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n viziunea reprezentanilor colii behavioriste, cea care acord cea mai mare
atenie elementelor ce caracterizeaz antreprenorii, principalele aspecte care le
sunt specifice sunt acelea de: inovatori, lideri, asumatori de riscuri, independeni,
creatori, tenaci, energici, originali, optimiti, orientai spre rezultate, flexibili,
materialiti, ns un progres remarcabil n ceea ce privete abordarea coninutului
muncii i a caracteristicilor antreprenorului realizeaz Jacques Fillon . n unul din
ultimele sale studii el realizeaz o abordare integratoare deosebit de interesant i
util a activitilor i caracteristicilor specifice antreprenorilor .
Determinare i perseveren: Mai mult dect oricare alt factor, dedicarea total
ctre succes ca antreprenor poate depi obstacolele. Determinarea puternic i
perseverena pot face un antreprenor s fac fa oricror greuti pe care alte
persoane le-ar considera insurmontabile i chiar pot compensa lipsa de experien
i de ndemnare a personalului angajat.
ceea ce nu pot s fac i unde au nevoie de ajutor pentru rezolvarea unor probleme
dificile, dar de neevitat.
Toleran pentru eec: Antreprenorii folosesc eecul ca pe o experien din care pot
nva ceva. Cei mai eficieni antreprenori sunt cei care se ateapt la dificulti i
nu sunt dezamgii, descurajai sau deprimai de un eec.
Principala lege la care se raporteaz mediul antreprenorial din Romnia este Legea
numrul 31 din 16/11/1990 privind societile comerciale. Prin aceast lege se
stabilesc formele de constituirea a unei societi comerciale, precum i obligaiile si
drepturile acestora. Din momentul n care mediul anteprenorial din Romnia a
trecut de etapa organizaional , Statul romn a trebuit s elaboreze i alte
proiecte de lege. Un astfel de proiect de lege se are drept obiectiv stimularea
nfiinrii de ntreprinderi.
Influene pozitive:
a. Influenele pozitive ale factorilor de natur legislativ-normativ: - crearea unui
cadru normal de desfurare a activitilor ntreprinderilor mici i mijlocii, acordarea
de beneficii pentru a stimula extinderea mediului antreprenorial, consultana
gratuit n domeniul juridic i contabil, cursuri de perfecionare, organizarea de
evenimente special adresate comunitii antreprenoriale, nlesnirea unei comunicri
facile cu autoritile statului romn i accesul la fonduri europene.
Influene negative:
a. Factorii de natur legislativ-normativ: - aplicarea legilor constituie unuil dintre
cele mai dese motive de disput ntre companie i statul romn, multe articole de
lege sufer lipsa cercetrii sau a concordanei dintre nevoile mediului antreprenorial
i ceea ce se vor a fi aceste nevoi. Dei au existat iniiative din partea statului
pentru simplificarea procedurilor de nfiinare a unei firme, procesul este nc
anevoios.
b. Factorii sociali: - sunt cei care reclam cea mai mare atenie din partea
antreprenorilor. Din cauza caracterului subiectiv necesit resurse de motivare,
perfecionare continu i monitorizare. Influenele negative pot fi evitate de
antreprenori nc de la nceput prin planul de afaceri: dac se proiecteaz numrul
optim de oameni de care firma va avea nevoie, un plan salarial care s nu aib
consecine negative asupra cash-flow-ului companiei, sarcini bine trasate i
evaluare nentrerupt la un anumit interval de timp. Astfel, pentru o companie care
a nregistrat o cretere a numrului de salariai peste media admis, va fi destul de
complicat s-i urmeze planurile de dezvoltare n perioade economice de regres.
Este factorul cel mai sensibil la schimbrile mediului antreprenorial i se formeaz
ntr-un timp ndelungat. De multe ori, cel puin n cazul companiilor care activeaz
n zona serviciilor, factorul uman este determinant n stabilirea nivelului de calitate
pentru produsele oferite.
c. Factorii de ordin financiar: - constituie punctul de atracie n mediul
antreprenorial. n raport cu legile n vigoare, atrag impozite mai mari, cereri
nejustificate de sponsorizri (mai bine: cereri de sponsorizare nejustificate),
pretenii salariale. Cererea pentru un credit mai mare dect este capabil structura
financiar a companiei s susin, va amplifica lipsa de lichididate i nu-i va arta
eficiena.
Entrepreneurship within a firm or large organization has been referred to as intrapreneurship and may include corporate ventures where large entities spin off
subsidiary organizations.
Since 2008, an annual "Global Entrepreneurship Week" has been announced, with
the aim of "exposing people to the benefits of entrepreneurship" and getting them
to "participate in entrepreneurial-related activities".
Etymology and historical usage
First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership,
initiative and innovation in manufacturing, delivery, and/or services. Economist
Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership and management ability essential
qualities for the entrepreneur. The successful companies of the future, he has said,
will be those that offer a new model for working relationships based on collaboration
and mutual value.
Cantillon defined the term as a person who pays a certain price for a product and
resells it at an uncertain price: "making decisions about obtaining and using the
resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise." The word first
appeared in the French dictionary entitled "Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce"
compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723.
A Chronological List of the Definition of 'Entrepreneur'
1734: Richard Cantillon: Entrepreneurs are non-fixed income earners who pay
known costs of production but earn uncertain incomes,
1803: Jean-Baptiste Say: An entrepreneur is an economic agent who unites all
means of production- land of one, the labour of another and the capital of yet
another and thus produces a product. By selling the product in the market he pays
rent of land, wages to labour, interest on capital and what remains is his profit. He
shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher
productivity and greater yield.
1934: Schumpeter: Entrepreneurs are innovators who use a process of shattering
the status quo of the existing products and services, to set up new products, new
services.[citation needed]
1961: David McClelland: An entrepreneur is a person with a high need for
achievement [N-Ach]. He is energetic and a moderate risk taker.
1964: Peter Drucker: An entrepreneur searches for change, responds to it and
exploits opportunities. Innovation is a specific tool of an entrepreneur hence an
effective entrepreneur converts a source into a resource.
1971: Kilby: Emphasizes the role of an imitator entrepreneur who does not innovate
but imitates technologies innovated by others. Are very important in developing
economies.[citation needed]
1975: Albert Shapero: Entrepreneurs take initiative, accept risk of failure and have
an internal focus of control.
2013: Ronald May: An Entrepreneur is someone who commercializes his or her
innovation.
The appellation today implies a bootstrap operation and some degree of both
innovation and financial risk.
Entrepreneur types
Different scholars have described entrepreneurs as, among other things, bearing
risk. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk: the capitalist did.
For Frank H. Knight (1921) and Peter Drucker (1970) entrepreneurship is about
taking risk. The behavior of the entrepreneur reflects a kind of person willing to put
his or her career and financial security on the line and take risks in the name of an
idea, spending much time as well as capital on an uncertain venture.
Knight classified three types of uncertainty.
Risk, which is measurable statistically (such as the probability of drawing a red color
ball from a jar containing 5 red balls and 5 white balls).
Ambiguity, which is hard to measure statistically (such as the probability of drawing
a red ball from a jar containing 5 red balls but with an unknown number of white
balls).
True Uncertainty or Knightian Uncertainty, which is impossible to estimate or predict
statistically (such as the probability of drawing a red ball from a jar whose number
of red balls is unknown as well as the number of other colored balls.
The acts of entrepreneurship are often associated with true uncertainty, particularly
when it involves bringing something really novel to the world, whose market never
exists. However, even if a market already exists, there is no guarantee that a
market exists for a particular new player in the cola category.