&" l c# &a&a o !oare a(a urepeat!a s#1" ma" t;cum s# spar% "o capu &a&" l c# &a&a o !oare a(a urepeat!a s#1" ma"
sparucapu ls<tt sparucapu ls<tt gmh
a(a omou!us !ume#u - gKh &a&#to mu"ere '%# m""t gmh
"c#m;!umea e sa" a""a l< ;!umea e sa" a""a l<
c ;"ac# e sau< +ct;( !ocoru spu" c# numa !ac# m1a spar" capumcu !a'a
(ucu ocanutc# a'#e nu are<tt
;!ra%#< et;nu ma" satc# e pr"ne sarattnuma pu1e1u co""et( !ue 'a
!ocorutu'a s#0er"n< +et;'a &r#""".#<tt Pn, p/66, r/:16` 4 p/67, r/619
7/ apar"."a $rec0en# n nara."une (" concuren.a !"nre cic
H
(" a zice/
"c#m;utsano s m" !a"u" s# m#nctto 0e" ru.# l<
68?
"c# ;n1o 0e"<tt
;!ac# n1o 0e"<u"c#t;u s#1m !a" m""e s# mc<tt
o mcatgmh sora me s1o pus s2 .ese 'a r#+&o"t( cn! o 0"" "e't&#r&au "e" e 'a
m&"ert
o s "c# ;a"m"natmo(ou l<tt
"c# ;o "na<tt Pn, p/69, r/6@17Y 4 p/68, r/61@
E)emp'u' !e ma" sus ese e)ras !"nr1un e) n care rep'"c"'e, 6: n oa', sun
"nro!use- A !"nre e'e !e cic, ` !"nre e'e !e a zice *!"n care o apar"."e ese !u&'a# !e
cic ,, "ar ce'e'a'e apar $#r# 0er& "nro1!uc"0/
"e' v"c# ;m# mu"eretau+ c# e cau# umu&o"er" o s'u%#<tt"c2 ;pa"c# m1a( !u1
aco'otc# s# c#("%#m e0a ( no"ts# c#("% umu&ants# e $#em e0a<tt
"c#- ;!u1e<tt
cnus# !ue 'a &o"er" aco'ot"c# ;am auu+uc# !umneaa cau." o s'u%# &un#<tt
"c# ;cauuttm!ar cu c uer" pe1an l<tt
"c2 ;e" s c nu!a"<tt
"c# ;1+u!au re" %a'&" pe an<tt Pn, p/77Y, r/68177 4 p/776, r/617
Zu'pe 6@:? ese !e p#rere c# ;aces proce!eu gsemna'area 0or&"r"" !"rece pr"n cic,
neana'"+a&"' (" par."a' !eseman"+ah pare s# $ac# pare !"n s"semu' s"nac"c a'
%ra"ur"'or &#n#.ene< *?A8,/
E' apare ns# cu ace'a(" u+ (" n a'e +one-
(tu"1o spus- ;uo"uo0ar(u pre(#!"n"<tv"c ;1o 'uau2 "1o 'ua uo""'"t(u'e1
a!ucua""1e(a 'a cmp<tt"c2 ;'as2 Iuone'"<t"c2 ;$u1acas2 c2muo""'"< "c2
;nuu.u'" pr""nu'a co'ec"0tc re&u"e cnu"era cmpum p'"ntaa s1a!uc uo"'"ttnu
acu gmh Md 6, p/77:, r/66169
ru( n paru(v"nv !e1acuma s# srecurau n romn"attcu c#ru."t cu so'!a.tcu asatm
(2mnuspune v"c# ;m#" cana< asamru(" a"a a ras 'a m"ne 'a canonomentgmh
jR, p/?, r/7:17@
mam1asa a 'u"tnu ("a s2mtn1a0ea s# ("" car"t(1nu ("a a scr"""
scr"suar"tt(u0"n"at!a "o "1a0eam pa"spre#e1an"tt"c2 ;0"n# $a2 na s ( scr""" uo
scr"suar" 'u $eea<tt jR, p/9A, r/7817A
7/`/@/?/7/
n oae acese e)emp'e, e' are un u+ !"$er" !e ce' a' 'u" cic
I
, !ec'ara"0 (" acesa, !ar
care, s"mu'an, c"ea+# *!"rec sau "n!"rec, (" comenea+# *n sensu' ar#a ma" sus,-
Acu1" %reumAcu1" oac# l "c mune(" 'a &oer s Ap#" s mune(" !" cn! s
!"3%5"a. p#mnu (" pn"1n eru &o&oe+"" s nu ma" !"sca'. oc5"nca !"n c5"or n"
s# !"u" !o%5"ocu !"'a u%, s1. p'esneasc ( oc5"" (1ap#" s +" c1a" mun" s jN,
e)u' XXI, p/?7`
68`
du'%ar"" !" p" aco'o nu 0r\ s $ac n"" carau', n"" %ar!, c "c spun\ "" nu sn !"1a
no(r", " !"1a Ru('or/ jN, e)u' XXXII, p/??9
7/`/@/?/?/
Un !ec'ara"0 care ese, !"nr1un punc !e 0e!ere pe care ' 0om e)p'"ca ma" 3os,
perec5ea 'u" cic
I
, ese 'ocu."unea a!0er&"a'# vorba luia/
Consruc.""'e
penru a 0or&" ca F
ca s# +"c ca F
;m< cum +"ce F
0or&a 'u" F
0or&a luia
sun, por"0" 'u" Au5"er 6@@8, e)emp'e !e e)pr"mare a une" mo!a1'"#." auon"me 4
a!"c# o mo!a'"ae care pr"0e(e forma, (" nu con."1nuu' e'emenu'u" c"a, srucur" n
care Rapororu' operea+# cu ermen" $o'os"." !e c#re Em".#oru' c"a, !ar a'$e' !ec2
am 0#+u c# se n2mp'# n Au5"er 6@A6 *penru care r"m"em 'a I/, ?/6/?/?/6/ ("
?/6/?/?/7/,-
"e" au apuc nr1o pret(" "o am $o+ 0r&a 'uea un!e1am pu un!e1am putt TDM I, p/6A,
r/68
an +s c# ne %#+!u"e ( p# no" ppa aco'et0r&a #'u"a c1a0e !#su'e (an!rama'e a0e !#su'e (an!rama'et
TDM I, p/7@, r/7717?
cn ne1an !us casts#1" spnem m#(" s# ne $ac# mcret 0r&a #'u"atma(a
"er cam urvos# cam urvos#tt TDM I, p/?Y, r/ 7817A
no" am !ormtosen+ !p# !rumtca s# 0""t0r&a #'u"a p# !rum p# !rummtt TDM I, p/?6,
r/7817A
ne !uvmmt"erm er'n" "eremt!a "erem .pen" .pen"t0r&a #'u"at TDM I, p/?6, r/:
am ma" !orm no"tnupea mre !# umn# nupea mre !# umn#t0r&a #'u"att TDM I, p/?6, r/6?
sam puuor( c# no" "erm v"0'"tnu "erm m&r#c. m&r#c.t0r&a #'ueatne 0ense ur!"n
!# convenrrett TDM I, p/8A, r/A1@
;m#" #t!u( m"e uo .u"c#ta3u&ea1uotn1am mc a3u&ea1uotn1am mc<tu0r&a #'u"a "er cr"+# (" !#
o a'"men.""et TDM I, p/769, r/79178
acu sauca prosuu( m# %!eamt(" m1a( $" !ust(" n m1a( $" !u+ (" m1a( $" !ust(" n m1a( $" !u+t0r&a #'u"atc#
poe pese nope1a0em ne0"e s# "es a$ar#t TDM I, p/768, r/76177
A(a!ar, n nara."une apare rapora un ermen, o s"na%m#, un enun. n 'e%#ur# cu
care Rapororu' ."ne s# men."one+e c# 'e $o'ose(e a(a cum au $os e'e nre&u"n.ae !e
c#re X *Em".#oru' c"a, nr1o s"ua."e s"m"'ar#/ no'os"rea, !e c#re X *rea' sau
689
"ma%"nar,, a unu" anum" ermen nr1o anum"# s"ua."e a3un%e s# caracer"+e+e acea
s"ua."e, as$e' nc2 $apu' (" enun.u' care ' !e$"ne(e se c5eam# unu' pe ce'#'a'- nr1o
s"ua."e anume se spun anume cu0"ne, ra!"."e "nau%ura# !e c#re mo!e' *X,/ n
e)emp'e'e ce con."n vorba luia, ermenu' sau enun.u' 'u" X ese $o'os" tocmai pentru
c ese s"n%uru' propr"u n ace' cone)/ Rapororu' pare c# nu 0rea s# se an%a3e+e n a
$o'os", n 'e%#ur# cu un $ap, cu0"ne care " apar."n, c" pre$er# s# 'ase aceas# sarc"n#
altuia, con$runa, altdat, cu aceea(" pro&'em#- a-i asuma sarcina de a numi/ n
consec"n.#, a"c" a0em, !e $ap, un proces !e apropiere 4 (" nu !e !"san.are 4 !e
cu0"ne'e ce'u"'a' !ar (" !e apropriere 4 opus comenar"u'u" cr""c !e care 0or&e(e
Au5"er 4 a cu0"ne'or ce'u"'a'/ Rapororu' %#se(e n u+u' aner"or a' ermen"'or cu
pr"c"na mo"0u' (" auor"+area !e a1" $o'os" (" !e a ("1" nsu("/
7/`/6Y/
Za'or"'e 0er&u'u" a zice
7/`/6Y/6/
ca 0er& !e !ec'ara."e (" marc# a !"scursu'u" rapora, a zice poae a0ea urm#oare'e
$unc.""-
a/ funcie enuniativ- ara# c# are 'oc o enun.are, opune rep'"c"'e pasa3e'or nara"0e
sau !escr"p"0e> n "ner"oru' !"scursu'u", rea'"+ea+# o se%menare a acesu"a, "mpune
pau+e'e !"nre sec0en.e (" r"mu' po0es"r"" (" ara# ce mo! !e ;'ecur#< a e)u'u"
propune po0es"oru'-
;m#< +ct;u s# !a" $u%a1mupareauaea< +ct;c# poae c# sare !u p# rup"n#<
+c t;( p'eac# &u(ea gph &ra!utt( "o< +c ;!au $u%a1mu pareaua"'an2<tt TDM I,
p/:Y, r/6`168
;!e ve e1x"n" m# l< +c t;or< +c ;a" 0# gph a" 0#+uup# !racu<tt a(auwu+s "o c#re
"e'tt;!e ve e1x"n" l<tt TDM I, p/:6, r/66167
#'a mo"se ma+#ret+u;&#"< vet;o curea< vet;ra!e1o< ve ;scam# !up#uea< vet;s#
&#%#m aco'o<ttm1a p#nsaue" aco'eatunaua'atve ;!u1e 'a &#rac#<tt"e'tt TDM I,
p/:6, r/7617?
;$# n"cu'"no $#< +c ;pune $# p# 0as'"c# $#ts#1. pu"1o srm# 'u%#< +c ;a(a ("
s#mtru$a cnuo "a" !# 'a rutscuur1o u"e1o a(atscuu1r1o s# s# !#+%rv"asc# "a<
+ct;(" pune1o a(a $rumos p# cu'me s# 0a+# 'umea< +ct;p#" u nu 0e+ $a< +ct;s#
usuc#mru$aua(a uu!# +&rv"#< +ct;cum s1o ma" "e" p# "ne< +c ;m"" m"1e ur !#
"a<tt TDM I, p/@9, r/7Y179
s# r#mnem 'a com"s""e gmh c# W"ne grh W"ne com"s"a !# 'a p"ara neam.t(" "ve ;0#
0"+"ea+# m#< +vet;(" 0# $ave ace m#< +ve ;com"s""a<t+vet;(" poae a0e. (" 0o"
ve0a p1acas#<t+vet TDM I, p/6Y8, r/6?16:
;#("a< +vet;s#1" pune."< +vetaas#1" &#%a+u'a &a"e< +vetaa("1" 'uua." uae 5a"n"'"
!# p# "e"t&#%a+u'a eu&#< +vet;s# 'e !a. urn! !# 5a"ne &une<t+ve
;otc#'.#m"net#"'an. arn!u"".t'a ora cuare !"m"nea.#t0o" p'eca.t$""ecare< +ve
;un!e (". c1a0e. un"#."'e<tt TDM I, p/6Y8, r/7?17:
688
( +c ;m# cose'e< +c ;sup'ave !# $a1a"al<
( sve- ve c#1;mup'ave<tsve ;!# un!eue l<
+%u;!mu&u!e("<mt
("m"e' sve ve c#1;mu$a(ucuno("n.#< vet;cu "a l<
( +c ;su$a%<u+ct;!ar 0W"" 'auea<tt
(u"1anuspus "e" +%tu;mar""ana< +c ;5a" su.1ar#up# $ra"1m"o<tt
("u" '1am ar#att
ve ;sa" c#< vet;a" &#"a gph a" $rae $rumos<ttTDM I, p/677, r/8168
&/ funcie dramatic, cu ma" mu'e e$ece-
", " pune n scen# pe ce" care par"c"p# 'a !"a'o%u' "nern *a' nara."un"",>
"", ' rans$orm# pe anc5eaor nr1un specaor (" nr1un po1en."a' par"c"pan
'a un !"a'o% e)ern *su&"ecu'1naraor 0s/ anc5eaoru'1ascu'#or1
specaor,>
""", aunc" c2n! ese repea *0e+" funcia fatic, e' poae '#sa "mpres"a c#
$ra%menea+# !"scursu' 4 !e $ap, e' " su&'"n"a+# $'uen.a, accenuea+#
!rama"smu' acesu"a (" "'u+"a rea'"#."" enun.u'u", caraceru' em"er"" 'u"
hic et nunc# ese, a(a!ar, un "n!"ce !e 0er"!"c"ae (" !e non1$"c."ona'"ae>
n $e'u' acesa, !"n momen ce ocma" caraceru' !rama"c ese ce' care !eerm"n#
srucura !"scursu'u" (" nu 0o"n.a !e a $" (" !e a r#m2ne $"!e' unu" presupus !"scurs
or"%"nar *po $" ;raporae< !"a'o%ur" $"c"0e sau poen."a'e 4 ca n re!area spuse'or
unor persona3e sau ca n 0er&a'"+area unor %esur",, re'e0an.a re'a."e" cu un !"scurs
or"%"nar ese pus# su& semnu' nre&#r""/
De o&ser0a c# n !"scursu' !"rec a zice apare $oare a!esea 'a pre+enu' "n!"ca"0u'u"
(" $oare rar 'a a'e "mpur" *poae ap#rea ns# $#r# resr"c."" n interogativa nsoit de
discurs direct
8@
> n po0e(", !oar 'a "mpur" recue
:Y
,/ Despre o $unc."e !rama"c# se
poae 0or&" (" n mono'o%ur"/
c/ funcie de identificare- "!en"$"c# em".#oru', ' poae opune e)p'"c" a'or
par"c"pan." 'a !"a'o%, ara# cu" apar."ne un punc !e 0e!ere 4 0e+" !"$eren.a !"nre ", ("
"",-
6 ", E' m"1a +"s c# "!"ou' #sa !e Ion ese un %en"u/
"", ="ce c# "!"ou' #sa, +"ce, !e Ion, +"ce, e un %en"u/>
pr"n $apu' c# opune em".#oru' c"a em".#oru'u" c"an *} naraoru',, creea+# acesu"a
un sau spec"$"c, !2n!u1" pos"&"'"aea !e a se rapora s"mu'an 'a persona3e'e
nara."un"" (" 'a ascu'#or"" acese"a, pun2n!u1" *poen."a', n s"ua."a !e a1(" spec"$"ca
po+"."a n 'e%#ur# cu em".#oru' c"a, cu ce'e narae, cu naraoru' (" cu a'." ascu'#or"
*0e+" funcia dramatic,>
!/ funcie fatic *ara# c# un !"scurs ese n curs !e per$ormare,-

;m#" s< +vet;p#" s# 0e+< +vetm;cn! am $os "o1n !o&roa< +vet ;5e"tmu'e
5e'eauam $#cu "o p1aco'o< +vett;0"ne< +ve ;o!a# u arn#uutt"eram gph &#%am
uo""'e pu%ru< +vet;p1aco'up# 'a urvtt( "era arn#uu. !1#(ea !1a" 'ort!1a"
urv"'or< +vet;(m0"ne c#'arett
e 5e"tm#" vo&anef +vete a"mcu ve sc#p#ra lf
"otme amftt
68:
sco. !# co'o !nmec('# cum a0eam "o a<u +vet;"asc#t cr_menetamnarut(
puse" co'o< +vet;&#%asem &a supsuuar#tt puse" co'o< +vett;cnu!au cu amnaru1
ucremenetauu+" ( 'a "e'- .ac sttpus#" mnattcnu!au co'o< +ve ;c1
umup""so'ttaunv "era p"soa'e cu cr_menetnu "era !1esea cu caps#<ttve ;n1a
'uau$octt cn! ' 0#+u" cu p"so'u cumc# 'a m"netcn! "au &a (ucn! "1anu
!a!<u+ve t;"1a ( s#r"u5rcatt'1wu'ua<u+vetm;"1anu!au0o !oo &e ca'u'u"<
+vet;(up# "e' '1anu'uau( '1am aruca<u+ve ;1nr1umu pu.ttaco'o< +vett;ve s#
$ac l< +vett;m# 0#+use< +ve ;n"(e $e".et"erau !oo $e".e ca !# uop an"1a(a<
+vett;e(ea m# spun 'a urv< +vett;cum s# $ac "eut"au cu mom"e'"< +ve
;$e".e'etce1o .r#tce1o .r#tpn# 'e1aprop""< +ve ;!#mpu.tt&a !#1'emca(t&a !#1
'e 5aea 'a $e".etcn! a 0"n aproape !# pu+<u+vet;am pu+umna p# "e'e (u'e1am
&#%au(up# "e'e !# 0""< +ve ;1mu$un!u pu.u'u"<ttve ;(1wusc#pa<u+vett;!a< ve ;!1
a'ea1mupare r#u< +vett TDM I, p/88, r/A17@
e/ funcie de deictic textual-
a zice nu "n!"c# !oar c# are 'oc un sc5"m& !e rep'"c" (" c# acesa ese n !es$#(urare, c"
(" c# acese rep'"c" se succe!# nr1o anum"# or!"ne> nso." !e e'emene $ras"ce
*a!0er&e, con3unc."",, !e pronume sau cu 0a'oarea empora'# re'"e$a# !oar pr"n
"nona."e, a zice poae $" pr"0" (" ca !e"c"c e)ua' *cum, ns#, e' r"m"e s"mu'an a2
'a rep'"ca n s"ne c2 (" 'a ceea ce !eno#, e' ese un deictic textual impur,/
7/`/6Y/7/
0er& cu u+ metalingvistic *0er& a' c"#r"" auon"m"ce,-
a/ !eno# acu' enun.#r"" (" caracer"s"c"'e acesu"a *un mo! par"cu1'ar !e pronun.are,
!"$"cu'#." !e pronun."e, pronun."" eronae,-
A +s c2 !" ve are %ura a!u!" mare l A +s c# s1u poa# ". ma" &"ne/ " n1
auapuca s# +c# ;"."< ;"."< ("1a (" "."1o/ TDO, p/A@, r/7?179
no s (1ap1o $o v"n+a" mar"e ( "mma"eat"mm#'5ar" a"eat!#1" nm 0ea.a
'uor stt
gCe a $os l Cum a" +"s lh
v"n+a" mare v"n+a" mare1am +stc# "1omt(" "1o v"n gph "1o &#utt TDdN, p/@9, r/6@177 4 p/@8,
r/6
&/ g;T"pu' Dum se zice h re'e0# e co!"$"carea !aor"# $rec0en.e"f/< *ReW1De&o0e-
78@,> ;gmh ese s"m&o'u' une" '"m&" (" a' une" en""/< *7:Y,> n concuren.# cu a spune
:6
#
S/ ei "nc'us"0 *n care ese "nc'us noi,> ocuren.# $rec0en# a pas"0u'u" re$'e)"0-
Am 3upu""1o !# p"e'e Am 3upu""1o !# p"e'e goa"ah, cunus# +ve, (" "1wu'ua semne'e ca s#1" ar##m 'a
o0ar#( c# nr1a!e0#r am p#.1o cu 'upu ( no"/ TDO, p/`77, r/7717?
q/ ei e)c'us"0 *em".#oru' nu ese "nc'us a"c" !ec2 !ac# $ace pare !"nre ei 4
co'"n!#or"", &#"e."", $ee'e, par"c"pan."" 'a un 3oc ec/,-
gCum se $ace lh
68A
et+ve umu&#"a ;n0re1e pureve<tt ;n0re1e pureve<tt
(" co'o +ve m ;nu ma" po3u!# pneve<tt ;nu ma" po3u!# pneve<tt
; ;!e cn!u( pn# cn! l<tt !e cn!u( pn# cn! l<tt
; ;!# cnu01a( pupa "o p# !uma0oasr#t( p# !uma0oasr#< !# cnu01a( pupa "o p# !uma0oasr#t( p# !uma0oasr#<tt TDM I, p/7Y, r/6?16:
("m!up1a"a s# !#- !#mp1a "e" mumn# 'a $aaua"'an#t("u$aau a"'an#umn# ("
+ve- ;na sura#t!#1nusura#mp ;na sura#t!#1nusura#mp u'a anu ou sura#< u'a anu ou sura#<t(1a(a s# !#tt+"ve !up1aea
sura#tt TDM I, p/`:, r/7?178
gmh (" sx"m&n! a(wuroa.""et'a o. unut+ve-
; ;"e(" sura# pnu'a muare l< "e(" sura# pnu'a muare l<
v"c# ;sunusura# pnu'a muare<t(1a(a mere !e# re" uor"tt
(" &#"e." "ar 'a $e'-
;"e(" $ra pnu'a moare l<tt
;sunu$ra pnu'a moare <tt TDM I, p/6Y7, r/?Y1?6, p/6Y?, r/619
E/ re!# pro0er&e-
g&a&ah n1a0ea cu vetcu ve s# sa'0e+e go"'ehtc# cn"'" 5a&ar n1a0eat ve ;cn" ;cn"
'ar#tursu $ave ve 0rea< 'ar#tursu $ave ve 0rea<t TDM I, p/86, r/6`169
B/ re!# enun.ur" e)p'"c" $"c"0e *cum s-ar zice,-
s# $#vea curettcure1a(a1" spuneam no" aunv"tt+ve- ;m"1amu $#cuucure< ;m"1amu $#cuucure<tt TDM
III, p/?Y, r/6716?
aun+ unu "erea ca acuts# $ac# puor."terea uu%ar!t' 'e%a !# &a&1aeat( !1
#'a'tua"a c1o p"e!"c#t!coa cumuo srm#t(ms# num"a ve ;aea "e puara ;aea "e puara
mare< mare<tt TDM III, p/?Y, r/6:16@
par" ascu.+u'a uucapt&#u."u"mup#mnmtpar '%# part(m %r#!ea cu ne(e
nu"e'emma" p# sus p# cuo'ot( +veu;amu$#cu o cure !# parmav< ;amu$#cu o cure !# parmav<tt TDM III,
p/?6, r/61?
g;s# $ac" a(a nc2h cn! o p'eca "e' c#'are p# ca'<tve ;s# ca+# ca'u cu "e' s#1'
omuare ca'u s# nu ma" &ae n"m"n" !# seam#tc# '1a omor!ura!utsau santsau
cuaretts#1' omoar# ca'utve e'1a omoruca'u p# !omn"orumne%ru 0o!#f e'1a omoruca'u p# !omn"orumne%ru 0o!#f<tt TDM
III, p/`9`, r/77179
c/ ;acua'"+#r"'e 'u" cum zic eir"m" 'a a'e u+ur" *re%"ona'e, ar5a"ce, soc"a'e,
pro$es"ona'e ec/,< *id.- 7A6,
S/ altdat)acum/
(1" !a pru mer" !e p+#t!e am\r"c# !e am\r"c#1" +v na"netacma1" +ve munv"ru munv"ruttTDM
I, p/`, r/7:17A
1au !au&#"e. 'a (coa'#, c# &#"e. a +s c# s# !uc uarma# ( 'e $o'os#(e carea,
!a $ee'emn1o s1s# $ac# pr"uoese $ee'emn1o s1s# $ac# pr"uoese, a(a s# +vea, (1a(a s# +ve, acu nu s# ma" +ve,
!a a(a s1a +s aunv/ TDO, p/`7?, r/`18
68@
q/ alii)noi/
! cap $vem p"$"tr#v"ur" r#v"ur" 'e +ve1acut!a no" 'e +veam p"$" p"$"tt TDM I, p/`?,
r/6`169
E/ idiolect
"e' a +s- ;$# mar""o< ;$# mar""o<tta(a1" spunea "e"ttn"(e oamen" cwus"mp'" "e" "era a(atnumcam
!nr1o &uca#tt+ve ;$# mar""o sttve $avemtma" .nem no" $aauasa l<tt TDM I,
p/?8, r/7817@
!/ ara# su&"ec"0"aea une" apro)"ma.""> ;'"m&a unu" anum" 0or&"or, care comun"c#
n acea '"m&#, ese un o&"ec soc"a' *are o $unc."e !e comun"care, (" un o&"ec persona'
*are $unc."e !e e)pres"e,/ T"pu' Dum zic eu are ro'u' !e a !"soc"a pro0"+or"u acese
!ou# o&"ece (" !e a $ace s# $"e accepa#, n comun"care, e)pres"a persona'#/< *id.-
7A8,
s#pa1m p#mn o %roap#ms# +"c re" mer" re" mer"t TDM III, 796t7?
a recu p# 'n%# m"ne 'a o !"san.# ca s# +"c a(a cam $omtca 'a ma(na a(a cam $omtca 'a ma(na
!umnea0oasr# n".e' ma" nco'o !umnea0oasr# n".e' ma" nco'ot TDM III, `@?t?1`
nr1o !"m"nea.# !"m"nea.# m# scoa'# &a&a, nc# c" +"c "#u !" !"m"n3ea.# l n".#' recus" !" cn
cnas" cuco(""1n#"a oar#, s# m# !uc, s#1" a!uc pa"e, s# &a%" n so&# gmh jN,
e)u' III, p/788
e/ ;T"pu' Dum zice elgmh ese ce' a' 0or&"r"" a'u"a, conoa."e par"cu'ar# care pune $a.#
n $a.# !ou# "!"o'ece, !ou# !"scursur", !ou# $e'ur" !e a %2n!"/< *id.- 78A,
ReW1De&o0e !"s"n%e nre conotaia sporadic (" conotaia continu/
Donotaia sporadic r"m"e $"e 'a e'emene su&$ras"ce *cu02n, e)pre1s"e, s"na%m#,,
co!"$"cae sau nu *ara%e aen."a asupra unor $ape 'e1)"ca'e, $"e 'a $ra+e *ara%e aen."a
asupra une" man"ere !e a 0or&",> ca1racer"s"c# penru conoa."a spora!"c# ese
m"(carea pe 0er"ca'#, pe !ou# n"0e'ur" sem"o"ce- !e 'a n"0e'u' '"m&a3u'u" o&"(nu" se
$ace rece1rea 'a n"0e'u' super"or, ce' a' conoa."e", apo" se co&oar# 'a n"0e'u' '"m1
&a3u'u" o&"(nu"/
Nu 'a $e' se perec 'ucrur"'e cu conotaia continu> a"c", rapororu' poar# o "mpu'
masca celuilalt (" nu e)"s# n"c" un momen n care s# 0or&easc# n nume propr"u>
aceas# !em"s"e !"sru%e e$ecu' !e conras !"nre "!"o'ecu' s#u (" "!"o'ecu'
em".#oru'u" c"a/
S/ Conoa."e spora!"c#-
;&#<t+vet;# s $uu1" pasca m#1s"< ;# s $uu1" pasca m#1s"<Ktcam a(a 0or&ea "e' ;c1auu+" 'up" ur'#<tt TDM I,
p/7@`, r/6@17Y
K subiectul optete aceste vorbe
( +"ce ;&# &#"au'ete !uc" acas2< ;&# &#"au'ete !uc" acas2<tt%ura 'or a +stt TDM III, p/6?, r/ 7A
6:Y
( &#r&a1mWeu v1a +s l ;""uanetu s#" 3ostm$"c# "e3u0en"!u!e 'a &#"uc# e ;""uanetu s#" 3ostm$"c# "e3u0en"!u!e 'a &#"uc# e
corenea+#tc# sus "e curenu prea reve r#u< corenea+#tc# sus "e curenu prea reve r#u<tt TDM I, p/7:A, r/81A
a spus c# nu %aranea+# "e'tt;nu %aran#m c# s# $ave &"ne< ;nu %aran#m c# s# $ave &"ne< vet;!a no" ;!a no"
verc#mtc#+n"m< verc#mtc#+n"m<tt TDM I, p/669, r/79178
q/ Donotaia continu a mo!u'u" !e +"cere Dum zice el !# seam# !e delegarea
cuvntului/ ese s"ua."a acoru'u" n ro'u' pe care ' "nerpreea+# sau a auoru'u" !e
p"ese !rama"ce, cu !eose&"rea c# auoru' pro!uce sursa ns#(" a conoa."e", e' "m"#
ceea ce "n0enea+#/
n e)u' care urmea+#, em".#oru' nu raporea+#, c" "'usrea+#, $o'os"n!u1se !e
!"scursu' !"rec, un con$'"c nre %enera."", un con$'"c !e mena'"#.", "ma%"n2n! un
persona3 cu care se "!en"$"c# 4po0es"oru' ese n ace'a(" "mp (" acor/ Em".#oru'
"nr# nr1un ro' a c#ru" par"ur# o sus."ne !e 'a un cap# 'a ce'#'a' a' sec0en.e", a(a!ar
nu e)"s#, ca n ca+u' conoa."e" spora!"ce, o m"(care pe 0er"ca'# *$ap care ar
presupune ca ;acoru'< s# "as# !"n ro',
:7
-

gCum e o $eme"e !e1" +"c" gleit lh
!1a&" mer%t!1a&" mer%tpac pact;!# ve mere. $ee1a(a l !# ve mere. a(a l
pactpact!# ve mere. $eetc# s#nes "neret n1a0e+u!#cu!oo+#3u!# an"tt# l<
s# $u(ucu 0a!rat s# gph acu a!uc cu %#'ee !1#seatcu c#'!#r"tno" neu!uvaucu
0a!ra oma" !#tm $#vanu!o" x"'omer" p# grh p# n#m# aat(m!auacu lmacu
n"unu s# scoa'#tpupa101a( su$'eut!uarme $""e1sa1mupat( m#1sa "e 'a ap#tt!up1
a"a gph ap#" cn s# m#r"#tm#o'eo s #o'eot;ve 01# $ee l p#" ve 01# l ve 01# l ve
%#'&ea+1a0e. l numa uo"'e1a0ea %#'&ea+#<tt nu1" n"m"c !# "neretnu1"
n"m"un"m"%tu"eu 'e 0#+ c# nu1" n"mW"c t(u"eu 'e +"c ( m# !r#cu"ett!a vetp#"
+u;!ac# nu1" n"m""u!# 0o" l !racu s cn!u"eream uan" 0o(r"t $#vam paru+#3u!#
x"'omer" !up#<mvet'a s'a"n#ts'a"na ou$#vau co'eat!a acut5 s p#c#net nu $a
gKh nu $a n"m"cttgmh
e s +vetu"e !# ve snu&o'na0etve mcauco+onau( m#nc#m p"ne !#m
mcanuno" p"ne !# 0a's lttneuuvanu'a par#tcnu 0enea mama mea !# 'a
moar#t$#vam- ;pune mam# ( noo<tne $#va a(atc1o uroa"et(1o &#%a1nuspu+# a(a
cu #vun"t$#va $ocu p#ueatc1o ur"c# m""c#t(u$#va ur#1nuso&#tmc# !oamne
p#+e(et(1o1n0#'eat(us# ar!eat(une !um"ca cumcu +am# !# 0ar+#mtt
au'eo s ;acu< +%u;01a+u&o'n#0"uc# mcasu$ran+e'#tmcasuco+o1
navtmca+<u+cm;numa" p'#v"nur"t01a!uve uamen" ! p#< gph 0W"n uamen"u! p#
(an""er" (" 0"n c#rca. tc#rcas cu $e' !# $e'tt TDM I, p/767, r/781??, p/76?, r/61
69
7/`/6Y/?/
0er& ne!ec'ara"0
" zice are (" u+ur" !e 0er& ne!ec'ara"0> e' poae acua'"+a urm#oare'e sensur"-
;a cre!e, a " se p#rea, a a0ea "mpres"a<-
6:6
g'up""h erea aco'o 'a .arct+ve" c# "e o urm# !# uo" c# "e o urm# !# uo"ttp# cu0nu m"eutt"era o urm#
!# uo"t TDM I, p/69, r/:1A
;a cre!e, a1(" "ma%"na, a presupune<-
an +s c# ne %#+!u"e ( p# no" ppa aco'e c# ne %#+!u"e ( p# no" ppa aco'et0r&a #'u"a c1a0e !#su'e (an!rama'et
TDM I, p/7@, r/7717? *am&"%uu,
!a +ve c# nu ma" a0eam n"m"% c# nu ma" a0eam n"m"%tn"v " ca&tn"vm(tp'ecasm !1ac'o cam
&o'na0#t!# $rca 'put TDM I, p/6:, r/6`169
;a cre!e, a a0ea con0"n%erea<-
(" p# urm# s"nam 'um"na (" no" ne !#+&r#cam gsh mupe'ea %ua'# (" +"vam c# c#
ne 0e!em mupa5aru #'a ne 0e!em mupa5aru #'at0e!e.tc# pe v"ne 'uu#m c# pe v"ne 'uu#mt'a m"e+u nop."t'a !oo(pets"nam
'um"nat(" +"vam c# mupa5aru #'a s1ar#a c# mupa5aru #'a s1ar#a TDM I, p/8?, r/:16Y
em"eu +c c "e !m &#rn" esea c "e !m &#rn" eseatpo0\3" !1#seatt TDM I, p/`6, r/9
;a a0ea !e %2n!, a !or"<-
m"e &an" nu1nur"m"etc# +ve c# s# cmpere ( "e' c1o p'm# !# p#mn c# s# cmpere ( "e' c1o p'm# !# p#mnt TDM
I, p/7Y@, r/?` 4 p/76Y, r/617
7/`/66/
Dec'ara"0e secun!are n corpus
E)emp'e'e !"n corpus ara# $apu' c# mo!a'"#."" !e raporare care $ace u+ !e 0er&e
!ec'ara"0e secun!are " ese acor!a# o "mporan.# secun!ar#/
n nara."unea cu'#, $o'os"rea acesu" "p !e !ec'ara"0e a a3uns un man"er"sm *paro!"a
a!esea,> "nen."a po0es"oru'u" ese !e a repre+ena un anum" enun. (" !e a prec"+a
oo!a# c"rcumsan.e'e enun.#r""/ n nara."unea ora'#, po0es"oru' are a'e m"3'oace,
mu' ma" e)pres"0e, !e a punca c"rcumsan.e'e enun.#r""- $o'os"rea pro1!ec'ara"0e'or
(" a 0er&e'or semna' *penru care 0e+" para%ra$e'e !es"nae acesora, II, 7/`/67,
respec"0 7/`/6?,/
Corpusu' aes# urm#oare'e 0er&e ne!ec'ara"0e care !e0"n !ec'ara1"0e-
7/`/66/6/ 0er&e ps"5o'o%"ce, ep"sem"ce, 0o'""0e-
!p1aea a "e(u!e1aco'o cu mna p'"n# !" sne ( ;mar"co m1am nenorov"tm1am
mpu(ca!u'a mn#tr#m" s#rac# cu &#e."<tt"a a1nvepuus2 p'%# ;ve1a" $#cul< ;ve1a" $#cul<t
TDD, p/?8, r/78 4 p/?:, r/6
"eram pr"e"n &utucu "e'tcunoscu+tu&un cu1m0#.#oruttcnu m1aprop""
nvepe1a r!"tt
; ;"a 0"n2 pe1a""va mo( "uane< "a 0"n2 pe1a""va mo( "uane<tm0W"utt TDD, p/6?9, r/6:16@
s1o #r +m#uu-
6:7
4 "1" a(# "e mupu"er" l "1" a(# "e mupu"er" l ALRT II, p/6:`, r/6A17Y
"e' cnu'1a 0#+ut'1a cunoscu- ;#sa1" &#'auur< ;#sa1" &#'auur<t Pn, p/8@, r/`19
La urm#1n anu 0"""o gph 0"""or, a 0ru ve' ma" m"3'uoc ca s#m
4 Ta#, m# !uc "o, c# "o1' pr"n! Ta#, m# !uc "o, c# "o1' pr"n!/ TDO, p/6Y9, r/7717?
U'"me'e !ou# 0er&e nu po ap#rea !ec2 n po+"."e "n"."a'# *!esc5"! $ra+a,> u+u' 'or n
po+"."e $"na'# ese "mpos"&"', a(a cum "mpos"&"'# ese (" apar"."a 'or 'a per$ec s"mp'u-

M 2"cesta-i balaur4! l cunoscu el.
M 27 duc eu4! vru el.
M - Eii! mi &
- Ein! ne strigm noi.

M 2Unde te duci &4! se uitau ei.
M 2Uite aa s faci4! nu o nva el.
:?
7/`/66/7/ 0er&e care com&"n# seme'e gm"m"ch, g%es"ch, gp"ne+"ch-
uam"n" #ea s# u"atotu;unue !uv "'"c2 l< ;unue !uv "'"c2 l<
;"oe1a(atve s# ma" $ac l< +"cut TDM II, p/898, r/6@17Y
1aa omu e'a'a' scoe uu&#r, "n apa e"a ( "n o0#s, nv"&+u"# e
%#s#(e ( ' ara#-
4 A cu" "" A cu" "" l ALRT II, p/618, r/6916:
c# "e' g5o.u'h a(epa pn# 'a u$"'" mo%o(o"ttun!e emacu("cat!#1n1oarve ma(n1
aea 'a mo%o(oaeat(1aco'ea e pur"catt;&an" s< ;&an" s<tt TDM III, p/?A6, r/6?16`
gmh( mnc# ( &"eu (1nv"n#-
4 S1a+em mu'. a" &u ( $"r"". S1a+em mu'. a" &u ( $"r""./ ALRT II, p/6Y8, r/7?17`
I" ma" !ascn# !# 0nu/
navucruv"-
4 D1o c#p#a omu #sa rosur# cu 0nu pmupoc#, pmu&'#s#mu D1o c#p#a omu #sa rosur# cu 0nu pmupoc#, pmu&'#s#mu gmh ALRT II,
p/6?:, r/7`178
au+m 'a no" ;&u5 s<
; ;v"ne1" aco'o l< v"ne1" aco'o l< sar "o jR, p/?7:, r/7Y176
pn# s2 !esx"!em no"t;"u"" am 0en"u(" no" s# 0# 0"!em< ;"u"" am 0en"u(" no" s# 0# 0"!em<ts1a !a #''an care1a
mer+u!eu'a ecuv"tt TDM II, p/8A8, r/76177
U'"me'e !ou# nu po ap#rea !ec2 $"na'/
6:?
7/`/66/?/ 0er&e aspecua'e *"n!"c# $apu' c# enun.u' c"a "n"."a+# sau nc5e"e
!"scursu',-
a 'ua pop" amn!o" !ouo c#r.t(1a1nvepu ;poo'e(e !oamnet $uruna<t ;poo'e(e !oamnet $uruna<t TDM I,
p/7@, 69168
re" +'e1anusa cu "e' nu(coa'# gcu Se0er Pophtt'a asa cumuu" +vet'a asa cum "
+vet'a asa cum " +veta(atca s2 02 spun a(a p" !easuprat!a cmum#1nre&atme1
a!uvam am"n"t(1"uspuneamt (1ap" cumu02 spuntma"mnre&atnre&a !e1
aco'ot'ep#!att;"a ma" spun" 0o una !e1a'" 'um"< ;"a ma" spun" 0o una !e1a'" 'um"< +vet;!umneaa< ;!umneaa<ttTDD, p/6?8,
r/7Y17`
7/`/66/`/
0er&u' a face *cu ce'e ma" $rec0ene apar"."" !"nre oae 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e
secun!are,-
a1nvepuu(" p1a' m"eu s#1' $ac# c#1" un pr#p#!"tc#1" un "c#'osmtt TDM I, p/?@,
r/69168
(u.a.a mar".aua 'u nea "'"" m#".# spo"or".at$#va- ;e s &a#1e ""uon"c#tve $a#
$rumoas#1a" 'oa s<ttTDM III, p/A67, r/A1@
" 'a urm#m"e' "1a !a gph a '#sau0aca aco'o (" a p'eca nusa/ " $ave, v"c#-
4 M# $ra.'or 4 "1a spu+u'a $ra. 4 vc#, "oe ve m" s1a1nmp'um""e/ TDO, p/7:Y,
r/6916:
T#u.a o(mo'"n!u1s a( a 'ene ( +n%5"n! a(mc a!"c"'\ m 'ua p"(" c5"or, $a"
cr m"n"- ;" amu e'"'an" s '" '#s#m 'a na"&a> !a "n a! ra"sa s1" "eu 'eacur"'e,
c a%5\ "1a(epam/< jN, e)u' I, p/9`:
7/`/67/
Pro1!ec'ara"0e'e
C"rcumsan.e'e enun.#r"" nu apar n corpus "n!"cae cu a3uoru' 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e
secun!are, c" pr"n m"3'oace spec"$"ce !"scursu'u" ora', n $unc."e !e "pu' !e rapor care
se urm#re(e a $" re'e0a/

7/`/67/6/
As$e', raporu' !"nre sec0en.e'e raporae ese e)pr"ma pr"n a!0er&e propr"u1+"se-
7/`/67/6/6/
repe"."a-
;no s ve "e cu "e" l<tt"artt;ve "e cu "e" l<tt TDM I, p/8@, r/77
"o mereut;sa" !# "e' mam# s 0e+ !# "e' mam#tc# cop"'u1a(a "etc ' +&or"m !#
m""ctaa sca&"u!# "e' curn!<tt TDM II, p/7`9, r/79178
6:`
no ap2 s1apuc# 'a mu'stmu'% oom"" c! gph m"nena(to .r#t;5a" &#2tscoes
capr"'etm#2mt5a"tscoes capr"'e !up# sru%2<tt oam"n" gph nu s# ma" s$r(#(e
n"metems# scoo#t"e' mu'e cunu ("e "e't(1ap# o!u&ae
&autou;scoesucapr"'et"e(+um#t"at+u %aat"" asut'a (as# s# ""e "e(etm#<tt
TDdN, p/9`, r/6`16@
7/`/67/6/7/
caraceru' a'erna"0-
e st&a ;am mca<tu&a a(at;5a" 5a" (" !# mc# cu m"net5a" s<tt TDM I, p/@9, ?
7/`/67/7/
Raporu' !e succes"une !"nre e0en"mene'e nara."e" (" enun.u' rapora *!"rec, !e
ce'e ma" mu'e or", ese pus n e0"!en.# pr"n $o'os"rea unor !e"c"ce e)ua'e/
Au $unc."a !e "n!"c" a" or!on#r"" n "mp a !"scursu'u" urm#oare'e e'emene-
7/`/67/7/6/
a!0er&e !e"c"ce-
Am a!us1omaco'o 'a r'# goa"ah/ Acu- ;e1" $avem l e +#1" $avem l< Nu "erea
n"v a nuasr#, "erea a o0ar#("'or/ TDO, p/`77, r/7Y177
c2nuam mp'"n"u(u"ouuopuan"mamu0"n" 'a mamattacumat;m#" &#"e" p" cus
gph unusu" !au "o 'a (coa' ltp" !u1"1acuo'ott c1aco'o "e(urecu nu(cua'2<tt
Md 7, p/6Y7, r/6616`
;$#" 0as"'co< +"c ;"oe1'1#" a"va1" suupa<ttg5o.u'h
!a "'eana mea cnuau!e ;#'e'"eu eeo s #'eu s<tt
+c ;av "'eano s nu1su"" $r"c2<t"era m""c2tt' "au !e mn21' scot uu%o'#no"
nantc1un or&o" p'"ucu a'uuat(ucu &uc#.e'ett$"o!or ore0"vt!am$"me"a mea
;&ae1' m#t&ae1' m# s<tt
ve s#1' &asup# &#"a sl
gNu1' cuno(ea"/h
p#" !" un!et!"uc('".a "eratnu !e 'a no" !"nusatt
;ve s#1' &a $a 0as"'cotu nu 0e+"<t
!a "e' !e1acuma ;m# n"ene s nu m# &ae m# n"ene m#<t jR, p/`, r/67177
!upa e s1amermenatam;m# uam"t$". aen. sttau%#a cu mu'sut%aatcum
cu m#suraut!att$". aen. s# (". care ce ope1a0e.<tt Pn, p/666, r/6Y167
ousuc# nu ("" "eua pr"m"1o pe etc#uarem"1ar r#&u" s2 gKh e0a s# 'ucrett(1
auna ;&a s &a s< se ;0"n# 'a m"e< +e ;c# am eo e0a e 'ucru<tt TDdN, p/?8,
r/6Y16?
7/`/67/7/7/
a!0er&e propr"u1+"se-
numa o 0""u&ooc#rut( "1o srnsup# #.tt(1ap# &#ae1o s#p#1mn#ttgmh (1ap#"
;u'uae s e 1omu$a l u'uae s s<t TDdN, p/@8, r/6916A
6:9
gCn! p"er!ea 0aca 'ape'e, a(a, !eo!a#, ce $#cea." lh
!1ap#"tsr%#m 'ap"ett
gCum lh
!1ap#"
a ru3an#tat
nu e sr%up# "et
"u".#'u #ut
c2 "o sr%u'ap"e #utt gmh TDdN, p/6YY, r/71@
a0eam &#"e." caremva" c#1" p# srm# numt( mnu numa" atmc# ne punea s#
3uc#mt( %aat;c# u a" 3ucauma" &"nem3o("up1a""v<tt TDM III, p/8Y`, r/6?169
cn auu+r#m a(tno" mt0r&a 'ueat+vammcum &unuur# ;m#t $'%u
!r"ep sttcn o "( !mnu co'on\' ! canve'ret""me!" e s# r#"+ !mnu
co'on\' sf tt TDM I, p/8@, r/?19
cnuau gph auu+r#m sunu%uarna uonoru 'u" co'one''utuc# 0"ne sttcnu0en"
co'one'utmo!a#t
;&un#u!"m"nea.a s<t TDM I, p/8A, r/7617?
cu(!eam a(at
;!a cu "netve "e m# l<to!a# su&'ocoenenu TDM I, p/6Y8, r/617
(1ap2-
e '1o euoaucocon#tcura#tecura#t
ear#-
s21" cr"epe ..2et
pv"e1" cuos.2etgmh TDdN, p/6Y7, r/6:176
gCum " +"cea 'a 3ocu' #sa lh
n0r"1e pur"et
g" cum era lh
p" nu "ra pur"e ec#r"tnuma ca s#m" gKh numa gKh ;nu m10r<t TDdN, p/8,
r/6Y16?
(" 'ocu."un" a!0er&"a'e-
" !am mar$atm p'#ea $eme"a v"ns"tap#" !up1a"at;m#" #t ! ;m#" #t ! u( m"e uo u( m"e uo
.u"c#ta3u&ea1uotn1am mc< .u"c#ta3u&ea1uotn1am mc<tTDM I, p/769, r/79178
7/`/67/7/?/
conecor" "ner$ras"c"-
ap#" cnuam co&oru'a 0a'e !up1aeatnu "erau sper"ee ("t;or" cum a $#cuum# ltne1a
'ua a'a ltnu s# puae< TDM I, p/6@, r/69168
cn! ursu 0en"se1n!#r#!u'a ua"et("1era p# ua"e aco'eat(m;#t ursut$u"+um#tc#
W"ne ursutne uomoar# ursut5a" n!#r#<tt TDM I, p/8Y, r/`19
6:8
!p1aea a "e(u!e1aco'o cu mna p'"n# !" sne ( ;mar"co m1am nenorov"tm1am
mpu(ca!u'a mn#tr#m" s#rac# cu &#e."<tt"a a1nvepuus2 p'%# ;ve1a" $#cul<t
TDD, p/?8, r/78 4 p/?:, r/6
A0ea u'"emn, umu&e."(or, %ros"mea ca u$#c#'e. ( ""ra spar muparu a""v/
'ucru #sa '1am 0#+uu'a Rucu, a""v pese !ea'/
-
4 Oa"!e., &#, 5a"!e. 'a pro.ap s TDO, p/`7, r/6`16:
(mcnu0"net"o gph m" s grh m" s1a $#cu semne1a(a c# s1a1nmp'au ve0att(-
;'enu.otun!e grh un!e sumu&o"" l< TDM I, p/68, r/7`178
(1p" m"n" ma pun"e (1a'"e% gunu'h "eu 0reu +um2 !uc (1ma oc 0oux"c gsh !a
;a'"ee uuntxueo mn" ( ma !uc 'a &a+art+2u0n!t 3u0a cump#r "ac#m!" xvoareto
p"mrup !"1m&racat"aca (coa'a 0"n"<t jR, p/6A7, r/6@177
7/`/67/7/`/
"ner3ec.""-
(1anvepuus2 var# !" 'a nuo" eaca mama 'u"tgmh 5a" ;nure&"" cumnau1om
cos"umutnure&"" "e" cos"um<tnu ("u v"t jR, p/6`, r/6?16:
( n "mpu' #sa 0rea+"c# a1nvepu o p'oa"ets2 p'ouott(u"era o co'"&2 m"c2 aco'o
r#"amuuom cu o $"me"ett(u"e' s# !uv1aco'o s# sea 'a !os 'a co'"&auave"ett
(m5a" ;!a v"ne "e(uu l c2 s2 "nr" "e" 'a no" uco'"&#<tjR, p/6, r/@16?
;m#" cuscru'e smc# a $#cu1o &#e."tve s# 'e $avemt"o n1an (uu<tt
;e s n1a" ("u !umneaat!a m#1s# a ("uu<tt
;nu c# n1a ("u<tt
5a" c# n1a ("uutt TDM III, p/88A, r/@16?
Po0es"oru' ora' ese, a(a!ar, ma" !e%ra&# "neresa !e scoaerea n e0"!en.# a
re'a.""'or care se sa&"'esc nre enun.ur"'e c"ae sau nre acesea (" e0en"mene'e
nara."e", !ec !e re'e0area $apu'u" c# acu' enun.#r"" (" a"u!"nea pe care o e)5"&#
'ocuoru' c"a pr"n aces ac se po suprapune *sau c5"ar "!en"$"ca,/
7/`/6?/
Zer&e'e semna'
Mo!e'u' pe care ' su!"em a"c" are c2e0a caracer"s"c", pr"nre care cea ma" e0"!en#
ese apar"."a unor 0er&e care nu sun !ec'ara"0e na"nea unor sec0en.e raporae/
Zer&e'e $o'os"e e$ec"0 n corpus sun-
a se apropia! a se aeza! a auzi! a bga *;a an%a3a nr1o $unc."e<,! a chema! a da ;a
n2'n" n2mp'#or<! a se duce! a face $o list%! a se grmdi! a iei! a se mbolnvi! a
ntlni! a intra! a lsa! a merge $la%! a opri! a se pomeni! a sri! a se scula! a sosi! a
trece! a se uita! a vedea! a veni
(" 'ocu."un"'e 0er&a'e-
a da drumul! a da cu piciorul! a face pai! a iei n cale! a pune cuitul! a se pune -os /
6::
D"nre acesea, ce'e ma" $rec0ene sun- a veni *6@ ocuren.e !"n 88,, a se duce *8, ("
a iei *9,/ " se pomeni! a se scula (" a vedea apar !e c2e re" or", a auzi! a sri (" a se
uita, !e !ou# or", "ar oae ce'e'a'e au c2e o s"n%ur# apar"."e/
D"n punc !e 0e!ere seman"c, 0er&e'e c"ae ma" sus po $" or%an"+ae as$e'-
", 0er&e care !eno# m"(carea or"ena#> !"n 88 !e e)emp'e, 97 "'usrea+# aceas#
cae%or"e-
revam no" (an.u1coatreva ( "e" ca s# 0""e1nu$a.a noasr#trevam no" a(atreva (
"e" mu$a.amtpn# ne1am aprop"eattne1am aprop""a "o s "o s s# s#mtne1a cu gph
(coo(u!# &an"tt TDM I, p/?Y, r/A16Y
(" !up# ve1am mcatm1am a(e+aup# patu"e1a(atcummsau acutt
;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#<tt TDM I, p/?:, r/7`179
s#u!ve ( ne spune 'amuo$".erttne xam# o$".#rutm
;!e ve1asu$#cuum# a(a l<tt TDM I, p/?6@, r/918
ve s# $ac ca s# p'ectnu ma" pueam sc#pattm# !u%u'a o sor1a "e"-
;.a.# "oan#t!u1e c1o &ae !1o +m"ne(e cn! o 0en" "e'<tt TDM I, p/?@, r/@166
scosas# o ma(n# !# cusu!u!mu$oct(um1anu!u+u'a ea-
;m# 'e'".2tve $a3"um# l<
;a" &"a<tsve ;s1o 'uuom s<tt TDM III, p/7?9, r/@167
neu!uvaucu ca"" 'a cm&tu'a p#scutt(1ap#" aco'o cn! a3unamtne
%r#m#!eamt;e s 5a"!etcar" (""e po0ese ma" $rumoas2t( ma" 'u%2 l<tt TDD,
p/6?:, r/6616?
"e( aa 'a puar#-
;a" cu" sne+u0o" l<tt TDM I, p/A`, r/617
0""ne umu&#"au!# 'a &uc(an"topre(e 'a poar1a"v 'a m"netm;m#" nea ra!u'etm!#1
e ma" coave<tt
am "e(!u'a "e't;veu"e m# l<t TDM III, p/`9:, r/@166
(1a "nra aco'u'a muo(t;5#" s &un#us"ara uxu'e<tnuu("uuvet;ve
$a( l<ucuaretnuu(uvemttTDD, p/7?`, r/6716?
&au ap# 0"ne ( 'emt;not#e 0as2'e cu gph nurnae cum$un1 !u1nusus<tc1ap#
a'u m#" are (1o .u!e ap#tmnots# u"# pe 'a spaet5a" mere aco'o pe 'a sru%2t;n1
a" cum0at&#%a e0amt0as cu ap#<t TDdN, p/9`, r/:16Y
nre "mpu1osat0e!euc2 s# +!runv"n1o'eac2 co0"'"rut
;"a 0e+" m#" v"ne1"<tt
sare cumnau1m"ou3ost;n"men"<t TDM II, p/9@`, r/6`16:
6:A
anusos" aco'o ;5" m# ursu st5o m# ursu st5" m# ursu st."n1e m# stpr"n!e1'
m# stnu1' '#sa st5a" m# 'aue' st5a" !u1e !up#ue' s<tt TDM II, p/7Y?, r/6:16@
reve unucrvumar p# !rumtts#u!va1coavett
;m#" nea "uon"c#<tc1a(a1' xemat ;maa'e1a" ma" 0#+uu'umetc1a" a0uupr#0#'"etve
+"(uc# are &#eau1osa a' nosru l<t TDM III, p/@`6, r/7A 4 p/@`7, r/617
0enea 'a m"ne ;m"co nu ma" sautnu ma" sau nu ma"<t TDM I , p/@`, r/?Y
(" 0W"u 'a re"menu nosru-
;r#""+u!om'e co'one't"o sucuare<t TDM I, p/6`, r/6:16A
!a "amvepu s# r!#ttcu 0or&a noas# 0""ne ( soacr#1meatt
;ve1" m# sa0u'e cu "ne<t TDM I, p/?:9, r/??1?`
"eream0enea prop"earu !# ma(n#t;c." uamenusne." l<tt
;re"spre+eve uamen"<tt TDM III, p/7:, r/:1A
e1anu!aucu p""voru 'u nenea "spa+tu'u $rae1m"ut
;m#" ""spas"<t
;veu0re" l<tt
;"a scua'uu1nususttun!"1" ca"" m2 l<tt TDM III, p/@Y8, r/67169
' 'e%u'a p"voare $rumuostca s# s# uopreasc# sn"'" gca'u'u"htt (u!up# aea1" !au
!rumut;!u1e 0ere cu "e'mun!e 0re"<ttTDM III, p/`88, r/:1@
$#cu" re" pa(" n#""ne1a(a
;sur#""+u!on'e co'one' s<tt TDM I, p/8@, r/6Y166
c#mup'ec m "ese1uca'etc# !# ve m# !u%u'a com"sar""at;p#" m# !uctca s# $ac
("u"o !repaea< +"c ;c#tnre no" nu ne puem mp#cats# 0e!em ma" !#
pare<ttTDM III, p/`AY, r/7?178
&a%2m&oauaeeat( pn# une1o aun+u!e na'tmo!a# pune cu.ut;notpn1
a"u(1' gph o" $ae o .u!e creas#tta"a "e("tcn " 0"" a &rn+2ts# (" c# une "e("<tt
TDdN, p/99, r/`18
s1o pus 3os c1" &on'a0 sttsar#u"erausar#tuam""1o p'eca acasttm"e' uo spus c ""
r#utcu""ur#umt(1" &-'na0u stt Md 6, p/6Y?, r/918
o n aceas# cae%or"e am "nro!us (" 0er&e care !eno#, n sens 'ar%, o e0o'u."e spre
un punc, cons"u" !e momenu' n care apare rep'"1ca-
(tcum " 0arat&a ma" "e (" '"ps2 !" p'ua""t(1a" ma" '#sau( &uru"ano1a'at
;m" s1a m#'ur"!u0"a<t
;p#" s"%ur c1arus2 m#'ureasc2t!ac2uu nu ma" s#p"<tt TDD, p/669, r/81@
Dorm"n! ma" a'#ur" !" no", ua"a !ormea 'a capu 'u"/ Iar "o m# sco' !"m"n"a.a-
4 M#, N"'#, un!e1" ua"a l TDO, p/?@`, r/7`179 4 p/?@9, r/6
6:@
"", 0er&e care !eno# re+u'au' une" e0o'u."" sau un momen !e pe un parcurs *:
ocuren.e,-
!#m !1umu&"e !# uxa( cu !oo 0avt'e .nea p# '%# '"n""a $"era#t'e p#(ea
a(auaco'eamtt
;m#" uxu'e< +c ;u"etam !orm" ( no" un!e0a< TDM I, p/?Y, r/6A17Y
m# !use"ta !oua +"t"ar nu 0"nettm#1n'nesucu "a-
;m# !# ve n1a" 0en"um# l<t
ve ;nu m1a '#sauaata $o+u&#uu<tt TDM II, p/7:, r/?18
s1a1m&o'n#0"tt
;auo'eo m# !oaretauo'eo m# !oare<t TDM III, p/7`, r/918
0""ne umu&#"au!# 'a &uc(an"topre(e 'a poar1a"v 'a m"netm;m#" nea ra!u'etm!#1
e ma" coave<tt
am "e(!u'a "e't;veu"e m# l<t TDM III, p/`9:, r/@166
m# pomenesucu prop"earu care cump#rase 'ocutt;m#"< ve ;!omnu'e<
+"vet;!umneaa nu ma" seamen" p# 'oct'1a" ara sup'#esc ar#urat!a< +"ve ;'ocu '1
a 0n!uuprop""earu (" "o sn acu prop""earu 'ocu'u"tt3u!ac# eme1a3uru%a s# $""
!r#%u.ts# nu ma" a3un3em s1a0em scan!a'<ttTDM III, p/`AY, r/8166
""", 0er&e care !eno# procese cu sau $#r# o&"ec *: ocuren.e,-
(uup1a"u"eu cn!uam auu+t
;auo'eo sms# "au p1a'a !1o su#<t TDM I, p/7:@, r/6716?
(ucnus"m.ea momenu g'upu'ht5aptnu'ua umum"e'tp'eca cu "e'mttauu+eanu'a uo
+" uaea +&"ern!mtt;m#" ve s# a"&# uaea cuare l !# +&"ar#<tt TDM II, p/6A, r/A16Y
"e' ;5e" s p#" veue m# !ac1amu0"n l<tts# o u"a a(at;"a s# 0e!emtp# un!e .e1am
mcaucu uo""'e l<t TDM I, p/8:, r/66167
uam"n" #ea s# u"atotu;unue !uv "'"c2 l<
;"oe1a(atve s# ma" $ac l< +"cut TDM II, p/898, r/6@17Y
( 0e!eam ( "eu uo (osea $rumuas# ca pe1a""v-
;m#ta#tv"ne1a $#cu (oseaua asa pe1a""va l< TDM I, p/6, r/A16Y
cn!mmerse" ve merse"t(" cams# +"c "o a(a $o v"n+#3u!e mer"t0#+u"mp#
&rnvtt;oare ve s# $"e #sa l<tt TDM III, p/69`, r/71`
A(a!ar, !"n 88 !e e)emp'e, 9: *a!"c# A8 , "'usrea+# cae%or"a 0er&e'or care !eno#
m"(carea spre un punc sau $oca'"+ea+# pe un punc 0#+u ca re+u'a a' unu" proces/
nrec0en.a mare cu care apare a"c" aces "p !e 0er&e ese s"mpoma"c# penru "paru'
pe care ' !"scu#m/ E$ece'e $o'os"r"" acesu" "par 0"n ocma" !"n e)p'oaarea sensu'u"
unor 0er&e precum sun ce'e c"ae ma" sus (" !"n apar"."a "nempes"0# n propr"u'
!"scurs a unu" !"scurs c"a/
6AY
Zer&e'e care apar n acese consruc."" se !eose&esc a2 !e !ec'ara"0e'e pr"mare c2
(" !e !ec'ara"0e'e secun!are (" nu po $" su&s"u"e pr"nr1un 0er& !"n acese c'ase>
compar#-
nre "mpu1osat0e!euc2 s# +!runv"n1o'eac2 co0"'"rut
;"a 0e+" m#" v"ne1"<tt
sare cumnau1m"ou3ost;n"men"<t TDM II, p/9@`, r/6`16:
cu-
au+m 'a no" ;&u5 s<
;v"ne1" aco'o l< sar "o jR, p/?7:, r/7Y176
Penru c# 0er&e'e ocurene n aces "par nu sun 0er&e !e !ec'ara."e, apar"."a
parene"c# a unu" !ec'ara"0 pare $"reasc#-
!up# vemne1am cu'ca am " !orm" ve1-u" !orm"t0"ne uxa(u-
;&# &#"e+um#<t"ve "vet;m# &#"e.< ve ve ;"a scu'a.10# a#< TDM I, p/?6, r/71`
cnu0"n"ucu pe("'u'a canart0e!em numa" &#r(up#uma'tcum pe("tt
;m# v"1s cu asea m#" n"cu'e l< spun spun "o 'u un o0ar#( a m"eutt TDD, p/?, r/7A17@ 4
p/`, r/6
Dar ca+ur"'e n care aces 'ucru se n2mp'# sun rare- A !"n 8Y !e e)emp'e cu !"scurs
!"rec/ Mo"0u' une" a2 !e sc#+ue $rec0en.e, n aces cone), a unu" 0er& !e
!ec'ara."e cre!em c# ese urm#oru'- 0er&u' !e !ec'ara."e are cere ca'"#." *"n!"c#
$apu' enun.#r"", prec"+ea+# persoana 'ocuoru'u", poae !a !ea'"" asupra unor aspece
'e%ae !e enun.are,, !ar capac"aea 'u" !e crea un !"a'o% nre naraor (" ascu'#or ese
s'a&#/ Zer&u' !ec'ara"0 ese una !"nre m#rc"'e pr"n care se e)pr"m# su&"ec"0"aea
rapororu'u", penru c# rapororu' ca'"$"c# acu' per$orma !e c#re em".#oru' or"%"nar,
5o#r2n! c# acesa a spus)a rugat)a ntrebat sau a pretins)a minit ec/,/ Supr"marea
0er&u'u" declarandi ese ns# !e asemenea un mo! !e e)pr"mare a su&"ec"0"#.""/
As$e', ocuren.a unu" !"scurs c"a cu 0er&u' !ec'ara"0 e'"p"c are e$ece par"cu'are
acesu" pattern reor"c> ea !eno#-
a, caraceru' "nempes"0 a' enun.#r"" *ese scoas# n e0"!en.# succes"unea "me!"a# a
ce'or !ou# ac."un",-

(" !up# ve1am mcatm1am a(e+aup# patu"e1a(atcummsau acutt
;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#<tt TDM I, p/?:, r/7`179
&, surpr"+a pe care a a0u1o rapororu' *!ac# acesa ese receporu' or"%"nar,> n acese
ca+ur", accenu' ca!e pe 0er& *uneor", seman"smu' acesu"a conr"&u"e (" e' 'a crearea
e$ecu'u" !rama"c,-
m# pomenesucu prop"earu care cump#rase 'ocutt;m#"< ve ;!om1nu'e<
+"vet;!umneaa nu ma" seamen" p# 'oct'1a" ara sup'#esc ar#urat!a< +"ve ;'ocu '1
a 0n!uuprop""earu (" "o sn acu prop""e1aru 'ocu'u"tt3u!ac# eme1a3uru%a s# $""
!r#%u.ts# nu ma" a3un13em s1a0em scan!a'<ttTDM III, p/`AY, r/8166
6A6
ne0as#1sa omu'u1#'ueamm# pom"nesucu ea c1o p#ur# ( c1o pern#ts# m"1o !ea s# m"1o !ea
m"etc# s# sau cu e' n "n!#tt m"etc# s# sau cu e' n "n!#tt
;!oamne $ere(e s< +tu;p#" anus#u "o cu v"ne0a gsh ca s gKh c#uam eo s# m#
cu'ucu #sa a"3u'a !umneaa l< gshtt TDM III, p/A8, r/6916@
c, u"m"rea e)p'"c"# a rapororu'u" *!ac# e' a $os em".#oru' or"%"nar,> n aces ca+,
accenu' ca!e pe !"scursu' c"a-

(uup1a"u"eu cn!uam auu+t
;auo'eo sms# "au p1a'a !1o su#<t TDM I, p/7:@, r/6716?
(ucnus"m.ea momenu g'upu'ht5aptnu'ua umum"e'tp'eca cu "e'mttauu+eanu'a uo
+" uaea +&"ern!mtt;m#" ve s# a"&# uaea cuare l !# +&"ar#<tt TDM II, p/6A, r/A16Y

Ascu'#oru' ese pus n s"ua."a !e a 'ua ac !e e$ecu' !rama"c (" !"nam"c crea !e
u+u' acesu" mo!e' reor"c (" ese "n0"a s#1(" $ac# propr""'e "poe+e n 'e%#ur# cu
o&"ec"0e'e nara"0e a'e acesu" u+/
Or, apar"."a unu" 0er& !e !ec'ara."e n aces cone) nu poae !uce !ec2 'a o
!"m"nuare a capac"#."" "paru'u" !e care ne ocup#m !e a crea !rama"sm a2 'a n"0e'
intranarativ c2 (" 'a ce' extranarativ, pe care sun p'asa." po0es"oru' (" ascu'#oru'
'u"/
Zer&e'e care apar n aces cone) nu sun ermen" !e !ec'ara."e, dar pot deveni
semnale ale apariiei discursului raportat /
Zer&e'e !ec'ara"0e sun a2 ermen" !e !ec'ara."e c2 (", ipso facto! semna'e a'e
apar"."e" unu" !"scurs c"a> compar# pe zice $el%m, !up# care urmea+# n mo! necesar
un !"scurs c"a *zice c nu poate veni,, cu vine $el%m, care are 0a'or" !"$er"e n ", (" n
"",-
", vine el la noi i rezolvm problema < ))
"", vine el la noi )2hai s rezolvm problema4t
Zer&u' nu cons"u"e, s"n%ur, un as$e' !e semna', c" ese nso." !e nc# !ou# e'emene-
se%menu' vine el la noi are un contur intonaional !"$er" n ", (" n "", (", n p'us, !up#
aces se%men, n "", urmea+# o pauz *semnu' e'"pse" 0er&u'u" !e !ec'ara."e,, care
prece!# (" semna'ea+# "m"nen.a unu" !"scurs c"a/
D"n aces punc !e 0e!ere, a2 !ec'ara"0e'e c2 (" 0er&e'e1semna' se opun 0er&e'or !e
%enu'-

6/ a anatemiza! a boteza! a cftni! a caterisi! a condamna! a osndi! a pedepsi *care
!eno# o ac."une ce cupr"n!e (" $apu' ros"r"" une" $ormu'e,>
7/ a discuta! a dezbate! a se ntreine! a dialoga! a vorbi! a negocia! a parlamenta! a
trata! a participa $la discuii%! a pertracta! a se socoti# a toca! a brfi! a cleveti! a
sporovi! a flecri! a tutui *care !eno# ac."un" ce presupun sc5"m&ur" !e rep'"c",
care nu sun *(" n"c" nu po !e0en", !ec'ara"0e (" nu sun *(" n"c" nu po !e0en",
semna'e penru un !"scurs urm#or/
6A7
Dup# un 0er&1semna', persoana 'ocuoru'u" care 0a em"e !"scursu' c"a ese
"mpre!"c"&"'#- ca rep'"ca s# apar."n# ace'e"a(" persoane cu cea "n!"ca# !e 0er&u'1
semna' ese o s"ua."e $oare $rec0en#, !ar nu o&'"%aor"e/
n-
(" !up# ve1am mcatm-am aezaup# patu"e1a(atcummsau acutt
;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#<tt TDM I, p/?:, r/7`179
ce' 'a care se re$er# 0er&u' ese unu' (" ace'a(" cu ce' care em"e !"s1cursu' c"a> ou(",
n"m"c !"n $orma 0er&u'u" nu pre!"cea+# aces 'ucru, a(a nc2 urm#oare'e sec0en.e
sun !e asemenea pos"&"'e-
(" !up# ve1am mcatne-am aezaup# patu"e1a(atcumms#m acutt
;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#<tt *ne +"ce ea,
(" !up# ve1am mcatm-am aezaup# patu"e1a(atcummsau acutt
;m#" $a#, no" cre!eam c# u e !uc" acas#<tt *m" +"c e",
(" !up# ve1am mcats-au aezatup# patu"e1a(atcummsau acutt
;nene (" .a.#t"o m# !uc acas#<tt *'e +"c eu,
:`
Ne$""n! un ermen !e !ec'ara."e, 0er&u'1semna' nu poae "n!"ca em".#oru' !"scursu'u"
care 0a urma, (" aceasa spre !eose&"re !e !ec'ara"0e, care nu au n"c"o!a# aces
nea3uns *!up# zice " nu po urma spuse'e 'u" + ,, !ar sun (" '"ps"e !e surpr"+#/

n !"scursu' !"rec, 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e *ce' pu."n ce'e proo"p"ce, au op"c# '"&er#- e'e
po prece!a !"scursu' c"a, po $" "nc"!ene n acesa sau ' po urma-
", $el% zice/ 234
"", 234! zice $el%! 234
""", 234! zice el.
n s"ua."a ",, !ac# ese e)pr"ma, nume'e em".#oru'u" poae prece!a sau poae urma
0er&u'- el zice/ 234tzice el/ 234> n "", (" n """,, nume'e em".#oru'u" nu poae ap#rea
!ec2 !up# 0er&- 234! zice el! 234 (" 234! zice el, !ar nu ("-

M 234! el zice! 234
M 234! el zice.
Zer&u' poae ap#rea 'a pre+enu' "n!"ca"0u'u", 'a "mper$ec, per$ec compus, per$ec
s"mp'u, 0""or, con!"."ona'/ T"mpu' $a0or" n nara."unea ora'# ese pre+enu', "ar n
nara."unea cu'#, per$ecu' s"mp'u/
n !"scursu' "n!"rec, 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e au, n %enera', op"c# $")#, na"nea
!"scursu'u" c"a- $el% zise c3, nre%"sr2n!u1se ns# (" ca+ur" n care 0er&u' ese
"nc"!en *>l unul nu fusese! zicea! ntru totul de acord., sau s# n po+"."e $"na'# *Au
mai trecuse de mult vreme pe acolo! zicea ea.,
Dec'ara"0e'e secun!are *a rde! a se plnge! a murmura! a se sclifosi! a relua! a
ntrerupe! a puncta! a mpunge ec/, se po a$'a n urm#1oare'e s"ua.""-
6A?
a, ce'e ma" mu'e po ap#rea !oar cu c"a !"rec *M>l rse c 3, M>l se art
interesat c3> ou(", >l sublinie c3 (" a'e'e,>
&, nu po ap#rea !ec2 n po+"."e $"na'# *M>l rse/ 234# M 234! rse el! 234.#
c, 0er&e'e care se po consru" (" cu c"a "n!"rec po ap#rea (" 'a a'e "mpur"> n
sc5"m&, oae ce'e'a'e, a c#ror ocuren.# cu c"a !"rec ese e)c'us"0#, apar
!oar 'a per$ec s"mp'u> $o'os"rea 'or ese un ar"&u a' nara."un"" cu'e/ *234!
sublinie)a subliniat)subliniaz el, ns# numa" 234! rse el)se hlizi el)se plnse
el/,
D"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' po+"."e" pe care o po ocupa $a.# !e c"au' rapora, 0er&e'e1
semna' se !eose&esc a2 !e !ec'ara"0e'e pr"mare c2 (" !e !ec'ara"0e'e secun!are/
a, 0er&u'1semna' prece!#, n marea 'or ma3or"ae, un c"a re!a !"rec> e)"s# ns# ("
e)cep."" *8 ocuren.e !"n 89 !e e)emp'e,-
o mu"er" spue c#ms# pun enu(# gph asamspu+2 ca'!#ttuna 0"ems# pun #r."
ca'"ttuna 0"ets# $ac $e("'# 'a urepett Pn, p/6Y, r/6616?
ne0as#1sa omu'u1#'ueamm# pom"nes m# pom"nesucu ea c1o p#ur# ( c1o pern#ts# m"1o !ea s# m"1o !ea
m"etc# s# sau cu e' n "n!#tt m"etc# s# sau cu e' n "n!#tt
;!oamne $ere(e s< +tu;p#" anus#u "o cu v"ne0a gsh ca s gKh c#uam eo s# m#
cu'ucu #sa a"3u'a !umneaa l< gshtt TDM III, p/A8, r/6916@
nr1o !"m"nea.# m# scoa'# &a&a, nc# c" +"c "#u !" !"m"n3ea.# l n".#' recus" !" cn
cnas" cuco(""1n#"a oar#, s# m# !uc, s#1" a!uc pa"e, s# &a%" n so&# s# m# !uc, s#1" a!uc pa"e, s# &a%" n so&# gmh jN,
e)u' III, p/788
s1o pus 3os c1" &on'a0 s c1" &on'a0 sttsar#u"erausar#tuam""1o p'eca acasttm "e' uo spus c ""
r#utcu""ur#umt(1" &-'na0u sttMd 6, p/6Y?, r/ 918
(une1am pom"n" nr1o +" c1a 0"n"tmc#1' !oare un p"vor c#1' !oare un p"vortt;ao'eo p"voru s<tt TDM
III, p/@`?, r/71?
c#mup'ec m "ese1uca'etc# !# ve m# !u%u'a com"sar""a c# !# ve m# !u%u'a com"sar""at;p#" m# !uctca s# $ac
("u"o !repaea< +"c ;c#tnre no" nu ne puem mp#cats# 0e!em ma" !#
pare<ttTDM III, p/`AY, r/7?178
&, a2 !ec'ara"0e'e pr"mare c2 (" !ec'ara"0e'e secun!are "n!"c# (" ca'"$"c# acu'
enun.#r""> !ac# !"scursu' c"a re!# rezultatul enun.#r"", a!"c# enunul, 0er&e'e
!ec'ara"0e "n!"c# (" ca'"$"c# procesul pr"n care ese pro!us enun.u', enunarea/ Da
$""n! ns# c# enun.u' "a na(ere pe m#sur# ce se !es$#(oar# enun.area, e)"s# o re'a."e
!e concomiten nre enun. (" enun.are/ Or, n ca+u' 0er&u'u"1semna', re'a."a !"nre
ac."unea !enoa# !e 0er& (" per$ormarea enun.u'u" ese una !e succesiune# !aor"#
$apu'u" c# ac."unea num"# !e 0er&u' !"n !"scursu' c"an are 'oc naintea per$orm#r""
enun.u'u" c"a, 0er&u' prece!# !"scursu' c"a
:9
>
6A`
c, "mpur"'e 0er&a'e 'a care apar 0er&e'e1semna' $o'os"e n corpus- !"n 88 !e e)emp'e,
?? sun 'a pre+en, 6@ 'a per$ec compus, : 'a "mper$ec, ` 'a per$ec s"mp'u, ? 'a
con3unc"0/

7/`/6`/
Inero%a"0a cu 0er& !ec'ara"0
Un proce!eu n2'n" re'a"0 $rec0en n nara."unea ora'# ese c"area !"rec# pr"nr1o
"nero%a"0# a' c#re" pre!"ca ese un 0er& !ec'ara"0-
"o v1am +s l ;u"e ve "e< ;u"e ve "e<t"eramto proeas#m&#rn#t(" "a 0enea mereu ("1" +v"am
;proeas#< +ct;u"e ve "e< +ctTDM I, p/@?, r/7?17`
aa ve +"ve- ;m# !u1e< ;m# !u1e< +vet;(" cau# 0r("'1e'ea< ;(" cau# 0r("'1e'ea< +"vet;(" scuae1'e !e1aco'otc#< ;(" scuae1'e !e1aco'otc#<
+ve ;merem spre cas#< ;merem spre cas#<tt TDM I, p/679, r/6@176
( &#r&a1mWeu v1a +s l ;""uanetu s#" 3ostm$"c# "e3u0en"!u!e 'a &#"uc# e ;""uanetu s#" 3ostm$"c# "e3u0en"!u!e 'a &#"uc# e
corenea+#tc# sus "e curenu prea reve r#u<tt corenea+#tc# sus "e curenu prea reve r#u<tt TDM I, p/7:A, r/81A
a 0en"umama 'u" ( "1wuspus-
;nu1' "autmc# pn# nu $ave aa anu numnu1' "au<tt
v1a +"s lt;a" $#t&a s#1'ue"<tt ;a" $#t&a s#1'ue"<tt
cum "e 'a .ar# c# reeus# a" (#r0eets# a"m!# oaett
"1wuspus ;(#r0ee amt!1#se'ane1a( a0eatmn1are mama &an"m c# s# $avem c# cu1
o nun# !# $a#mc!unu s# xe'u"e lt(unu ma" sco. napo"<tt
v1a ++u!1av"'eam"a l ;etu"e ma" %n!e(e1e<t ;etu"e ma" %n!e(e1e<tTDM I,p/7:@, r/7?1?6
aa ve spune lt;m#" ;m#" sts# 0""" !# !"m"nea.# a#tc# amms# merenu'a p#!ure 'a sts# 0""" !# !"m"nea.# a#tc# amms# merenu'a p#!ure 'a
%o'easca s# 'uom ne(e 'emne< %o'easca s# 'uom ne(e 'emne<tt gmh
aa m#1nrea&2t;"uanetueo anu+s c# s# 0""" ma" !"m"nea.#<tt
;a#tm1anur##v"<tt TDM III, p/?6, r/67177
A!esea, se%menu' cu interogativ d citat direct ese "n"."aoru' une" sec0en.e
nara"0e ma" 'ar%", cu a' c#re" $"na' se a$'# n 'e%#ur# 4 aces 'ucru se n2mp'# n oae
e)emp'e'e care urmea+#-
!a ve spune l ;nu1+u!au c#1nure&u"e s# $ac .u"c# s< ;nu1+u!au c#1nure&u"e s# $ac .u"c# s< tgmh
;ma"c# stamu$osuproas# c# nu .1anu!a prune "er"tc# "a u"e ma"c1a"
!racuuuuo%ra!a meatcum m"1a rupuoae prun"'"tm"1a $rucr#v"'" cu ou s<tt
;&"ne .1a $#cu stt< TDM III, p/7`A, r/6` 4 p/7`@, r/6Y16?
( ve1a +s suacr#1sa lt;a"u" m""c#< ;a"u" m""c#< +vet;pn1a""vtt!1a""v co'otnu ma" $avem n"v ;pn1a""vtt!1a""v co'otnu ma" $avem n"v
umupas< umupas<tt
c# ;!# ve ltc#m<
ve ;#sa .1# sau<tt+vem ;"e3uru!ar<tt gmh
a 'ua1o r(tt#"'an." a 'uaup# $a#tt(1a 0en" cu o." cr!tpn# a1pruape un!e sau "eu
aco'ott(t!ac1a ""nra ucomun#1cuave1n sats1a ma" 0ese'" $eme"att TDM III,
p/7Y, r/7A17@ 4 p/76, r/6`168
6A9
( ce +ve &#r&a"1m"u aco'o lt;5a"!e< +ve ;s#1" 0"n!em ;5a"!e< +ve ;s#1" 0"n!em g&o""h 0"n1!enu(" p1 0"n1!enu(" p1
#satts# ne $avem naca0a'"'"< #satts# ne $avem naca0a'"'"<tve1a0eam no"m!aor""ttgmh
ve s# 0e+" !umneaa ltcnuam 0en"!u+ve ;s# e e !u3une0as# s#1. "a" cop"'u !# 'a
soru1atc# nuner"ve(e ("ue m#nc# c"n"<tt gmh
ve s# 0e+" !umneaa l 'uaseuc#n" s# !#+'e% apatgmh ("1a pus mna g$aah p#
'#0""vuoar#t(ucu can1aeat(1a &#%a!u&om&oaneture !u'v" aco'ot(" "1a 'uau$o%u!#
'a rox".#tt TDM III, p/96, r/6A17Y 4 p/97, r/91:> 6716@
cn! a 0#+uucu veap#tmaua0eam pu.n#uveap#tt( "e' ve m# roa%# lt;!om'e< ;!om'e<
+vet;!#1nu( m"e !oo $un"" !# veap#t'as#1m"1'e1av"'eatc#< +vet;!#1nu( m"e !oo $un"" !# veap#t'as#1m"1'e1av"'eatc#< +ve ;"o am s# ;"o am s#
r"me!u&#"auts# 'e "at r"me!u&#"auts# 'e "atgmh
;"o g+"ch sn osen" !u p# !rumta3 0rea s# rac ( "ou 'a c"ne0a(1 'ea1n cure<tt
;nene p#" !ac# "e 0or&a< cet;mer3 'a nuo" acas#< +ce g&#"au'htt;( !uorm 'a nuo"
"n cure<ttgmh
#'a 0en"set'a "e't( cu #'a $#cuse rampa ca s# 0""e s# $ure veap#ts#1" !ea (1#'uea
veap#tc# a1sou 'uase !oo $un"tt!a #'at s1ouea !# puoman#tt
TDM III, p/6Y@, r/7:17@6> p/66Y, r/6?168> p/667, r/61?
gcop"'u'h ."pa s# muar#t1m0"ne."settve +"ser#m no" l ;ve s# a"&#tve s# a"&#tta" 'a ;ve s# a"&#tve s# a"&#tta" 'a
$"na< $"na<tt
m1anu!us anusr"%aup# $"n#tera o $emee &#rn1a"va pese sra!# 'a
no"t;$"n#t$"n#<t
a "e("u$"naua$art;ve ma"c# l<t
;u"e &#"au<
;5a" ma"c# c# mer%<tt
a 0en"u$emeeat"1a !escnatgmh ("u"1a recuu&#"au'u"ttTDM III, p/`8:, r/81:>
r/6Y16A
"a veue1a spus ltt+"v" ;cn! o" 0"n"t!2 'a &ucure3u'a nuapet"o 'as u(a !scu"a#< ;cn! o" 0"n"t!2 'a &ucure3u'a nuapet"o 'as u(a !scu"a#<
+"v"t;puara !2s ;puara !2sx x"s2ts# 0"" 'a m"ne< "s2ts# 0"" 'a m"ne< +"v"tu;s# nu ma" sr"t s#1nuspu" ve s1a1 ;s# nu ma" sr"t s#1nuspu" ve s1a1
nmp'aucu "e' nmp'aucu "e'ttgmh
cn! a 0"n"u$em""1aea gmh!# 'a &ucure("ta ra+u!erec 'a eats21" spu"e v"us1a1
nmp'aucu "e'tc gmh'1a "nernamtve cre!esuc# s1a1nmp'a lttW"ne
$em""at!2sx"!e u(at;mar"uaro s mar"uaro s<t sr"%#t"a n"c#"ereattm pa 'un"2tt
gmh au0"n"u( uam"n1""a !# p# !rumta !sx"s u(atcum o '#sase ea !#scuea2u!1
aua0uu0uor&atua "nra 'a "atuo suve("tca'!2ttmuar2tt TDM III, p/A:7, r/6`168
3u!up# ve1am popos"u(1am r!"ca usustspre &ucure("t"e" v1a spu+tu;!omne<t ;!omne<t(ve
;nouo ne cam !e"r#t&#" mar"ne< ;nouo ne cam !e"r#t&#" mar"ne< (ve ;ne cam !e"r# nouo<t ;ne cam !e"r# nouo<t+ve ;s# mer"m ;s# mer"m
na"nea c#ru."tsune ma" c#'1+"m<tt na"nea c#ru."tsune ma" c#'1+"m<tt;mere+um#< +"c gmh
(uve1" spu" 'u $ra"1m"ot;&2"mnene necu'aet"auoe &#tn $un!u c#ru."< ;&2"mnene necu'aet"auoe &#tn $un!u c#ru."< +"u;s1a ;s1a
au+"uve0a aco'utnu gph .1o $" $urauv"ne0amn1o $" "("uv"ne0a !"mup#!ure s#1 au+"uve0a aco'utnu gph .1o $" $urauv"ne0amn1o $" "("uv"ne0a !"mup#!ure s#1
su$uremuouu'" (" cu #r.a l<tt su$uremuouu'" (" cu #r.a l<ttcnune u"#mtm#r.a ("ucu uouu'" 'uaett TDM III,
p/@Y@, r/77178 4 p/@6Y, r/619
!auea ve grh "a ve +vet;m#m"c#< ;m#m"c#< vet;!#1m &an"tc1a 0en"up"ne 'a nea corne'< ;!#1m &an"tc1a 0en"up"ne 'a nea corne'<tt gmh
( s1a u"a coat'a 0a'e !# ma("n#t!a1co'o nu s1a u"att(" cn!u s# reac# $aa
ma" repe!e gmh s1a1uor+u!mupare1aeat aman mu&uou ma("n"t#'ea !# 0enea1
co'ottTDM II, p/67, r/6A16@ 4 p/6?, r/619
6A8
Zen"s#m !e 'a muar#, m#v"nas#m, 'uuas#m 'eme !e 'a !epo+"mIa ve spune-
4 4 E, mo(u'e E, mo(u'e 4 c1a(a +vea 4 +ve- merem acuma s1'om ( ar!e" !e mur#or" (" ne1 merem acuma s1'om ( ar!e" !e mur#or" (" ne1
am as"%ura penru "arn#/ am as"%ura penru "arn#/
Amue(" "o a$ar#, "a $#cus# n"(e ma3on (1s# ump'us# p# uox/ =c-
4 Au+, muere, !u1e ("uspa'#1e, c# v1a" pe uox sm
4 E", p#", ve, a(a "e cnu$aumaun/
Doamn#, cnus1a apuca s1s# spe'e, "o m1anu!us s# 'e% n"(e c"n" gmh cn! am
0en", u"e, au%#s1o p# pa a(a gmh TDO, p/?87, r/7`179 4 p/?8?, r/61A
Inero%a"0a !"rec# *ID, !e a"c" na"ne, n!ep'"ne(e, n e)emp'e'e noasre,
urm#oare'e ro'ur"-
6/ pune n 'um"n# caraceru' "nempes"0 a' c"au'u" !"rec *CD, !e a"c" na"ne, ("
surpr"+a pro0oca# em".#oru'u" raporor !e acesa>
7/ ara%e aen."a asupra %ra!u'u" m"c !e pre0"+"&"'"ae a CD> 'ocuo1ru' raporor pare
a su%era c# CD !ep#(e(e or"+onu' !e a(epare a' "ner'ocuoru'u" s#u>
?/ "mp'"c# ac"0 n !es$#(urarea nara."un"", n acu' po0es"r"", pe "n1er'ocuor, p#r2n!
c# ncepe, para'e' cu po0es"rea, un !"a'o% asupra po0es"r"" nse("
:8
>
`/ su%erea+# "ner'ocuoru'u" c# CD ar puea a0ea o oarecare "mpor1an.# n
econom"a nara."un"">
9/ creea+# suspans, "n0"# pe "ner'ocuor s#1(" consru"asc# propr""'e sa'e "poe+e
asupra $e'u'u" n care 0a con"nua (" se 0a nc5e"a nara."1unea, propr""'e sa'e "poe+e
e0a'ua"0e n 'e%#ur# cu CD *care ese 0a'oarea pe care o 0a a0ea aceasa !"n
perspec"0a re+o'0#r"" l,>
8/ creea+# conras (" scoae n re'"e$ CD, accenu2n! caraceru' rea' (" $"!e' a'
acesu"a> "nona."a, ermen"" "!"oma"c" a" em".#oru'u" c"a, mo!a'"#."'e !e $ra+are a'e
acesu"a, !e$ece'e !e 0or&"re ec/ mer% n ace'a(" sens, poen.ea+# "'u+"a rea'"#."" ("
$ac CD memora&"'>
:/ !aor"# capac"#."" !e a amorsa suspansu' (" !e a propune, 'a o anum"# !"san.# n
po0es"re, o re+o'0are acesu"a, mo!u'ar"+ea+# na1ra."unea, creea+# sec0en.e a$'ae n
!"0erse raporur" nre e'e sau cu nara."unea care 'e con."ne> sec0en.a penru care ID
cons"u"e evalu-area poae a0ea o rezolvare
::
care s# nu co"nc"!# cu re+o'0area nre1
%"" nara."un"/
7/`/69/
A&sen.a 0er&u'u" !e !ec'ara."e
7/`/69/6/
c"are !"rec#-
7/`/69/6/6
Rep'"c"'e unu" !"a'o% po ap#rea $#r# e'emene !e semna'are> '"m"e'e une" rep'"c" sun
marcae !e pau+# sau !e conuru' "nona."ona' !"$er" a' rep'"c"" care " urmea+#-
ma" "era o s#p#mmn#tnu ("u c!umoarea ma" "era pn#1n nun#tt
;m"co stm"1am 'uausama<t
;ve .1a" 'uausama l<
;n1o ma" "au<tt
6A:
;&a nu< +ct;&a nuts# nu $a(uu r"a&auasatc# r!e 'umeat "a1o st"amt"a1
ot5a" s<tt
;0a" s u"e1nuspune 'ume1a(atnuspune 'ume1a(atnusp<t
;&# s 'umea .1a spusu!#mu'tnu omna acu cnua ""nra oamen"1n xe'u"a'#<t
TDM I, p/@?, r/7@1?6 4 p/@`, r/61:
;ve $#cu( $#" mar"u.# l<tt
;!e $# n"cu'"no ve s# $ac s u"e gKh p#."" &e'eaoa<tt
;$# !u1e1napuo" sttm !u1e1napuo"tc# macu nu ma"ue3un"(ucu $e"'"tunu maue
n"(ucu $eme"'"tt!1aca+unu1+u0"ne s# sa"t'a 5or# nu e ma" &a%# n"3u!racu1
nuseam#tt!u1e1aco'otn1a" ve $ave s u a" $#cu1otu ra1o s<tt
;'as#1" a(a $# s ."1ar# "o c# $u%u"ot""me!"ea s<tt TDM III, p/?`8, r/9166
+"ve ;un!e1a" $osuu !rave 5a+"l<t
+"c ;un!e m1a" r"mestamu$#cuuporcoa"e<tt
;!a cu v"ne1a" $os l<t
;s"%ur# am $ostcu v"ne1wm<
;n1a" $osucu &o%#.eanu l<
;n1am $osu<tt
u!# srea%ur'e uap#tuc#'!area cu1ap#t( rae1ttTDM III, p/@8A, r/@16`
;ve1" !a" $'oar" l c " !a" l<
no" "1anuspustt"e' a0ea !ouo+#(ase !# po%oanettera s%urt
;p#" nu ne &ro!"m ore<t
;&a ne &ro!"m<t
;nu ne &ro!"m<t
"1anu!auv"n(upo%oane !# p#mntt
;un!e "" 'e !a" l<
;'a cur#or"<t
a(att;pomos s<
;pomos<tt
;$nar" s<
;$nar"<tt"1anu!att
;co(are s<
;co(are<tt
;p#u' s<
;p#u'<tt TDM I, p/76Y, r/`16@
asaK 1" cuscrattasaK 1" $aat("m#saK %"ner"catta(att(" "o "1am ceru 'a cuscrat
;u"e !umnetasa ."1e $aat#sa m"1e &#eautts p'ac" m#
&#eau'e l<
a spus c# ;!a m p'ace<tt
;$#" $a# ."e1s p'ace l<
;m p'ace (" m"e<t
;acum s# $"s s#n#o("ts# ne1n.e'e%emt0re" cuscre l<ttb
!at!at!ac2 s21n.e'e%ets"%ur c# ree s# 0reattc
;e s u"e ce esetm"e1n !a" !oo+e3 !# (er%aretpenru c#'.unar"<ttb
!ata(attc
;(" !oo+e3 !# &a+ma'e<ttb
6AA
a(a era1na"n"ttc
apro&#t+" numa" !a btt;(" ma" m !a" c"nspre+ece &a"cur" penru suror" !# %"n"re<tb
a(at
K0est spre persoanele de fa.
bSe adreseaz unei vecine care asist.
cReplicile aparin vecinei creia i se adreseaz informatorul.
TDM III, p/A@A, r/69178 4 p/ A@@, r/619
7/`/69/6/7/
Se%menu' c"a !"rec ese a!esea nso." !e nume'e ce'u" c#ru"a " ese ar"&u"-
"/ c"au' !"rec ese urma !e nume-
#'a mo"se ma+#ret+u ;&#"< vet;o curea< vet;ra!e1o< ve ;scam# !u1 p#uea< vet;s#
&#%#m aco'o<ttm1a p#nsaue" aco'eatunaua'atve ;!u1e 'a &#rac#< ;!u1e 'a &#rac#<tt"e'tt TDM I,
p/:6, r/7617?
;p#" !a n"v "o s%ur nu m# !uc s# m#uumuare #(ea p1aco'o<tt
;p#" cu m"ne nuue omoar# l<tt
; ;&ar"m m# 0e+" ("uu< &ar"m m# 0e+" ("uu<tt"e'tt TDM I, p/79?, r/7:17@
; ;am umumor ucas#< am umumor ucas#< vet;(1unu1a$art$"r1ar1a." a" !racu" s# $"." as+ (" m"ne s< t;(1unu1a$art$"r1ar1a." a" !racu" s# $"." as+ (" m"ne s<
vett;!# un!e '1o $" a!u+um# ne&unu #saua"v uc#ru.# l< tt;!# un!e '1o $" a!u+um# ne&unu #saua"v uc#ru.# l< ne0asatt TDM III, p/?,
r/6@176
; ;e !uv cu ca""taco'o 'a pep"n"< e !uv cu ca""taco'o 'a pep"n"<t"o ;nu m# !uc cu ca"tvet!ac# m# 'a(" s2 m# !uc cu
c#ru.a<tt TDD, p/7Y6, r/76177
""/ c"au' !"rec ese prece!a !e nume-
;"eu nu1'ueautc# nu1mup'ave<tt
p#r"n."t;!# ve ltc# "e &#"a s"uuau(" c2u"e &#eau&unt(" c# !# ve l<tt ;!# ve ltc# "e &#"a s"uuau(" c2u"e &#eau&unt(" c# !# ve l<tt TDM I, p/`8,
r/7917A
"era unutunm3"!an !e 'a $#%#ra(tt3"!anu-
; ;!a.u3!eru< !a.u3!eru<tt
;nenet+u!u3!eru !ac# mnv (" !umneaa v1am mcauno"<t gmh (1#'a-
; ;m#nc< m#nc<tt
"1anu!aum#m#'"%1a mcat!1a"a cuap# cu vap#t("m!a +ve-
;nu!a+u3!eru l<
;a" c# ."1' !#m acumtne1a3unem !mupre.t.1' !#m<tt TDM I, p/9:, r/`16`
"e' ;5e" s p#" veue m# !ac1amu0"n l< ;5e" s p#" veue m# !ac1amu0"n l<tts# o u"a a(at;"a s# 0e!emtp# un!e .e1am
mcaucu uo""'e l<t TDM I, p/8:, r/66167
umu&"e su&'ocoenen!u+"vet;"ets#rav"tve "e +!ra0en" 0un"< +vet ;5a"trev ("
u<t+"vetata recu 5a gph !up1a"a "e'- ;care nu sne+u &"ne< ;care nu sne+u &"ne<t+"vet;&"ne $#cu."ts#m ;&"ne $#cu."ts#m
"a s# 0"!em "eu< "a s# 0"!em "eu< +vet TDM I, p/6Y8, r/91:
6A@
su!uve aco'o1(a "ese m"r"asa cu1o a0# mare1aco'o na""ne cu co+onactcu paar"'" cu
0"n aco'o1(at("1aco'o o."t
; ;&"ne 01am %#sus2n#o(" s< &"ne 01am %#sus2n#o(" s<t
;&"ne1a. 0en"us2n#o(" s<t TDM I, p/66Y, r/@16?
aa s# um$'a s# !ea1mum"nett$ra"1so unu ma" &#rnt;".# s sa" 'a 'ocu ;".# s sa" 'a 'ocu ou< ou<Kt
TDM III, p/?A`, r/@16Y
KSubiectul vorbete mai ncet/
am sa aco'otmma" "eram cum"eram c1uucumna a' m"eut
;ve s# $a%um# l m# 0reau s# "es p1a$ar#<tt
;(<t#'at;(ta3u!u%ur#<tt
;&# st"e(" p1a$ar<t!ac1amu0#+utt
!a mo(u !# co'o-
; ;care 0or&e(e l< care 0or&e(e l<tt TDM I, p/768, r/7@1?`
(1a spus "e't;0reau s# pn!esu(" "o<tt
!a a#1sot;#tu l o n"m"cur#ms# pn!e("< l ;#tu l o n"m"cur#ms# pn!e("< ltt TDM I, p/77@, r/6A16@
!a "eut;$# s m#" mam# s 5a" mupe.!u'a asa s< ;$# s m#" mam# s 5a" mupe.!u'a asa s<tt TDM I, p/?:8, r/?6
ne0as#1mea- ;!e une1a" ma" %#stuutne&unuu#'a l< ;!e une1a" ma" %#stuutne&unuu#'a l< TDM III, p/?, r/7@
( cn! s# m#r"a o $a#tsoacra cu &#eau1" verea- ;aea (er0ee s#1nu!a"<tt
(msoacra cu $aa- ;n1am aetgsh +u!au ma" pu."netc# nu potc# re&ue s# ma"u" ;n1am aetgsh +u!au ma" pu."netc# nu potc# re&ue s# ma"u"
opresu( penru a'utcare ma" 'u'1am< opresu( penru a'utcare ma" 'u'1am<tt TDM III, p/8:@, r/6A176
xar m"e soacr#1meattsoacr#1meat;5a"!e s s#1" !a" cu 0#ra"u1u cap ca s# nasc# ;5a"!e s s#1" !a" cu 0#ra"u1u cap ca s# nasc#
repe!ett&a%#1" securea pnusntc# s# $ac# &#eatt!#1o pn oar"'" c#'!#r"tca s# "as# repe!ett&a%#1" securea pnusntc# s# $ac# &#eatt!#1o pn oar"'" c#'!#r"tca s# "as#
ma" repe!e< ma" repe!e<tt TDM III, p/6??, r/81@
cn! am "nratuunu gKh ;5a" ""nr# &#" &#eau'etve ."1e $r"c#tc#unu e m#nc# ;5a" ""nr# &#" &#eau'etve ."1e $r"c#tc#unu e m#nc#
n"mer"c#ua"vat0e+" !e rea&2tc ve cresuc21+uma" ea ca""" l< n"mer"c#ua"vat0e+" !e rea&2tc ve cresuc21+uma" ea ca""" l<tt TDM II, p/8A:, r/61?
(1amumuo $osup"seme omuporc aa e s'a&tt( '1am
0#+uu&#e.tno"t#+tu;noatu"e omupor%ue p#!uree< ;noatu"e omupor%ue p#!uree<tt TDdN, p/8A, r/A1@
Care s10o"e(e gace'a p'#e(eh/ g" ace'a +"ce-h D#1m1o cu1aa, c# p'#esc (" D#1m1o cu1aa, c# p'#esc ("
a'!#ma(u a'!#ma(u/ ALRT II, p/`?, r/6616?
(!"nt(uorm 'au&orun"cutt!a romnu- ;nu ma"mnuuma"u oar" $# st!#1' ;nu ma"mnuuma"u oar" $# st!#1'
co'u s< co'u s<tt Md 7, p/799, r/81:
nr1o +" !"n posu #' mare ream 'a p'u% p"n $a.a pr#0#'""" 'u" p# (u( ma" mu'.
"n(/ Numa "ac# "ese jrecu1na"nea noasr#, n"1opre(" ( n" spun" c# noapea a
W"sa p# a1su ( 0rea s#1" $ac# poman#/ S# 5""e a' !racu'u" jrec c# no" '1am cre+u/
Am "nra n crc"m#, n"1am pus 'a mas#, ( scoa" jrecu 'a W"n, a"e 'a p"n", a!u
m#s'"n", "cre, pra+/ D"p# c" n"1am s#ura r#+%5", cn s# "("m un!" s# pun" 5#' jrec
'a u(# ( n" cer" p#ra'" p# c"1am mnca (1am &#u/
6@Y
No"- ;!a c"1" asa 3upne l N1a" spus a(a (1a(a l< ;!a c"1" asa 3upne l N1a" spus a(a (1a(a l<
jrecu- ;!a c", m#, se. ne&un" l A. ma" pom"n" 0o" poman#1n posu Pa(e'u" (1 ;!a c", m#, se. ne&un" l A. ma" pom"n" 0o" poman#1n posu Pa(e'u" (1
nc# 'uneal< nc# 'uneal< jN, e)u' XXZI, p/7?7
re" +'e1anusa cu "e' nu(coa'# gcu Se0er Pophtt'a asa cumuu" +vet'a asa cum " 'a asa cumuu" +vet'a asa cum "
+vet'a asa cum " +ve +vet'a asa cum " +vet TDD, p/6?8, r/7Y176
7/`/69/6/?/
Nume'e ce'u" c#ru"a " ese ar"&u"# rep'"ca poae $" nso." !e a!0er&u' !e 'oc colo,
nso." !e prepo+"."a de> n econom"a sec0en.e", a!0er&u' (" p"er!e ns# 0a'oarea
c"rcumsan."a'#, rosu' 'u" p#r2n! ma" !e%ra&# ace'a !e a accenua ca'"#."'e !e noutate
(" surpriz a'e rep'"c""-
+ve ;5a" ucas<tt
; ;m#" ne"c#tnu mer% ucas# "ottm# !uctc# m1apuc# nuapea !# uo< m#" ne"c#tnu mer% ucas# "ottm# !uctc# m1apuc# nuapea !# uo<t"o !# co'ott
TDM III, p/7, r/:1@
"e( aa 'a puar#-
;a" cu" sne+u0o" l<tt
"eu !e co'o ;p#" ve nu ne ma" cuno(" l< ;p#" ve nu ne ma" cuno(" l<tt
nu ne cuno(eattn"m"ct!# 'octt TDM I, p/A`, r/61`
cnum# !uc "eutma%a+uoneru !# cuo'ot;u une p"+!a m#1" 0W"" ;u une p"+!a m#1" 0W""
m# lt$uu1+u&"ser"ca m#1"< m# lt$uu1+u&"ser"ca m#1"<tt TDM III, p/67, r/6716?
!a &a&at!" co'ut
; ;0#'eo s "o" S#$"c st" 1o $#cuu$aaua sttuo" 1o 1o gph (1o &#u oc !" %r#!"na 0#'eo s "o" S#$"c st" 1o $#cuu$aaua sttuo" 1o 1o gph (1o &#u oc !" %r#!"na
mea ; mea ;tt Md 6, p/76A, r/7717`
7/`/69/6/`/
c"a !"rec prece!a !e o empora'#-
m"1a ar!"ca1o m""e 'a sp"nare *ma("na !e cusu !e 'a conacu' &o"eru'u",t(1am p'eca
cu "a acas# mve gshttm1anu!us cu "a acastam pus1o p# pr"sp1acu'otnu "ereamaa
acas#tnu "erea mamauacast"erea o." 'amr#0u'"u.""1aco'otgmh cn! a 0en" aat
; ;m# a# v1asu$#cuum#tv1asu$#cuu0o" l< m# a# v1asu$#cuum#tv1asu$#cuu0o" l<
;am $#cu1otam $#cu1o<ttTDM III, p/7?9, r/7Y178
wu'ua o u(uspaet$uam cu "a acasttcum# 0#+u mamatm s#racat
; ;ve1a" $#cu cu "a !# ve1a" 'ua1o l< ve1a" $#cu cu "a !# ve1a" 'ua1o l<tc# ne !uve ( ne 'ea%#tne omoar#tt TDM III,
p/787, r/:16Y
'a +"u cnus# !uvet%#se(e ca" 'ua."ttcnuca" 'ua."tt;ne1a $ura ca"" s< ;ne1a $ura ca"" s<tt TDM III,
p/:Y?, r/61?
cnus# !uve oaeamcu &ere%#."'" rupet;cu."utcu."u< ;cu."utcu."u<ta #eau oaeatt TDM III, p/@?,
r/7Y176
6@6
cnu0"ne !"m"nea.1aca+t;ao'"o s1a m#r"aumar".aus1a m#r"atu uun!1o $" l p# ;ao'"o s1a m#r"aumar".aus1a m#r"atu uun!1o $" l p#
v"ne1a 'oa l< v"ne1a 'oa l<tt TDM III, p/?`9, r/A16Y
cnu'a eamt;ve1" &re l< ;ve1" &re l<tt
p'nat;a mur"um#1a<tt
;cum &re a mur"<tu+"ctt TDM III, p/A:`, r/6@176
ne1a apuca!u+"ua aco'ott!up# ve ne1a apucau+"oat;ve $avem m# l u nu posus# ;ve $avem m# l u nu posus#
mer(tusa" a""(up# 'octma" um&'up# !ea'ur'1esea p1a"(tupoae %#se("uca'u< mer(tusa" a""(up# 'octma" um&'up# !ea'ur'1esea p1a"(tupoae %#se("uca'u<t
TDM II, p/8A`, r/81A
(m.1o pue 'a mmastmc# nu1nepeat&ea .u"catm;0renus# ("m "er" ae(ea ;0renus# ("m "er" ae(ea
c# s# "eu "nu!ra%ose l< c# s# "eu "nu!ra%ose l< gmhTDdN, p/67, r/6916:
notp# &#%#m &aut;notce +'emsure&e m#" &au'e l e ne er" l< ;notce +'emsure&e m#" &au'e l e ne er" l<tt TDdN,
p/9?, r/`19
La Dr#%a"c# mp#r.m mere/ Sara-
4 4 Oa" !up# s Oa" !up# s +"en" s +"en" s
ALRT II, p/799, r/@16Y
cumuaru"u"o"umn"1" An!r""ut1nunuap asa ;sup#+m ;sup#+m
usuro"u s< usuro"u s<tt Md 6, p/@A, r/6?16`
puar""" ua2 +uamtt;"" 'au'#ur"mst""u'au'#ur" s< ;"" 'au'#ur"mst""u'au'#ur" s<ttMd6, p/6?A, r/6A16@
D"m"nea.a 'un"- ;s# merenus# ne !reem 'a nun# c# ne1am $#rma a+" nuape< ;s# merenus# ne !reem 'a nun# c# ne1am $#rma a+" nuape<>
merem s# ne !reem/ TDO, p/`7`, r/66167
u"ets#1n'ne(e o $a#tpuae1o $a# "e ma"tmma" s#r#cu.# $a.# !# grh !# &#"at(" "e"
s# p'act(" !ac# s# p'act
; ;u"e m#tu"e "o 0reau sue "au p# "neuuc#s#or""et!at"e3"u!e acor! l< u"e m#tu"e "o 0reau sue "au p# "neuuc#s#or""et!at"e3"u!e acor! l< TDM I,
p/6YA, r/7Y17?
7/`/69/7/
Un se%men c"a "n!"rec poae ap#rea !e asemenea $#r# 0er&u' "nro!uc"0 sau $#r#
0er& (" $#r# con3unc."e-
7/`/69/7/6/
$#r# 0er& !e "nro!ucere, !ar cu con3unc."e-
;asa "e penru m"ne &re omu'ett!ac# nu1mucon0"ne m"e< g$aahtt
c# are !#rac are !#ractc#uare cuare are cuaretc1are aremtt
;!at$"1.1ar !#racu1a' gsh voare'or s#1. $""1a+< gshtt
a""vamc#uare una (ape po%oaneu!# p#mn are una (ape po%oaneu!# p#mntt
;'as# m#tc1o cunosc "eu !# cn! am p'eca!<t TDM I, p/?8?, r/71:
( !up1a"atnu "1a ma" con0en"tc# n1ar $" &un# a"a c1ar r#spun!e n1ar $" &un# a"a c1ar r#spun!etc# n1ar $" supus1 n1ar $" supus1
a(a a(at TDM I, p/?67, r/7817A
6@7
s# !uve ma"ca (1s# u"1a(attc# n1o 0rea n"v "a p1asa n1o 0rea n"v "a p1asatt TDM I, p/?8?, r/?Y
A $os umuprop""ear" a""va, +s Is#r"escu, a""va un"1" %ospo!#r""a/ " m# pomenesc
c# r"mee 'a m"ne pe omun ser0"or a' 'u"/ C# s# m# !uc p s# m# !uc p u'a "e' u'a "e'/ TDO, p/7`@,
r/918
( uxa(u nutc# s#1nuarc#1n!#r# s#1nuarc#1n!#r#tt TDM I, p/89, r/6@
("manusa aco'o g'a sp"a'hmuo s#p#mn# cuueatc1av" c#ue rup e rup gp"c"oru'htav" c#
nuue rup nuue rupttgmh (1amu0en" "ar cu "a1n!#r#t !ocoru c# mnu "e rup nu "e ruptwusa o
s#p#mn1aco'otnu "e rup nu "e ruptt TDM II, p/6?, r/76178
7/`/69/7/7/
$#r# 0er& (" $#r# con3unc."e> nu e)"s# un 0er& e)p'"c" (" n"c" o con3unc."e care s#
"n!"ce $apu' c# urmea+# un c"a "n!"rec> ca'"aea !e !"scurs rapora a e)u'u"
e0"!en."a ese !e!uc"&"'# cone)ua'-
#"cu cnua $osu'ua n arma#ta gph s1a !us gph a $os corpo1ra!u'a carac#'tt"e'
a""va a $os !up# ve a $#cu re" 'unu"nsruc1.""eta $o+u'ua n r#+&o"ttmer%n!
ur#+&o"tn mun."" ara m"c#tn veos'o0av""ata""ve "e' %#se(e gph s# urc# p# mun."
aacn! nem." !# sus gph nem."1aacau !# sus (" romn" !# 3osttns# "e" mer%#n!upe
mun."t!# o n"nsoare $oare marett"e" acuma nu ma" pueau s# ma" aave !#
3osttre&u"au s# mear%# s# m!ea +#pa!a 'a o paret ca s# poaus#1na""ne+ettnr1o
noapet"e" a0eau 'e%#urucumcan1"ne'e p"n $"retnr1o noape unu neam. co&oar#
$#r# s# (""e romn" ( a"e $"rutt gmh TDM II, p/`9, r/6166
7/`/69/?/
" o sec0en.# c"a# "n!"rec !ar cu "nona."e ascen!en# poae ap#rea $#r# 0er&-
c#m p'ec m "ese1n ca'etc# !# ce m# !u% 'a com"sar""a !# ce m# !u% 'a com"sar""at;p#" m# !uctca s# $ac (" "o
!repaea< +"c ;c#tnre no" nu ne puem mp#cats# 0e!em ma" !#pare<tt
s# repe!e 'a m"nett TDM III, p/`AY, r/7?17:
7/`/69/`/
D"scursu' nara"0"+a
n cea ma" s"mp'# "posa+# a sa, !"scursu' nara"0"+a ese re!us 'a 0er&u' !ec'ara"0-
(" $emeea1" !#scn1aco'ot(1m0re(e ap1aea1uc#'!aret!up1aea ce c# " s1a1nxe%a
caputc#u" capu1!#(xeatt TDM III, p/67?, r/6616?
("1a 0en"tne1au n3uratune1au &r$"gmh TDM III, p/7`9, r/6?16`
sr"%a 'a $eett( $e"'" ma" ' oc#reatma" !r#cueatt TDM III, p/:86, r/66
6@?
Pare pu."n pro&a&"', a(a!ar, ca !"scursu' nara"0"+a s# $"e "'usra !e sec0en.e n care
0er&u' !ec'ara"0 s# nu apar#/ n corpus %#s"m ns# as$e' !e e)emp'e- ese 0or&a
!espre se%mene, "nerpreae uneor" ca mosre !e c"a !"rec !e c#re ce" care au
ranscr"s e)e'e, !ar care, 'a o ana'"+# ma" aen#, se po !o0e!" !"scurs nara"0"+a/
As$e', n-
;5a" s# 'u#m o .u"c#< gaah
;p#" !oucos"c#<tve ;nu &#ur#m no" l< ga%enu' san"arh
;nutc# s# ma" &em<t
5a"tscoae aa &an" !"mu&u+unar s# p'#easc#t;n"m"c< ve ;nu 'ua" "eu &an" l<
+"vet"e't;nu 'ua" "eu &an" l 5a" s# $avem<tt TDM III, p/:7, r/:166
se%mene'e e0"!en."ae ar puea $" ranscr"se $#r# %5"'"me'e, $orm2n! e)emp'e !e
!"scurs nara"0"+a-
nu *0o"a s# au!# !e n"m"c, tc# ;s# ma" &em<t
*nu 0o"a s# au!# !e, n"m"c ve ;nu 'ua" "eu &an" l<
Aimic (" nu sun ermen"" su& $orma c#rora se acua'"+ea+# ce' ma" $rec0en !"scursu'
nara"0"+a $#r# 0er& !ec'ara"0-
(" "e' spunetve ;a" s# &emmve0a 'a ma<t#'a mW""ett
;nu &eau .u gph nu &eau n"m"ca "eutc#mam &#uu acas n"(e 0"nt(1m" $ave r#u !ac#
&eau ma" mu'ueutt(" snu'a !rumm<tt
n"m"ct;5a"<t(" ;5a"<t(" ;5a"<ttTDM III, p/6, r/7617? 4 p/7, r/6
cnum#uu%u'a '#uuar"tprop""earu cas" nu ne ma" 'as# p# no" ca s# ma" &#%#m
'#uar"1ucas#tt
;nu s# puae necu'a"e s# &a u '#uar" 'a m"ne1a"v ucas#<tt
;&#" nea %'"%oretc1o $" c1o p#."tc# suv"# c21n0r"#<
;n"m"c s<ttne1a !au'a o pare cu '#uar"tt TDM II, p/7A, r/@16`
m"netcn! a &#%a1o 'a 0"+"#t+"ve ;mo(u'et" $av uopera.""e<t
;$eme"e $avem uopera.""e<tt
;uopera.""e nu $actc# ("u c# moru<tt
a0eam un !ocor !# 'am!# 'a cmp"nat&unutcunoscuutm"1a spust;r#spun+ "o !ac#
s#1nmp'# ve0a<tt
;n"m"ctn"m"%un"m"%un"m"%un"m"%un"m"tun"m"c<tt TDM II, 6:17?
"e' ;nu c# p'ect"o c# p'ec "ar<t TDM III, p/67`, r/6`
*penru- "e' nu, c# ;p'ec "o<, c# ;p'ec "ar<> se%menu' marca ese !"scurs nara"0"+a,/
7/`/69/9/
D"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er
D"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er a $os !e$"n" ca o $orm# !e e)pres"e (" nu !e comun"care/ Ese
!e !epare ce' ma" su!"a !"nre "pur"'e !e !"scurs rapora, "ar e)emp'e'e care au
$orma o&"ecu' aen."e" cerce#or"'or pro0"n !"n pro+a cu'#> !e a"c", conc'u+"a c# e'
6@`
caracer"+ea+# aces %en !e nara."une (" pre3u!ecaa c# e' nu poae ap#rea n !"scursu'
ora'/
Una !"nre caracer"s"c"'e sa'e ese a&sen.a 0er&u'u" !ec'ara"0, a(a nc2 e)emp'e'e
!e !"scurs "n!"rec '"&er (" a$'# un 'oc $"resc a"c", un!e ne ocup#m !e ca+ur"'e n care
0er&u' !e !ec'ara."e nu $ace ac !e pre+en.# a'#ur" !e un !"scurs c"a/
Inen."a noasr# nu ese !e a comena e)emp'e'e !e !"scurs "n!"rec '"&er pe care
corpusu' n" 'e o$er# *comenar"u c#ru"a " ese re+er0a II, 7/7/?/,, c" !oar !e a
semna'a e)"sen.a 'or-
;u"e< "ve ;0# !uve+u'a casa a"a co'o< +ve ;( 0e+ c21" o m#u(e<t"vet ;s#1" spu" s#
0# $ac# mama'"%# s# mca.< "ve ;c# v"ne (""e (1a'e e" p# un!e mc#<tta0ea ( eat
gph a0us#s# ( "e' !oo $ee ( p'ecas#r# (" "e'e s#mrera%#tt TDM I, p/?Y, r/ 77179
"e' m#1nre&a p# m"n" c2 ;cum "" 'a sp"a' l<tt( m# s"m "eu &"ne ltts#ms# .u
re"mts# .u !""ea care me1a !a1o me!"v"t(us# sau '"n"("2ts2unu $ac e$uortc#
snu$a# n#r# (mt;a" cuop"' a#tre&" s#1' cre("<tt!evmno!eauna m# pun"a
'am'a ca'e !e &"nett TDM II, p/`9?, r/77178
"1a nre&a1o c# un!e s# !uve a(a !e noap"/ "u"a a spus c# s# !uve p"u'a
&un"cu.a/ " "aua +#+ gph "1anr#&au'upu c# un!" (a!" &un"cu.a l "1a +s c#mcam
pe gKh cam !up# unus$er!u!euor# nr1o p#!ure/ " 'upu a +s c#mnu 0e!e ve $'or"
sn l De ve n1a!un# ca s#1" !uc# &un"cu.e" sa'e l Parc# mere 'a (coa'1a(a mer"
!emnu &a%2 $'or"'usam#/ TDO, p/A@, r/:167
Sm&## s# %#ea !# nun#, !# sm&## sara, re&u"a s# rmea# !2 'am!2 'a $a#, s#
rmea# 'a "nere c.0a oamen" cu c#ru.#'e aunva, "erea !#mu'/ S# 0""e cu '#uar"1
coav/ TDO, p/`Y8, r/81A/
7/9/
Punerea 'a !"san.# a 'u" c
Punerea 'a !"san.# a 'u" c pr"0e(e !"0erse mo!a'"#." *scr"p"ce sau ora'e, !e
o&"ec"0are a re'a."e" !"nre C (" c /
Penru e)pr"marea a"u!"n"" Rapororu'u" $a.# !e con."nuu' comun"1c#r"" repro!use,
'"m&a rom2n# are m"3'oace mor$o1s"nac"ce *$o'os"rea, n DI, a con!"."ona'u'u" sau a
pre+um"0u'u" penru un 0er& ce apare 'a "n!"ca"0 n !"scursu' or"%"nar, (" m"3'oace
'e)"ca'e *0er&e ce e)pr"m# n!o"a'a, ca a pretinde! $se% pare $c%! se zice $c%, a!0er&e
(" e)pres"" precum cic! pasmite! chipurile! vorba vine! vezi 'oamne, propo+".""
"nc"!ene a02n! ace'a(" ro', ca n Spune c vine cu intenii bune! dac putem s-l
credem. jLR *!"n care am 'ua (" e)emp'u' prece!en, o&ser0# c# ;a"u!"nea
po0es"oru'u" ese marca#, (" !ec" se poae cunoa(e, numa" aunc" c2n! ese
!e$a0ora&"'# comun"c#r"" repro!use, c2n! aceasa !"n urm# ese cons"!era#
n!o"e'n"c# (" po0es"oru' nu (" nsu(e(e con."nuu' e"/ A"u!"nea $a0ora&"'#,
nsu("rea con."nu1u'u" comun"c#r"" repro!use !e c#re po0es"or, nu ese marca# ("
!e aceea nu poae $" cunoscu# numa" !"n $ra+a respec"0#/< *II, ?97,/ La ce'e am"n"e
ma" sus, A0ram a!au%# (" un m"3'oc pur s"nac"c, o&ser102n! c# ;nr1o oarecare
m#sur# ns#(" $o'os"rea 'u" cum c n 'oc !e c poae $" o asemenea marc#< *a
!"san.#r"" $a.# !e con."nuu' spuse'or raporae, *`8`,/ To a"c" am puea am"n"
$o'os"rea unor prepo+"."", a(a cum sun dup! potrivit! pentru, ca n 'up Ion)potrivit
6@9
lui Ion! 7aria a plecat de acas n -ur de cinci., sau ;entru el! 7aria este foarte
dificil. De asemenea, pr"nre m"3'oace'e mor$o1s"nac"ce am puea pomen" ("
a!3ec"0e ca aa-zis! aa-numit sau autointitulat- "a-numiii mpti-mii de antichiti
nu pot deosebi o statuie grecesc de una roman.
n corpus, !"san.area !e spuse'e c"ae se rea'"+ea+# pr"n !"$er"e m"31'oace, mu'e
!"nre e'e spec"$"ce nara."un"" ora'e> caracer"s"c penru "pu' !e e) !e care ne
ocup#m a"c" ese ns# $apu' c# rareor" a0em a $ace cu o !"san.are n sensu' c# R
e
s1ar
n!o" !e a!e0#ru' spuse'or pe care 'e repro!uce, ca n-
(1am 0#+u unm&e."0t'a %ar#tcu muerea (uc1uucop"'a( "erattsva c# "e' "e c# "e' "e x xe'ner e'ner
mu&ucure("t(" !#m!# $e'u 'u" "era !mu&o%a. mu&ucure("t(" !#m!# $e'u 'u" "era !mu&o%a.t xe'nerut"e' spuneta(a m"1a spustt
TDM III, p/6, r/:16Y
Ceea ce se n2mp'# n mo! o&"(nu" nr1o nara."une ese !"spuarea une" po+"."" !e
super"or"ae/ De ce'e ma" mu'e or", pare c# naraoru', pus n s"ua."a !e a po0es" o
n2mp'are, re&u"e s# sa"s$ac# o m"+# nre"#- n2mp'area nara# re&u"e s# $"e
e)emp'ar#, ea re&u"e s# nc2ne (" s# surpr"n!# ascu'#or"" (", 'ucru 'a $e' !e
"mporan, po10es"oru' re&u"e s#1" con0"n%# pe ascu'#or" !e $apu' c# e' ese ce' ma"
n m#sur# s# o spun#/ Aceasa nseamn# c# or"ce nara."une 0a $" n ace'a(" "mp (" o
p'e!oar"e> naraoru' nu ese !oar pr"nc"pa'u' ac1an a' nara."un"" 4 e' (" sus."ne ("
cau+a> povestirea ese, !e aceea, 'ocu' n care po0es"oru' (" "a re0an(a $a.# !e o
istorie care '1a ne1!rep#."/ Ceea ce naraoru' po0ese(e n!eo&(e ese un con$'"c>
persona3e'e care ' an"m# sun n a&ere !"$er"e, "ar cr"er"u' !e !"scr"m"nare nu ese
adevrul, c" dreptatea/ Rapororu' nu ncearc#, a(a!ar, s# pun# 'a n!o"a'# spuse'e
em".#oru'u" c"a> e' ncearc# s# pun# 3a'oane pe un anum" parcurs, 3a'oane care,
3u!ecae !"n pers1pec"0a $"na'u'u", re&u"e s# as"%ure un r#spuns penru nre&area
cine a avut dreptate &
M"3'oace'e ce'e ma" $rec0ene $o'os"e penru marcarea !"$eren.e" !e sau !"nre
*rep'"c"'e 'u", R
e
(" *rep'"c"'e 'u", C
e
sun-
6/ ar"&u"rea, pr"n 0er& ("tsau nume, a spuse'or c"ae (" "!en"$"carea "ner'ocuor"'or-
R
e
(" C
e
> R
e
"+o'ea+#, pr"n nume (" 0er& !ec'ara"0, re1p'"ca C
e
, " creea+# un cone)
pr"n repearea, 'a ncepuu' (" 'a s$2r("1u' e", a e'emene'or !e ar"&u"re-
(" "e' spunetve spunetve ;a" s# &emmve0a 'a ma<t#'a mW""ett TDM III, p/6, r/76
"e' ;5e" s p#" veue m# !ac1amu0"n l<tts# o u"a a(at;"a s# 0e!emt p# un!e .e1am
mcaucu uo""'e l<t TDM I, p/8:, r/66167
"1a spus a spust;"o p# "ne nu e ma" po(usu$er"1ucas# n"v umup"c< "e'tm "1a spus a spus "e"t
TDM III, p/79@, r/918
Ace'a(" 'ucru poae $" rea'"+a cu m"3'oace 'e)"ca'e ma" e)p'"c"e !ec2 repearea
nume'u" em".#oru'u" c"a> pr"n u"'"+area unor su&san1"0e, a!3ec"0e sau 0er&e,
Rapororu' ara# mo!u' n care re&u"e "nerprea c"au'> as$e', e'-
1 "n!"c# %ra!u' m"c !e pre0"+"&"'"ae a' rep'"c"" !"rece-
6@8
#sam"erea o'eant5o.t+ve ;p#" !ac# ma" nu!# ve0a< ;p#" !ac# ma" nu!# ve0a< +"cet;c# "o anusu$er"< ;c# "o anusu$er"< ve
;c# m"1a sparucaputnu ("u ve< ;c# m"1a sparucaputnu ("u ve< +"vet;s# ma" nu!ea ve0a< ;s# ma" nu!ea ve0a< +vettTDM III, p/`A6,
r/7`178
ao'eomt$uoct(1amartp# as1sutc# +va c1anu!a1o "outt!oamne ;nu s# poae1ta" ;nu s# poae1ta"
("uu( utt$aa nu p'eca pnunu (""a" u< ("uu( utt$aa nu p'eca pnunu (""a" u<tt TDM III, p/A68, r/7@ 4 p/A6:, r/6
1 se !"san.ea+# !e mo!u' n care a $os per$orma# aceasa-
+ve ;1a 0en"un"cu'a" a 'u nea ra!ut( 0rea s# 0or&easc# cu ea< ;1a 0en"un"cu'a" a 'u nea ra!ut( 0rea s# 0or&easc# cu ea<tt
&"eu #"cu +vet;s# mear%#<tt"e' "era cam p1o urexetuomu1#'at a(am!nr1o
&uca#ttnu puea s#1nuspu"e ("u"e' m"e ma" p# $ur"3tu ma" oco'"eta +"s1o gsh !"rec
ucas# gshttTDM III, p/A8, r/81A
1 se !"san.ea+# !e con."nuu' e"-
!up# v1a 'ua !arur'e asea a p'eca ."%acat;m"ne !"m"nea.2 a" s# 0e+"ta" s# $"" ;m"ne !"m"nea.2 a" s# 0e+"ta" s# $""
mu'.um"# oa# 0"a.a !um"a'e< mu'.um"# oa# 0"a.a !um"a'e<tt!e un!e stoae a $o+um"nvun"tne1a ras 0r#3ea'at
TDD, p/?:6, r/71`
a pus1o 'a ca'e p#r"n." "e"tc# ;"a1'tc# ese &#"a!u!# puop#tc# e1a(atc# e p#
!co'otc#1" !# popa saetc#1" $ave cas#<te s u$"net a p#c#'"1ota !us1o cu
%#'#"at( '1a 'uatt TDM III, p/696, r/6`168
Un m"3'oc $rec0en u"'"+a !e c#re Raporor penru a se !"san.a !e po+"."a a!opa#
!e c#re C
e
ese raporarea spuse'or acesu"a pr"n !"scurs !"rec 'e%a> acese "p !e DR
se por"0e(e $oare &"ne scopu'u" ar#a, !aor"# ce'or !ou# caracer"s"c" a'e sa'e- pe
!e o pare, !!' se consru"e(e cu c, pe !e a'a, se%menu' c"a are conur "nona."ona'
!e !"scurs !"rec, !ec" ese u(or !e pus n e0"!en.#/ Conrasu' me'o!"c !"nre rep'"ca
C
e
*p, (" rep'"ca R
e
*(, "n!"c# mo!u' n care re&u"e "nerprea# !e c#re ascu'#or p,
precum (" a"u!"nea pe care o are R
e
$a.# !e C
e
*(" !e 3use.ea c#re"a ncearc# s#1'
con0"n%# (" pe ascu'#or,-
( ;asa "e penru m"ne &re omu'ett!ac# nu1mucon0"ne m"e< g$aahtt
p c# are !#rac are !#ractc#uare cuare are cuaretc1are aremtt
( ;!at$"1.1ar !#racu1a' gsh voare'or s#1. $""1a+< gshtta""vam
p c#uare una (ape po%oaneu!# p#mn are una (ape po%oaneu!# p#mntt
( ;'as# m#tc1o cunosc "eu !# cn! am p'eca!t TDM I, p/?8?, r/71:
( s1a verveau!# sustt
p ;!e une1a" a0uumo(u'e &an" l c1a" $#cuuc1a" !res 1a" $#cuuc1a" !res<tt
TDM I, p/7A8, r/66167
( !ac# +va+u;&#" sane sta" m# s c# u"e cuare 'ucru<tt
p ;nu nutc# "e ca m"netca 0o" nuue "e ca m"netca 0o" nuue<tt TDM I, p/7AA, r/7Y176
6@:
Ace'ea(" 0"ru.", ape a crea "erar5"", 'e are pseu!oc"au'
:A
- e' sem1na'ea+# 'ocu' pe
care ' ocup# C
e
n econom"a con$'"cu'u"> a'$e' spus, penru c# em".#oru' c"a
"'usrea+# o po+"."e "n$er"oar#, spuse'e 'u" 0or $" pre0"+"&"'e (" $as"!"oase-
ne1am re+" cu 0ro !o"spre+eve ""n(" c#'#rup# ca"tcu opoare1mu mn#t;0#
#"emtuo"'" 'a uo&or<tnu ("u vemtt TDM III, p/7`9, r/@16Y
+"vet;c# "o an su$er"<tve ;c# m"1a sparucaputnu ("u ve< gmhtt TDM III, p/`A6,
r/7`179
;ve $ac "uane l "o p'ectnu ma" sau cu "netta" spus c# mama a !ac# e "au nu ("u
vet0or&e(etxes""<tt TDM III, p/:7`, r/617
;0# stpn1a""vattam 0or&"u!# !ouo r"" uorucu "net0re" sue c#s2ore(ucu
m"net&"ettnu st!u1e 'aua1o<tt
;&#tc1o $"tc1o !reetc# nu ("u ve<tt TDM I, p/?8?, r/@166
n mo! o&"(nu", o&"ec"0u' !"san.#r"" $a.# !e se%menu' c"a (" a' "erar5"+#r"" p#r."'or
a$'ae n !"a'o% se rea'"+ea+# pr"n m"3'oace com&"nae-
!!', pseu!oc"a, m"3'oace 'e)"ca'e *a pune la cale,-
gpopah spuneat+ve ;uo s21" !au casa<ta0ea uo cas#1mu mar"nett;"" !au casauasa
'u $ra"1m"u< +vet;(ms# s# c#s2o1reasc# (m<ttu $"net!# uun!e pn# uun!e a
%#s"up# mamatcu 'o%u!# cas2ttgmha pus-o la cale a pus-o la cale p#r"n." "e"tc# ;"a1'tc# ese
&#"a!u!# puop#tc # e 1 a ( a t c # e p # ! c o ' o c # e 1 a ( a t c # e p # ! c o ' o tc#1" !# popa saetc#1" $ave
cas#<t TDM III, p/696, r/@169
!!', m"3'oace mor$o1s"nac"ce *con!"."ona'u',-
( !up1a"atnu "1a ma" con0en"tc# n-ar fki n-ar fki &un# a"a c1ar rspunde ar rspundet c# n-ar fki spus n-ar fki spus1
a(at TDM I, p/?67, r/7817A
m"3'oace 'e)"ca'e *a se pomeni,, mor$o1s"nac"ce *pre+um"0u',, !"scurs"0e *_e vorb-i
aea&,, non10er&a'e *"nona."a> "n$ormaoru' r2!e,-
ne0as#1sa omu'u1#'ueamm pomines m pominesucu ea c1o p#ur# ( c1o pern#ts# m"1o !ea
m"etc# s# sau cu e' n "n!#tt
;!oamne $ere(e s< +tu;p#" anus#u "o cu v"ne0a gsh ca s gKh c#uam eo s# m#
cu'ucu #sa a"3u'a !umneaa l< gshtt
;p#" !e s a(a s# s#tc# no" a(a (#!eam na"ne<t
;p2" o " $ " s a o " $ " s a uma!a'et!a eo n1anusattve 0or&#1" aeal ve 0or&#1" aeal<tt TDM III, p/A8, r/691
76
"!en"$"carea C
e
, 3u)apunerea a !ou# rep'"c" $oare !"$er"e !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a'
po'"e."" pra%ma"ce-
4 Tu a" $o+ 4 lineralu lineralu 4 u a" $o+um#, '5aru'e, 'a r#+&o" l
4 Da, !om'e "nera', am $os/ TDO, p/6Y`, r/@16Y
6@A
m"3'oace $one"ce (" !"scurs"0e-
nu p(a !# !oo uor"t$#va- 2ia-m-m3blae mam-male)c m doale pa_elili))m 2ia-m-m3blae mam-male)c m doale pa_elili))m
doale mam-mare4 doale mam-mare4t(" ve st!oar v1o puneanu 3ostt TDM I, p/7YA, r/?Y1??
III/ CONCLU=II
Am ncerca, n su!"u' !e $a.#, s# ana'"+#m aspece'e re'a."e" n care "nr# ce" !o"
cons"uen." a" !"scursu'u" rapora, !"scursu' c"an (" !"scursu' c"a/ Aceas# re'a."e a
$os pr"0"# !"n ma" mu'e punce !e 0e!ere, (" anume unu' %rama"ca' *cercearea a
0"+a n"0e'ur"'e morfo-sintactic, logico-semantic (" ce' a' coerenei textuale,, unu'
enun."a"0 *crearea unu" spa."u enun."a"0 par"cu'ar, (" !ou# *n esen.#, pra%ma"ce 4
ar"&u"rea ce'u" !e1a' !o"'ea !"scurs (" punerea 'a !"san.# a !"scursu'u" c"a/ nape'e
care au 'e%#ur# cu '"m&a rom2n# n %enera' ne1au "neresa !oar n m#sura n care ne1
au o$er" un ca!ru (" un e'emen !e compara."e penru o !"scu."e pr"0"n! r#s#ur"'e
par"cu'are a'e !"scursu'u" rapora n e)e !e $acur# ora'#, e)e !"a'eca'e n ca+u'
nosru/
La n"0e'u' morfo-sintactic, '"m&a rom2n# se'ecea+# penru ma3or"aea 0er&e'or
!ec'ara"0e con3unc."a c# acesa nu ese ns# s"n%uru' re'aor pe care ' poae $o'os"
!up# as$e' !e 0er&e- une'e !"nre e'e se'ecea+# s *a autoriza,, a'e'e po se'eca pe
c sau pe s, cr"er"u' !up# care se perece aces 'ucru pu2n! $" pra%ma"c *a spune,
sau seman"c *a amenina,> penru une'e 0er&e, a'e%erea une"a sau a a'e"a !"nre ce'e
!ou# con3unc."" ese $acu'a"0# *a promite,> a ntreba ' se'ecea+# pe dac/ n ace'a("
"mp, am 0#+u c# 0er&e'e care c"ea+# "n!"rec $o'os"n!u1' pe c 0or c"a nara"0 cu
a!0er&e sau pronume re'a"0e *a spune,, !e asemenea, c# e)"s# 0er&e care c"ea+#
nara"0 (" se'ecea+# s *a sugera, (" 0er&e care c"ea+# nara"0 cu c *a demonstra,/
no'os"rea conecoru'u" c nu ese, a(a!ar, n"c" s"n%ura mo!a'"ae !e a c"a "n!"rec ("
n"c" r#s#ura !"s"nc"0# a c"#r"" "n!"rece/
Corpusu' ne $urn"+ea+# a"c" un maer"a' monoon- n con!".""'e n care, n mo!
o&"(nu" n nara."unea ora'#, parea re'"e$a# a DR ese c *!"scursu' c"a,, 0er&e'e care
apar n C 0or $", n %enere, 0er&e'e proo"p 4 a zice (" a spune/ Ce'e'a'e, !e(" s'a&
repre+enae, o$er# ou(" !esu'e e)emp'e care s# aese $enomenu' $o'os"r"" super$'ue
a con3unc."e" c sau consruc."" !"$er"e !e ce'e !"n '"m&a san!ar! *a comanda,/
Dac# 'a n"0e'u' aner"or accenu' c#!ea pe !"scursu' c"a, 'a n"0e'u' logico-semantic,
ce' pus n 'um"n# ese C, !"scursu' c"an/ Am ana'"+a a"c" proce!eu' pr"n care
ermenu' !"n C ese %'osa pr"nr1un c"a !"rec> $apu' ese !e naur# s# mu'"p'"ce, pe
!e o pare, cone)e'e n care apare DD, "ar, pe !e a'a, s# con$ere ca'"aea !e
!ec'ara"0 unor ermen" care nu o au n mo! o&"(nu", !ec" s# m&o%#.esc# c'asa
!ec'ara"0e'or secun!are *a se -umuli! a se bate,/ Un $ap "neresan 'a aces n"0e' ese
ace'a n care %'osa nu "'usrea+# nr1un mo! pre0"+"&"' 0er&u' !"n C, $ap a' c#ru" e$ec
ese o !"m"nuare a coeren.e" n "ner"oru' cup'u'u" C k c *a sftui "'usra pr"nr1o
in-onciune, (" care re&u"e pus n 'e%#ur# cu un $enomen ma" amp'u, crearea unu"
spa."u enun."a"0 par"cu'ar/
La n"0e'u' coerenei textuale, am $os "neresa." !e cone)e'e care po $" "nerpreae
!rep mosre !e DIL (" !e mo!u' n care se rea'"+ea+#, n nara."unea ora'#, aces "p
6@@
par"cu'ar !e DR/ Conc'u+"a 'a care am a3uns ese c#, !ac# n pr"0"n.a corespon!en.e"
"mpur"'or (" a persoane'or, DIL care apare n e)e'e ora'e nu se !eose&e(e
semn"$"ca"0 !e DIL n2'n" n nara."unea cu'#, ceea ce !"$eren."a+# DIL ora' ese
comporamenu' c0as""n!"caor"'or *precum aici (" acum,, apar"."a n !"scursu' ora' a
unor ase$e' !e semne ese !e ce'e ma" mu'e or" "nerprea&"'#/
Pro&'ema !"scu#r"" mo!u'u" n care DR (" creea+# un spaiu enuniativ particular a
r"!"ca nre&#r" re$er"oare 'a mo"0e'e, $rec10en.a (" 0a'oarea apar"."e" unu" anum" "p
!e DR n e)e'e nara"0e ora'e/ Penru a o$er" c2e0a pos"&"'e e)p'"ca."" penru acesea,
a re&u" s# $acem ape' 'a no."un" precum srae%"e nara"0# sau !"a'o% "n!ucor (" s# ne
re$er"m 'a mo!u' !e enun.are spec"$"c "pu'u" ora' sau 'a "pu' ps"5o'"n%0"s"c pe care '
repre+"n# "n$ormaor"" anc5ee'or !"a'eca'e/ Am a3uns, pr"nre a'e'e, 'a urm#oare'e
conc'u+""-
1 !"scursu' "n!"rec "nona !"rec poae $" una !"nre $orme'e pr"n care !"a'o%u'
"n!us !e0"ne !"a'o% "n!ucor>
1 a(a1num"u' !"scurs !"rec 'e%a ese o $orm#, mo"0a# cone)ua', a DD> ese
uneor" %reu, !ac# nu "mpos"&"', !e $#cu !"s"nc."a !"nre DD cu c en!o%en ("
DD cu c e)o%en, "ar !ec"+"a apar."ne a!esea ce'u" care ranscr"e e)u' 4 o
!o0a!# n p'us c# s"semu' !e ranscr"ere s"mp'"$"c# (" !"m"nuea+# uneor"
&o%#."a e)e'or ora'e>
1 apar"."a DI ese mo"0a# nara"0, pra%ma"c (" '"n%0"s"c> spa."u' enun."a"0
spec"$"c !# na(ere unor $orme ma" pu."n sau !e'oc su!"ae !e DR, cum ar $"
DI nara sau DN ana$or"c/
Zer&e'e !ec'ara"0e $ormea+# o cae%or"e pe c2 !e %reu !e !e$"n", pe a2 !e !"$"c"'
!e c'as"$"ca> !o0e+", n aces sens, repre+"n# !"0ers"aea cr"er""'or propuse ("
ncerc#r"'e mereu nno"e penru a 'e s"sema"+a/
Penru c'as"$"carea noasr# am p'eca !e 'a o caracer"s"c# seman"c# %enera'# a
acesor 0er&e, (" anume aceea !e a !enoa $apu' c# are 'oc un proces !e enunare-
receptare a unu" mesa3/ n $unc."e !e care !"nre acese ac"0"#." ese e0"!en."a#,
e)"s# 0er&e a'e enun.#r"" *0er&e !ec'ara"0e, (" 0er&e a'e recep#r""/ Un cr"er"u pe care
'1am cons"!era "mporan penru su&c'as"$"carea 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e ese mo!u' n
care Em".#oru' cons"!er# re'a."a 'u" cu "ner'ocuoru' s#u (" mo!u' n care ' cons"!er#
pe acesa !"n urm#> !"n aces punc !e 0e!ere, 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e po "n!"ca
or"enarea spre un "ner'ocuor ac"0, pe care '1am num" Receptor sau spre unu' pas"0,
"uditorul/ n a' re"'ea r2n!, penru a su&c'as"$"ca 0er&e'e !"n "ner"oru' c'ase" ce'or
or"enae spre Recepor, am u"'"+a cr"er"u' rolului semantic (" a' funciei sintactice
acor!ae Receporu'u" n '"m&a rom2n#/ n s$2r(", am $#cu o&ser0a."a c# e)"s# 0er&e
care au proprietatea citrii, n "mp ce a'e'e nu o pose!#> !rep cr"er"" secun!are, n
su&cae%or"+area pr"me'or, am $o'os" tipul de discurs citat pe care acese 0er&e ' po
re%"+a *!"rec, "n!"rec, nara"0"+a, (" poziia pe care C o poae ocupa $a.# !e c
*"n"."a'#, me!"an#, $"na'#,/
n 'e%#ur# cu $"ecare !"nre acese cr"er"" po $ormu'a c2e0a o&ser0a.""/
Cr"er"u' enun.#r"" ese unu' $oare %enera'> operarea cu aces cr"er"u procur# o '"s#
!e 0er&e enorm# *'"sa noasr# cupr"n!e n 3ur !e 8YY,, a02n! %ra!e !e "neres $oare
!"$er"e, !e 'a 0er&e ca a declara 'a une'e precum a boteza! a calomnia sau a unelti,
un!e ceea ce $ace ca un 0er& s# $"e ma" mu' sau ma" pu."n "neresan ese compora1
menu' 'u" pra%ma"c/ Pr"n compara."e, 0er&e'e %rupae !up# cr"er"u' recep#r"" sun
ma" pu."ne (" ma" omo%ene *seman"c, pra%ma"c, s"'"s"c,/ O !"s"nc."e ce re&u"e
7YY
$#cu# n am&e'e c'ase, $o'os"n! cr"er"u' 'e)"ca'"+#r"" Em".#oru'u"tReceporu'u" ese
aceea !"nre 0er&e persona'e (" 0er&e "mpersona'e s"nac"c *a spune $a.# !e a se
spune# a auzi $a.# !e a se auzi,/
O r#s#ur# $un!amena'# pe care am "!en"$"ca1o penru 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e *(" n
ace'a(" "mp un cr"er"u "mporan penru c'as"$"carea noasr#, ese acor!area ro'u'u"
seman"c "gent penru Em".#or (" ace'u"a !e gint penru Recepor/ Dou# $enomene
sun !e naur# s# comp'"ce 'ucrur"'e n aces punc a' !emonsra."e"/ Pe !e o pare,
e)"sen.a unor srucur" para'e'e, n care Em".#oru' ese 0#+u uneor" ca "gent, a'eor"
ca Surs, n srucur" cu ace'a(" 0er& sau cu 0er&e !"$er"e *X spune lui e.te afl de la
X.# X l nva pe e.te nva de la X. $surs uman% sau e nva din X. $surs non-
uman%# X l ntreab pe e.tX are o ntrebare pentru e.,/ Pe !e a'# pare, ca'"aea !e
gint a Receporu'u" *pe care am ncerca s# o !o0e!"m pr"n compararea unor srucur"
n care unu' (" ace'a(" 0er& se consru"e(e uneor" cu ginta, a'eor" cu +eneficiarul,
ese uneor" %reu !e pro&a penru une'e 0er&e !ec'ara"0e *ca a nva,, un!e
Receporu' poae $" pr"0" a2 ca ."n# a "n$orma.""'or $urn"+ae !e c#re Em".#or, c2 ("
ca &ene$"c"ar a' aceso1ra/
Ar"co'u' 'u" Mon0"''e1durson ne1a su%era "!eea $o'os"r"" unu" cr"e1r"u sup'"menar
penru a !"scr"m"na n "ner"oru' c'ase" !ec'ara"0e'or, (" anume ace'a a' $e'u'u" n care
Em".#oru' (" cons"!er# "ner'ocuo1ru' !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' pos"&"'"#."" !e a
$ormu'a un r#spuns 'a ce'e spuse !e c#re Em".#or> aces $ap nu ese a2 !e su&"ec"0
pe c2 ar p#rea, c#c", !e ce'e ma" mu'e or", r#s#ura !e care 0or&"m ese nscr"s# n
sensu' 0er&u'u" sau ese !a# !e s"ua."a !e comun"care/ Auoarea c"a# ' cons"!er#,
!e p"'!#, pe a declara un 0er& ce !eno# o enun.are care nu (" "n!"0"!ua'"+ea+#
!es"naaru', !eoarece 'ocuoru' pune accenu' pe un mesa3 a!resa oamen"'or n
%enera' (" nu unu" anum" !es"naar/ " declara ar $" re&u" a(a!ar s# apar#, n
c'as"$"ca1rea noasr#, n %rupa !ec'ara"0e'or or"enae spre Au!"or> aces 'ucru nu se
n2mp'# ns#, !eoarece penru su&cae%or"+are am $o'os" un !u&'u cr"er"u, a!#u%2n!
'a ce' seman"co1pra%ma"c *accenu' pus pe mesa3, pe ce' seman"co1s"nac"c
*pos"&"'"aea apar"."e" n srucura 0er&u'u" a Receporu'u", "n!"ca pr"n !a"0,/ n
consec"n.#, a declara, !"n consruc."" precum Ne-a declarat c etc., "nr# n c'asa
!ec'ara"0e'or or"enae spre Recepor> n sc5"m&, e' apar."ne c'ase" !e 0er&e or"enae
spre Au!"or !ac# a0em n 0e!ere apar"."a 'u" n "m declarat n repetate rnduri c3,
!"n care ese e)c'us !a"0u'- MI-am declarat n repetate rnduri c3/ Dac# am
"erar5"+a cr"er""'e !e care a $os 0or&a ma" sus (" '1am u"'"+a !oar pe ce' seman"co1
pra%ma"c *ma" puern"c,, 0er&e ca a declara! a anuna sau a explica ar re&u" s#
m&o%#.easc# %rupa 0er&e'or or"enae spre Au!"or/ E)"sen.a unor $orme
"mpersona'e, ca se zice, sau a 0er&e'or care !eno# c"rcum1san.e 'e%ae !e
per$ormarea unu" mesa3 *0er&e ca a interveni! a ntrerupe! a ncepe sau a sfri, ne1a
!eerm"na s# cons"!er#m o %rup# apare, cea a 0er&e'or care nu sun or"enae n"c"
spre Recepor, n"c" spre Au!"or/
Zer&e'e !ec'ara"0e ."n !e !ou# c'ase !"s"nce- 0er&e care !eno# per$ormarea unu"
ac !e enun.are *\i spun c nu am fost acolo., (" 0er&e $o'os"e !e c#re Raporor
penru a "!en"$"ca aces ac (" a re!a enun.u' pro!us *gNu am $os aco'oh 7i-a spus
c nu a fost acolo., no'os"e ca per$orma"0e, !ec", 0er&e ca a spune nu c"ea+#, "ar
!ac# se pune pro&'ema rapor#r"" unor sec0en.e n care au $os $o'os"e per$orma"0e,
Rapororu' 0a re!a respec"0e'e sec0en.e $#c2n! u+ !e a'e 0er&e !ec2 ace'ea $o'os"e
n enun.ur"'e or"%"nare *g." spun c# nu am $os aco'o/h Eoia s m conving de
faptul c..tInsista c.. ec/, (" !aor"# $apu'u" c# 0er&e'e !e care 0or&"m "n!"c# o $or.#
"'ocu."onar# !"$er"# aunc" c2n! sun $o'os"e ca per$orma"0e sau ca !escr"p"0e/
7Y6
nre&area ese !ac#, aunc" c2n! o sec0en.# ca gDec'ar c#mh ese comun"ca# pr"n >l
declar)a declarat c3, a0em a $ace cu un $ap care ca!e su& "nc"!en.a nara."e" sau cu
unu' care ca!e su& "nc"!en.a !"scursu'u" rapora/ Pe !e o pare, Em".#oru' descrie, pe
!e a'a, !"scursu' citeaz/ Ne a$'#m a"c" 'a una !"nre '"m"e'e !"scursu'u" rapora,
aceea care ' separ# !e nara."une/
Pro&'ema are o "mporan.# !e naur# eore"c#, !ar (" una ma" ap'"ca#, 0"+2n! o
"erar5"+are n "ner"oru' "pur"'or !e DR, cu e$ece asupra c'as"$"c#r"" 0er&e'or
!ec'ara"0e/ As$e', une'e !"nre 0er&e'e ce apar, n c'as"$"carea noasr#, n %rupa ce'or
care nu $ormea+# !"scurs c"an *ca a enumera! a expune! a zugrvi sau a evoca,, au
m"n"ma capac"ae !e $orma !"scurs nara"0"+a/ La $e', une'e 0er&e !"n aceea(" %rup#
po ap#rea, ma" a'es n nara."unea cu'#, !up# un c"a !"rec, c"ea+# !ec" !"rec n
po+"."e $"na'# *a se confesa! a apostrofa! a persi1fla,/ Ca (" capac"aea !e a c"a
narativ, pos"&"'"aea !e a ap#rea dup un c"a !"rec repre+"n# una !"nre
propr"e#."'e slabe a'e 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e, n sensu' c# sun propr"e#." care "n! *su&
pres"unea unor s"'ur" precum ce' &e'er"s"c, s# caracer"+e+e nrea%a c'as# a 0er&e'or
!ec'ara"0e/ O cerceare %enera'# $ace !ec" a&srac."e !e $ape per"$er"ce (" "n!e s#
"'usre+e competena *n sens c5omspWan, a cerce#oru'u"> una care 0"+ea+#
$unc."onarea 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e 'a un anum" n"0e' *n"0e'ur" separae !up# cr"er"u'
re'a.""'or pos"&"'e nre ora' (" scr"s sau !up# cr"er"u' empora' sau !up# cr"er"u'
a!ec0#r"" 'a s"ua."a !e comun"care ec/, m&o%#.e(e nuan.e'e (" "n!e s# (ear%#
!"$eren.e'e/ Zer&e'e cupr"nse n c'as"$"carea $urn"+a# !e pr"mu' "p !e cerceare 0or
a0ea %ra!e !"$er"e !e "mpre!"c"&"'"ae a u+u'u"> ce'e su&c'as"$"cae penru unu' sau
a'u' !"nre n"0e'ur"'e am"n"e se 0or &a+a pe !ae !e care o 0"+"une %enera'# re&u"e
s# se !"spense+e/ Una !"nre consec"n.e'e pos"&"'e ar $" !"$"cu'aea, !ac# nu
"mpos"&"'"aea !e a u"'"+a uneor" cr"er"u' %rama"ca'ta%rama"ca' penru
s"sema"+area unor $ape !e '"m&# *0e+" e)emp'e'e !e $ra+e a%rama"ca'e cu care
ra!uc#or"" 'u" dan$"e'! au "'usra e!"."a $rance+#, e)emp'e cons"!erae !e c#re
Ros"er accepa&"'e %rama1"ca'- ;para!o)a'emen, ma"s peu1]re es1ce ! c 'a
ra!uc"on, ous ses e)emp'es pr\c\!\s !bun as\r"s[ue son par$a"emen accepa&'es,
ce [u" m"ne [ue'[ue peu sa !\monsra"on< *6@@@a-6Y9,,/
Capac"aea !e a ap#rea !up# un c"a !"rec ese o propr"eae s'a&# a 0er&e'or
!ec'ara"0e (" !aor"# $apu'u" c# '"m"a !"nre !ec'ara"0e (" a'e c'ase !e 0er&e ese,
!"n aces punc !e 0e!ere, $'ucuan#/ Nara."unea cu'# "n!e s# m&o%#.easc# %rupa
declarativelor secundare, 0er&e care (" re0en!"c# ma" mu'e surse/ As$e', e'e se po
a'e%e !"nre 0er&e'e care !eno# ac."un" rea'"+ae s"mu'an cu em"erea une" anum"e
rep'"c" *a rde,, !"nre 0er&e'e care mea$or"+ea+# ac"0"aea !e comun"care *a
arunca! a nepa! a ataca! a se retrage! a trnti,, !"nre 0er&e'e ep"sem"ce sau !"nre
0er&e'e ps"5o'o%"ce/ Ineresan penru acesea !"n urm# ese $apu' c# apar"."a 'or ca
0er&e !ec'ara"0e poae $" con!"."ona# !e forma 'or *a nu se stpni ese !ec'ara"0
!oar 'a $orma ne%a"0#, a cugeta, !oar 'a cea a$"rma"0#,, !e tipul de 'R *mu'e apar
!oar n DIL, ca a-i aprea,, poae $" con!"."ona# pragmatic *!"nre 0er&e'e care
!esemnea+# un e$ec per'ocu."onar une'e au caracer "nen."ona', ca+ n care !e0"n
!ec'ara"0e, ca a consola, a'e'e nu au aces caracer, a(a nc2 nu sun n"c"o!a#
$o'os"e ca !ec'ara"0e, ca a dezgusta, sau semantic *0er&e'e care au caracer"s"ca
aspecua'# gsc5"m&are !e sareh po !e0en" !ec'ara"0e, ca a se alarma, pe c2n! ce'e
care nu !eno# o sc5"m&are !e sare nu au aceas# pos"&"'"ae, ca a agrea,/
Corpusu' $urn"+ea+# un num#r re!us !e 0er&e !ec'ara"0e, "ar cau+e'e acesu" $ap
sun !"0erse- mo!u' par"cu'ar a' enun.#r"" ora'e, care $o'ose(e 0er&e !ec'ara"0e
7Y7
s"mp'e *n sensu' !a !e Srauc5 acesu" ermen, (" u"'"+ea+# m"3'oace ero%ene !e
comun"care penru a rapora semn"$"ca."a "ne%ra'# a' enun.u'u" or"%"nar, acua'"+area
pr"n con$"%ura."a "mp'"c"# a unor ace a'ocu"0e (" e'ocu"0e, $rec0en.a mare a
cone)e'or n care ce' scos n e0"!en.# ese !"scursu' c"a, mo"0 penru care 0er&u'
!"n !"scursu' c"an ese unu' !e$"c"ar seman"c *a zice! a spune,, $o'os"rea a'or
proce!ee penru c"are/
Una !"nre consec"n.e'e u"'"+#r"" $oare $rec0ene a 0er&u'u" a zice ese !"0ers"$"carea
$unc.""'or pe care acesa 'e poae a0ea n nara."unea ora'# (" mu'"p'"carea sensur"'or pe
care 'e poae !o&2n!" cone)ua' *mer%2n! p2n# 'a s"ua."a n care e' cap## sensur" !e
0er& non1!ec'a1ra"0,/
n %rupa !ec'ara"0e'or secun!are, o caracer"s"c# a nara."un"" ora'e e0"!en."a# !e
corpus ese $o'os"rea 0er&u'u" a face/
Corpusu' se caracer"+ea+# (" pr"n u+u' unor m"3'oace a'e c"#r"" para'e' cu u+u'
0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e/ D"nre acesea, ce'e ma" "mporane sun- pro1!ec'ara"0e'e *iar!
ba! acu! atunci! api! odat! i! dar! hai,, 0er&e'e semna' *a veni! a iei! a da,,
"nero%a"0a cu 0er& !ec'ara"0/ U'"mu' !"nre acese m"3'oace ese n ace'a(" "mp ("
un proce!eu !e mo!u'ar"+are a po0es"r""- c"ae'e !"rece pe care 'e re%"+ea+# au !e
mu'e or" $unc."a !e a pre%#" $"na'u' une" sec0en.e ma" 'ar%" sau c5"ar $"na'u'
po0es"r""> pr"n suspansu' as$e' crea, $o'os"rea "nero%a"0e" cu 0er& !ec'ara"0 !e0"ne
(" un m"3'oc !e a "nra n !"a'o% cu ascu'#oru'/
Corpusu' aes#, !e asemenea, !"0erse proce!ee pr"n care Rapororu' ' "!en"$"c# pe
em".#oru' c"a> acese proce!ee au $unc."" !"$er"e- prec"+ea+# 'ocuoru' unu" anum"
enun., creea+# "erar5"", poae $" un mo! n care R
e
se !"san.ea+# !e C
e
/

n pr"0"n.a mo!ur"'or pr"n care se rea'"+ea+# punerea 'a !"san.# a 'u" c, am o&ser0a
$apu' c# n corpusu' nosru e)emp'e'e "n! s# "'usre+e s"ua."" n care R
e
se
!"san.ea+# !e c penru a se !"san.a pr"n aceasa !e C
e
/ M"3'oace'e pr"n care se
rea'"+ea+# aces 'ucru sun !e !"$er"e naur" (" ce' ma" a!esea a0eam a $ace cu un
cumu' a' aceso1 ra- $o'os"rea unu" anum" "p !e DR *!!',, pseu!oc"au', m"3'oace
'e)"ca'e, mor$o1s"nac"ce, non10er&a'e, "!en"$"carea C
e
,

3u)apunerea a !ou# rep'"c"
$oare !"$er"e !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' po'"e."" pra%ma"ce, m"3'oace $one"ce/
Su!"u' !e $a.# ("1a propus s# pre+"ne pr"nc"pa'e'e eor"" em"se n 'e%#ur# cu
$enomenu' DR (" s# urm#reasc# "mp'"ca.""'e 'or nr1un corpus !e e)e !"a'eca'e> o
!a# cu aceasa, e' a pus pro&'ema unor $ape ma" pu."n sau !e'oc !"scuae n
'"n%0"s"ca rom2neasc#, pr"nre care se num#r#-
6/ cercearea unor "pur" !e DR *ca !!' sau !""!, nu ca re+u'ae a'e "ner$eren.e"
unor !"cursur" pr"mare, c" !"n puncu' !e 0e!ere a' mo!u'u" n care acesea, $orme
a'e !"a'o%u'u" "n!us, po !e0en" man"$es#r" a'e !"a'o%u'u" "n!ucor> semna'area
unor $orme "ne!"e pe care 'e poae m&r#ca !"a'o%u' "n!ucor- !e p"'!#, $o'os"rea
neo'o%"sme'or !e c#re "n$ormaor, n re'a."a 'u" cu anc5eaoru'>
7/ cercearea $e'u'u" par"cu'ar n care se acua'"+ea+# n '"m&a rom2n# "pur" !e DR
"nrae recen n aen."a spec"a'"("'or, precum !"scursu' nara"0"+a>
?/ semna'area unor $ape care ."n !e o anum"# !"nam"c# a conecor"'or *su!"erea
acesora compara"0, n $unc."e !e "pu' !e !"scurs pe care ' "nro!uc,>
`/ su!"erea mo"0e'or penru care un anum" "p !e DR apare 'a un momen !a n
po0es"re (" a $unc.""'or pe care 'e au !"$er"e'e "pur" !e DR n nara."unea ora'#>
7Y?
9/ un pos"&"' r#spuns 'a nre&area !ac# n nara."unea popu'ar# e)"s# $orme a'e DIL
(", !ac# !a, care sun par"cu'ar"#."'e acesora, compara"0 cu DIL !"n nara."unea
cu'#>
8/ o propunere !e s"sema"+are a 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e, !up# un se "erar5"+a !e
cr"er"">
:/ cercearea mo!u'u" n care corpusu' $o'ose(e 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e *0er&e'e semna',
pro1!ec'ara"0e'e, !ec'ara"0e'e secun!are, "nero%a"0a cu 0er& !ec'ara"0,/
Toae acesea sun (" pos"&"'e !"rec."" !e con"nuare a cerce#r""/
7Y`
6
NOTE
;re maW ca'' 5"s $"rs !"rec"on "n o5"c5 5e !Wnam"sm o$ 5e "neror"ena"on &eoeen repor"n% an! repore! speec5
mo0es 5e linear st8le o$ speec5 repor"n% gmh T5e &as"c en!ancW o$ 5e '"near sW'e "s o consruc c'earcu, e)erna'
conours $or repore! speec5, o5ose oon "nerna' "n!"0"!ua'"W "s m"n"m"+e!/ r5ere0er 5e en"re cone) !"sp'aWs a
comp'ee sW'"s"c 5omo%ene"W *"n o5"c5 5e au5or an! 5"s c5aracers a'' speap e)ac'W 5e same 'an%ua%e,, 5e
%ramma"ca' an! compos""ona' man"pu'a"on o$ repore! speec5 ac5"e0es a ma)"ma' compacness an! p'as"c re'"e$/<
*6@@8a- 67Y> su&'/ au/,
7

;ovestire factual ese ermenu' $o'os" !e c#re jenee 6@@` penru po0es"rea non1$"c."ona'#/ ;Rep'"c"'e !e !"a'o% !"n
po0es"rea $acua'#< apar 'a no" a2 n ar"a $"c."ona'u'u" c2 (" n ar"a non1$"c."ona'u'u" !aor"# naur"" conra!"cor"" a nsu("
"pu'u" !e e)punere- po0es"re vs $acua'#/
?

Puem %#s", n e)e'e an"ce, rep'"c" a'e unor persona3e "sor"ce, nso."e !e $orma 0er&a'# in(uit# acesea nu !au seam# ns#
!e $enomenu' num" oratio recta 4 n acese ca+ur", "nc"!ena in(uit marca recerea !e 'a nara."une 'a !"a'o%, $""n! (" semnu'
rea'"#."" acesu"a/
Pe !e a'# pare, e)"s# proce!eu' nara"0 cu' pr"n care n" se o$er# c"ae $"c"0e, !"n auor" rea'" sau "ma%"nar", proce!eu
n2'n" !e p"'!# 'a dor%es> !e 0reme ce respec"0e'e c"ae ne sun $urn"+ae ocma" penru c# ar fi putut fi spuse !e c#re un
anum" "n!"0"!, 'e puem "nerprea !rep e)emp'e !e mimesistoratio recta/
`

Termenu' direct apare n $rance+# n sec/ XIII, !ar ese ;peu usue' a0an 'e XZI
e
s/< *d'oc5 i rar&ur%, s.v. !"rec,>
indirect ese !aa 6`68, "ar discours *s.v. !"scour"r,, 69Y?> Larousse Le)"s 6@@7 "n!"c# penru discoursH * 'a/ discursus,
!aa 69Y?, !ar penru discoursI * discoursH ,, cu sensur" spec"$"ce *6/ ;'e 'an%a%e m"s en ac"on e assum\ par 'e su3e
par'an< m ?/ ;mo!e !be)press"on cons"san c rapporer 'es paro'es !e [ue'[ubun<,, !aa 686?/ A(a!ar, cup'u' !"scurs
!"rect!"scurs "n!"rec nu apare n %rama"c" ma" !e0reme !e sec/ XZII/ Ros"er 6@@@a- ;Nous a0ons consu'\ un %ran!
nom&re !e %ramma"res !u XZI
e
gmh sans rou0er aucune men"on !e !"scours !"rec ou "n!"rec/< *78, n noa !e su&so',/
S5orer !# s.v. Repor, 0/, ;o repea some5"n% 5ear!> o re'ae as 5a0"n% &een spopen &W ano5er<, 'ae M*"!!'e, E*n%'"s5,,
i.e. s$2r(" !e seco' XZ, "ar s.v. In!"rec, a*!3ec"0e,, %ram*mar, ;o$ speec5 or narra"on- pu "n a repore! $orm, no "n 5e
speaperbs oon oor!s> o&'"[ue> opp*ose!, o direct, 6A88/
9

;Les pr"nc"pes e r_%'es poren 'a mar[ue !e 'eur \po[ue, \po[ue de la culture de lecture V haute voix/< *jrua+- 67>
su&'"n"erea mea,/
8

n raau' s#u !e s"'"s"c# $rance+# da''W nu se ocup# n n"c" un $e' !e mo!a'"#."'e !e repro!ucere a spuse'or a'u"a>
urm2n!u1(" maesru', Ior%u Ior!an nu cons"!er# n n"c" un $e' $enomenu', n 'ucrarea sa Stilistica limbii romne *ducure(",
E//, 6@:9,/
:

7arxism and the ;hilosoph8 of 6anguage apare n 6@:?, urma# !e he 'ialogic Imagination, n 6@:`, (" !e "esthetics of
Eerbal Dreativit8, n 6@:@> 6e marxisme et la philosophie du langage apare n 6@::/
Pr"ma e!"."e rus# a su!"u'u" 7ar:sizm i filosofiia iaz8:a a ap#ru n 6@7@, a02n! pe coper# nume'e 'u" Z/N/ Zo'o"no0,
mem&ru a' cercu'u" 'u" da5"n, nume p#sra (" !e ra!ucer"'e acese" 'ucr#r"/ Tou(", aunc" c2n! r"m" 'a acese ra!ucer",
auor"" conemporan" a!op# !"0erse so'u.""- c"ea+# nume'e 'u" Zo'o"no0 *oro%ra$"a Eolochinov)Eoloshinov)Eolominov,
sau nume'e 'u" da5"n *+a:htine)+a:htin)+axtin, sau pe a'e am2n!urora, p'as2n!u1'e n !"0erse po+".""- dap5"ne
*Zo'oc5"no0, sau Zo'oc5"no0 *dap5"ne,/ Cea ma" e'e%an# so'u."e n" se pare cea propus# !e c#re To!oro0-
;Les cons"!\ra"ons [ue 3e $ormu'e ne 0"sen pas c re$uer 'a 5_se se'on 'a[ue''e dap5"ne sera" 'e seu' aueur !e ces \cr"s>
ma"s e''es "n!"[uen, 3e cro"s, 'ben3eu !bune e''e 5_se/ Cons"!\rons ma"nenan 'es c5oses !bun aure c\, ce [u" nous
con!u"ra !u rese c e)am"ner 'a su&sance m]me !e ces '"0res/ La [ues"on !u rappor enre 'baueur e son '"0re *ou son
!"scours, es, !ans 'bu0re !e dap5"ne, a&on!ammen !\&aue> 'bune !es 5_ses m"ses en a0an es [ue 'baueur nbes pas 'e
seu' responsa&'e !u conenu !u !"scours [ub"' pro!u"> 'e !es"naa"re W par"c"pe \%a'emen, e' !u mo"ns [ue 'b"ma%e
'baueur- on nb\cr" pas !e 'a m]me $a^on se'on [ubon sba!resse c e' ou e' pu&'"c/ Ces '"0res \a"en peu1]re \cr"s par
dap5"ne> cepen!an, "' 'es a!ressa" c !es !es"naa"res !"$$\rens- le Creudisme e 7arxisme et philosophie du langage, c
Zo'oc5"no0 *"' se $a"sa" !onc p'us '"n%u"se e p'us mar)"se,> 'a 7,thode formelle en ,tudes litt,raires, c Me!0e!e0 *"'
!e0ena" a'ors p'us percuan, p'us mor!an,> les ;roblBmes de l5nuvre de 'ostooevs:i, c 'bensem&'e !u pu&'"c *e "' !e0ena"
e dap5"ne fm,/ A ce "re, e m]me s" Me!0e!e0 e Zo'oc5"no0 ne son [ue 'es !es"naa"res *r\e's ou "ma%"na"res, !e ces
'"0res, "'s on auan 'e !ro", se'on 'a pens\e m]me !e dap5"ne, !e rou0er 'eur nom sur 'a cou0erure, c 'a p'ace !u s"en/
Une conc'us"on sem&'e sb"mposer- "' es "na!m"ss"&'e [ubon e$$ace puremen e s"mp'emen 'es nomes !e Zo'oc5"no0 e
Me!0e!e0, e [ubon a"''e a"ns" c 'benconre !u !\s"r man"$ese !e dap5"ne !e ne pas assumer 'a publication !e e's \cr"s/
Ma"s "' es ou auss" "mposs"&'e !e ne pas en"r compe !e 'bun"\ !e 'a pens\e !on \mo"%ne 'bensem&'e !e ces pu&'"ca"ons
*e [ubon peu ar"&uer, su"0an en ce'a !"0ers \mo"%na%es, c 'b"n$'uence !e dap5"ne,/ e proposera" !onc !ba!oper, pour
'bensem&'e !e ces e)es, 'e proc\!\ Wpo%rap5"[ue su"0an- %ar!er 'e nom sous 'e[ue' "'s on \\ pu&'"\s, su"0" !bune &arre
o&'"[ue, pr\c\!an 'e nom !e dap5"ne- Me!0e!e0tdap5"ne, Zo'oc5"no0tdap5"ne/ La &arre \an c5o"s"e, en par"cu'"er, c
cause !e 'bam&"%u\ [ube''e auor"se- sba%"1"' !bun rappor !e co''a&ora"on l !e su&s"u"on *pseu!onWme ou mas[ue, l ou
!e commun"ca"on *'e prem"er nom !\s"%nan 'e r\cepeur, 'e secon! 'b\meeur, l < *7?17`,
A

;mmetalingvisti:a, erme [ue, pour \0"er une con$us"on poss"&'e, 3e ra!u"ra" par translinguisti(ue/ Le erme acue''emen
en usa%e [u" correspon!ra" 'e p'us $"!_'e1men c ce [uba en 0ue dap5"ne sera" pro&a&'emen pragmati(ue# e 'bon peu !"re
sans e)a%\ra"on [ue dap5"ne es 'e $on!aeur mo!erne !e cee !"sc"p'"ne/< *To!oro0- `7,
@

;'ialogismul se man"$es# n !"0erse mo!ur" n !"scursu' romanesc-
"/ pr"n repre+enarea mu'"p'"c"#."" "!"o'ece'or- !"a'ece re%"ona'e, 3ar%oane pro$es"ona'e, ar%our" !"0erse ec/>
""/ pr"n !"mens"unea e "nere)ua'# f, a!"c# pr"n capac"aea unu" !"scurs !e a se asoc"a 'a *sau a se !"soc"a !e, a'e
!"scursur" pe aceea(" em#>
"""/ pr"n !"mens"unea e "nerprea"0# f, a!"c# pr"n $apu' c# n.e'e%erea ese !"a'ec"c#, con!"."ona# !e r#spunsu' pe care '
con!"."onea+#>
"0/ n s$2r(", pr"n !"mens"unea e pro!uc"0# f, pr"n "nerme!"u' !"$er"e'or mo!ur" a'e !"scursu'u" rapora/< *Moesc5'er i
Re&ou'- ?Y`/,
6Y

Rou'e cons"!er# c# aces !"n urm# "p !e po'"$on"e ar re&u" !"s"ns !e dialogism (" !e polifonia propriu-zis (" nume(e
aces ca+ spec"a' diafonie *Rou'e- :Y,/ da5"n $o'os"se ermenu' difon (" aunc" c2n! e0"!en."ase caraceru' !"a'o%"c a'
romane'or 'u" Doso"e0sp", !ec" n 'e%#ur# cu DIL- ;gDoso"e0sp"h ("1ar $" consru" nrea%a oper# grei mori, !e L/ To'so"h
ca pe un mare !"a'o%, auoru' asum2n!u1(" $unc."a !e or%an"+aor (" !e par"c"pan, !ar $#r# a1(" re+er0a u'"mu' cu02n, a'$e'
spus, e' ar $" o%'"n!" n opera sa naura !"a'o%"c# a 0"e."" (" %2n!"r"" omene("/ Iar n vorbele povestirii n-am auzi exclusiv
intonaiile autorului! ci totodat intonaiile cucoanei i ale surugiului! aadar vorbele ar fi avut un caracter difon! n
fiecare cuvnt ar fi rsunat o disput $un miocrodialog% i s-ar fi desluit ecourile dialogului mare.< *su&'"n"erea noasr#,
*6@:Y- 6Y?,/
66

Pr"n tema unu" semn da5"n n.e'e%e ;5e en"W o5"c5 &ecomes 5e o&3ec o$ 5"s s"%n< *6@@8a- 77,> ema unu" enun. ;"s 5e
e)press"on o$ 5e concree, 5"sor"ca' s"ua"on 5a en%en!ere! 5e uerance/ T5e uerance er5a "me "s " lf 5as a
!"$$eren mean"n% eac5 "me " "s use!, an! 5ence, "n accor!ance o"5 our erm"no'o%W, 5as a !"$$eren 5eme, !epen!"n% on
5e concree 5"sor"ca' s"ua"on *e5"sor"ca'f 5ere "n m"croscop"c !"mens"ons, !ur"n% o5"c5 " "s enunc"ae! an! o$ o5"c5, "n
essence, " "s a par/< *ib./ @@, D"$eren.a ar $" a(a!ar, n ermen" !ucro"en", una !"nre fraza ;r5a "me "s " l<, !oa# cu o
anum"# semn"$"ca."e, (" enunul ;r5a "me "s " l<, care are un sens *} em#,/
67

Pr"n evaluative accent, da5"n n.e'e%e seu' !e mo!a'"#." *!"nre care cea ma" e0"!en# !ar (" cea ma" super$"c"a'# ese
"nona."a, pr"n care ese acua'"+a# o tem/ Re$er"n!u1se 'a $e'u' n care sc5"m&# "nona."a semn"$"ca."a unu" ermen nr1un
$ra%men !e 3urna' !oso"e0sp"an, da5"n remarc#- ;anW one suc5 $a0or"e '"'e e)press"ons maW, o$ course, &e pronounce!
"n an enormous 0ar"eW o$ "nona"ons "n peep"n% o"5 5e o"!e !"0ers"W o$ s"ua"ons an! moo!s 5a occur "n '"$e/ In a''
"nsances, 5eme, o5"c5 "s a properW o$ eac5 uerance gmh "s "mp'emene! en"re'W an! e)c'us"0e'W &W 5e pooer o$
e)press"0e "nona"on o"5ou 5e a"! o$ oor! mean"n% or %ramma"ca' coor!"na"on/< *6@@8a- 6Y`16Y9,/
6?

Aunc" c2n! c"ne0a ocme(e oamen" penru a1(" consru" o cas# sau c2n! a'c"ne0a p'eac# s#1(" 02n!# pro!use'e munc"" 'a
2r%, se spun ace'ea(" 'ucrur" (" se $ac ace'ea(" %esur", "ar ou' !ecur%e !up# un "p"c nu $oare !"$er" n r"%"!"ae !e
aar"ua'u'bb pe."r"", !e o&"ce"ur"'e !e 'a nmorm2nare sau !e re.ea !up# care se $ace s#punu'/ De se spune 'a 3ocur"'e !e cop""
*&a&a1oar&a, 'eap(a, poarca ec/,, 'a (e+#oare, c'ac#, ca'o"an, c#'u(, paparu!#, surae, 'a na(ere, nmorm2nare, pe.", nun#,
'a consru"rea s2ne" sau a case", 'a 5or#, 'a 'ucru' n p#!ure, 'a 0"e sau 'a secera se nca!rea+# n o a2ea %enur" a'e
0or&"r""/
To a(a, ar re&u" s# cons"u"e %enur" relatarea a ceea ce se spune i ce se face 'a 3ocur"'e !e cop"", 'a nun#, nmorm2nare,
na(ere ec/, 'a prepararea s#punu'u", 'a $#cuu' 0"nu'u" sau a' .u"c"" sau aunc" c2n! sun $o'os"e 'eacur"'e &#&e("> o a(a ar
re&u" s# $"e %enur" apare nara."unea unor n2mp'#r" '"&er a'ese, po0es"rea a aaceea ce a $#cu su&"ecu' as#+"bb sau unor
cre!"n.e &#r2ne(", ma" a'es c#, pe '2n%# subiecte !"$er"e, e'e r"m" (" 'a situaii !"$er"e (" au participani *(", n consec"n.#,
informatori, !"$er"."/ S"n%uru' 'ucru pe care ' au n comun %enur"'e de grad secund, *ce'e ce redau ce se spune (" ce se $ace
nr1o anum"# s"ua."e, ese srucura "nsan.e'or !e !"a'o%- anchetator$i% 1 informator 1 auditor$i%.
Poae c# aceasa ese sursa memor"e" spuse'or re'aae- acesea sun, n esen.#, ace'ea(" penru aceea(" s"ua."e !e
comun"care concre#/ N"men" nu poae re!a 'un%" !"a'o%ur" perecue cu an" na"ne !ec2 !ac# rer#"e(e, n momenu'
rapor#r"", $ape care s1ar !es$#(ura "!en"c or"c2n!- punerea 0or&"or"'or nr1o anum"# s"ua."e 0a %enera ace'ea(" spuse/ Ce
memorea+# !e $ap rapororu' ese m"(carea e)cenr"c#, a"p"c# *(" surpr"n+#oare, !e 'a un parcurs monoon (" pre0"+"&"'/
Ceea ce separ# !ras"c %enu' nara."un"'or '"&er a'ese !e ce'e'a'e %enur" ese tema, planul vorbitorului (" mo!u' !"$er" !e
finalizare *n sensu' n care ' $o'osesc La&o0 i ra'e+pW, !e pare a nara."un"",/ n ca+u' pr"mu'u" %en, 0or&"oru' are
'"&eraea a'e%er"" (" "nen."a 'u" ese !e a po0es" ce0a !eose&"> as$e', "nen."a !eerm"n# ema (" $"na'"+area *$ape'e ("
spuse'e 0or $" re'aae !"n perspec"0a $"na'u'u",/
6`

Pr"n ;!escr"p"on !b\nonc"a"on<, Ducro n.e'e%e ;'es "n!"ca"on ar%umena"0es e "''ocuo"res, a"ns" [ue ce''es re'a"0es au)
causes !e 'a paro'e<, precum (", ceea ce " se pare ma" "mporan, ;!es rense"%nemens [ue 'b\nonc\ appore, !ans son sens
m]me, sur 'e *ou 'es, aueur*s, \0enue'*s, !e 'b\nonc"a"on/< *6@A`- 6@?,/
69

Ducro nu $ace !"$eren.a !"nre coeziune sintactic (" coeren semantic# aunc" c2n! $o'ose(e coh,sion ese e0"!en c# e'
se re$er# 'a un $ap !e coeren.#/
68

Ducro !# urm#oru' e)emp'u-
; *6, A- On ne 'e 0o" p'us &eaucoup, P"erre/
d- Ma"s non s e 'ba" 0u ce ma"n/ A propos, "' 0"en !bac5eer une 0o"ure/

*7, A- e cro"s [ue P"erre a !es pro&'_mes !bar%en en ce momen/
d- Ma"s non s e 'ba" 0u ce ma"n/ I' 0"en !bac5eer une 0o"ure/ < *6@A`- 6:916:8,/
n "mp ce se%menu' Le l5ai vu ce matin., !"n pr"mu' !"a'o%, ese un enun., penru c# ese "n!epen!en !e ceea ce urmea+# ("
su$"c"en penru a $orma un r#spuns pen1ru ceea ce1' prece!#, Le l5ai vu ce matin., !"n a' !o"'ea !"a'o%, nu are ca'"aea !e
enun., c#c" nu ese "n!epen!en *e' apare !oar penru a $ace cre!"&"'# "n$orma."a care urmea+#, (" nu poae $orma s"n%ur un
r#spuns 'a rep'"ca 'u" A/ n ace'a(" "mp, am a!#u%a no", o sec0en.# ca ;Pere nu are pro&'eme $"nanc"are, !"n momen ce ("1a
cump#ra o nou# ma("n#/< ese un enun., penru c# sa"s$ace con!"."a coeren.e", n "mp ce ;Pere nu are pro&'eme $"nanc"are,
din moment ce l-am vzut azi diminea/< nu ese un enun., !eoarece se%menu' su&'"n"a pare ma" !e%ra&# a'es penru e'
nsu(" *s"ua."e n care e' ar puea $" su&s"u" pr"n, s# +"cem, din moment ce m doare capul.,/
6:

;"utorul concret, creaoru' rea' a' opere" '"erare, a!resea+#, ca !es"naor, un mesa3 '"erar cititorului concret, care
$unc."onea+# ca !es"naartrecepor< *L"n0e'- 79,/
6A

Naraoru' ese ;"nsan.a "p"c# a e)u'u" nara"0 '"erar<, e' ese ce' care ;comun"c# 'umea nara#< c""oru'u" $"c"0,
naraaru'u"/ *L"n0e'/ ?7,/
6@

Naraoru' are !ou# $unc."" o&'"%aor"" 4 funcia de reprezentare *(" asum# acu' na1ra"0, (" funcia de control *nca!rea+#
!"scursu' persona3u'u" n propr"u' s#u !"scurs, 4 (" o $unc."e op."ona'# 4 funcia de interpretare *(" e)pr"m# a"u!"nea
su&"ec"0# $a1.# !e e0en"mene'e narae,/
7Y

Care r"m" 'a su&"ec." 0or&"or" !"$er"." sau 'a ace'a(" su&"ec 0or&"or !"n momene !"$er"e/
76

Ese 0or&a !espre sec0en.e ne"nro!use !e un 0er& !e !ec'ara."e, nemarcae pr"n semne'e c"#r"" sau '"n"e !e !"a'o%, n care
nu e)"s#, ca n !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er, sc5"m&area "mpur"'or 0er&a'e (" a persoane'or %rama"ca'e> ;'es mar[eurs \nonc"a1
"$s 4 en par"cu'"er 'es personnes e 'es emps 4 W son "nerpr\\ par rappor au cone)e e non pas par rappor c 'a s"ua"on
!b\nonc"a"on 5ors1e)e< *S"mon"n- ?`,/ Proce!eu' ese semna'a !e da5"n, care ' nume(e preset direct discourse, a!"c#
;5e emer%ence o$ !"rec !"scourse ou o$ [uas"1!"rec !"scourse< *ermenu' &a5"n"an penru !"scurs "n!"rec '"&er,/ ;S"nce
5e naure o$ 5e 'aer !"scourse "s 5a'$ narra"on an! 5a'$ repore! speec5, " preses 5e appercep"on o$ 5e !"rec !"scourse/
T5e &as"c 5emes o$ 5e "mpen!"n% !"rec !"scourse are an"c"pae! &W 5e cone) an! are co'ore! &W 5e au5orbs
"nona"ons/< *da5"n 6@@8a- 6?`,/ Ca (" !"scursu' "n!"rec '"&er, ese cons"!era proce!eu nara"0 cu' pr"n e)ce'en.#, ceea ce
nu nseamn# c# nu puem %#s" e)emp'e (" n nara."unea ora'#-
gA 0en" p"s"ca s#'&a"c# a"c" lh
a 0"nt"eramt'ocu"am a""v pese %r'#ttsper""ase o c#unut_ine m^c ouuli primvara & _ine m^c ouuli & i)_e s
fiie & pn# cn! am 0#+u c# "era aco'otsp#rsese o gph %ar!u1aco'o nuspa"'" %ra3!"u'u" (1am 0#+uun"(e p#r 0n#
a(atTDM I, p/@A, r/91@/
77

ScaPoL"n reune(e auor" precum- Oenn"n% Nz'pe, M"c5e' O'sen, 3ers" n'zum, a5r"ne zr%ensen, Coco Nor\n, Oe'%e
Z"!ar Oo'm (" a'.""/
7?

Ar"co'e'e !"n care ne1am "nsp"ra penru pre+enarea eor"e" ScaPoL"n pro0"n !e pe s"e1u' %rupu'u", ooo/5um/au/!p, ("
sun e)e 5m'# oae sun caracer"+ae pr"nr1o or"%"na'# scripta continua, n sensu' c# nu $ac !"s"nc."e nre pa%"n", 'ucru
care $ace "mpos"&"'# or"ce r"m"ere ma" prec"s#/
7`

Auor"" ScaPoL"n se re0en!"c#, a"c", !e 'a !"s"nc."a pe care r"%ense"n o $ace nre gesagt (" gezeigt *telling)sho9ing>
dit)montr,# spus)artat,> e'a&orarea une" eor"" !espre ceea ce poae $" e)pr"ma pr"n propo+"."" (" ceea ce poae $" !oar ar#a
ese penru r"%ense"n pro&'ema car!"na'# a $"'o+o$"e"/ ;Penru ceea ce nu poae $" spus, !ar se arat, r"%ense"n
$o'ose(e uneor", n ractatus, ermenu' transcendental/ C""m 'a 8/6?- e Lo%"ca ese ranscen!ena'#/ f/ Sensu' acese"
a$"rma."" nu ese c# propo+".""'e 'o%"ce ar $" a!e0#rur" ranscen!ena'e/ C#c" acese propo+"."" nu spun n"m"c, nu sun "ma%"n"
a'e $ape'or/ Pr"n propo+".""'e 'o%"ce, pr"n auo'o%"", ca (", nr1un a' $e', pr"n propo+".""'e cu sens, se arat ns# srucura
'um"" (" a '"m&a3u'u", a!"c# ceea ce ese "nern, necesar/ n 8/67 se a$"rm# c# propo+".""'e 'o%"ce cons"u"e e(a$o!a3u' 'um""/
" aceasa !eoarece e'e "mp'"c# $apu' c# numele sau penru obiecte, au semn"$"ca."", "ar propo+".""'e e'emenare au sens/ Or,
ocma" n aceasa cons# 'e%#ura propo+".""'or 'o%"ce cu 'umea/ Dac# %ran".e'e repre+en#r"" s"m&o'"ce a rea'"#."", %ran".e'e
!omen"u'u" propo+".""'or cu sens, nu po $" !eerm"nae !ec2 !"n "ner"or, re+u'# c# !espre acese %ran".e nu se poae spune
n"m"c/ jran".e'e sau '"m"e'e '"m&a3u'u" cons"u"e ce0a ce nu se poae spune, c" se ara#/< *M"rcea n'ona, ;n a3uoru'
c""oru'u"<, su!"u "nro!uc"0 'a r"%ense"n, p/ 8Y186,/ Penru a1' c"a (" pe r"%ense"n- ;Propo+"."a (" arat sensu'/
Propo+"."a arat cum sau 'ucrur"'e dac ea ese a!e0#ra#/ " ea spune c 'ucrur"'e sau a(a/< * `/Y77> su&'"n"er"'e
auoru'u",/
79

Larousse Le)"s *6@@7, !# urm#oarea !e$"n"."e *s.v. "nerpr\er 6, penru ermenu' interpr,teur- ;*informati(ue, Pro%ramme
!e ra!uc"on !bun 'an%a%e \0o'u\ [u" comp"'e "nsruc"on par "nsruc"on/< Corespon!enu' rom2nesc a' ermenu'u" ese
compilator/ ;S" nous a0ons c5o"s" 'e erme interpr,teur emprun\ c 'a erm"no'o%"e "n$orma"[ue pour !\s"%ner ce r'e, cyes
pour sou'"%ner [uy"' sya%" !yun \'\men puremen 5\or"[ue/ Nous !"s"n%uons !onc 'yinterpr,teur !e 'yinterpr,tateur, erme
[ue nous app'"[uons !ans un sens non ec5n"[ue pour !\s"%ner 'es ]res r\e's [u" "nerpr_en 'es e)es !ans 'a 0"e r\e''e/<
*Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY,/ Puem a!#u%a a"c" o&ser0a."a 'u" L"n0e'- ;n"ecare !"nre acor" repre+"n# o poziie interpretativ,
"!eo'o%"c#, pu2n! con$"rma, comp'ea sau conesa ce'e'a'e po+"."" "!eo'o%"ce a'e opere" '"erare/< *?@> su&'"n"erea mea,/
78

Ce'e (ape "pur" !e cone)e a3u# as$e' 'a !"s"n%erea, n rom2na '"erar#, a 'u" a zice *care sa"s$ace 6/ (" `/ (" care, as$e',
ese s"non"m cu a pronuna, !e a spune *penru care sun caracer"s"ce ?/, `/ 4 (" !e+0o'#r"'e acesu"a- 9/, 8/, :/ 4 (" care ese
s"non"m cu a povesti, a transmite ec/,
7:

Dar n corpus 'ucrur"'e ara# a'$e'> cop'e("oarea pre+en.# a DD pune ma" mu'e pro&'eme- a, DD ese un 3oc a' memor"e" ("
a' "n0en."e"> Re red spuse'e Ce (" reprezint, n ace'a(" "mp, spuse'e unu" E consru"> &, Re are o !eose&"# apeen.# penru
DD, care, pe !e o pare, poae r"!"ca preen."a $"!e'"#."" "ar, pe !e a'a, are 0"ru."'e 0eros"m"'u'u"> apo", nu n u'"mu' r2n!, c,
DD ese o mo!a'"ae mu' ma" s"%ur# !e ransm"ere a uuror ace'or "n$orma."" co'aera'e pe care Re are "nen."a !e a'e
comun"ca s"mu'an cu re!area spuse'or Ce> DD are !e parea 'u", compara"0 cu DI, pos"&"'"aea !e a $o'os" un m"3'oc cu
resurse eore"c "n$"n"e- "nona."a/ C5"ar !ac# Re re!# sau repre+"n# *ca+ n care e' re"n0enea+# expresia porn"n! !e 'a
interpretarea sensului ce'or spuse !e Ce, e' pune mare pre. pe $e'u' n care 0or&e(e Ce, are ureche/
7A

A0ram- ;Zor&"rea "n!"rec# red spusele cu"0a ranspun2n!u1'e pr"n su&or!onare %rama"ca'# $a.# !e un ermen !e
!ec'ara."e/ gmh ranspunerea vorbirii directe n vorbire indirect se rea'"+ea+#, n pr"mu' r2n!, pr"n gmh< *`87> su&'"n"er"'e
noasre,/
jLR- ;Zor&"rea "n!"rec# reproduce comunicarea cuiva su&or!on2n!1o unu" cu02n !e !ec'ara."e/ gmh recerea de la
vorbirea direct la vorbirea indirect compor# gmh < *II, ?`8> su&'"n"er"'e noasre,/
7@

DIL nu !ep"n!e seman"c !e un 0er& !ec'ara"0, n sensu' c#, a&rup spus, DIL nu raporea+#, c" repre+"n#/ E0"!en, ace'a("
'ucru se poae spune (" !espre a'e proce!ee !e repre+enare a '"m&a3u'u" romanesc> %rama"ca ra!"."ona'# nu $ace ns# n"c"
un $e' !e !"s"nc."e nre proce!ee a'e raportrii (" proce!ee a'e reprezentrii/
?Y

Dec'ercp, R/ 6@@Y ;Se[uence o$ enses "n En%'"s5<, Colia 6inguistica 7`- 96?19``> Dec'ercp, R/ 6@@6, ense in >nglish/ its
structure and use in discourse, Lon!on, Rou'e!%e/
?6

Penru "'usrarea eor"e" ra!"."ona'e auor"" c"ea+# 'ucr#r"'e 'u" d/ Comr"e, ense, Cam&r"!%e, C/ U/ P/, 6@A9 (" ;Tense "n
"n!"rec speec5<, Colia 6inguistica 7Y, 6@A8, p/ 78917@8/
?7

Tr"m"er"'e se $ac 'a urm#oare'e 'ucr#r"-
a'eppW, T5/ 6@6?- e =um aSW'e "n!"rec '"&reb *aZersc5'e"ere Re!eb, f, 0ermanisch-romanische 7onatsschrift, p/ 8YY1
86@>
Lerc5, Eu%en 6@7A- e Ursprun% un! de!euun% !er so%/ aEr'e&en Re!eb *aRe!e a's Tasac5ey, f, 0ermanisch-romanische
7onatsschrift ZI, p/ `9@1`:A>
Lerc5, jerrau! 6@77- e D"e une"%en'"c5 !"repe Re!e f, Idealistische Aeuphilo-logie. Cestschrift fpr Rarl Eossler, Z"cor
'emperer i Eu%en Lerc5 *e!/,, Oe"!e'&er%, p/ 6Y:166@>
Lorcp, E/ 6@76- 'ie Werlebte RedeW. >ine sprachliche Untersuchung, Car' r"ner, Oe"!e'&er%>
Sp"+er, L/ 6@7?- Pseu!oo&3ep"0e Mo"0"erun%/ E"ne s"'"s"sc5'"erarpsWc5o1'o%"sc5e Su!"e, Teitschrift fpr
Cranzqsische Sprache, `8, p/ ?9@1A9/
??

Semne'e (" sun "n!"c" a" re$er"n.e", pr"n urmare ara# "!en"aea a !ou# "nsan.e apar."n2n! ace'e"a(" s"ua."" !e
comun"care> !e p"'!#, n sc5ema gCeh gReh, ara# c# em".#oru' c"a (" em".#oru' raporor sun una (" aceea("
persoan#/
?`

n aceas# s"ua."e, "n!"ce'e 0rea s# !ea seam# (" !e ace'e ca+ur" n care em".#oru' se re$er# 'a e' nsu(" $o'os"n! pronume !e
persoana a re"a, a(a cum $ace Caesar n 'e bello 0allico/
?9

;Dans ce cas 'a $ron"_re "n$ranc5"ssa&'e [u" s\pare 'a narra"on $"c"one''e !e 'b\nonc\ !e r\a'"\ [ue' [ub"' so", cbes1c1!"re
!u sWs_me \nonc"a"$, emp]c5e 'a '"\raure !e 0erser !ans 'a e prose !e 'a pens\e sc"en"$"[ue f, auremen !" pr\c"s\men
!ans 'e sWs_me !e 'b\nonc"a"on/ I' W a "c" !u e $a"re f, au sens !e m"se en $orme, !e pro!uc"on e !e repro!uc"on> "c", cbes
'e c5an"er cr\aeur !e $ormes !u poiBtBs ou !u mimBtBs [u" use !u 'an%a%e comme !bun ma\r"au e !bun "nsrumen, e's 'e
pe"nre a0ec 'es cou'eurs e 'e scu'peur a0ec 'a p"erre/ La '"\raure !ans ce cas es ou en"_re 'bespace !e 'bar p'as"[ue,
[u" cr\e 'bapparence !e 'a r\a'"\/ Xue cee apparence, 'o" !e 'a $"c"on, ne so" op\rane !ans 'bu0re [ue 'c o| son pro!u"s
!es personna%es $"c"$s, a'ors [ubun paWsa%e pe"n se pr\sene, m]me sans personna%es, comme une mimBsis, ce'a "en au
ma\r"au propre !e 'a '"\raure, 'e 'an%a%e, [u", en !e5ors !e 'a $"c"on, es 'b"nsrumen !e 'a paro'e a0ec oues ses
0ar"a"ons/ On peu $ormu'er ce'a en sens "n0erse- 'e 'an%a%e es \nonc"a"on parou o| "' ne cr\e pas !e e1Or"%"ne $"c"$/<
*Oam&ur%er- 7YA,/ jenee 6@@` comenea+#- ;n $"c."une, a0em !e1a $ace nu cu enun.ur" !e rea'"ae, c" cu enun.ur"
$"c."ona'e a' c#ror 0er"a&"' e eu1or"%"ne f nu ese auoru', n"c" naraoru', c" persona3e'e $"c"0e, a' c#ror punc !e 0e!ere (" a
c#ror s"ua."e spa."o1empora'# coman!# nrea%a enun.are a po0es"r"", p2n# 'a am#nunu' %rama"ca' a' $ra+e'or sa'e gmh<
*@A,/
?8

;gmh cu con!"."a, n p'us, s# a0em !e1a $ace cu o po0es"re extradiegetic, a!"c# !e %ra!u' unu, pro!us# !e un naraor1auor
care s# nu $"e e' nsu(", precum ce" !"n * mie i una de nopi, pr"ns nr1o po0es"re n care ar $" persona3 gmh < *jenee
6@@`- 66:166A> su&'"n"erea auoru'u",/
?:

;Nous a0ons rou0\ !es e)emp'es an%'a"s !\c'ar\s "naccepa&'es e mun"s !e 'yas\r"s[ue/ Or, une ra!uc"on '"\ra'e en
!ano"s !onnera" !es e)emp'es par$a"emen accepa&'es/ A"ns" 'a op"ca'"sa"on, e)rapos""on c %auc5e, sera" "mposs"&'e en
DI !ans 'ye)emp'e su"0an-
aA&sur!, s5e "sb, C'ar"ssa "ns"se!/
C'ar"ssa "ns"se! 5a a&sur!, s5e oas/
ma"s poss"&'e en !ano"s/
De m]me, un e)emp'e $ran^a"s !ye)rapos""on c !ro"e *right dislocation, !\c'ar\e "naccepa&'e "ra" &"en en !ano"s/ E "'
nous sem&'e accepa&'e en $ran^a"s auss"-
Le 3eune 5omme r\p'"[ua- I' a0a" !onc ra"son, ce %ran! $a/
Le 3eune 5omme r\p'"[ua [uy"' a0a" !onc ra"son, ce %ran! $a/
Encore un e)emp'e, cee $o"s 'e !\p'acemen c %auc5e !es a!0er&es !"rec"onne'-
Oe s5oue!, aAoaW I mus %ob/
Oe s5oue! 5a aoaW 5e mus %o/
Oe s5oue! 5a 5e mus %o aoaW/
Dya"''eurs dan$"e'! e''e1m]me a!me [ue cera"ns e)emp'es sera"en accepa&'es en "r'an!a"s ou !ans 'yam\r"ca"n !es No"rs/
I' es !onc "nu"'e !e c"er !yaures cas !e !"ssWm\r"e enre 'yan%'a"s e 'e !ano"s/ I' es 0ra" [ue 'e !ano"s es peu1]re une
'an%ue [ue'[ue peu per0erse- on peu W 3urer en DI s < *Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY,/
?A

Pr"nc"p"u' ana$ore'or 'u" E s"pu'ea+# c# 0er&u' !e "nro!ucere !"n E re&u"e s# $"e un 0er& !e comun"care n sensul lingvistic
al termenului/ Zer&e'e !e comun"care a'e'e !ec2 acesea *precum a indica sau a demonstra, nu po "nro!uce DD-
Spunnd rhm! hm5 ! Ion indic)demonstr)art c este obosit)Msunt obosit.
Ion spuse)Mart c este obosit! i acestea sunt propriile lui cuvinte.
?@

dan$"e'! $ace !"$eren.a nre "nc"+e1$ra+e (" "nc"+e1s"na%me prepo+"."ona'e *jprep, precum dup prerea mea! ntre noi ec/
Spre !eose&"re !e pr"me'e, !e care ese 0or&a a"c", jprep po ap#rea 'a s2n%a se%menu'u" c"a-
In m8 opinion! the evidence is unconvincing. $a.# !e
MShe said)M"ns9ered 7ar8! ees! it has seemed so to her.
U"'"+2n! aces cr"er"u !e !"scr"m"nare, dan$"e'! as"m"'ea+# "nc"+e'or !"n a !oua cae%or"e (" "nc"+e precum dup cum am
spus! dac m-ai ntreba ec/-

If 8ou as: me)"s I 9as sa8ing! the evidence is unconvincing.
Tre&u"e s# o&ser0#m c# rom2na nu ese a2 !e r"%uroas# n !"$eren."erea acesor srucur", a2 "mp c2 sun aesae
e)emp'e precum-

;"a zise din ei unul/ - >u de pete ngri-esc.
"l doilea zise iari/ - hi eu untdelemn gsesc.
Iar al treilea rspunse/ - 'ac este aa dar!
>u trebuie s iau pine oricum de la vreun brutar.
- 'ar pentru vin ce vom face & ntreb unul din ei.
A-ai gri-e! - rspunse altul 1 i gsesc ct vrei s bei.< *Pann- 9A,
`Y

;Le DIL peu arepro!u"reb, ou acr\erb auss" &"en 'es paro'es [ue 'a pens\e/ Lyapproc5e !e dan$"e'! a pouran m"s au 3our une
!"ssWm\r"e enre 'es !eu) p5\nom_nes [u" nous a su%%\r\ 'es "!\es su"0anes-
Dans 'e cas !es 0er&es !u !"re, !es a"n[u"b, 'a s\para"on !e 'a 0o") !e 'yaueur e !u personna%e *ou !e !eu) personna%es,
es c'a"re/ Une "nsance \nonce ce [ue !" 'yaure, e ce'a 0au \%a'emen pour 'es a"n[u"b, en "nc"ses ou pospos\s, [u"
peu0en accompa%ner 'e DIL/
Ma"s en ce [u" concerne 'es a0er&es !e consc"enceb, 'es c5oses se passen auremen/ A"ns" !ans 'ye)emp'e, consru" par
dan$"e'!, "r\ !e >mma-
Cran: Dhurchill 9as in love 9ith her! >mma realized.
'e 0er&e !e consc"ence e !\cou0r"r f es c ar"&uer au proa%on"se e non pas c 'yaueur/ dan$"e'! 'e monre en ana'Wsan 'es
0er&es a$ac"$sb *0er&es [u", norma'emen, "mp'"[uen 'a 0\r"\ !e 'eurs comp'\mens, comme e sa0o"r, r\0\'er, a!mere,
r\a'"ser f , per!en cee carac\r"s"[ue sy"'s accompa%nen 'e DIL comme paren5\"[ues/ Auremen !", ces 0er&es
ny\noncen pas n\cessa"remen ce [u" es 0\r"\ au n"0eau !e 'a $"c"on/ Dans 'a c"a"on consru"e *e !ans 'a c"a"on !on
e''e es pr\'e0\e, Emma se rompe s< *Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY,/
`6

dan$"e'! p#srea+#, pe parcursu' nre%"" sa'e 'ucr#r", 0ec5ea !enum"re a acese" $orme !e e)pres"e- st8le indirect libre *SIL,/
`7

De jau'mWn 6@A@ "ns"s# pe !"mens"unea scr"s# a !"scursu'u" rapora ca ea'on a' !"scursu'u" %rama"ca' c'as"c (" consa#
c# !e a"c" !ecur%e !"$eren."erea r"%uroas# nre !"scursu' !"rec (" ce' "n!"rec $#cu# !e %rama"c"'e (co'are/ Aceas#
consaare are !rep consec"n.# !"s"n%erea, n "ner"oru' !"scursu'u" rapora, a paru "pur" !e re'a."" s"mp'e, pos"&"'e nre
ora' *O, (" scr"s *S,-

O *S, O } "nserarea unu" se%men scr"s nr1un !"scurs ora' *pre'e%er"'e ora'e,>
S *O, S } "nserarea unu" se%men ora' nr1un !"scurs scr"s *!"a'o%ur"'e !e roman, sc5"m&ur"'e 0er&a'e $"c"0e,>
O *O, O } "nserarea unu" se%men ora' nr1un !"scurs ora' *nara."un"'e ora'e,>
S *S, S } "nserarea unu" se%men scr"s nr1un !"scurs scr"s *e)e (""n."$"ce scr"se,/
T"pu' !e e) pe care ne1am $ormu'a o&ser0a.""'e ese, a(a!ar, O *O, O/
`?

Le%en!a-
TL 4 e)e '"&ere *ntmplri! amintiri,>
O 4 o&"ce"ur" *nunt! natere! nmormntare! cluari! caloian# descntece ec/,>
P 4 po0e(" *e)e '"&ere !e naur# $"c."ona'#,>
R 4 re.ee *cum se face spunul! uica! mmliga! pinea ec/,>
IA 4 ce a fcut subiectul ieri i azi/
O&ser0a.""-
1 e)emp'e'e au !"mens"un" 0ar"a&"'e- ce' ma" scur con."ne 9 cu0"ne, ce' ma" 'un% 4 7YY> num#ru' cu0"ne'or !"n oae
e)emp'e'e !"n corpus ese !e apro)/ 6A/YYY>
1 num#ru' !e e)emp'e pe care a $os e$ecua# sa"s"ca are un caracer a&srac, n sensu' c# au $os num#rae tipurile !e
e)emp'e (" nu apariiile concree a'e acesora> ."n2n! ns# seama !e $apu' c# unu' (" ace'a(" e)emp'u1"p 4 sau p#r." !"n e' 4
poae $" $o'os" penru a "'usra a$"rma."" !"$er"e, num#ru' rea' a' e)emp'e'or ese ma" mare/
Le%en!a surse'or se %#se(e n d"&'"o%ra$"e/
``

Toae sec0en.e'e !e 'a 6/ sn su&s"u"&"'e pr"n consruc."" ac"0e a%en"0e 4 ;rofesorul m-a nvat etc. sau pr"n consruc.""
pas"0e4am fost nvat etc., ceea ce nu se poae spune !espre ce'e !e su& 7/
`9
Ese 0or&a !espre 0er&e (" 'ocu."un" 0er&a'e care nu repro!uc spuse'e > e'e re!au !oar conc'u+"a 'a care s1a a3uns n urma
une" anum"e opera."" - a demonstra! a dovedi! a face dovada ec/ dan$"e'! cons"!er# c# acesea *(" a'e'e asemenea, nu sun
0er&e !e comun"care n sensul lingvistic al termenului, una !"nre caracer"s"c"'e 'or $""n! aceea c# nu po "nro!uce DD -
Spunnd rhm! hm5 ! Ion indic)demonstr)art c este obosit)Msunt obosit.
Ion spuse)Mart c este obosit! i acestea sunt propriile lui cuvinte.
`8

D"s"nc."a " apar."ne 'u" Casae!a/ Un "n!"caor ese un ermen care ese nre&u"n.a !e un "n!"0"! penru o re$er"n.#
!e"c"c# sau !emonsra"0#, pe c2n! un c0as""n!"caor ese un er1men care ese nre&u"n.a !e un "n!"0"! penru a ar"&u"
unu" a' "n!"0"! mo!a'"a1ea une" re$er"n.e par"cu'are> c0as""n!"caor"" nu se "!en"$"c# cu ana$ore'e-
6/ A *c#re d,- C"ne a spar %eamu' l
d *"n!"c2n!u1' pe C,- E' s
7/ Cu oae c# Ion a $#cu o ce "1a sa n pu"n.#, e' n1a reu(" s# pr"n!# renu'/
?/ *E', o %#sea "neresan#, $#r# s# poa# spun# !e ce/
As$e', !ac# n 6/ el ese !e"c"c, "ar n 7/ ana$or"c, n ?/ e' ese-
a/ c0as""n!"caor (" ana$or#, cu con!"."a ca ?/ s# $"e prece!a !e a'e $ra+e n care s# apar# pronume core$eren."a'e cu el>
&/ !oar c0as""n!"caor, cu con!"."a ca ?/ s# $"e $ra+a !e ncepu a une" po0es"r" $"c."o1na'e *sau s# nu $"e prece!a !e a'e
$ra+e n care s# apar# pronume core$eren."a'e cu el ,/ Ia#, !e p"'!#, cum ncepe *ameni din 'ublin- ;De !aa aceasa, n"c" o
n#!e3!e s# ma" scape- era a' re"'ea aac/<
`:

E)emp'u !e $o'os"re a 'u" aici ca un c0as""n!"caor- ;n %r#!"n# era r#coare (" '"n"(e> " p'#cea a"c"/<
`A

;retindeH *!"n pretinde s-i pltesc cltoria, ese un pre!"ca $ac"0, n "mp ce ese pretindeI *!"n pretinde c a stat acas
toat seara, ese un pre!"ca conra$ac"0/
`@

Sensu' 0er&u'u" a povesti "nc'u!e semu' g!es$#(urare %ra!a# (" un"ar#h> $apu' acesa are consec"n.e n u+u' acesu" 0er&>
as$e', 0er&u' poae c"a-
1nara"0 *cu comp'emen sau $#r#,> nara"0 cu comp'e"0# *"nro!us# pr"n cum sau c, gDLR nre%"srea+# urm#oru'
e)emp'u- Se povestea despre dnsul c fiind de paz lng sultanul! l apr ntr-o btaie. *d#'cescu, Romnii supt 7ihai-
Eoievod Eiteazul,, pe care ' cons"!er#m e)emp'u !e !"scurs nara"0"+a h>
1!"rec> apare n "nc"+# sau $"na' (" ese su&s"u"&"' pr"n s"na%me ce "n!"c# "mpu' !"scursu'u"- ncepu)continu el s
povesteasc# termin el de povestit/ U+u' pare s# "mpun# $orma !e "mper$ec *"mp infectum,, $a.# !e a spune sau a zice,
care au o ma" mare '"&erae *po ap#rea 'a pre+en, per$ec compus, per$ec s"mp'u, "mper$ec,>
!ar nu poae c"a "n!"rec- 7i-a spus c a trecut ieri pe la mine, $a.# !e M 7i-a povestit c a trecut ieri pe la mine/
D"nre s"non"me, a spune! a relata! a istorisi $ac pare !"n aceea(" su&%rup# cu a povesti *"n!"c# Receporu' pr"nr1un o&"ec
"n!"rec, (" se consru"esc asem#n#or cu e'> par"cu'ar"#."'e s"nac"ce a'e 0er&e'or a expune! a prezenta! a evoca! a
mprti! a nfia! a reproduce! a zugrvi! a se rsufla! a se slobozi sun !"scuae 'a 7/`/?/7/`/6/
9Y

Su%es"a ese un ac !e 0or&"re a c#ru" $or.# "'ocu."onar# ese n mo! $rec0en e)pr"ma# "n!"rec/
Enun.ur"'e a c#ror "nerpreare !ep"n!e !e a&"'"aea "n!"0"!u'# a receporu'u" po, n pr"nc"p"u, s# $"e raporae a2 !"rec
c2 (" "n!"rec, !ar n pr"mu' ca+ 0a $" rapora# $orma, "ar n a' !o"'ea, sensu' enun.u'u"- n"c" unu' !"nre ce'e !ou# proce!ee
!e re!are nu poae capa semnificaia enun.u'u", a!"c# mo!u' n care ese ;'ua< !e c#re recepor/
As$e', enun.ur"'e
6/ 2"m s vin mine4! mi-a zis. ("
7/ 7i-a spus c urma s vin a doua zi.
"'usrea+# o mo!a'"ae !e a re!a n $orm# (" con."nu *!"rec,, respec"0 !oar n con."nu *"n!"rec, un enun. ca
?/ gAm s# 0"n m2"ne/h/
nor.a "'ocu."onar# a 'u" ?/ *amen"n.are l, prom"s"une l, s"mp'a enun.are a unu" $ap l, nu ranspare ns# n 6/ sau 7/, "ar
"!en"$"carea corec# a acese" $or.e ese '#sa#, n aces ca+, pe seama "ner'ocuoru'u" raporor (" a a&"'"#."'or acesu"a !e a
$ace !e!uc."" corece, p'ec2n! !e 'a cone)u' n care a ap#ru 6/ sau 7/ Rapororu' se a$'# a(a!ar n $a.a une" a'e%er" care ."ne
!e o srae%"e con0ersa."ona'#- n mo! o&"(nu", e' !eco!ea+# "ner'ocuoru'u" s#u $or.a "'ocu."onar# a enun.u'u" pe care '
raporea+#- 7-a ameninat)mi-a promis)a afirmat)mi-a spus c va veni a doua zi., "ar !ac# nu o $ace, asa nseamn# c# e' $"e
'as#, !"nr1un mo"0 sau a'u', "nerprearea enun.u'u" rapora pe seama "ner'ocuoru'u", $"e nu a "!en"$"ca corec $or.a
'ocu."onar# a ace'u" enun./
Re0en"n! 'a 0er&u' a sugera, raporarea sec0en.e"-
gAsa ese o per"oa!# c2n! am $oare mu' !e 'ucru.h
poae $"-
2"m foarte mult de lucru4! mi-a spus.
7i-a spus c are mult de lucru.
'a $e' !e &"ne ca ("-
7i-a sugerat)7i-a dat de neles s plec.
!ar nu poae $"-
M 7i-a sugerat c are foarte mult de lucru.
Dac# per$ormarea acu'u" !e a su%era ese uneor" e)p'"c"#, $o'os" ese a sugera, n"c"o!a# a da de neles *gi-a sugera o
abordare mai ampl a fenomenului.# M \i dau de neles s pleci.,
96

Munro ana'"+ea+# $e'u' n care se compor# to sa8 ca 0er& a' c"#r"" (" a3un%e 'a conc'u+"a c# e' are n aceas# posur#
comporamen !e 0er& "nran+""0> unu' !"nre ar%umene'e pe care auoarea 'e a!uce n spr"3"nu' acese" a$"rma."" ese mo!u'
n care sa8 'a pas"0 apare cu !"scurs c"a-
;Pass"0"+a"on seems $ar 'ess $e'"c"ous o"5 acua' [uoe! speec5- Oe'p s, oas sa"!/> I oas sa"! *o me, *&W some,,
our 5ouse "s 5aune!/ T5"s $a"'ure o$ !"rec [uoa"ons o occur as 5e su&3ec o$ pass"0es su%%ess 5a En%'"s5 sa8 "s
muc5 'ess rans""0e o"5 a !"rec [uoa"on comp'emen 5an o"5 a non[uoa"on< *?YA,/
n '"m&a rom2n# e)"s# !ou# mo!ur" !e e)pr"mare a pas"0u'u", "ar re'a."a $"ec#ru"a cu !"scursu' !"rec ese !"$er"#-
1pas"0u' ana'""c a' 'u" a spune nu poae c"a !"rec *n n"c" o po+"."e, n"c" s"n%ur (" n"c" cu ana$or#tcaa$or#,-
M 2"-utor <4! a fost spus.)M >ste spus/ 2Cumatul duneaz sntii.4
M >ste spus aa)astfel/ 234)M 234! aa este spus.
1n sc5"m&, pas"0u' re$'e)"0 a' 'u" a spune/
6/ poae c"a "n"."a' aunc" c2n! ese nso." !e o&"ec "n!"rec-
M S-a spus/ 2Eom avea o iarn lung4)gi s-a spus 2nu merge acolo4! nu-i aa &
7/ poae c"a $"na' aunc" c2n! ese nso." !e o&"ec "n!"rec-
M 27ine va ninge4! s-a spus.)2Eei avea o surpriz4! mi s-a spus.
?/ c"ea+# !"rec cu caa$or# sau ana$or#-
htii cum se spune/ 2Dalul de dar nu se caut la dini.4) 234! aa se spune pe la noi.
`/ c"ea+# n mea'"m&a3-
Se spune 2ghiee4! nu 2ghieuri4. *pos"&"'"ae pe care o are (" pas"0u' 'u" sa8- A"nb "s sa"! &W $eo pro$essors/,
Re+u'# o ma" mare !"spon"&"'"ae penru c"are a 'u" a spune, n compara."e cu corespon!ene'e 'u" !"n a'e '"m&"/ O pos"&"'#
e)p'"ca."e penru comporamenu' !"$er" a' ce'or !ou# pas"0e ne ese su%era# !e A0ram- ;pas"0u' cu a fi ese '"0resc, "ar
re$'e)"0u' pas"0 popu'ar< *7Y`,/
97

Dup# cr"er"u' pos"&"'"#."" !e a se consru" cu caa$ore'e aa)astfel, 0er&e'e !ec'ara"0e se mpar n !ou# mar" c'ase-
a/ 0er&e care a!m" consruc."a cu caa$ore'e aa)astfel#
&/ 0er&e care nu a!m" acese caa$ore/
n pr"ma c'as# "nr# 0er&e durative, "ar n cea !e1a !oua, 0er&e momentane> re+u'au' une" enun.#r" !ura"0e ese un enun.
larg, "ar acesa ese suscep"&"' !e a a0ea, ma" pre%nan !ec2 un enun. scurt, caracer"s"c" op"ce, "nona."ona'e, reor"ce
ec/ , a!"c# un anum" mod de spunere, spre care po r"m"e caa$or"ce'e aa sau astfel, pos"&"'"ae m"n"m# sau e)c'us#
penru ce'e'a'e> n p'us, caraceru' previzibil sau imprevizibil a' enun.u'u" ese !e asemenea "mporan, (" e' ese a!esea
nscr"s n sensu' 0er&u'u"- a zice $a.# !e a accepta/
D"nre 0er&e'e or"enae spre Recepor, se po consru" cu caa$ore'e aa)astfel urm#oare'e 0er&e- a zice! a spune! a scrie! a
glsui! a ndemna! a nva! a ntreba! a povui! a propune! a sftui/
Zer&u' a vorbi ;a se a!resa cu"0a< $o'os" !escr"p"0 are ne0o"e !e $"ecare !a# !e caa$or# *aa)astfel,/
D"nre 0er&e'e or"enae spre Au!"or, se po consru" cu caa$ore'e aa)astfel urm#1oare'e 0er&e- a calcula! a continua/
Se po consru" cu caa$ora urmtoarele 0er&e'e-
or"enae spre Recepor-
a zice! a spune! a declara! a povesti! a relata! a istorisi! a arta! a atrage atenia! a dezvlui! a reproa! a semnala! a
transmite! a cere! a prescrie! a recomanda! a solicita.
or"enae spre Au!"or-
a constata! a decide! a susine! a postula! a pretinde! a stipula! a face $s% precizri! observaii! remarce/
9?

Uneor" c"ea+# (" "n!"rec- ;m a!e0#ra %r#"1a" c# unu' ese Dumne+eu (" nu ese a'u' a$ar# !e e'< *Marcu, 67, ?7,/
9`

" vesti accep# consruc."a cu o&"ec "n!"rec *a vesti cuiva vestea cea bun,, !a"0 poses"0 *a-i vesti cuiva eliberarea, ("
o&"ec !"rec *a vesti pe F c a sosit e,> pr"mu' (" u'"mu' c"ea+# !"rec *$"na', (" "n!"rec, "ar ce' !e1a' !o"'ea, nara"0 cu
comp'emen/
99

Tesu' !e per$orma"0"ae propus !e Aus"n-
Srucura per$orma"0#, u"'"+a# pr"nr1o enun.are per$orma"0#, ese caracer"+a# pr"n urm#oare'e r#s#ur"-
1su&"ecu' Em".#or ese (" su&"ecu' acu'u" "'ocu."onar>
1"mpu' enun.#r"" ese (" "mpu' 0er&u'u" "'ocu."onar>
1$ra+a re&u"e s# a"&# $orm# aser"0#> srucura e" ese per$orma"0# !ac#-
a, enun.2n!1o, Em".#oru' e" !escr"e o ac."une pe care ese n curs !e a o $ace>
&, su&"ecu' Em".#or s#02r(e(e ac."unea pe care o !escr"e pr"n acu' s#u !e '"m&a3- n "mp ce spune >u F c ;, e' X/
98

" observa (" a preciza se po consru" cu sau $#r# o&"ec "n!"rec, $ap care ara%e sc5"m&#r" n p'anu' mo!a'"#."" pe care
acese 0er&e o e)p'"c"ea+#- $#r# o&"ec "n!"rec, e'e e)p'"c"ea+# constatarea sau opinia *mo!a'"#." e'ocu"0e,, "ar cu o&"ec
"n!"rec 4 3u!ecaa, mo!a'"ae a'ocu"0#- >l observ *;$#cu o&ser0a."a<, c se ntunecase foarte devreme. $a.# !e
;Spun2n!u1" o!a# ce rar e s# %#se(" pe c"ne0a care s# n0e.e ca !2nsa numa" !e p'#cere, m" o&ser0# c# ea n0#.a cu
p'#cere, !ar !e ne0o"e, ca s# a"&# o meser"e/< *Cara%"a'e7- 66:,
9:

Une'e !"nre acesea, ca a murmura, apar $o'os"e n DN aunc" c2n! au sensu' ;a spune, a 0or&"<, ca n ;Ea $usese crescu#
'a jene0a (" 'a Par"s, !e un!e se norsese n .ar# 'a 02rsa !e (a"spre+ece an" cu mo!e (" apuc#ur" ce u"m"ser# (" $#cuser# s#
se murmure/< *Cara%"a'e7 - 66Y,
9A

"-i scpa are o s"ua."e "neresan# ca srucur# s"nac"c#, 0a'oare pra%ma"c# (" ro'ur" ema"ce- 0er&u' ese "mpersona',
Em".#oru' *o&"ec "n!"rec n !a"0, ese '"ps" !e "nen."e, !ec" ese Surs (" nu "gent, "ar Receporu' nu ese !es"naaru' c"
!es"naoru' mesa3u'u" (", n consec"n.#, nu ese 'e)"ca'"+a> 0er&u' nu c"ea+# !ec2 !"rec> $a.# !e !"scursu' c"a apare !oar
n po+"."e $"na'#/
9@

" uiera poae accepa (" o&"ec "n!"rec- 234! $i% uier el.
8Y

nna%W $ace urm#oare'e remarce n 'e%#ur# cu !"scursu' !"rec-
In!"c"" s"nac"c", ca (" ce" pro+o!"c", re$'ec# c'ar caraceru' re'a"0 s'a& a' !"scursu1'u" c"an *C,, aunc" c2n! acesa ese
pospus !"scursu'u" c"a *c,> n spec"a' n ma1%5"ar#, C ara# o ma" mare "n!epen!en.# aunc" c2n! ese anepus/ n C,
or!"nea cu0"ne'or ese "n0ers# aunc" c2n! ese pospus *zise el (" n"c"o!a# el zise,> aces 'ucru ese 0#+u !e c#re auor ca o
consec"n.# a p'as#r"" accenu'u" em$a"c pe c/
napu' c# pospunerea 'u" C "mp'"c# un anum" comporamen s"nac"c a' 0er&u'u" !"n C ese ma" e0"!en n ma%5"ar#, n
compara."e cu $rance+a sau a'e '"m&" "n!o1europene/ As$e', aunc" c2n! C ese pospus-
a, ;0er&a' pre$")es are re%u'arW separae! $rom, an! pu &e5"n!, 5e 0er&- 5"s "mp'"es a prece!"n% op"ca'"+e! 0er&a' un"/<
*786,>
&, 0er&e'e poen."a' ran+""0e !"n C pospus urmea+# no!eauna con3u%area o&"ec1"0#- mondta ;*asa, +"se e'<, olvasta
;*asa, c"" e'<, gondolta ;*asa, %2n!" e'< *n ma1%5"ar#, 0er&u' urmea+# con3u%area o&"ec"0# !ac# "n!"c# un o&"ec !e$"n">
or, un 0er& 'a con3u%area o&"ec"0#, n a&sen.a unu" o&"ec n C, ara# $apu' c# !"scursu' c"a *c, ese cons"!era ca o&"ec,>
c, e)"s# o en!"n.# marca# !e a p'asa n pospo+"."e $orme'e cu u+ non1re$eren."a' *!e p"'!# tason!at, $orma s'a&#,
!e$"c"ar# seman"c, a 'u" azt mond-a ;asa a spus e'< sau tg8mond, $orma s'a&#, care nu poae ap#rea !ec2 n pospo+"."e, a
'u" tg8 mond-a ;e' +"ce a(a<,> n ma%5"ar# ese $oare c'ar conrasu' !"nre uzuri non-referen-iale, care "mp'"c# apar"."a
0er&u'u" n po+"."e me!"a'# sau $"na'#, con3u%area o&"ec"10#, op"c# "n0ers#, pe !e o pare, (" uzuri refereniale, $ap care
presupune con3u%a1rea su&"ec"0# (" op"c# norma'#, pe !e a'a/
Spre !eose&"re !e ma%5"ar#, 0er&e'e !e !ec'ara."e ran+""0e !"n $rance+# se po !"spensa !e su&san"0u' sau pronume'e
o&"ec> e'e sun sa"s$#cue !e !"scursu' c"a n s"ne> n ma%5"ar#, ns#, 0er&u' !e "nro!ucere apare no!eauna nso." !e un
pronume *ezt)azt mondta)suttogta)-avasolta ;e' +"se, (op", propuse asta<,, !ac# ese ran+""0, sau !e un a!0er& *ug8
fol8tatta ;e' con"nu# aa<,, !ac# ese "nran+"1"0/
86

D"nre acesea, se po consru" cu o&"ec "n!"rec- a adeveri! a certifica! a blm-i! a debita! a descrie! a indica! a prezenta! a
recita/ Apar"."a o&"ecu'u" "n!"rec ese $acu'a"0#> 0er&e'e c"ae e)p'"c"ea+#, cu sau $#r# o&"ec "n!"rec, mo!a'"#."
e'ocu"0e/
87

n rom2n# e)"s# urm#oare'e e)cep."" !e 'a re%u'a con$orm c#re"a 0er&e'e !e comun"care "n!"c# Receporu' pr"nr1un o&"ec
"n!"rec-
6/ n %rupa 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e or"enae spre Recepor-
Zer&e care $ormea+# !"scurs c"an-
a/ 0er&e care acua'"+ea+# srucura Recepor4gint4o&"ec !"rec-
a, a nva *!ocre, o eac5,> a ntreba $dac% /
&, a amenina! a anuna! a asigura! a ateniona! a autoriza! a avertiza! a informa! a invita! a mbia! a ncredina! a
ndemna! a ntiina! a lmuri! a mini! a pofti! a povui! a presa! a ruga! a sftui/
Zer&e care nu $ormea+# !"scurs c"an-
a chestiona! a dezinforma! a instrui! a interoga! a interpela! a intervieva! a medita (" a prepara, am&e'e cu sensu' ;a !a
'ec."" par"cu'are<, a pomeni ;a am"n" !e c"ne0a sau !e ce0a</
7/ n %rupa 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e or"enae spre Au!"or-
Zer&e care $ormea+# !"scurs c"an-
a/ a declara! a spune! a arta! a repeta nu se consru"esc cu o&"ec "n!"rec aunc" c2n! apar n srucur" ca am
spus)subliniat)afirmat)relevat adesea)ntotdeauna) frecvent)de nenumrate ori c#
&/ oae 0er&e'e !e 'a 7/`/`/6/ &/, c/, !/
Zer&e care nu $ormea+# !"scurs c"an-
Toae 0er&e'e !e a"c" care nu a!m" o&"ec sau care se consru"esc cu o&"ec !"rec/
Conc'u+"a ese c#, penru '"m&a rom2n#, nu se poae $ace a$"rma."a ran(an# c# ;oae 0er&e'e care nu a!m" un as$e' !e
o&"ec *un o&"ec "n!"rec care r"m"e spre !es"naar, sun e)c'use !"n para!"%ma 'ocuorta'ocuor< *dan$"e'!- 9`,
8?

Cr"er"u' seman"c ese ns# unu' !e "mporan.# secun!ar# penru su&c'as"$"carea 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e, !eoarece 0er&e care
apar."n ace'u"a(" c2mp seman"c $ac pare !"n su&c'ase !"$er"e !ac# 'e cons"!er#m ca 0er&e !e !ec'ara."e- a rspunde! a
replica! a i-o reteza! a se amesteca! a ntrerupe! a concluziona! a continua! a ncheia sun oae 0er&e $a"ce, !ar, pe c2n!
pr"me'e re" "n!"c# Receporu' pr"nr1un o&"ec "n!"rec, ce'e'a'e sun or"enae spre Au!"or (" nu po c"a !ec2 !"rec ("
$"na'> a opti! a striga! a mri! a murmura! a pufni sun 0er&e care !au !ea'"" asupra "n$'e)"un"" 0oc"", !ar, pe c2n! pr"me'e
!ou# "n!"c# Receporu', ce'e'a'e nu o po $ace ec/ Seman"smu' 0er&e'or !e care ne ocup#m poae $" core'a ns# cu
pre+en.ata&sen.a propr"e#."" !e a c"a/ As$e', r#s#ur"'e seman"ce a'e 0er&e'or cupr"nse n 7/`/`/7/6/ ne ara# !e ce e'e nu
po $orma n"c"o!a# un !"scurs c"an- penru c# o&"ecu' 'or ese discursul (" nu o anum"# replic/ To as$e', seman"smu'
0er&e'or !e 'a 7/`/`/6/c/ e)p'"c# !e ce e'e po rapora !oar !"rec (" !oar $"na'- penru c# e'e $ac re$er"re 'a circumstanele n
care are 'oc enun.area/
8`

0er&e cau+a"0e n srucura !e a!2nc"me- >l fcu s circule zvonulXDircul zvonul> 0e+" (" e)"sen.a unor srucur" para'e'e
ca ;Dup# un an, sau !up# ma" mu'.", mo Aichifor s-au rsuflat, 'a un p#5ar cu 0"n, ctr un prieten a' s#u, !espre
n2mp'area !"n co!ru' jrum#+e("'or (" $r"ca ce a ras %"up2neasa Ma'cam< *Crean%#- 6AA> su&'"n"erea mea, sau ;Numa" u,
s nu cumva te rsufli cuiva, ca s# pr"n!# e' !e 0ese/< *Crean%#- 6?> su&'"n"erea mea, (" ;A r#su$'a *("rea, c#m</
89

n 'e%#ur# cu propr"eaea !e a c"a a 0er&e'or !ec'ara"0e, puem $ace urm#oare'e o&ser0a.""-
6/!oar 0er&e'e !"n cenru' !ur a' !ec'ara"0e'or *a zice! a spune! a scrie! a citi# a nva, po c"a direct $indiferent de
poziie%! indirect i narativ $cu completiv! cu complement! absolut%> !"nre !ec'ara"0e'e or"enae spre Au!"or nu e)"s#
n"c" unu' care s# a"&# o a2 !e mare !"spon"&"'"ae>
7/ nu e)"s# 0er&e !ec'ara"0e persona'e care s# m&"ne ca'"aea !e a c"a !oar direct i iniial cu aceea !e a c"a indirect-
10er&e'e persona'e care c"ea+# "n!"rec, "ar !"rec !oar nr1o s"n%ur# po+"."e, nu po ap#rea !ec2 n poziie final $a.# !e
!"scursu' !"rec>
10er&e'e "mpersona'e care c"ea+# "n!"rec, "ar !"rec !oar nr1o s"n%ur# po+"."e, nu po ap#rea !ec2 n poziie iniial $a.# !e
!"scursu' !"rec/
?/ 0er&e'e care au !oar capac"aea !e a c"a doar direct sun-
1!"nre ce'e or"enae spre Recepor, verbe care denot faptul enunrii *a cuvnta! a glsui! a gri! a rosti! a vorbi ;a se
a!resa cu"0a<,> sau verbe fatice *a replica! a i-o reteza,>
1!"nre ce'e or"enae spre Au!"or, verbe care denot circumstanele enunrii *a articula! a bolborosi! a bombni! a
exclama! a exploda! a se fandosi! a se fli! a gargarisi! a gfi! a grohi! a se grozvi! a horci! a ltra! a mri! a mormi!
a mugi! a murmura! a pufni! a ssi! a scheuna! a scrni! a susura! a uiera! a zbiera, sau verbe fatice *a se amesteca! a se
bga! a completa! a conchide! a concluziona! a continua! a insista! a interveni! a isprvi! a izbucni! a ncepe! a ncheia! a
ngima! a ntmpina! a ntregi! a ntrerupe! a para! a prinde glas! a rupe tcerea! a-i scpa! a schimba vorba! a sfri! a
termina# puem "nc'u!e a"c" (" 0er&e'e care !eno# cum anume se raporea+# 'ocuoru' 'a ce'e spuse !e "ner'ocuor- a
consimi! a se mpotrivi! a se ncpna! a ncuviina! a se nvoi! a protesta,>
`/ !ec'ara"0e'e or"enae spre Au!"or care c"ea+# !oar "n!"rec sau !"rec $"na' (" "n!"rec sun verbe epistemice-
a adeveri! a admite! a afirma! a aprecia! a argumenta! a aserta! a certifica! a consemna! a constata! a decide! a depune
mrturie! a dezmini! a face o observaie)remarc! a fi de acord! a fi de prere! a ntri! a meniona! a nega! a paria! a
preconiza! a propovdui! a rspndi vestea)tirea c! a reafirma! a scoate n relief! a specifica! a stipula! a tgdui! a
vehicula tirea c! a observa! a opina! a postula! a preciza! a pretinde! a recunoate! a releva! a reliefa! a remarca! a
sublinia! a sugera $c%! a susine /
9/ $ormea+# !"scurs nara"0"+a cu comp'e"0# consru"# cu cum 0er&e'e a citi! a scrie! a zice! a spune! a aminti! a arta! a
dezvlui! a explica! a raporta! a reaminti! a repeta! a nva/ Cu e)cep."a 'u" a citi, sun 0er&e aser"0e, "ar pos"&"'"aea !e a
$orma !"scurs nara"0"+a cu cum ese o r#s#ur# a aser"0e'or/ Nu oae aser"0e'e c"ea+# nara"0 cu comp'e"0# *a se
plnge! a striga! a anuna! a asigura! a informa! a ncredina! a ntiina! a mini ,, !"$eren.a !"nre ce'e !ou# ser"" c"ae a"c"
$""n! (" una !e or!"n seman"c- n "mp ce 0er&e'e !"n pr"ma ser"e !eno# per$ormarea unu" !"scurs, ce'e cupr"nse n a !oua au
ca o&"ec o rep'"c#/ " ntreba consru" cu a!0er&u' cum raporea+# "n!"rec o "nero%a"0# par."a'#/
8/ e)"s# 0er&e care c"ea+# nara"0 (" se'ecea+# s- 7i-a sugerat)7i-a dat de neles s plec.
:/ e)"s# 0er&e care c"ea+# nara"0 cu c/ Ese 0or&a !espre 0er&e care nu po c"a "n!"rec, cupr"nse 'a 7/`/?/7/9/ *a
demonstra! a dovedi! a face dovada, (" 'a 7/`/`/7/7/ *a a-unge la concluzia! a calcula! a proba! a socoti! a stabili,, 'a care '
puem a!#u%a pe a povesti, penru care 0e+" noa !e $"na' `A/
A/ e)"s# 0er&e care nu po c"a nara"0- a propune! a se anga-a! a fgdui! a promite# a invita! a mbia! a ndemna! a pofti! a
povui! a presa! a ruga! a sftui> a autoriza! a soma/
no'os"rea conecoru'u" c nu ese, a(a!ar, n"c" s"n%ura mo!a'"ae !e a c"a "n!"rec *0e+" 0er&u' a ntreba, care se'ecea+#
dac, 0e+" 0er&e'e !e 'a 7/7/6/6/&, care se'ecea+# s, 0er&e'e !e 'a 7/7/6/6/c, care se'ecea+# c)s, (" n"c" r#s#ura
!"s"nc"0# a c"#r"" "n!"rece *e)"s# 0er&e care c"ea+# nara"0 cu c,/
88

Cre!em c# ese $a's s# cons"!er#m c# 0er&e'e !"n aceas# c'as#, ca (" 0er&e'e, "mpersona'e seman"c, ce !eno# sunee em"se
!e p'ane sau an"ma'e au !oar $o'os"r" mea$or"ce/ Dac# am opa penru o as$e' !e so'u."e nu am ."ne seam# !e oae ace'e
ocuren.e n care acese 0er&e apar cu sensu' 'or propr"u- ;Las# c# a" s# 0e+" u<, morm#" ursu'/, ;De ce a" $#cu asa l<, un#
Iup"er Tonans, ;" ce 0re." !e 'a m"ne l<, sc2r.2" copacu' ec/
8:

Mo!a'"#."'e enun."a"0e, ca (" modalitate! act elocutiv)alocutiv)delocutiv! configuraie explicit)implicit sun n.e'ese n
accep."a pe care 'e1o !# C5arau!eau/
8A

n 7-a ntrebat cum m-am descurcat eu cu ati copii & e)"s# o 'e%#ur# nre "no1na."a ascen!en# a "nero%a"0e" "n!"rece
(" $e'u' n care a $os recepa# nre&area "n"."a'# !e c#re 'ocuoru' raporor- $apu' c# a $os nre&a (" n ace'a(" "mp
comptimit !e c#re 'ocuoru' or"%"nar> ese ceea ce rapororu' 0rea s# ransm"# "ner'ocuoru'u" s#u/ Rapororu' enun.# !ec",
pr"n c5"ar mo!u' n care re!# nre&area respec"0#, $apu' c# ese de comptimit (", e0enua', de admirat 4 'ucru pe care nu '
puea $ace !ec2 pr"nr1un !"scurs "n!"rec "nona !"rec/
8@

( ve1a +s suacr#1sa lt;a"u" m""c#< ;a"u" m""c#< +vet;pn1a""vtt!1a""v co'otnu ma" $avem n"v umupas< ;pn1a""vtt!1a""v co'otnu ma" $avem n"v umupas<tt TDM III, p/7Y, r/ 7A17@
gcop"'u'h ."pa s# muar#t1m0"ne."settve +"ser#m no" l ;ve s# a"&#tve s# a"&#tta" 'a $"na< ;ve s# a"&#tve s# a"&#tta" 'a $"na<tt TDM III, p/`8:, r/ 81:
( ce +ve &#r&a"1m"u aco'o lt;5a"!e< +ve ;s#1" 0"n!em g&o""h 0"n!enu(" p1#satts# ne $avem naca0a'"'"< ;5a"!e< +ve ;s#1" 0"n!em g&o""h 0"n!enu(" p1#satts# ne $avem naca0a'"'"<tve1
a0eam no"m!aor""ttgmh TDM III, p/96, r/ 6A17Y
:Y

Aunva 0u'pea a $u" nr1o scor&ur#, ursu s1a urca n gph p# sus, p# scor&ur# ( a &#%a c1unmuucr'"%/ Cn! ' gph o
a"na, +"va-
4 4 5#, prosu'e, ra3ura, c# nu m1an/ 5#, prosu'e, ra3ura, c# nu m1an/
Cn! o o a"na, +va gph cnun1o a"na, +va-
4 4 Za'e'eu, cum#re, 0a'e'eu, cum#re, nu ma" ra, c Za'e'eu, cum#re, 0a'e'eu, cum#re, nu ma" ra, c uruup"voar'e/ uruup"voar'e/ TDO, p/`, r/ 916Y
Aunva .%anu a +s c# ;nu cre!< ;nu cre!</ " a +s gKh a +s-
4 Ia + u ;!e(x"!e1e mas#<
(" masa av s1a !e(x"s cu aea &una2.ur" (" "e" a mca amn!o" ("1ap# gKh pe urm# a +s- ; ;x x"!e1e mas#< "!e1e mas#<> masa s1a1
x"s ("1a p'eca acas# gmh TDO, p/9Y, r/6916:
:6
;p#" !a u posus# e con!uv l c# a" s# mor" !# $uametn1o s# ma" ."m +!rean.# p# "neto s# munve3"unuma p# ma'"%# ma'"%#<tc1
a(a spunea "e" gsht ;o s# munve(up# ma'"%#to s#mo s# n1a" gph o s# ra&+u!# $uamem o s# munve(up# ma'"%#to s#mo s# n1a" gph o s# ra&+u!# $uamem<tt TDM I, p/?:, r/771?`
"e' a +s- ;$# mar""o< ;$# mar""o<tta(a1" spunea "e"ttn"(e oamen" cwus"mp'" "e" "era a(atnum cam !nr1o &uca#tt+ve ;$# mar""o sttve
$avemtma" .nem no" $aauasa l<tt TDM I, p/?8, r/7817@
uo %ren!# ! aea nu ("u cum cum " spunea c# "e c# "ett TDM I, p/68, r/7
:7

;gmhpar'er, ce nbes pas '"0rer une "n$orma"on c un !es"naa"re, cbes pr\sener un !rame !e0an un pu&'"c/< *jo$$man-
`@@,/
:?

n sec0en.e ca-
"e' cnu'1a 0#+ut'1a cunoscu a cunoscu- ;#sa1" &#'auur<t Pn, p/8@, r/`19
sau
La urm#1n anu 0"""o gph 0"""or, a 0ru a 0ru ve' ma" m"3'uoc ca s#m
4 Ta#, m# !uc "o, c# "o1' pr"n!/ TDO, p/6Y9, r/7717?
rapororu' nu ara# pr"n c"a 'ucru' sau ac."unea care $ace o&"ecu' 0o"n.e" sau a' cunoa(er"", c" "!en"$"c# n enun.u' c"a
!"rec man"$esarea ora'# a $apu'u" !e a 0rea sau !e a recunoa(e/ C# ese a(a ne1o ara# sec0en.e'e !e !"scurs rapora n
care apar 0er&e "nran+""0e sau ran+""0e a' c#ror o&"ec !"rec nu "n!"c# mesa3u'-
n""e c# m1am !es$#cuueo !"nu+#p#vea'a a"a carem4 creuc1aunva nu ma" "erwuxar norma'# 4 am nvepu a 5o"", "ar-
;Ouo, uursu s</ ;Ouo, uursu s</ TDO, p/7:, r/61?
s# 0e+" cus# 3e'e(e !e $rumos 'a no", s# 0e+" ve mormnare $rumuas#/ Nu1" ca 'a romn" g}o'en"h/ La romn",
rumnve'e s#rave'e s1auo'esc- ;Au#'e'e'eo, au#'e'e'eo s< ;Au#'e'e'eo, au#'e'e'eo s< Da 'a no" nu/ TDO, p/88, r/7717`
(1amu$#cuu.u"c#t(1amu0n!uu.u"cat(um1anu!us (u"1aucump#rau&ouutc# m1a1con!emnau'e%ea c# ;u '1a" c# ;u '1a"
omor< omor<tgmh ( '1am p'#" ve s#1" $ac ltt TDM I, p/767, r/6A176
1ap#1' ma" 'au!#-
C#r#ru(# p"n o0#s, C#r#ru(# p"n o0#s,
A+ wu$osu'a uom a'"es A+ wu$osu'a uom a'"es/ gmh ALRT II, p/6Y`, r/7@1?6
a'a ' ursea+# uor c# ;mo" gph mor" mpu(ca< ;mo" gph mor" mpu(ca<tuor c#1;necau< ;necau<t TDM III, p/`A@, r/6716?
:`

Zer&u' a auzi are o s"ua."e spec"a'#/ E' !eno# un ac spec"$"c receporu'u", n con-diiile n care exist un mesa- oarecare i
o non-identitate ntre receptor i emitor *prec"+#r" $#cue penru a e)c'u!e !"n !"scu."e "nran+""0u' a auzi ;a a0ea s"m.u'
au+u'u"< !ar (" u+ur" a'e ran+""0u'u" precum nu m mai aud sau tu nu te auzi vorbind & ,/
n-
a 0"n ursu (1am p'eca nr1o nuape !1a""v cnuam auu+u;ursu m#tursu m# s< ;ursu m#tursu m# s< TDM I, p/9@, r/617
u+u' 'u" respec# con!".""'e spec"$"cae, "ar $apu' c# ese urma !e un !"scurs c"a ' aprop"e !e 0er&e'e !e !ec'ara."e/
Nu a(a se n2mp'# ns# 'ucrur"'e n e)emp'e'e-

(uup1a"u"eu cn!uam auu+t
;auo'eo sms# "au p1a'a !1o su#<t TDM I, p/7:@, r/6716?
(ucnus"m.ea momenu g'upu'ht5aptnu'ua umum"e'tp'eca cu "e'mttauu+eanu'a uo +" uaea +&"ern!mtt;m#" ve s# a"&#
uaea cuare l !# +&"ar#<tt TDM II, p/6A, r/A16Y
A(a!ar, n ca+u' 0er&u'u" a auzi $o'os" ca 0er&1semna' ese !e$"n"or"e o identitate ntre persoana receptorului i persoana
care emite secvena redat n discurs direct *penru c# e)"s# !ou# mesa3e, !"nre care unu' ese e'"p"c- Iar eu, aunc" c2n!
am au+" tg- ;Zen"." cu &uoa"e'e, s# 'ua." ap# s<, m"1am +"s-ht ;Ao'eu, s#1' "au pe #'a !e o su# s<tt,/
:9

O s"n%ur# e)cep."e, n care, !e(" 0er&u' semna' prece!# c"au' !"rec, or!"nea ac."un"'or 'a care r"m" e'e ese "n0ers#-
( p# urm# $#veam o '"s#t
;v"ne reer#1n"" l<tt
;cuare<tt TDM III, p/7:, r/6716`
:8

Inero%a"0a poae $" "nerprea# (" ca o poen."a'# nre&are a "ner'ocuoru'u"/ Po0es"oru' (" asum# e' ro'u' !e a $ormu'a
nre&area, simulnd (" stimulnd "neresu' ascu'#oru'u" penru po0es"re/ As$e', o pos"&"'# sec0en.# ca-

Po0es"oru'- "tunci eu i-am spus 234
Ascu'#oru'- hi ea ce-a spus &
!e0"ne-
Po0es"oru'- "tunci eu i-am spus 234 hi ea ce-a spus & 234/
::

>valuare (" rezolvare sun ermen" $o'os"." !e c#re La&o0 6@:7 (" 6@A6, a'#ur" !e rezumat! orientare! complicare (" cvda/
Dac# n pr"me'e sa'e e)e evaluarea era cons"!era# o pare a nara."un"", n ce'e ma" recene ea ese ma" !e%ra&# o $unc."e a
acese"a/
:A

Termen "nro!us !e Zu'pe 6@@:- ;Spre !eose&"re !e sec0en.e'e re+uma"0e ana$or"ce gnum"e !e auoare pro-citate, $ormu'e
care au ro'u' !e a re+uma un ep"so! comun"ca aner"or (" !e a ."ne 'ocu' unu" c"ah, a' c#ror con."nu concre ese cunoscu
receporu'u" !"nr1un $ra%men prece!en a' ace'u"a(" e)<, pseu!oc"au' ;nu $ace !ec2 s# su%ere+e cae%or"a !e enun.ur"
capa&"'# s# !e+am&"%u"+e+e c'"(eu'/< *696,/ Penru Zu'pe, ;pr"nc"pa'a $unc."e pra%ma"c# a acesu" "p !e c'"(eu ese aceea
!e a e0"a e)pres"a !"rec# a unu" con."nu nep'#cu, sup#r#or< *ib.,, $ap penru care acese $ormu'e *c-o fi! c-o pi> c aa!
c pe dincolo> c treac! c mearg> c sucit! c-nvrtit> c-n sus! c-n -os> ncoace! ncolo> c-i laie! c-i blaie> nu tiu
ce ec/, ma" sun num"e (" c'"(ee eu$em"s"ce/ Zu'pe o&ser0# c# po0es"oru' $o'ose(e pseu!oc"ae'e ;cu o oarecare !o+# !e
"ron"e *percep"&"'# !"n "nona."e,< *697,, !ar auoarea nu ana'"+ea+# ca+ur"'e n care pseu!oc"au' ese $o'os" !e c#re
Raporor penru a crea "erar5"" *(" !"san.#, n po0es"re/
AdREZIERI
c - discursul citat! parte a 'R n care R
e
reproduce spusele D
e
.
C - discursul citant! parte a 'R n care R
e
identific actul de limba- performat de
ctre D
e
/
C
e
- emitorul citat.
C
r
- interlocutorul lui D
e
.
DD - discurs direct.
DDL - discurs direct liber.
!!' - discurs direct legat.
DI - discurs indirect.
!""! - discurs indirect intonat direct.
DIL - discurs indirect liber.
DN - discurs narativizat.
Do - discurs originar # orice form de mesa- $oral sau scris! verbal sau non-verbal%
transmis la un moment dat de un emitor unui receptor.
DR - discurs raportat # orice cuplu format dintr-un C i un c.
R
e
- emitorul raportor.
R
r
- interlocutorul lui R
e
.

SISTEMUL DE TRANSCRIERE nONETIC
S"semu' !e ranscr"ere $one"c# u"'"+a n corpus ese unu' adaptat *s"semu' !e noare ese a' ALR,
!ar m"3'oace'e sun ce'e o$er"e !e M"croso$ ror!, (" simplificat *am $#cu a&srac."e !e semne'e
neesen1."a'e penru '"+"&"'"aea e)u'u", !e ce'e u(or !e!uc"&"'e, precum ac1cene'e, aunc" c2n! e'e
erau "!en"ce cu ce'e !"n '"m&a '"erar#, sem1nu' !"acr""c penru sem"0oca'e ec/,/
1 cea ma" !esc5"s# 0oca'# !"n ser"a aner"oar#/
e 1 e $oare !esc5"s/
e 1 e !esc5"s/
e 1 0oca'# aner"oar# sem"!esc5"s#/
1 e na+a'/
1 e nc5"s/
i 1 cea ma" nc5"s# 0oca'# !"n ser"a aner"oar#/
1 i na+a'/
1 a aner"or/
1 0oca'# me!"o1aner"oar#, nre (" e/
1 0oca'# me!"o1aner"oar#, nre (" i/
a 1 cea ma" !esc5"s# 0oca'# !"n ser"a cenra'#/
1 a na+a'/
1 0oca'# cenra'# sem"!esc5"s#/
1 na+a'/
1 0oca'# cenra'# sem"!esc5"s#, nre (" /
1 cea ma" nc5"s# 0oca'# !"n ser"a cenra'#/
1 sau na+a'e/
1 0oca'# me!"o1poser"oar#, nre (" o/
1 0oca'# me!"o1poser"oar#, nre (" u/
1 cea ma" !esc5"s# 0oca'# !"n ser"a poser"oar#/
o 1 o $oare !esc5"s/
o 1 o !esc5"s/
o 1 0oca'# 'a&"a'# poser"oar# sem"!esc5"s#/
1 o na+a'/
1 o nc5"s/
u 1 u !esc5"s/
u 1 cea ma" nc5"s# 0oca'# !"n ser"a poser"oar#/
1 u na+a'/
1 0oca'# 'a&"a'# aner"oar# sem"!esc5"s#/
1 cea ma" nc5"s# 0oca'# 'a&"a'# !"n ser"a aner"oar#/
p 1 oc'us"0# &"'a&"a'# sur!#/
b 1 oc'us"0# &"'a&"a'# sonor#/
m 1 na+a'# &"'a&"a'#/
1 $r"ca"0# 'a&"o1!ena'# sur!#/
! 1 $r"ca"0# 'a&"o1!ena'# sonor#/
" 1 oc'us"0# !ena'# sur!#/
# 1 oc'us"0# !ena'# sonor#/
$ 1 $r"ca"0# !ena'# sur!#/
% 1 $r"ca"0# !ena'# sonor#/
& 1 a$r"ca# !ena'# sur!#/
' 1 a$r"ca# !ena'# sonor#/
( 1 na+a'# !ena'#/
) 1 'aera'# a'0eo'ar#/
* 1 0"&ran# a'0eo'ar#/
+ 1 $r"ca"0# a'0eo'o1pa'aa'# sur!#/
, 1 $r"ca"0# a'0eo'o1pa'aa'# sur!#, pu."n poser"oar#/
- 1 $r"ca"0# pa'ao1a'0eo'ar# sur!#/
. 1 $r"ca"0# a'0eo'o1pa'aa'# sonor#, corespon!ena 'u" +/
/ 1 $r"ca"0# a'0eo'o1pa'aa'# sonor#, corespon!ena 'u" ,/
0 1 $r"ca"0# pa'ao1a'0eo'ar# sonor#/
1 1 a$r"ca# a'0eo'o1pa'aa'# sur!#, a' c#re" e'emen $r"ca"0 ese un +/
2 1 a$r"ca# a'0eo'o1pa'aa'# sur!#, a' c#re" e'emen $r"ca"0 ese un ,/
3 1 a$r"ca# pa'ao1a'0eo'ar# sur!#, a' c#re" e'emen $r"ca"0 ese un -/
4 1 a$r"ca# a'0eo'o1pa'aa'# sonor#, a' c#re" e'emen $r"ca"0 ese un ./
5 1 a$r"ca# a'0eo'o1pa'aa'# sonor#, a' c#re" e'emen $r"ca"0 ese un //
6 1 a$r"ca# pa'ao1a'0eo'ar# sonor#, a' c#re" e'emen $r"ca"0 ese un 0/
7 1 r pa'aa'/
"8 1 oc'us"0# pa'aa'# sur!#/
#8 1 oc'us"0# pa'aa'# sonor#/
9 1 $r"ca"0# pa'aa'# sur!#/
: 1 $r"ca"0# pa'aa'# sonor#/
; 1na+a'# !ena'# pu."n pa'aa'"+a#/
(8 1 na+a'# pa'aa'#/
)< 1 l pu."n pa'aa'"+a/
)8 1 'aera'# pa'aa'#/
= 1 oc'us"0# 0e'ar# sur!# pa'aa'"+a#/
> 1 oc'us"0# 0e'ar# sonor# pa'aa'"+a#/
? 1 oc'us"0# 0e'ar# sur!#/
@ 1 oc'us"0# 0e'ar# sonor#/
A 1 $r"ca"0# 0e'ar# "nsp"ra#/
B 1 na+a'# 0e'ar#/
C 1 'aera'# 0e'ar#/
D 1 $r"ca"0# 'ar"n%a'# sur!#/
SEMNE DIACRITICE
E 1 accen pr"nc"pa', re!a pr"n accenu' ascu."/
F 1 accen secun!ar, re!a pr"n accenu' %ra0/
G 1 accen !e "nens"ae/
ALTE SEMNE
H 1 cra"ma/
I 1 'ea%# !ou# sau ma" mu'e cu0"ne care $ormea+# un s"n%ur %rup $one"c/
uuu 1 su&'"n"erea unu" %ra$em sau a unu" %rup !e %ra$eme ara# c# anc5eaoru' a au+" &"ne sunee'e
respec"0e, !e(" acesea par neo&"(nu"e/
J 1 ara# '"m"a unu" conur me'o!"c non1erm"na'/
JJ 1 ara# '"m"a unu" conur me'o!"c erm"na'/
KKK 1 ara# pau+e $#cue !e 0or&"or *e+"#r", pau+e !e resp"ra."e ec/,> na"ne !e JJ, "n!"c# o "nona."e
aa!e suspens"ebb/
L M 1 nre parane+e roun!e se !# ranspunerea '"erar# a ermen"'or/
N 1 "n!"c# '"m"a une" un"#." "nona."ona'e cu conur "nero%a"0/
O 1 "n!"c# '"m"a une" un"#." "nona."ona'e cu conur e)c'ama"0/
P 1 marc5ea+# o co&orre sens"&"'# a onu'u", nso."#, !e o&"ce", !e o pau+# > marc5ea+# '"m"a une"
un"#." me'o!"ce care prece!# un !"a'o% sau o enumerare/
Q R 1 nre parane+e !repe se !au comp'e#r"'e sau o&ser0a.""'e anc5eaor"'or sau a'e re!acor"'or/
Q S R 1 pus na"nea unu" r#spuns, ara# c# "n$ormaoru' s1a coreca/
Q T R 1 pus na"nea unu" r#spuns, ara# c# ermenu' a $os su%era !e c#re anc5eaor/
Q U R 1 ara# c# "n$ormaoru' a e+"a na"ne s# !ea r#spunsu'/
Q * R 1 "n!"c# repearea !e c#re "n$ormaor a unu" $ra%men/
QKKKR 1 ara# c# !"n e) a $os om"s un pasa3/
Q N R 1 pus !up# un r#spuns, ara# c# anc5eaoru' se n!o"e(e !e e)ac"aea r#spunsu'u"/
Q O R 1 ara# c# nre&area sau r#spunsu' '1a $#cu pe "n$ormaor sau pe ce" !e $a.# s# r2!#/
V W 1 %5"'"me'e'e !e ran%u' I marc5ea+# pasa3e n !"scurs !"rec/
X Y 1 %5"'"me'e'e !e ran%u' II marc5ea+# pasa3e n !"scurs !"rec a$'ae n "ner"oru' unu" a' !"scurs
!"rec/
dIdLIOjRAnIE
A'0are+ A'0are+1Cccamo, C/, ;T5e Pooer o$ Re$'e)"0e Lan1%ua%e*s, - Co!e D"sp'acemen "n
Repore! Speec5<, Lournal of ;ragmatics, 79, 6@@8, p/ ??19@/
An!ersen An!ersen, Oanne Le5, ;D"scours !"rec en $ran^a"s par'\ sponan\<, n jer5ar! doWsen
i zrn Moes1rup *e!/,, >tudes de linguisti(ue et de litt,rature d,-di,es V 7orten
Aw-gaard, O!ense, O!ense Un"0ers"W Press, 6@@@, p/ 691?6/
Anscom&re Anscom&re, /1C/, ;De 'y\nonc"a"on au 'e)"[ue - men1"on, c"a"0"\, !\'ocu"0"\<,
6angages, AY, 6@A9, p/ @1?6/
Ara3o Ara3o Carre"ra, M/ O/, ;La re$ormu'a"on e ses e$$es !ans 'a presse poru%a"se e
$ran^a"se<, ravaux et documents, `, 6@@@, p/ 7`91786/
Aus"n Aus"n, /L/, xuand dire! c5est faire, Par"s, Seu"',6@:Y/
Au5"er 6@@A Au5"er1Re0u+, /, ;Enonc"a"on, m\a1\nonc"a"on, 5\\ro%\n\"\s \nonc"a"0es e
pro&'\ma"[ues !u su13e<, n Ro&er Z"on *e!/,, 6es su-ets et leurs discours.
>nonciation et interaction, A")1en1Pro0ence, PUP, p/ 8?1:@/

6@@: ;Mo!a'"sa"ons auonWm"[ues e !"scours aure - [ue'[ues remar[ues<, 7odBles
linguisti(ues, XZIII, $asc/6, p/ ??196/

6@@8 ;Remar[ues sur 'a ca\%or"e !e 'y'o e)ue'<, Dahiers du franyais contemporain, ?, p/
@61669/

6@@9 Des mots (ui ne vont pas de soi. +oucles r,flexives et non-cooncidences du dire, Par"s,
Larousse, 7 0o'/
6@A: ;Mo!a'"\ auonWm"[ue e pseu!o1anap5ore !\"c1"[ue<, Dahiers de lexicologie, 0o'/
96, 7, p/6@1?:/
6@A9 ;La Repr\sena"on !e 'a paro'e !ans un !\&a ra!"1op5on"[ue- n"%ures !e !"a'o%ue e
!e !"a'o%"sme<, 6angue franyaise, 89, p/ @716Y7/
6@A` aaO\\ro%\n\"\s \nonc"a"0esbb, 6angages, :?, p/ @A1666/

6@A6 aaParo'es enues c !"sancebb, n d/ Cone"n i a'"" *e!/, 7at,rialit,s discursives, L"''e,
PUL, p/ 67:16`7/
6@:A ;Les $ormes !u !"scours rappor\/ Remar[ues sWn1a)"[ues e s\man"[ues c par"r !es
ra"emens propos\s<, 'R6"E, 6:, p/ 61A:/
Au5"er i Meun"er Au5"er, /, Meun"er, A/, ;E)erc"ces !e %ram1ma"re e !"scours rappor\<, 6angue
franyaise, ??, 6@::, p/ `618:/
A0ram A0ram, M"oara, 0ramatica pentru toi, e!"."a a !oua, re0#+u# (" a!#u%"#, ducure(",
Ouman"as, 6@@:/
da5"n 6@@8a Zo'o"no0, Z/N/, 7arxism and the ;hilosoph8 of 6an-guage, *rans'ae! &W L/ Mae3pa
an! I/R/ T"un"p,, s")5 pr"n"n%, Massac5uses 4 Lon!on, Oar0ar! Un"0ers"W
Press 4 Cam&r"!%e Un"0ers"W Press/

6@@8& dap5"n, M/ M/, Speech 0enres and *ther 6ate >s-sa8s, *rans'ae! &W Zern r/
Mcjee,, s")5 pr"n"n%, Aus"n, Un"0ers"W o$ Te)as Press/

6@A7 ;robleme de literatur i estetic, *ra!ucere !e N"co1'ae I'"escu,, ducure(", Un"0ers/

6@:Y ;roblemele poeticii lui 'ostoievs:i, *ra!ucere !e S/ Rece0sc5",, ducure(", Un"0ers/
da%%"on" da%%"on", Dan"e', ;A 'bor"%"ne !es pro&'\ma"[ues !e 'b\nonc"a"on e !e
'b"nerac"on - Le !\&a sur 'e sW'e "n!"rec '"&re *6@6716@7@,<, n Ro&er Z"on
*e!/,, 6es su-ets et leurs discours. >nonciation et interaction, A")1en1Pro0ence,
PUP, 6@@A/
da''W 6@?8 da''W, C/ rait, de st8listi(ue franyaise, Oe"!e'&er% 4 Par"s, Car' r"ners
Un"0ers"s&uc55an!'un% 4 '"ncps"ecp, 7 0o'/

6@6` ;n"%ures !e pens\e e $ormes '"n%u"s"[ues<, 0erma-nisch-Romanische 7onatsschrift,
8, p/ `Y91`77 > `981`:Y/

6@67 ;Le sW'e "n!"rec '"&re en $ran^a"s mo!erne<, 0erma-nisch-Romanische
7onatsschrift, `, p/ 9`@1998 > 9@:18Y8/

dan$"e'! dan$"e'!, Ann, ;hrases sans parole / th,orie du r,cit et du st8le indirect libre, Par"s,
Seu"', 6@@9 *ra!/ $r/ a 'u" Unspea:able sentences, 6@A7,/
dar&u i Zas"'escu dar&u, N/ I/, Toma I/ Zas"'escu, 0ramatica limbii latine *"'u' !e pe coper#, sau
0ramatica latin *"'u' !e pe pa%"na !e %ar!#,, ducure(", E/D/P/, 6@8@/
deau+\e deau+\e, N"co'as, 0rammaire g,n,rale ou exposition raisonn,e des ,l,ments
n,cessaires du langage pour servir de fondement V l5,tude de toutes les langues,
7 omes, Par"s, dar&ou, 6:8: > \!""on en $ac1s"m"'\, Su%ar, 6@:`/
d\%ue'"n 6@@A d\%ue'"n, M/1/, ;Le rappor ecr"1ora'/ Ten!ances !"ss"m"'ar"ces, en!ances
ass"m"'ar"ces<, Dahiers de linguisti(ue franyaise 7Y, p/ 77@179?/
6@@7 ;Commen e)ercer 'e !"scours "n!"rec '"&re en pro1 !uc"on l Lyappor !e 'a !"!ac"[ue
!u $ran^a"s 'an%ue secon!e<, ravaux neuchtelois de linguis-ti(ue, 6A, p/ 7Y61
776/

der5onneau i 'e"&er der5onneau, A/1M/, 'e"&er, j/, ;Su&or!"na1"on e emps %ramma"cau) -
'y"mpar$a" en !"scours "n!"rec<, 6e Cranyais moderne, LXZ, 7, 6@@:, p/
66?16`6/
d'oc5 i rar&ur% d'oc5, O/, 0on rar&ur%, r/, 'ictionnaire ,t8molo-gi(ue de la langue franyaise,
Par"s, P/U/n/, 6@8`/

do'pese"n do'pese"n, Mac5e' A/, aaRepore! speec5 "n La"nbb, n T5/anssen i r"m 0an !er
rur$$ *e!/,, Reported Speech / Corms and Cunctions of the Eerb, Amser1!am 4
P5"'a!e'p5"a, o5n den3am"ns, 6@@8, p/67616`Y/
dosre!on dosre!on, d/, ;S" !"re, cyes $a"re, repren!re, cyes $a"re [uo" l<, 6angue franyaise, :?,
6@A:, p/ :81@Y/
dres dres, /, 6a narrativit,, Lou0a"n1'a1Neu0e, Ducu'o, 6@@`/
drua1Cue0as drua1Cue0as, Manue', ;Le !"scours !"rec "nro!u" par (ue<, 6e franyais moderne,
9`/6/, 6@@8, p/ 7A19Y/
du3or i C5"r"ac du3or, I/ I/, nr/ C5"r"ac, 0ramatica limbii latine, du1cure(", E//, 6@9A/
Casae!a 6@A@ Casae!a, O/ N/, hin:ing! 6anguage and >xperi-ence, M"nneapo'"s, Un"0ers"W o$
M"nnesoa Press/

6@:@ ;On 5e p5"'osop5"ca' $oun!a"ons o$ 5e 5eorW o$ commun"ca"on - Re$erence<, n
P/A/ nrenc5, T5/ E/ Ue5'"n% r/, O// rese"n *e!/,, Dontemporar8 ;erspectives
in the ;hilosoph8 of 6anguage, M"nnea1po'"s, Un"0ers"W o$ M"nnesoa Press,
p/67916`8/
en Cae en Cae, A&ra5am P/, ;Mo!a'"W o$ 0er& $orms "n jerman repore! speec5<, n T5/
anssen i r"m 0an !er rur$$ *e!/,, Reported Speech / Corms and Cunctions of
the Eerb, Amser!am 4 P5"'a!e'p5"a, o5n den3am"ns, 6@@8, p/6A@1766/

Cer[u"%'"n" Cer[u"%'"n", dernar!, ;Le sW'e "n!"rec '"&re e 'a mo1!ern"\<, 6angages, :?, 6@A`, p/
:168/
C5a$e C5a$e, ra''ace, ;T5e n'oo o$ T5ou%5s an! 5e n'oo o$ Lan%ua%e<, n Ta'mW j"0on
*e!/,, S8ntax and Se-mantics/ Zo'ume 67- 'iscourse and S8ntax, Neo orp 4 San
nranc"sco 4 Lon!on, Aca!em"c Press, 6@:@, p/ 69@16A6/
C5arau!eau C5arau!eau, P/, 0rammaire du sens et de l5expres- sion, Par"s, Oac5ee, 6@@7/
C"cero C"cero, *pere alese, ? 0o', e!"."e n%r"3"# !e j/ ju.u, ducure(", Un"0ers, 6@:?/
*'espre inveniune se a$'# n 0o'/ I, ra!/ !e M"5a" Popa> c"ae'e sun !"n carea I,
cap/ XIX/,
Co5n Co5n, D/, 6a transparence int,rieure. 7odes de repr,sentation de la vie ps8chi(ue dans le
roman, Par"s, Seu"', 6@A6/
Cou'mas Cou'mas, n'or"an, ;Repore! Speec5- Some jenera' Issues< n n'or"an Cou'mas *e!/,
'irect and Indirect Speech, der'"n 4 Neo orp, Mouon !e jruWer, 6@A8, p/ 61
7A/
Cram Cram, D/ n/, ;T5e SWna) o$ D"rec Xuoa"on<, Da-hiers de 6exicologie, ??, 6@:A, p/
`6197/
Danon1do"'eau Danon1do"'eau, L/, ;roduire le fictif, Par"s, '"ncp1s"ecp, 6@A7/
Dasc#'u Dasc#'u, L/, ;Mo!a'"#." !e re!are a mesa3u'u" n mesa3 n 0or&"rea popu'ar#<, "nuar
ID>', ser"a A, nr/ 81:, 6@A9, p/ 77A17?@/
Do&re Do&re, D/, ;D"scours !"rec 0ersus !"scours rappor1\<, Revue Roumaine de
linguisti(ue! ?`, 6@A@, p/ 7@1`Y/
Ducro 6@A` Ducro, Osoa'!, 6e dire et le dit, Par"s, M"nu"/
7YY6 ;Xue'[ues ra"sons !e !"s"n%uer e 'ocueurs f e e \nonc"aeurs f<, 'a
5p-ttooo/5um/au/!ptro1mansptpo'W$on"t!ocumens !e ra0a"'tPo'Wp5on"e ?/
Ducro i Sc5ae$$er Ducro, O/, Sc5ae$$er, /1M/, Aoul dicionar al tiinelor limba-ului, ducure(",
da&e', 6@@8/
Dum"sr#ce' e a'"" Dum"sr#ce', S/, D/ Oreapc#, I/1O/ dr'eanu, "ncheta dialectal ca form de
comunicare, Ia(", E/A/R/, 6@@:/
E5r'"c5 E5r'"c5, Susan, ;Narra"0e Icon"c"W an! Repe""on "n Ora' an! L"erarW Narra"0es<,
n P/ Zer!oncp i / / re&er *e!/,, 9entieth Dentur8 Ciction# Crom ext to
Dontext, Lon!on 4 Neo orp, Rou'e!%e, 6@@9, p/ :A1@9/
Ernou Ernou, A'$re!, Recueil de textes latins archao(ues, Par"s, '"ncps"ecp, 6@?A/
n"sc5er i Zas"'"u n"sc5er, I/, Zas"'"u, Em/, ;Zor&"rea !"rec# (" "n!"rec1#<, 6R II, `, 6@9?, p/?91`Y/
n'e"sc5man n'e"sc5man, Su+anne, ;Des 3umeau) !u !"scours<, 6a 6inguisti(ue, ?`, 6@@A, p/ ?61
`A/
n'zum 6@@@a n'zum, /, ;Le !"scours rappor\ !ans 'y\!"or"a'<, ravaux de linguisti(ue, `6,
p/6Y:1669/

6@@@& ;nra%mens %u"''eme\s !ans une perspec"0e po'W1p5on"[ue< 'a
5p-ttooo/5um/au/!ptromanspt po'W$on"tTr"&une @tpr\pu&'"ca"ons/
nna%W nna%W, I0an, ;Repore! Speec5 "n nrenc5 an! Oun1%ar"an<, n n'or"an Cou'mas
*e!/,, 'irect and Indirect Speech, der'"n 4 Neo orp, Mouon !e jruWer,6@A8,
p/ 7991?YA/
nre%e nre%e, j/, Scrieri logico-filosofice *cupr"n+2n! Cunda-mentele aritmeticii! Cuncie i
concept! 'espre concept i obiect! De este o funcie,, ra!ucere, su!"u "nro1
!uc"0, no".e "nro!uc"0e (" noe !e Sor"n Z"eru, ducure(", E//E/, 6@::/
nuc5s nuc5s, Ca5er"ne, ;araphrase et ,nonciation, Par"s, Op5rWs, 6@@`/
ja'a.anu ja'a.anu, O'%a, Interpr,tants s,manti(ues et interac-tion verbale, ducure(", TUd,
6@AA/
jau'mWn6@@` jau'mWn, Mar"e1Ma!e'e"ne !e, aaAppe's \'\p5on"[ues !yur%ence soc"a'e - par'er au
nom !yun aurebb, n A/ Tro%non i C/ R"&on" *e!/,/ Donstruction interac-tive du
(uotidien, NancW, PUN, p/ 7?91786/
6@A@ ;jramma"re !u $ran^a"s par'\/ Xue'[ues [ues"ons auour !u !"scours rappor\ <, n
0rammaire et franyais langue ,trangBre. "ctes du collo(ue "A>C6>, jreno&'e,
p/ 771??/
6@A:a aaRe$ormu'a"on e p'an"$"ca"on m\a!"scurs"0esbb, n / Cosn"er e C/ er&ra1
Orecc5"on" *e!/,, ',crire la conversation, LWon, PUL, p/ 68:16@A/
6@A:& ;R\c" "nerrompu 1 r\c" suspen!u/ jen_se !u r\c"/ *Sra\%"es narra"0es !e r\c"s
!ben$ans,bb n / De1'orme *e!/, ;arole. Cigure. ;arabole, LWon, PUL, p/ ??61
?99/
6@A8 ;Re$ormu'a"on m\a!"scurs"0e e %en_se !u !"s1cours<, >6", 87, p/ @A166:/

jau0ene i Mo"ran! jau0ene, O/, Mo"ran!, S/, ;Le !"scours rappor1\<, 6e Cranyais dans le monde,
6Y7, 6@:`, p/ ?`1`Y/
jenee 6@@` jenee, j/, Introducere n arhitext. Ciciune i dici-une, ra!ucere (" noe !e Ion Pop,
ducure(", Un"10ers/

6@A? Aouveaux discours du r,cit, Par"s, Seu"'/

6@:7 Cigures III, Par"s, Seu"'/
j5"%a j5"%a, j/, >lemente fatice ale comunicrii n romna vorbit, ducure(", A'cr"s 4
M@`, 6@@@/
jLR 0ramatica limbii romne, 7 0o'/, e!"."a a !oua re0#+u1# (" a!#u%"#, "ra3 nou,
ducure(", E/A/R/S/R/,6@88/
jo$$man jo$$man, Er0"n, 6es cadres de l5exp,rience, ra!uc1"on !bIsaac osep5, Par"s,
M"nu", 6@@6 *Crame "na-l8sis, 6@:`,/

jo'open."a jo'open."a, S/, ;Despre o 0ar"an# a 0or&"r"" "n!"rec1e<, SD6 X, `, 6@9@, p/9@?19@`/

jre0"sse jre0"sse, M/, 6e bon usage. 0rammaire franyaise, 67
e
\!""on re$on!ue par An!r\
joosse, Par"s, Ducu'o, 6@A8/
jrua+ jrua+, C'au!e, ;Rec5erc5es 5"sor"[ues e acue''e sur 'a poncua"on<, n 6angue
franyaise, `9, 6@AY, p/ A169/
j0o+!ano0" j0o+!ano0", /, aaRepore! speec5 "n Sou5 S'a0"cbb, n T5/ anssen i r"m 0an !er
rur$$ *e!/,, Reported Speech / Corms and Cunctions of the Eerb, Amser1!am 4
P5"'a!e'p5"a, o5n den3am"ns, 6@@8, 9:1:6/
Oa&er'an! Oa&er'an!, O/, ;Repore! Speec5 "n Dan"s5<, n n'o1r"an Cou'mas *e!/, 'irect and
Indirect Speech, der'"n 1Neo orp, Mouon !e jruWer, 6@A8, p/ 77Y179?/
Oam&ur%er Oam&ur%er, e, 6ogi(ue des genres litt,raires, Pa1r"s, Seu"', 6@A8/
Oa0erpae Oa0erpae, O/, ;Mo!a' paerns o$ !"rec an! "n!"rec !"scourse "n Pen"nsu'ar
Span"s5<, n T5/ anssen i r"m 0an !er rur$$ *e!/,, Reported Speech / Corms
and Cunctions of the Eerb, Amser!am 4 P5"'a!e'1p5"a, o5n den3am"ns,6@@8,
p/@:166@/
O"rsc5 6@AYa O"rsc5, M/, ;Le sW'e "n!"rec '"&re - '"n%u"s"[ue ou 5"so"re '"\ra"re<, n 6a
ps8chom,cani(ue et les th,ories de lW,nonciation, L"''e, PUL, p/ :@1A@/
6@AY& ;La [ues"on !u sW'e "n!"rec '"&re<, n 6a ps8cho-m,cani(ue et les th,ories de
lW,nonciation, L"''e, PUL, p/ @616Y`/
Ionescu1Ru)#n!o"u Ionescu1Ru)#n!o"u, L/, Donversaia / structuri i strategii. Sugestii pentru o
pragmatic a romnei vorbite, ducure(", A'', 6@@9/
ac[u"er ac[u"er, O/, ;D"scours !"rec '"\<, +ulletin de 6in-guisti(ue, 67, 6@``, p/ :16?/

a5n a5n, M/, ;Cone)ua'"+"n% Represene! Speec5 an! T5ou%5<, Lournal of ;ragmatics,
6:, 6@@7, p/ ?`:1?8:/
espersen i d\%ue'"n espersen, /, gRe"c5'er1hd\%ue'"n, M/1/, ;Ar%u1mena"on e !"scours rappor\-
pr\sena"on !yune s\[uence !"!ac"[ue<, ;rati(ues! @8, 6@@:, p/ 6Y6167`/
e'emen e'emen, o5an, ;La [ues"on "n!"rece c 'a 'um"_re !e 'a !escr"p"on conras"0e<, 6e
franyais moderne, XLZ, 7, 6@::, p/ 6``1699/
er&ra1Orecc5"on" 6@@Y er&ra1Orecc5"on", C/, 6es interactions verbale, ome I, Par"s, Arman!
Co'"n/
6@AY 65,nonciation. 'e la sub-ectivit, dans le langage, Par"s, Arman! Co'"n/
r"er r"er, nernan!e, ;La sWna)e !e 'bora'<, 6a linguis-ti(ue, 617> ?8, 7YYY, p/`Y61`6Y/
La&o0 La&o0, r/, ;T5e Trans$orma"on o$ E)per"ence "n Narra"0e SWna)<, cap/ @ !"n
6anguage in the Inner Dit8, P5"'a!e'p5"a, Un"0ers"W o$ PennsW'0an"a Press, 6@:7,
p/ ?9`1?@8/
La&o0 i ra'e+pW La&o0, r/, ra'e+pW /, ;Narra"0e Ana'Ws"s - Ora' Zers"ons o$ Persona'
E)per"ence<, n une Oe'm *e!/, >ssa8s on the Eerbal and Eisual "rts, Sea1
'e, Un"0ers"W o$ ras5"n%on Press, 6@8:, p/671``/

Lan!eoeer! i Ze Lan!eoeer!, R"a, Ze, Co, ;Tense "n *nree, In!"rec D"scourse "n nrenc5<, n T5/
anssen i r"m 0an !er rur$$ *e!/,, Reported Speech / Corms and Cunc-tions
of the Eerb, Amser!am 4 P5"'a!e'p5"a, o5n den3am"ns, 6@@8, p/ 6`61687/
Larc5er Larc5er, P/, ;Le concep !e po'Wp5on"e !ans 'a 5\or"e !bOsoa'! Ducro< n Ro&er
Z"on *e!/,, 6es su-ets et leurs discours. >nonciation et interaction, A")1en1
Pro0ence, PUP, 6@@A, p/7Y?177`/
Laroc5ee Laroc5ee, /, 6e langage et la r,alit, / 65emploi des formes de l5indicatif en
franyais, Mun"c5, n"np, 6@AY/
L" L", C/ N/, ;D"rec Speec5 an! In!"rec Speec5- A nunc"ona' Su!W<, n n/ Cou'mas
*e!/,, 'irect and Indirect Speech, der'"n, Mouon, 6@A8, p/ 7@1`9/
!e L"&era !e L"&era, A/, ;De 'a 'ecure c 'a parap5rase - re1mar[ues sur 'a c"a"on au moWen
2%e<, 6angages, :?, 6@A`, p/ 6:17@/
L"n0e' L"n0e', aap, \ncercare de tipologie narativ. ;unctul de vedere. eorie i analiz,
ra!ucere !e An%e'a Mar"n, ducure(", Un"0ers, 6@@`/
L"ps L"ps, M/, 6e st8le indirect libre, Par"s, PaWo, 6@78/
Lpe+ Muo+ 6@@@ Lpe+ Muo+, / M/, ;Xuan! rapporer, cyes r\1p\er, repro!u"re, r\u"'"ser/<,
FFII DongrBs de 6inguisti(ue et philologie romanes, Un"0ers"\ L"&re !e
dru)e''es, e)ras, A pa%"n", $#r# numeroare/
6@@`16@@9 ;Pour une Wpo'o%"e !es 0er&es "nro!uceurs !u !"scours "n!"rec<, >studios de
6engua 8 6iteratu-ra Crancesas, A1@, UCA, p/ 6`@ 168:/
Ma"n%ueneau 6@@A Ma"n%ueneau, D/, "nal8ser le texte de communica-tion, Par"s, Duno!/

6@@? >l,ments de linguisti(ue pour le texte litt,raire, Par"s, Duno!, ?
e
\!""on/

6@@6 6W>nonciation en linguisti(ue franyaise! embra-8eurs! ztempsz! discours rapport,,
Par"s, Oac5ee Sup\r"eur/

6@A: Aouvelles tendances en anal8se du discours, Par"s, Oac5ee/

6@A6 "pproche de lW,nonciation en linguisti(ue fran- yaise, Par"s, Oac5ee/
Manca( 6@@: Manca(, M/, s.v. stil III , n d"!u1Zr#nceanu i a'"", 'icionar general de tiine.
htiine ale limbii, ducu1re(", E//
Manca( 6@:7 Stilul indirect liber n romna literar, ducure(", E/D/P/

Manea Manea, Dana, Structura semantico-sintactic a ver-bului romnesc / verbele
psihologice, ducure(", E!"1ura Ar5"ep"scop"e" Romano1Cao'"ce, 7YY6/
Marnee 7YY6a Marnee, Sop5"e, ;Au) $ron"_res !u !"scours rappor\<, Revue Romane! ?8/7/, p/61
7?/
7YY6& ;Du !"scours "nso'"e- Le !"scours "n!"rec sans (ue<, Crench Studies, 99/?/, p/ 7@:1
?6?/
Mar"n1da'ar Mar"n1da'ar, M/, ;Les 0er&es ranscr"peurs !u !"s1cours rappor\<, n O/ jau0ene
*!"r/,, ;,dagogie du discours rapport,, Par"s, D"!"er, 6@:8, p/ 8?1:7/
MaWnar! 6@@8 MaWnar!, S/ /, ;Mu'"0o"ce!ness "n Speec5 an! T5ou%5 Represena"on - T5e Case
o$ Se'$1[uoa"on "n apanese<, Lournal of ;ragmatics, 79, p/ 7Y:1778/

6@A8 ;T5e Par"c'e -o an! Conen1Or"ene! In!"rec Speec5 "n apanese rr"en
D"scourse<, n n'or"an Cou'mas *e!/,, 'irect and Indirect Speech, der'"n 4 Neo
orp, Mouon !e jruWer, p/ 6:@17YY/
McLe"s5 McLe"s5, /, "ristotel. 2;oetica4, ducure(", E//, 7YYY/
M"c5e' M"c5e', /, 0rammaire de base du latin, ?
e
\!""on re0ue e corr"%\e, An0ers 4 Par"s,
S"ppe' 4 '"ncp1s"ecp, 6@8`/
Moesc5'er i Re&ou' Moesc5'er, /, Re&ou', A/, 'icionar enciclopedic de pragmatic, C'u3, Ec5"no),
6@@@/
Mon0"''e1durson Mon0"''e1durson, M/ ;Les verba dicendi !ans 'a presse !y"n$orma"on<, 6angue
franyaise, @A, 6@@?, p/ `A188/
More' i Danon1do"'eau More', MarW1Ann"cp, Lauren Danon1do"'eau, 0rammaire de l5intonation.
65exemple du fran-yais, Par"s, Op5rWs, 6@@A/
Munro Munro, Pau'a, ;On 5e Trans""0"W o$ SaW Zer&s<, n P/ / Oopper, S/ A/ T5ompson
*e!/,, S8ntax and Semantics, 0o'/69 *Studies in ransitivit8,, Neo orp 4
Lon!on, Aca!em"c Press, 6@A7, p/ ?Y61?6A/
Nz'pe 6@@@ Nz'pe, Oenn"n%, 6a pol8phonie / anal8ses litt,raire et linguisti(ue, 'a
5p-ttooo/5um/au/!ptromanspt po'W$on"tpu&'"ca"ontTr"&une @/
6@@` ;La !"'u"on '"n%u"s"[ue !es responsa&"'"\s/ Essa" !e !escr"p"on po'Wp5on"[ue
!es mar[ueurs \0"!en1"e's il semble (ue e il parat (ue<, 6angue Cranyaise, 6YY,
p/ A`1@`/
6@@? 6e regard du locuteur. ;our une linguisti(ue des traces ,nonciatives, Par"s, "m\/
Nz'pe i O'sen 7YYY Nz'pe, O/, O'sen, M/ ;ol8phonie / h,orie et termi-nologie,
5p-ttooo/5um/au/!ptromansptpo'W$o1n"t!ocumens !e ra0a"'tPo'Wp5on"e 7/

6@@@ '*AD! pour conclure. ;ol8phonie et st8le indirect libre / anal8ses litt,raire et
linguisti(ue, 5p-tt ooo/5um/au/!ptromansptpo'W$on"tpu&'"ca"ontTr"&une @/
Nor\n Nor\n, Coco, ;Remar[ues sur 'a no"on !e po"n !e 0ue<, 'a
5p-ttooo/5um/au/!ptromansptpo'W1$on"t!ocumens !e ra0a"'t;ol8phonie 7, 7YYY/
On% On%, r/ /, *ralit8 and literac8. he technologizing of the 9ord, Lon!on, Neo orp,
Rou'e%e, 6@AA/

Pan# D"n!e'e%an 6@@: Pan# D"n!e'e%an, j/, s.v. declarativ, n d"!u1Zr#nceanu i a'"", 'icionar
general de tiine. htiine ale limbii, ducure(", E//
6@A9 ;Pre'"m"nar"" 'a seman"ca mo!a'"+aor"'or<, n "nale-le Universitii +ucureti, ser"a
6imba i 6iteratura Ro-mn, p/6917A/
Perr"n Perr"n, Lauren, ;R\c" "mp'"c"e e !"scours rappor\ !ans 'e e)e '"\ra"re<, {tudes de
6inguisti(ue "ppli-(u,e, 6Y7, 6@@8, p/ 76@17?9/

PeWar! PeWar!, ean, ;Pro&'\ma"[ue !e 'ya'\ra"on !es !"s1cours - re$ormu'a"on e
ransco!a%e<, 6angue fran-yaise, 8`, 6@A`, p/ 6:17A/
P'aon 6@@A Republica, 7 0o'/, ra!ucere, comenar"", noe !e An!re" Cornea, ducure(", Teora,
Un"0ers"as/

6@A@ Sofistul, ra!ucere, '#mur"r" pre'"m"nare (" noe !e Consan"n No"ca, n *pere, 0o'/ ZI,
ducure(", E//E/
Por1RoWa' 0rammaire g,n,rale et raisonn,e. 6a 0rammaire de ;ort-Ro8al/ Nou0e''e
"mpress"on en $ac1s"m"'\ !e 'a ro"s"_me \!""on !e 68:8, Su%ar 4 da! 4 Cann1
sa, 6@88/
Xu"ne 6@8: Xu"ne, r/ Z/, ;In!"caors an! Xuas"1In!"caors<, "merican ;hilosophical xuarterl8,
`, p/ A916YY/

6@88 ;T5ree jra!es o$ Mo!a' In0o'0emen<, n he Na8s of ;aradox, Neo orp, Ran!om
Oouse/

Xu"n"'"an "rta oratoric, ? 0o'/, ra!ucere !e Mar"a Oeco, dPT,
ducure(", M"ner0a, 6@:`/ C"ae'e sun !"n 0o'/ ?,
carea a IX1a, cap/ I * ?Y1?6, (" cap/ II * 7@1?7,/
Ra&ae' Ra&ae', A'a"n, ;Les repr\sena"on !e 'a paro'e "n\1r"eure/ Mono'o%ue "n\r"eure,
!"scours !"rec e "n!"1rec '"&res, po"n !e 0ue<, 6angue franyaise, 6?7, 7YY6, p/:71
@9/
Ranc"_re Ranc"_re, /, 6es mots de l5histoire. >ssai de po,ti(ue du savoir, Par"s, Seu"', 6@@7/
ReW1De&o0e ReW1De&o0e, osee, 6e m,talangage, Par"s, Le Ro&er, 6@:A/
Ros"er 7YYY Ros"er, Laurence, ;Iner3ec"on, su&3ec"0"\, e)press"10"\ e !"scours rappor\ c 'b\cr" -
pe"s e$$es !bun pe" !"scours<, Dahiers de prax,mati(ue, ?`, p/6@1`@/

6@@@a 6e 'iscours rapport,. Oistoire! th,ories! prati(ues, Par"s 4 dru)e''es, De doecp 4
Ducu'o/
6@@@& ;Les &2ar!s !u !"scours/ De 'a nomenc'aure, !es !"scours %ramma"cau) e !es
pra"[ues !e r\$\rence en ma"\re !e !"scours rappor\ en $ran^a"s<, Dahiers de
l5Institut de 6inguisti(ue de 6ouvain, 61 `, p/?791?`?/

6@@A ;Les cap"a'es on !e 0o") ou !u cr" !ans 'becr"<, >studios de lengua 8 literatura
francesas, 67, p/6:916@9/
6@@: ;D"scours rappor\ e psWc5om\can"[ue !u 'an%a%e - Mar"a%e !yamour ou !e ra"sonl<,
n "ctes du EIIe collo(ue de ps8chom,cani(ue du langage *Cor!oue 6@@`,, Par"s,
C5amp"ontS'ap"ne, p/ 7::17A:/
6@@9 ;La Paraa)e - Oeurs e ma'5eurs !yune no"on '"n1%u"s"co1'"\ra"re<, ravaux de
6inguisti(ue, ?Y, p/ 9618`/
6@@? ;Le D"scours !"rec '"&re- d\[u"''e 5\or"[ue ou o&3e !y\u!e %ramma"ca'el<, Revue de
linguisti(ue romane, 9:, p/ ?861?:6/
Rou'e e a'"" E/ Rou'e, A/ Auc5'"n, / Moesc5'er, C5/ Ru&ae', M/ Sc5e''"n%, 65articulation du
discours en franyais con-temporain, ?
e
\!""on, derne, Peer Lan%, 6@@6/
Sa'p"e i Ree! Sa'p"e, Rap5ae', Ree!, Susan, ;T"me re$erence "n repore! speec5<, >nglish 6anguage
and 6inguistics, 6/ 7/, 6@@:, p/ ?6@1?`A/
Sear'e Sear'e, /, Speech acts. "n essa8 in the philosoph8 of language, Cam&r"!%e, CUP,
6@:Y/
S"mon"n S"mon"n1jrum&ac5, /, ;Les p'ans !b\nonc"a"on !ans +erlin "lexanderplatz !e Do&'n
ou !e 'a po'Wp5on"e e)ue''e<, 6angages, :?, 6@A`, p/?Y198/
S"50onen 6@@8 S"50onen1Oauecoeur, P/, ;r5ose oor!s are 5ese l Xuoa"ons "n spopen nrenc5
!aa<, n L/ Oe'o$, O/ Oa&er'an! *e!/,, ;roceedings of the HJ
th
Scandina-vian
Donference of 6inguistics, Deparemen o$ 'an1%ua%es an! cu'ure, Rosp"'!e
Un"0ers"W, p/ 7@61?Y`/
6@@? ;D"scours !"rec c 'yora'- s"%na'"sa"on, "n\%ra"on, sWna)e< n j/ O"'W *e!/, "ctes du
FFe DongrBs International de 6inguisti(ue et ;hilologie Romanes, Un"0ers"\ !e
=r"c5, 8166 a0r"' 6@@7, nrancpe, T&"n%en, dase', 0o'/ II, p/ ?6@1??Y/
S5orer r/ L"'e, O/r/ noo'er, / Cou'son, he Shorter *xford >nglish 'ictionar8, re0"se!
an! e!"e! &W C/T/ On"ons, Lon!on, O)$or! Un"0ers"W Press, 6@98/
Sp"+er Sp"+er, Leo, ;Sur 'e !"scours !"rec '"\ *DDL,<, +ulletin linguisti(ue 6`, 6@`8, p/ 6:1
`9/
Sern&er% Sern&er%, M/, ;Ooo In!"rec D"scourse Means/ SWn1a), Seman"cs, Poe"cs,
Pra%ma"csbb, n R/ Se'' *e!/,, 6iterar8 ;ragmatics, Lon!on i Neo1orp,
Rou'e!%e, 6@@6, p/ 871@?/
Srauc5 Srauc5, j\rar!, ;Conr"&u"ons c 'y\u!e s\man"[ue !es 0er&es "nro!uceurs !e
!"scours "n!"rec<, Re-cherches "nglaises et "m,ricaines, 9, 6@:7, p/ 77817`7/
Tannen Tannen, De&ora5, al:ing Eoices / Repetition! 'ia-logue and Imager8 in
Donversational 'iscourse, Cam&r"!%e, CUP, 6@A@/
To!oro0 To!oro0, T+0ean, 7i:haol +a:htine! le principe dialo-gi(ue! su"0" !e |crits du cercle
de +a:htine, Par"s, Seu"', 6@A6/
Zasseur Zasseur, M/T/, ;I' !" [uye''e arr"0e, "' !" - E''e arr"0e/ Zar"a"ons !ans 'y"n!"ca"on
!e 'a $onc"on<, 6angue franyaise, ?9, 6@::, p/ :61:8/
Zersc5oor Zersc5oor, an A!r"aan, >tudes de grammaire histori(ue et de st8le sur le st8le direct
et les st8les indirects en franyais, jron"n%en, Z/R/d/, 6@9@/
Z"!ar Oo'm Z"!ar Oo'm, Oe'%e, ;Mono'o%ue "n\r"eur ou sW'e !"rec '"&re l Approc5e
a)"o'o%"[ue !bun e)emp'e !e 7adame +ovar8<, 'a 5p-ttooo/ 5um/au/!pt
romansptpo'W$on"tpu&'"ca"ontribune @, 6@@@/
Z"ncen i Du&o"s Z"ncen, D"ane, SW'0"e Du&o"s, ;A Su!W o$ 5e Use o$ Repore! Speec5 "n Spopen
Lan%ua%e<, n / Ar1no'! e a'"" *e!/, Sociolinguistic Eariation / 'ata! he-or8
and "nal8sis, CSLI Pu&'"ca"ons, San$or!, 6@@8, p/ ?861?:`/
Zu'pe 6@@: Zu'pe, Ma%!a'ena, ;normu'#r" sereo"pe n nara."u1nea popu'ar# ora'#<, C' XZI,
p/6`@1699/
6@@7 ;Sur 'e !"a'o%ue repro!u" !ans 'a narra"on ora'e<, 'ialoganal8se IZ, Re$erae !er `
Ar&e"sa%un%, da1se', p/ 78917:6/

6@AY Subordonarea n fraz n dacoromna vorbit, ducu1re(", EE/
6@:? *bservaii asupra sintaxei graiului din zona 2;orile de Cier4, n Corne'"a Co5u.,
Ma%!a'ena Zu'pe, 0raiul din zona 2;orile de Cier4. I. exte. Sintax! ducure(",
E/A/, p/ ?8?1?@?/
re"nr"c5 re"nr"c5, O/, 0rammaire textuelle du franyais, Par"s, D"!"er, 6@A@/
r"%ense"n r"%ense"n, Lu!o"%, ractatus logico-philosophicus, ra!ucere !e M"rcea Dum"ru ("
M"rcea n'ona> Aot istoric (" \n a-utorul cititorului !e M"rcea n'ona, noe !e
M"rcea Dum"ru, ducure(", Ouman"as, 7YY6/
=a$"u =a$"u, Ro!"ca, ;Zer&e'e !e !ec'ara."e<, 6R nr/ 7 *p/6`16:,, nr/ ?1` *p/76177,, 6@@`/


Surse '"erare -
Cara%"a'e
6
Cara%"a'e, I/L/, *pere. eatru, e!"."e !e A'/ Rose", / C"ocu'escu, L/ C#'"n, ducure(",
E!"ura nun!a."e" Cu'ura'e Rom2ne, 6@@:/
Cara%"a'e
7
Cara%"a'e, Mae"u I/, *pere, e!"."e, su!"u "nro!uc"0 (" noe !e dar&u C"ocu'escu,
ducure(", E!"ura nun!a."e" Cu'ura'e Rom2ne, 6@@`/
Crean%# Crean%#, Ion, *pere, e!"."e !e Ior%u Ior!an (" E'"sa&e1a dr2ncu(, ducure(", E!"ura
nun!a."e" Cu'ura'e Rom2ne, 6@@8/
CZ Dodicele Eoroneean, e!"."e cr""c#, su!"u $"'o'o%"c (" su!"u '"n%0"s"c !e Mar"ana
Cos"nescu, ducure(", M"ner0a, 6@A6/
NT Aoul estament, 0ers"une re0"+u"#, re!aca# (" co1mena# !e daro'omeu Za'er"u
Anan"a, ducure(", E!"ura Ins"uu'u" &"&'"c (" !e m"s"une a' d/O/R/, 6@@?/
Pann Pann, A/, ;ovestea vorbii, e!"."e n%r"3"# !e I/ n"sc5er, ducure(", M"ner0a, 6@:9/
Se"n5ar! Se"n5ar!, N/, Lurnalul fericirii, C'u31Napoca, Dac"a, 6@@`/
Surse !"a'eca'e -
ALRT 4 Em"' Pero0"c", exte dialectale, sup'emen 'a "tlasul lingvistic romn, II, S"&"u 4 Le"p+"%,
6@`?/

CN 4 Teo$"' Tea5a, 0raiul din Ealea Driului Aegru, ducure(", E/A/, 6@86/

jN 4 0raiul nostru. exte din toate prile locuite de romni, pu&'"cae !e I/A/Can!rea, O0/
Densus"anu, T5/D/Speran"a> ducure(", Socec, 6@Y8/

jR 4 0raiuri romneti din +asarabia! ransnistria! nordul +ucovinei i nordul 7aramureului.
exte dialectale i glosar, cu'ese (" pu&'"cae !e Mar"a Mar"n, Iu'"a M#r%#r", Z"core'a
Nea%oe (" Zas"'e Pa0e'> ducure(", 7YYY/
Md 6 4 Aoul atlas lingvistic romn! pe regiuni. 7oldova i +ucovina. exte dialectale! cu'ese !e
Se'"an Dum"sr#ce' (" pu&'"cae !e Do"na Oreapc# (" Ion1Oor"a dr'eanu> Ia(", E/A/> 0o'umu'
I, parea 6, 6@@?/

Md 7 4 Aoul atlas lingvistic romn! pe regiuni. 7oldova i +ucovina. exte dialectale! cu'ese !e
Se'"an Dum"sr#ce' (" pu&'"cae !e Do"na Oreapc# (" Ion1Oor"a dr'eanu> Ia(", E/A/> 0o'umu'
I, parea a 71a, 6@@9/
Pn 4 Corne'"a Co5u., Ma%!a'ena Zu'pe, 0raiul din zona 2;orile de Cier4, I/ exte. Sintax!
ducure(", E/A/, 6@:?/
TDdN 4 exte dialectale i glosar +istria-Asud, pu&'"cae !e Mar"a Mar"n (" Mar"'ena T"u%an,
ducure(", E/A/, 6@A:/
TDD 4 exte dialectale i glosar 'obrogea, pu&'"cae !e Pau' L#+#res1cu, Z"core'a Nea%oe, Ru)an!ra
Pan#, N"co'ae Saraman!u> du1cure(", E/A/, 6@A:/
TDM I 4 exte dialectale 7untenia, I, su& con!ucerea 'u" dor"s Ca+acu, !e ja'"na j5"cu'ee, Pau'
L#+#rescu, Mar"a Mar"n, do%!an Mar"nescu, Ru)an!ra Pan#, Ma%!a'ena Zu'pe> ducure(",
E/A/, 6@:?/
TDM II 4 exte dialectale 7untenia, II, pu&'"cae su& re!ac."a 'u" dor"s Ca+acu, !e Pau' L#+#rescu,
Mar"a Mar"n, do%!an Mar"nescu, Z"core'a Nea%oe, Ru)an!ra Pan# (" Ma%!a'ena Zu'pe>
ducure(", E/A/, 6@:9/
TDM III 4 exte dialectale 7untenia, III, pu&'"cae !e Cos"n drau, ja'"na j5"cu'ee, Mar"a Mar"n,
do%!an Mar"nescu, Z"core'a Nea%oe, Ru)an!ra Pan#, Mar"'ena T"u%an, Ma%!a'ena Zu'pe>
ducure(", E/A/, 6@A:/
TDO 4 exte dialectale *ltenia, pu&'"cae su& re!ac."a 'u" dor"s Ca+acu, !e Corne'"a Co5u., ja'"na
j5"cu'ee, Mar"a M#r!#1rescu, Za'er"u ueu (" Ma%!a'ena Zu'pe> ducure(", E/A/, 6@8:/
O 4 O0"! Densus"anu, 0raiul din gara Oaegului, ducure(", Socec, 6@69/
INDICE DE AUTORI
Aus"n, / L/
Au5"er1Re0u+, /
A0ram, M/
da5"n, M/ M/
da''W, C/
dan$"e'!, A/
dar&u, N/ I/
deau+\e, N/
do'pese"n, M/ A/
drua1Cue0as, M/
du3or, I/ I/
Casae!a, O/ N/
C5arau!eau, P/
C5"r"ac, nr/
C"cero
Co5n, D/
Ducro, O/
n'ona, M/
nna%W, I/
nre%e, j/
nuc5s, C/
ja'a.anu, O/
jau'mWn, M/ M/ !e
jenee, j/
jo$$man, E/
jo'open."a, S/
jrua+, C/
Oam&ur%er, /
a[u"er, O/
La&o0, r/
Laroc5ee, /
L"n0e', /
L"ps, M/
Lpe+ Muo+, / M/
Ma"n%ueneau, D/
Manca(, M/
Manea, D/
Mar"n1da'ar, M/
Meun"er, A/
Moesc5'er, /
Mon0"''e1durson, M/
Munro, P/
Nz'pe, O/
O'sen, M/
Pan# D"n!e'e%an, j/
P'aon
Xu"n"'"an
Ranc"_re, /
Re&ou', A/
Ree!, S/
ReW1De&o0e, /
Ros"er, L/
Rou'e, E/
Sa'p"e, R/
S"mon"n1jrum&ac5, /
Sp"+er, L/
Srauc5, j/
Tac"
Tannen, D/
To!oro0, T/
Zas"'escu, T/ I/
Zersc5oor, / A/
Zo'o"no0, Z/ N/
Zu'pe, M/
rar&ur%, r/ 0on
re"nr"c5, O/
r"%ense"n, L/
INDICE DE MATERII
"gent
"uditor
auon"m
auon"m"c*#,
auon"m"e
+eneficiar
!"a'o%
"n!us
"n!ucor
!"a'o%"sm
!"scurs
!"rec *DD,
DD (" oratio recta
DD 'a da5"n
DD 'a Ducro
DD 'a Au5"er
DD pre$era n nara."une
DD a&an!ona
$"!e'"aea DD
ranscr"erea DD
!"rec '"&er *DDL,
!"rec 'e%a *!!',
"n!"rec *DI,
"poe+a !er"0#r"" DI
"n!"rec "nona !"rec *!""!,
"n!"rec '"&er *DIL,
nara"0"+a *DN,
or"%"nar *Do,
re$'e)"0
!"san.#
enun."aor
eero%en"ae
lot textuel
interpr,teur
'e%#ur" enun."a"0e
mea'"m&a3
mimesis
o&'"c
obli(uus
oratio
recta
obli(ua
po'"$on"e
pragmatic source)surs pragmatic
punct de vedere *p!0,
Recepor
re$ormu'are
repre+enare
repro!ucere
semnal de reproducere
Surs
gint
0er&e
!ec'ara"0e
!ec'ara"0e secun!are
pro1!ec'ara"0e
a'e recep#r""
semna'