Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Gramatica Limbii Engleze Super Buna
Gramatica Limbii Engleze Super Buna
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
plural:
the girls [z g|lz] - fetele
the boys [z Boiz] - bieii
the trees [z trIz] - copacii
the cats [z kEts] - pisicile
Articolul hotrt nsoete, de obicei, substantivele cnd acestea sunt acompaniate/precedate de adjective.
in the first/second/third/etc. sentence - n prima/a doua/a treia/etc. propoziie
in the course of time - n decursul timpului, de-a lungul timpului
in the second half - n a doua jumtate
in the days/months that followed - n zilele/lunile care au urmat
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. - Muntele Everest este cel mai nalt munte din lume.
Articolul hotrt the se mai traduce n limba romn prin articolele adjectivale cel, cea, cei, cele sau articolele
posesive al, a, ai, ale.
Alfred the Great - Alfred cel Mare
Stephen the Great - tefan cel Mare
The Second World War - Cel de al doilea rzboi mondial.
2. ARTICOLUL
NEHOTRT
este :
- a pronunat [] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan:
a dog [ `dog]- un cine
a wall [ `wOl]- un zid/perete
a flower [ `flau\]- o floare
a year [\ `ji\] - un an
- an pronunat [n] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu vocal:
an apple [n `Epl]- un mr
an eye [n `ai] - un ochi
an ear [n `i\]- o ureche an idea [n ai`dia]- o idee
Articolul nehotrt introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi ntlnit :
- n faa substantivelor nsoite/precedate de adjective :
a good teacher - un profesor bun
a big house - o cas mare
a book of proverbs - o carte de proverbe
a house on fire - o cas n flcri
a little tea - puin/destul ceai
- n unele structuri :
a tobacconist's - o tutungerie
a chemist 's - o farmacie
a baker's - o brutrie
a stationer's - o papetrie
a greengrocer's - un aprozar
once upon a time - a fost odat
a blue - eyed girl - o fat cu ochi albatri
a grocer' s - o bcnie
a confectioner's - o cofetrie
two/three at a time - cte doi/trei o dat
a jeweller's - un magazin de bijuterii
Articolul nehotrt are n unele cazuri funcie numeric:
a hundred - o sut
a thousand - o mie
two saucers and an ash-tray - dou farfurioare i o scrumier
3. ARTICOLUL
ZERO
Oil is lighter than water. - Uleiul este mai uor dect apa.
Boys like toys and lots of noise.- Bieilor le plac jucriile i mult zgomot.
c) n faa subsantivelor nenumrabile (uncountables):
Gold is yellow.- Aurul este galben.
This house is made of wood.- Aceast cas este fcut din lemn.
d) naintea substantivelor abstracte sau nume de materie: care, death, hatred, honesty, hunger, love, sand, salt, tea,
water etc.
Salt seasons all things. (prov.) - Sarea d gust tuturor lucrurilor.
Multe substantive abstracte apar n proverbe.
Hunger is the best sauce. - Foamea este cel mai bun buctar.
e) nume de: culori (white, black, yellow, red, green, brown, pink, violet, orange, blue, black), sporturi i jocuri
sportive (football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, tennis etc.), limbi (English, Romanian, German, French etc.), mese
(breakfast, snack, lunch, tea, dinner, supper).
f) n unele expresii / structuri fixe, care trebuie memorate pentru evitarea greelilor.
after dark - dup lsarea ntunericului
Just in time - chiar la timp/moment
after three o'clock - dup ora trei
to leave for school - a pleca la coal
after dinner - dup cin
to keep in mind - a ine minte
day by day - zi de zi
to be on duty - a fi de serviciu
to go on foot - a merge pe jos
drop by drop - strop cu strop
day after day - zi dup zi, zi de zi
to put in order - a pune n ordine
from end to end - de la cap la cap
to be in parliament - a fi n parlament
from first to last - de la primul la ultimul
to go to bed - a merge la culcare
from place to place - din loc n loc
from London - de la Londra
from time to time - din cnd n cnd
to look for help/aid - a cuta ajutor
good for food - comestibil
to pay on demand - a plti la cerere
goods on sale - mrfuri/bunuri de vnzare
from morning to night - de dimineaa pn seara
in general - n general
from beginning to end - de la nceput la sfrit
to learn by heart - a nva pe de rost
on certain conditions - cu anumite condiii
piece by piece - bucat cu bucat
- Gen
- masculin
- feminine
- neutru
Substantivul are :
- singular
- Numar - plural
- Caz - Nominstiv
- Genitiv
- Dativ
- Acuzativ
- Vocativ
masculin (masculine)
(he - el)
actor - actor
bachelor - celibatar
barman - barman
boy - biat
bridegroom - ginere
brother - frate
dad/daddy - tati/tticu
earl - conte
father - tat
gentleman - domn
god - zeu
grandfather - grandpa - bunic
hero - erou
husband - so
king - rege
lad - flcu
landlord - proprietar
man - brbat
feminin (feminine)
(she - ea)
actress - actri
spinster - celibatar
barmaid - barmani
girl - fat
bride - mireas
sister - sor
mam/mammy - mami
countess - contes
mother - mam
gentlewoman - doamn
goddess - zei
grandmother - grandma - bunic
heroine - eroin
wife - soie
queen - regin
lass - fat
landlady - proprietreas
woman - femeie
master - stpn
monk - clugr
nephew - nepot
papa/daddy - tata
policeman - poliist
prince - prin
salesman - vnztor
sir - domn
son - fiu
tutor - tutore
uncle - unchi
neutru (neuter)
(it - el/ea)
air - aer
ball - minge
book - carte
box - cutie
bread - pine
building - cldire
bus - autobuz
crocodile - crocodil
error - greeal
fish - pete
flag - drapel
flute - flaut
fork - furculi
glory - glorie
helicopter - elicopter
honour - onoare
house - cas
impression - impresie
indifference - indiferen
kangaroo - cangur
land - pmnt
legend - legend
light - lumin
march - mar
medal - medalie
microbe - microb
minaret - minaret
monkey - maimu
mouse - oarece
mushroom - ciuperc
masculin (masculine)
(he - el)
boy friend - prieten
brother - in - law - cumnat
bull - taur
cock - coco
dog - cine
drake - roi
father - in - law - socru
fisherman - pescar
mistress - stpn
nun - clugri
niece - nepoat
mamma/mammy - mama
policewoman - poliist
princess - prines
saleswoman - vnztoare
madam - doamn
daughter - fiic
governess - guvernant
aunt - mtu
comun (common)
(he/she - el/ea)
associate - asociat/asociat
architect - arhitect/arhitect
artist - artist/artist
beginner - nceptor/nceptoare
author - autor/autoare
child - copil/copil
buyer - cumprtor/cumprtoare
client - client/client
companion - nsoitor/nsoitoare
cook - buctar/buctreas
cousin - verior/verioar
customer - client/client
customs officer - vame/vame
dancer - dansator/dansatoare
doctor - doctor/doctori
dreamer - vistor/vistoare
driver - ofer/oferi
dyer - vopsitor/vopsitoare
economist - economist/economist
engineer - inginer/inginer
examiner-examinator/examinatoare
fighter - lupttor/lupttoare
friend - prieten/prieten
guest - musafir/musafir
interpreter - interpret/interpret
journalist - jurnalist/jurnalist
owner - posesor/posesoare
painter - pictor/pictori
parent - printe
feminin (feminine)
(she - ea)
girl friend - prieten
sister - in - law - cumnat
cow - vac
hen - gin
bitch - cea
duck - ra
mother - in - law - soacr
-
fox - vulpoi
gipsy/gypsy - igan
grandson - nepot
horse - cal
host - gazd
lion - leu
lord - domn
man-servant - servitor
Mr. - domnul
negro - negru
ox - bou
peasant - ran
pirate - pirat
postman - pota
schoolboy - colar
soldier - soldat
son - in - law - ginere
steward - stevard
tom cat - pisoi
turkey cock - curcan
usher - plasator
waiter - chelner
neutru (neuter)
(it - el/ea)
net - plas
novel - roman
number - numr
occupation - ocupaie
ocean - ocean
oil - ulei
page - pagin
panic - panic
part - parte
pear - par
petal - petal
piano - pian
pig - porc
pot - oal
root - rdcin
scorpion - scorpion
shark - rechin
sparrow - vrabie
sphere - sfer
stage - scen
stick - b
sun - soare
tea - ceai
telephone - telefon
etc.
vixen - vulpe
gipsy/gypsy woman - iganc
granddaughter - nepoat
mare - iap
hostess - gazd
lioness - leoaic
lady - doamn
maid - servant - servitoare
Miss/Mrs. - domnioara/doamna
negress - negres
cow - vac
peasant woman - ranc
-
schoolgirl - colri
-
PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
Clasificare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
3. Plurale strine
Greceti:
analysis - analyses - analiz - analize
axis - axes - ax - axe
basis - bases - baz - baze
crisis - crises - criz - crize
Latineti:
agendum - agenda - agend - agende
alga - algae - alg - alge
aquarium / aquariums - acvariu - acvarii
bacillus - bacilli - bacil - bacili
candelabrum - candelabra - candelabru - candelabre
10
11
12
13
D.
A.
V.
singular
the boy - biatul
the girl - fata
of the boy - the boy's - al, a, ai, ale biatului
of the girl - the girl's - al, a, ai, ale fetei
(to) the boy - biatului
(to) the girl - fetei
the boy - biatul
the girl - fata
-
plural
the boys - bieii
the girls - fetele
of the boys - the boys' - al, a, ai, ale bieilor
of the girls - the girls' - al, a, ai, ale fetelor
(to) the boys - bieilor
(to) the girls - fetelor
the boys - bieii
the girls - fetele
-
singular
a boy - un biat
a girl - o fat
of a boy - a boy's - al, a , ai, ale unui biat
of a girl - a girl's - al, a, ai, ale unei fete
(to) a boy - unui biat
(to) a girl - unei fete
a boy - un biat
a girl - o fat
boy ! - biete !, biatule !
girl ! - fat !
plural
boys - biei
girls - fete
singular
a table - o mas
the table - masa
of a table - al, a, ai, ale unei mese
of the table - al, a, ai, ale mesei
to a table - unei mese
to the table - mesei
a table - o mas
the table - masa
-
15
plural
tables - mese
the tables - mesele
of tables - de mese
of the tables - al, a, ai, ale meselor
to tables - la/unor mese
to the tables - meselor
tables - mese
the tables - mesele
-
16
Relative
who - care ; the boy who knows you - biatul care te cunoate
whose - al , a, ai, ale crui/crei/cror
the boy whose father ... - biatul al crui tat ...
the boy whose mother ... - biatul a crui mam ...
the boy whose parents ... - biatul ai crui prini ... the girl whose parents ... - fata ai crei prini
the boys whose father ... - bieii al cror tat ...
the boys whose mother ... - bieii a cror mam ...
the boys whose fathers ... - bieii ai cror tai
the boys whose parents ... - bieii ai cror prini
the girl whose mother ... - fata a crei mam ...
the girl whose father ... - fata al crei tat ...
the girls whose mother ... - fetele a cror mam
the girls whose father ... - fetele al cror tat
the girls whose parents ... - fetele ai cror prini
the girls whose mothers ... - fetele ale cror mame the girls whose fathers ... - fetele ai cror tai
the house whose colour ... - casa a crei culoare
the house whose roof ... - casa al crei acoperi
the houses whose colour ... - casele a cror culoare
the houses whose roof ... - casele al cror acoperi
the houses whose colours ... - casele ale cror culori
the houses whose roofs ... - casele ale cror acoperiuri
the tree whose leaf ... - copacul a crui frunz
the tree whose leaves ... - copacul ale crui frunze
the trees whose leaves ... - copacii ale cror frunze
The boy, whose book is on the table, is my brother. - Biatul, a crui carte este pe mas, este fratele meu.
The playwright, whose play is Hamlet, is Shakespeare. - Dramaturgul, a crui pies este Hamlet, este Shakespeare.
to whom - cruia, creia, crora
the boy to whom you recommend the book - biatul cruia i recomanzi cartea
the girl to whom you recommend a book - fata creia i recomanzi o carte
the boys to whom you recommend a book - bieii crora le recomanzi o carte
the girls to whom you recommend a book - fetele crora le recomanzi o carte
whom - pe care
the boy whom you see - biatul pe care l vezi
the girl whom you see - fata pe care o vezi
the boys whom you see - bieii pe care i vezi
17
18
19
20
1. Comparaia Sintetic/Regulat
gradul pozitiv
big
comparativ de
superioritate
bigger
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the biggest
very big
21
mare
dry
uscat
easy
uor
fat
gras
great
mare, mre
happy
fericit
hard
tare, dur
hot
fierbinte
kind
amabil
long
lung
nice
plcut/drgu
short
scurt/scund
small
mic/modest
strong
tare
tall
nalt
thick
gros
thin
subire/slab
mai mare
drier
mai uscat
easier
mai uor
fatter
mai gras
greater
mai mare
happier
mai fericit
harder
mai tare
hotter
mai fierbinte
kinder
mai amabil
longer
mai lung
nicer
mai plcut
shorter
mai scurt
smaller
mai mic
stronger
mai tare
taller
mai nalt
thicker
mai gros
thinner
mai subire
foarte mare
very dry
foarte uscat
very easy
foarte uor
very fat
foarte gras
very great
foarte mare
very happy
foarte fericit
very hard
foarte tare
very hot
foarte fierbinte
very kind
foarte amabil
very long
foarte lung
very nice
foarte plcut
very short
foarte scurt
very small
foarte mic
very strong
foarte tare
very tall
foarte nalt
very thick
foarte gros
very thin
foarte subire, etc.
pozitiv
abject
abject/josnic
abrupt
abrupt
active
activ
amiable
prietenos
attractive
atrgtor
beautiful
frumoas
curious
curios
foolish
prost(esc)
comparativ de
superioritate
more abject
Mai josnic
more abrupt
Mai abrupt
more active
mai activ
More amiable
mai prietenos
more attractive
mai atrgtor
more beautiful
mai frumoas
More curious
Mai curios
more foolish
mai prost(esc)
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
very abject
foarte josnic
very abrupt
foarte abrupt
very active
foarte activ
very amiable
foarte prietenos
very attractive
foarte atrgtor
very beautiful
foarte frumoas
very curious
foarte curios
very foolish
foarte prost(esc)
22
huge
uria/imens
severe
sever/aspru
sincere
sincer
skilled
priceput
sociable
sociabil
unfit
nepotrivit
unjust
injust/nejust
urbane
manierat
untidy
dezordonat
more huge
mai imens
more severe
mai sever
More sincere
Mai sincer
More skilled
mai priceput
More sociable
mai sociabil
more unfit
mai nepotrivit
more unjust
mai injust
More urbane
mai manierat
more untidy
mai dezordonat
very huge
foarte imens
very severe
foarte sever
very sincere
foarte sincer
very skilled
foarte priceput
very sociable
foarte sociabil
very unfit
foarte nepotrivit
very unjust
foarte injust
very urbane
foarte manierat
very untidy
foarte dezordonat
Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritate adjectivele cu comparaie
analitic se ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very,
extremely, awfully, quite etc.
pozitiv
able
capabil
ample
amplu
empty
gol
strange
ciudat
stupid
stupid
etc.
comparativ de
superioritate
more able
abler
mai capabil
more ample
ampler
Mai amplu
more empty
emptier
mai gol
More strange
stranger
Mai ciudat
more stupid
stupider
Mai stupid
superlativ
relativ
the most able
the ablest
cel mai capabil
the most ample
the amplest
cel mai amplu
the most empty
the emptiest
cel mai gol
the most strange
the strangest
cel mai ciudat
the most stupid
the stupidest
cel mai stupid
superlativ
absolut
very able
foarte capabil
very ample
foarte amplu
very empty
foarte gol
very strange
foarte ciudat
very stupid
foarte stupid
23
good/well
bun/bine
bad/ill
ru
little
puin/mic
much/many
mult/muli
old
btrn/vechi
near
aproape
late
trziu
comparativ de
superioritate
better
mai bun/bine
worse
mai ru
less
mai puin/mic
more
mai mult/muli
far
older/elder
mai btrn/ vechi
nearer
mai aproape
later
Mai trziu
latter - ultimul
din doi
farther/further
departe
in
n interior
mai departe
inner
mai n interior
out
n exterior
outer/utter
mai n exterior
up
sus
upper
mai sus
beneath
dedesubt
hind
din spate
nether
mai dedesubt
hinder
mai din spate
fore
n fa
former
Mai n fa
superlativ relativ
superlativ absolut
the best
cel mai bun/bine
the worst
cel mai ru
the least
cel mai puin/mic
the most
cel mai mult/cei mai
muli
the oldest/eldest
cel mai btrn/ vechi
the nearest
cel mai aproape
the latest
cel mai trziu
the last - ultimul
very good/well
foarte bun/bine
very bad/ill
foarte ru
very little
foarte puin/mic
very much/many
foarte mult/muli
the farthest/
furthest
cel mai departe
the inmost
cel mai n interior/
luntric
the innermost luntric la maximum
the outermost
cel mai n exterior
the utmost,
uttermost - n
exterior la maximum
the upmost
cel mai (de) sus
the uppermost - sus
la maximum
the nethermost
cel mai de dedesubt
the hindmost
cel mai din spate
the hindermost ultimul din spate
the foremost
cel mai din
fa/dinainte
the first - primul
very old
foarte btrn/vechi
very near
foarte aproape
very late
foarte trziu
very far
foarte departe
5. Comparativul de egalitate
Se realizeaz cu ajutorul conjunciilor corelative: as... as... - tot aa de .... ca ..../la fel de... ca ....
as interesting as ... - la fel de interesant ca ...
as beautifully as ... - la fel de frumos ca
as beautiful as ... - la fel de frumos ca
as near as ... - la fel de aproape ca ...
24
6. Comparativul de inferioritate
7. Comparativul de intensitate
Const din dou comparative de superioritate legate ntre ele prin conjuncia and i se traduc prin structura din ce n ce
mai .
better and better - din ce n ce mai bine
less and less - din ce n ce mai puin()/mic()
worse and worse - din ce n ce mai ru
fewer and fewer - din ce n ce mai puini/puine
more and more - din ce n ce mai mult
bigger and bigger - din ce n ce mai mare/mari etc.
more and more interesting - din ce n ce mai interesant/interesant/ interesani/ interesante
more and more important - din ce n ce mai important/ important/ importani/ importante
more and more beautifully - din ce n ce mai frumos
more and more carefully - din ce n ce mai atent/grijuliu etc.
25
10. Structuri constnd din dou comparative de superioritate (cu ct... cu att...)
Se formeaz cu adverbele: very (foarte), extremely (extrem de), quite (total, complet, cu totul), perfectly (perfect),
extraordinary (extraordinar de), inconceivably (incredibil de), exceedingly (excesiv/nemaipomenit de), fantastically
26
(fantastic de), enormously/ immensely (enorm/imens de), tremendously/ awfully (ngrozitor/teribil de), infinitely
(infinit de), terribly (teribil de), terrifically (nfiortor de) etc.
awfully hot - ngrozitor/cumplit de cald
We are awfully sorry. - Ne pare nespus de ru
They have changed enormously. - Ei s-au schimbat enorm.
quite well - foarte bine
extremely well - extrem de bine
very well - foarte bine
exceedingly good - excesiv de bun
infinitely small - infinit/nemsurat de mic
exceedingly difficult - excesiv de greu, din cale afar de dificil
perfectly well - perfect de bine
a matchless playwright - un dramaturg fr pereche
terribly boring - teribil/nfiortor de plictisitor
quite right - perfect adevrat/just
enough - adjectiv
enough food - food enough - hran suficient/destul
to have money enough - to have enough money - a avea destui bani
enough - adverb de comparaie
I am warm enough. - mi este destul de cald.
The exercise is difficult enough. - Exerciiul este destul de greu.
What is good for you is good enough for me. - Ce este valabil pentru tine este perfect valabil i pentru mine.
Enough este singurul adverb de comparaie care st dup adjectivul pe care l determin.
This beer is good enough. - Berea aceasta este destul de bun.
POZITIV
well-paid
bine pltit
good-looking
artos
sweet-natured
bun la suflet
short-sighted
miop
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
better-paid
mai bine pltit
better-looking
mai artos
More sweet - natured
mai bun la suflet
more short - sighted
mai miop
the best-paid
cel mai bine pltit
the best-looking
cel mai artos
the most sweet -natured
cel mai bun la suflet
the most short -sighted
cel mai miop
SUPERLATIV
ABSOLUT
very well-paid
foarte bine pltit
very good-looking
foarte artos
very sweet- natured
foarte bun la suflet
very short-sighted
foarte miop
John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. - John este mult mai atent/prudent dect Bill.
Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. - Bill este mult mai puin prudent dect John.
He is a little less careful than his brother. - El este puin mai puin prudent dect fratele lui.
He loves her more than I (do). - El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu.
He loves her more than me. - El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine.
They know her better than I (do). - Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine.
They know her better than me. - Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.
27
28
29
by this girl's friends/by the friends of this girl - de prietenii acestei fete
by this boys' friends/by the friends of these boys - de prietenii acestor biei
by this girls' friends/by the friends of these girls - de prietenii acestor fete)
for whom? - who(m) for ? - pentru cine ?
For whom are you buying the book ? - Who(m) are you buying the book for? - Pentru cine cumperi (tu) cartea ?
(for me - pentru mine
for us - pentru noi
for you - pentru tine
for you - pentru voi
for him/her/it - pentru el/ea
for them - pentru ei/ele
for whose friend ? - pentru prietenul cui ?
For whose friend is John working ? - Pentru prietenul cui lucreaz John?
for my friend - pentru prietenul meu )
from whom ? - who(m) from ? - de la cine ?
from me - de la mine
from us - de la noi
from you - de la tine
from you - de la voi
from him/her/it - de la el/ea
from them - de la ei/ele
from whose friend ? - de la prietenul cui ? - de la al cui prieten?
(from my friend - de la prietenul meu)
near whom? - who(m) ...near ? - lng cine?
(near me - lng mine
near us - lng noi
near you - lng tine
near you - lng voi
near him/her/it - lng el/ea
near them - lng ei/ele)
John was sitting near this man's friend. - John edea lng prietenul acestui om.
Near whom was John sitting? - Who(m) was John sitting near ? - Lng cine edea John?
of whom ? - who(m) ...of ? - de cine ?; despre cine?
to get rid of somebody - a se descotorosi/scpa de cineva
I must get rid of that drunk man. - Trebuie s m descotorosesc de omul acela but/beat.
Who(m) must I get rid of ? - Of whom must I get rid ? - De cine trebuie s scap eu ?
on/upon whom? - who(m) ... on/upon ? - de cine ?
to depend on/upon - a depinde de
Our going on the trip depends on John. - Plecarea noastr n excursie depinde de John.
On/upon whom does our going on the trip depend ? - Who(m) does our going on the trip depend on/upon ? - De
cine depinde plecarea noastr n excursie ?
(on/upon me - de mine)
On/upon whose friend does our going on the trip depend ? - Whose friend does our going on the trip depend
on/upon ? - De prietenul cui depinde plecarea noastr n excursie ?
with whom? - who(m) ...with ? - cu cine ?
I am playing tennis with John. - Eu joc tenis cu John.
Who(m) am I playing tennis with ? - With whom am I playing tennis? - Cu cine joc eu tenis?
(with me - cu mine
with us - cu noi
with you - cu tine
with you - cu voi
with him/her/it - cu el/ea
with them - cu ei/ele)
with whose friend ? - cu prietenul cui ?
They are going on the trip with my friend. - Ei merg n excursie cu prietenul meu.
With whom are they going on the trip ? - Who(m) are they going on the trip with ? - Cu cine merg ei n excursie ?
with my friend - cu prietenul meu
without whom ? - fr cine ?
(without me - fr mine
without us - fr noi
without you - fr tine
without you - fr voi
without him/her/it - fr el/ea
without them - fr ei/ele)
without whose friend ? - fr prietenul cui ?
without my friend - fr prietenul meu
Whose friend were you there without ? - Fr prietenul cui ai fost acolo ?)
A . whom? - pe cine ? ( A. - acuzativ )
This is the boy whom I saw. - Acesta este biatul pe care l-am vzut eu.
I see John in the street. - l vd pe John pe strad.
Whom do I see in the street? - Pe cine vd eu pe strad ?
John sees me in the street. - John m vede pe mine pe strad.
Whom does John see in the street ? - Pe cine vede John pe strad ?
(me - pe mine
her - pe ea/dnsa
us - pe noi
30
you - pe tine
it - pe el/ea
you - pe voi
him - pe el/dnsul
them - pe ei/ele/)
John sees my friend in the street. - John l vede pe prietenul meu pe strad.
John sees my friend's brother in the street. - John l vede pe fratele prietenului meu pe strad.
what? - ce ?
What is this ? - Ce este acesta/aceasta ?
What are these ? - Ce sunt acetia/acestea ?
What is there on the table ? - Ce este pe mas ? - Ce se afl/gsete pe mas ?
What is your name ? - Cum te cheam ?
What time is it ? - Ct este ceasul ?
what kind/sort of ? - ce fel de ?
What kind/sort of man is he ? - Ce fel de om este el ?
What kind/sort of films do you like? - Ce fel de filme i plac?
31
myself - m
yourself - te
himself - se
ourselves - ne
yourselves - v
themselves - se
32
herself -se
oneself - se
itself - se
Cu ajutorul pronumelorreflexive se formeaz diateza reflexiv a verbelor.
to enjoy oneself - a se distra
I enjoy myself - eu m distrez
De reinut c verbelor reflexive din limba romn nu le corespund totdeauna verbe reflexive n limba englez.
eu m mir/ntreb - I wonder ; verbul to wonder n limba englez nu este reflexiv.
33
34
- oricine altcineva ? - Could you play with anybody else? - Puteai juca cu oricine altcineva ?
- nimeni altcineva - I was not seen by anybody else. - N-am fost vzut de nimeni altcineva.
nobody else - nimeni altcineva
Nobody else can do it. - Nimeni altcineva n-o poate face.
something else - altceva
We must buy something else. - Trebuie s cumprm altceva.
anything else - orice altceva:
They may do anything else. - Ei pot face orice altceva.
nothing else - nimic altceva
I saw nothing else. - N-am vzut nimic altceva.
I - eu
my - meu
mine - al meu
(to) me - mie
me - pe mine
you - tu
your - tu
yours - al tu
(to) you - tie
you - pe tine
he - el
his - lui
his - al lui
(to) him - lui
him - pe el
she - ea
her - ei
hers - al ei
(to) her - ei
her - pe ea
it - el/ea
its - lui/ei
its - al lui/ei
(to) it - lui/ei
it - pe el/ea
numrul plural
N.
G.
D.
A.
we - noi
you - voi/dv.
they - ei/ele, dnii/dnsele
our - nostru
your - vostru/dv.
their - lor, dnilor/dnselor
ours - al nostruyours - al vostru/dv.
theirs - al lor, al dnilor/dnselor
(to) us - nou
(to) you - vou/dv.
(to) them - lor, dnilor/dnselor
us - pe noi
you - pe voi/dv.
them - pe ei/ele, pe dnii/ dnsele
35
36
37
.3.
Semnele Matematice
+ plus - and - plus; empty set- mulime vid; minus - minus; pi [ pai ] - 3,14; multiplied - nmulit; angle - unghi
: divided by - mprit la; ' - minute - minut; " - second - secund; - equal to - egal cu; - not equal to - neegal cu,
diferit de; log - logarithm - logaritm; < less than - mai mic dect/ca; integral (of) - integral; > more than - mai mare
dect/ca;
triangle - triunghi; less than or equal to - mai mic sau egal cu; infinity - infinit; more than or equal to - mai mare sau
egal cu; square root - rdcin ptrat; ll - parallel to - paralel cu; perpendicular to - perpendicular pe; % - Percentage
Sign - la sut (procent); 5 % - five per cent - cinci la sut - 5 la sut; 5.5 % - five point five per cent - cinci virgul cinci
la sut.
% - five and a half per cent - cinci i jumtate la sut
2 + 2 - 4 two plus/and two makes/equals/is/are four - doi plus doi fac patru
10 - 2 - 8 ten minus two makes/equals eight - zece minus/fr doi fac opt
5 x 5 - 25 Five times five makes/is twenty-five. - Five multiplied by five equals (25) twenty-five. - Five fives is
twenty-five. - Cinci ori cinci fac dou- zeci i cinci.
4 x 3 - 12 se citete: Four threes are twelve . - Three fours are twelve. - Patru ori trei fac doisprezece.
25 : 5 - 5 Five into twenty five makes/equals five. - Twenty-five divided by five is five. - Douzeci i cinci mprit la
cinci fac cinci.
every other hour - hourly - din dou n dou ore - la fiecare dou ore
every three hours - din trei n trei ore - la trei ore o dat
every five hours - din cinci n cinci ore, la interval de cinci ore
I see groups of five children. - Vd grupuri de cte cinci copii.
9. Exprimarea orei
Ct este ceasul/ora? (What time is it?, What's the time?)
minute - minut
quarter - sfert
half - jumtate
watch - ceas de mn
past - i
clock - ceas de perete
to - fr
face - cadran
long hand - orar
alarm clock - ceas detepttor
short hand - minutar
second hand - secundar
It is five (minutes) past twelve. - Este doisprezece i cinci (minute).
It is ten (minutes) past twelve. - Este doisprezece i zece (minute).
It is a quarter past twelve. - Este doisprezece i un sfert.
It is half past twelve. - Este doisprezece i jumtate.
It is a quarter to one. - Este unu fr un sfert.
It is ten (minutes) to one. - Este unu fr zece (min.).
It is two o'clock. - Este ora dou.
it is fast - grbete, o ia nainte, merge nainte
it is slow - ntrzie, rmne/merge n urm
My watch is five minutes slow. - Ceasul meu merge/rmne cu cinci minute n urm.
Your watch is five minutes fast. -Ceasul tu o ia nainte cu cinci minute.
My watch keeps a good time. - Ceasul meu merge bine.
His watch goes wrong. - Ceasul lui merge greit/prost.
40
Aspectul
Exprim gradul de ndeplinire a aciunii.
n limba englez exist dou aspecte:
41
1. Aspectul Comun, prin care se exprim o aciune general , o aciune terminat sau o aciune de scurt
durat.
I play tennis. - Eu joc tenis (n general sau de obicei).
2. Aspectul Continuu, care exprim o aciune n desfurare - deci o aciune neterminat.
I am playing tennis. - Joc tenis (acum).
Diateza
Realizeaz relaia dintre subiect i complementul direct.
Exist trei diateze:
1. Activ
2. Pasiv
3. Reflexiv.
Diateza Activ
Aciunea subiectului se ndreapt asupra complementului direct.;
The boy is reading the lesson. - Biatul citete lecia.
Diateza Pasiv
Aciunea svrit de subiectul logic se rsfrnge asupra subiectului gramatical.
The lesson is read by the boy. - Lecia este citit de biat.
Din exemplul de mai sus se observ c n limba englez Diateza Pasiv se formeaz cu verbul auxiliar to
be + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat (adic a III-a form de baz a verbului de conjugat). Verbul
to be se conjug, iar verbul de conjugat la participiul trecut nu-i modific forma.
Diateza Reflexiv
Aciunea se rsfrnge asupra autorului ei, adic asupra subiectului.
The cat washes itself. - Pisica se spal.
Modul
Este categoria gramatical a verbului prin care se precizeaz felul aciunii i anume dac aciunea este real,
sigur, ireal, probabil, posibil, imposibil.
n limba englez exist patru moduri personale (Finite Forms) i trei moduri nepersonale (Non - Finite Forms).
CLASIFICAREA VERBELOR
42
1. Auxiliare
2.
Modale
Regulate
3. Principale
INFINITIV PREZENT
TRECUT
SIMPLU
was / were
had
did
should
would
let
could
might
PARTICIPIU
TRECUT
to be
been
- a fi
to have
had
- a avea
to do
done
- a face
shall
- trebuie s
will
- a vrea
to let
let
- a lsa
can (to be able to)
- a putea, a ti
may (to be permitted / allowed to)
- a avea voie s (a-i fi permis s)
must (to have to) (to be obliged to) (must)
- trebuie,
(a trebui s) (a fi obligat s)
shall
should
- a trebui s,
a se cuveni s
will
would
- a dori, a vrea
ought to
(ought to)
- ar trebui s
dare
- a ndrzni
need
need
- obinuia s
to be to
was, were to
been to
- a urma s
used to
- obinuia s
to ask
asked
asked
- a ntreba
to like
liked
liked
- a-i plcea
to answer
answered
answered - a rspunde
to use
used
used
- a ntrebuina
etc.
to go
- went
- gone
- a merge
to see
etc.
shall
will
can
- saw
Neregulate
4. Auxiliar - Modale
- seen
- a vedea
should
would
could etc.
1. Verbele Auxiliare
Ajut celelalte verbe s-i formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiv, timpurile compuse, unele moduri. Ele devin
instrumente gramaticale pierzndu-i sensul lexical.
Eu am o carte - Eu posed o carte.
n exemplul de mai sus verbul am (a avea) n limba romn este verb principal, dar n exemplul: Eu am citit o carte,
verbul am este auxiliar, cci ajut verbul citit s-i formeze timpul perfect compus. Este clar c nu putem spune: Eu posed
citit o carte, n care verbul a poseda s fie sinonim cu verbul a avea.
2. Verbele Modale
Dau verbelor principale mpreun cu care se folosesc nuane lexicale speciale.
I must go. - Eu trebuie s merg
n exemplul I must go. - Eu trebuie s merg, verbul must exprim obligaia efecturii aciunii. Verbul can implic
nuana capabilitii i permisiunii, iar verbul may ideea de permisiune i posibilitate.
He can speak English. - El tie/poate vorbi englezete;
Verbele modale se mai numesc defective cci nu au forme proprii fie pentru infinitiv prezent, fie pentru
trecut, fie pentru participiul trecut, situaie n care se nlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor. Ele nu au particula infinitival
to i nu folosesc aceast particul dup ele (excepii: used to, ought to)
. Ca i verbele auxiliare ele formeaz interogativul schimbndu-i locul cu subiectul propoziiei. Verbele auxiliare i
43
modale din limba englez au i forme prescurtate/contrase. Unii gramaticieni includ verbele auxiliare i modale ntr-o
singur categorie - aceea de verbe speciale. Ele formeaz negativul prin simpla adugare a negaiei not dup ele i
interogativul i schimb locul cu subiectul n propoziie.
Verbele can, may, must, ought to, dare, need i used to sunt auxiliare n ntrebrile disjunctive.
I am not at home. - Eu nu sunt acas.
I cannot go. - Eu nu pot merge.
Verbele auxiliare i modale contribuie la formarea ntrebrilor disjunctive (Tag/Tail Questions), cele care se traduc
n limba romn prin: nu-i aa ?, aa-i ?
You are at home, aren't you ? - Eti acas, nu-i aa ?
You are not at home, are you ? - Nu eti acas, nu-i aa ?
He learns English, doesn't he ? - nva englezete, nu-i aa ?
Tot ele particip la formularea rspunsurilor scurte ale ntrebrilor generale. ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot
primi rspunsuri scurte: da, nu.
"Are they at home " ? "Yes"; "Yes, they are". - Sunt ei acas ? Da. ; Da, sunt.
Particip la completarea structurii and so...
"They are in the park"."And so are we". - Ei sunt n parc. i noi.
"Paul can speak English"."And so can Alice". "And so can we". - Paul tie s vorbeasc englezete. i Alice (tie).
i noi (tim).
"Paul cannot ski". "Neither can we". - "We can't either". - Paul nu tie s schieze. Nici noi (nu tim).
"They saw the house". "But I didn't". - Ei au vzut casa. Dar/ns eu nu. Dar eu n-am vzut-o.
Verbele auxiliare i cele modale, mult folosite n vorbire, se ntlnesc i n limbajul care exprim o surpriz (mai ales
neplcut).
"He won't come with us". - El nu va veni cu noi.
"Oh, he won't, won't he" ? - Zu (dom'le) ? - Chiar aa ?
"John can't give you the money today". "Oh, he can't, can't he" ?- John nu-i poate da banii astzi.
- Nu mai spune !; Cum aa ?; Zu dom'le ?
Verbele modale, ca i verbele auxiliare, nu primesc terminaia s la persoana a III-a singular i nu au aspectul
continuu.
A. MODUL INDICATIV
Este modul aciunilor reale i cuprinde toate timpurile.
Acestea sunt :
1.Prezentul (The Present Simple)
2.Prezentul Perfect (The Present Perfect)
3.Trecutul (The Past Tense)
4.Mai Mult Ca Perfect (The Past Perfect)
5.Viitorul Simplu (The Future Simple)
6.Viitorul Anterior (The Future Perfect)
7.Viitorul n Trecut (The Future In The Past)
8.Viitorul Apropiat (The Near Future / The Future Of Intention)
44
5.
6.
Se folosesc Adverbele:
EVERY
/DAY
/THUESDAY
ONCE A /WEEK
TWICE A /MONTH
USUALY/FREQUENTLY - de obicei
ALWAYS - ntotdeauna
NEVER - niciodat
OFTEN - adesea , mai mereu
SELDOM - uneori
SOMETIMES - din cand n cnd
S + V1 + s
+ es (III sg)
( dont/doesnt )
S + do
+ not + V1
does (III sg)
I ||
Do
+ S + V1
Does(III sg)
I - N ||
N ||
- Yes,I do.
- No,I dont
I-N
am I not ? - aren't I ? - nu sunt eu ?- eu nu-s ?
are you not ? - aren't you ? - nu eti tu ?
is he/she/it not ? - isn't he/she/it ? - nu este el/ea ?
45
Funciile verbului TO BE
1. a) verb auxiliar pentru formarea aspectului continuu : I am reading. - Eu citesc (acum).
b) verb auxiliar pentru formarea diatezei pasive
I am seen. - Eu sunt vzut.
2. verb modal: to be to - a urma/trebui s - a fi s;
I am to read. - Trebuie/urmeaz s citesc.
3. verb principal - atunci cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc; We are at home. - Noi suntem acas.
They are in the park. - Ei/Ele sunt n parc.
TO HAVE - a avea
I have - I've - I have got [got] - I've got - eu am
you have - you've - you have got - you've got - tu ai
he/she/it has - he's/she's/it's - he/she/it has got - he's/she's/it's got - el/ea are
we have - we've - we have got - we've got - noi avem
you have - you've - you have got - you've got - voi avei
they have - they've - they have got - they've got - ei/ele au
N ||
I have not (I haven't) - I have not (haven't) got - eu nu am
you have not (you haven't) - you have not (haven't) got - tu nu ai
he/she/it has not (he/she/it hasn't) - he/she/it has not (hasn't) got - el/ea nu are
we have not (we haven't) - we have not (haven't) got - noi nu avem
you have not (you haven't) - you have not (haven't) got - voi nu avei
they have not (they haven't) - they have not (haven't) got - ei/ele nu au
sau
I do not have - I don't have - eu nu am
you do not have - you don't have - tu nu ai
he/she/it does not have - he/she/it doesn't have - el/ea nu are
we do not have - we don't have - noi nu avem
you do not have - you don't have - voi nu avei
they do not have - they don't have - ei/ele nu au
I ||
have I? - have I got? - do I have? - eu am ? - am e ?
have you? - have you got? - do you have ? - tu ai ? - ai tu?
has he/she/it? - has he/she/it got? - does he/she/it have? - el/ea are?
have we? - have we got? - do we have? - noi avem? - avem noi?
have you? - have you got? - do you have? - voi avei? - avei voi?
have they? - have they got? - do they have? - ei/ele au? - au ei/ele?
I - N ||
have I not? - haven't I? - have I not (haven't I) got? - do I not (don't I) have? - eu nu am? - eu n-am ? - nu am eu ?
have you not? -haven't you? -have you not (haven't you) got? - do you not (don't you) have? - tu nu ai - tu n-ai? - nu
ai tu ?
has he/she/it not ? - hasn't he/she/it? - has he/she/it not (hasn't he/she/it) got? - does he/she/it not (doesn't he/she/it)
have ? - el/ea nu are ? - nu are el/ea ?
have we not? - haven't we? - have we not (haven't we) got? - do we not (don't we) have ? - noi nu avem ? - noi navem ? - nu avem noi ?
have you not ? - haven't you ? - have you not (haven't you) got ? - do you not (don't you) have ? - voi nu avei ?- voi
n-avei ?- nu avei voi ?
have they not ? - haven't they ? - have they not (haven't they) got ? - do they not (don't they) have ? - ei/ele nu au ? nu au ei/ele ?
A ||
46
TO DO - a face
A ||
I do- eu fac
we do - noi facem
you do - tu faci
you do - voi facei
he/she/it does - el/ea face
they do - ei/ele fac
N ||
I do not do (I don't do) - eu nu fac
you do not do (you don't do) - tu nu faci
he/she/it does not do (doesn't do) - el/ea nu face
I ||
do I do ? - eu fac ?
do we do? - noi facem ?
do you do ? - tu faci ?
do you do ? - voi facei ?
does he/she/it do? -el/ea face ?
do they do? - ei/ele
I N ||
do I not do ? - don't I do ? - eu nu fac ? - nu fac eu ?
do you not do ? - don't you do ? - tu nu faci ? - nu faci tu ?
does he/she/it not do? - doesn't he/she/it do? - ea/el nu face? - nu face el/ea?
Ca verb auxiliar, verbul to do nu se traduce. Traducerea lui ns, ca i traducerea verbelor to be i to have s-a fcut
totui pentru motive practice.
Funciile verbului TO DO
1. verb auxiliar
Do you understand ? - nelegi ?
He does not understand. - El nu nelege.
2. verb de ntrire (emfatic)
I do like grammar. - mi place gramatica foarte mult.
3. verb principal
We did an exercise. - Noi am fcut un exerciiu.
Well begun is half done. (prov.) - Lucrul bine nceput jumtate e fcut.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA TIMPUL PREZENT
La prezent, verbele modale au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele.
CAN - to be able to- a putea, a ti, a fi n stare s
A|| I can (swim) - I am able to (swim) - eu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s (not) etc.
N || I cannot (swim) - I can't (swim) - I am not able to (swim) - I aren't able to (swim) - eu nu pot/tiu/sunt n stare
s (not) etc.
I || Can I (swim) ? - Am I able to (swim) ? - pot/tiu eu s (not) ? - sunt eu n stare s (not) ? etc.
I - N || Can I not (swim) ? - Can't I (swim) ? - Am I not able to (swim) ? - Aren't I able to (swim) ? - eu nu tiu/pot s
(not) ? - eu nu sunt n stare s (not) ? etc.
Verbul CAN exprim:
a) abilitatea sau capacitatea:
can - to be able to - to know how to - to have the ability/power/skill to - a putea/ti - a fi n stare s - a ti cum s
I can speak five languages. - tiu s vorbesc cinci limbi.
He cannot speak French. - El nu tie s vorbeasc franuzete.
b) - posibilitatea - la afirmativ i interogativ
They can be in the park. - Ei pot fi n parc.
They can have been in the park. - Se poate/Este posibil ca ei s fi fost n parc.
- imposibilitatea - la negativ:
They can't be in the park. - Ei nu pot fi n parc.
This story cannot be true. - Povestea aceasta nu poate fi adevrat.
She can't be under thirty. - Nu poate avea sub treizeci de ani.
He can't have said that. - El nu poate s fi spus asta. - Nu se poate ca el s fi spus asta.
c) o invitaie sau o rugminte:
Can you shut the window, please? - Poi, te rog, s nchizi fereastra ?
Can you possibly come to my birthday party ? - Poi cumva veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere ?
How can you possibly ask such a thing ? - Cum poi ntreba aa ceva ?
d) permisiunea (n limbajul colocvial) i devine sinonim cu may, dar pentru politee se prefer may.
can - may - to be free to - to have permission to - to be allowed/permitted to - a putea, a fi liber s, a avea permisiunea
47
s
You can/may use my umbrella. - Poi folosi umbrela mea.
I can swim in that lake. - I am free to swim in that lake. - Pot nota n lacul acela. - Sunt liber s not n lacul acela.
- la negativ can exprim interdicia sau imposibilitatea - (can't - be forbidden/ prohibited to)
cannot - to be incapable/unable to - a fi incapabil s
You can't go on the trip. - Nu poi merge n excursie.
It can't be six o'clock. - Nu poate fi ora ase.
MAY - to be permitted/allowed to- a avea voie s, a-i fi permis/ ngduit s
A || I may (go) - I am permitted/allowed to (go) - eu am voie/pot s (merg) - mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc
N|| I may not (go) - I am not permitted/allowed to (go) - eu nu am voie s (merg) - mie nu-mi este permis/ngduit s
(merg) etc.
Forma mayn't este considerat desuet i, n consecin, practic nefolosit.
I || May I (go)? - am I permitted/allowed to (go)?-eu am voie/pot s (merg)? - mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg)
etc.
I-N || May I not (go) ? - am I not permitted/allowed to (go) ? - eu nu am voie/nu pot s (merg) ? - mie nu-mi este
permis/ ngduit s (merg)? etc.
Verbul MAY exprim:
a) - permisiunea n prezent "May I come in" ? - Pot intra , Pot s intru ?; "Yes, you may." - Da, poi; "Yes, of course" -Da, desigur -Da,
bineneles.
"You may leave if you like," John said. - Poi pleca dac doreti, zise el.
devine n vorbire indirect:
John said that I might leave if I liked. - John said that I was allowed to leave if I liked. - John a zis c pot pleca dac
doresc. - John a zis c-mi este ngduit s plec dac doresc.
- interdicia se exprim prin may not:
You may not use my umbrella. - Nu poi folosi umbrela mea.
b) posibilitatea:
He may come late if the traffic's heavy. - El poate veni trziu dac circulaia este intens.
He may have come yesterday. - Este posibil ca el s fi venit ieri.
She may be learning her lessons. - Ea poate i nva leciile.
He may not be able to pay his rent. - Poate c el nu este n stare s-i plteasc chiria.
c) probabilitatea / incertitudinea sau curiozitatea:
What may he be ? - Ce poate fi el ?
I may have left my umbrella on the train. - Probabil/Poate mi-am uitat umbrela n tren.
He may come . - Probably he comes. - El poate veni. - Probabil el vine.
ntrebrile referitoare la posibilitate se formuleaz cu ajutorul verbului can nu al lui may.
Can he have lost his way ? - Se poate ca el s se fi ratcit ?- Este posibil ca el s se fi rtcit ?
d) o urare:
May you live long ! - S trieti !
May your dreams come true ! - S i se mplineasc visurile/dorinele !
MUST- to have to - trebuie
A ||
I must (speak) - eu trebuie s (vorbesc) etc
N ||
I must not (speak) - I mustn't (speak) - eu nu trebuie s (vorbesc) etc.
I ||
Must I (speak) ? - trebuie eu s (vorbesc) ? etc.
I - N ||
Must I not (speak) ? - mustn't I (speak) ? - eu nu trebuie s (vorbesc) ? etc.
Verbul MUST exprim:
a) obligaia / necesitatea:
You must learn permanently. - Tu trebuie s nvei permanent.
You must learn. - You have to learn. - You have (you've) got to learn.
ntre must i have to exist ns urmtoarea deosebire: must exprim o obligaie/necesitate pornit din partea
subiectului (I must go to bed because I am very sleepy. - Trebuie s merg la culcare pentru c mi este foarte somn.)
Have to exprim o obligaie impus subiectului din afar, deci o obligaie extern (You have to be there at eight o'clock.
- Tu trebuie s fii acolo la ora opt.)
You must not cross now. - You are not allowed / permitted to cross now .- Tu nu trebuie s traversezi acum - N-ai voie
s traversezi acum.
Must he go now? - Has he to go now?- Does he have to go now? - Trebuie el s plece / mearg acum ?
48
You ought to tell her the truth. - Se cuvine s-i spui adevrul.
You ought to have told her the truth. - S-ar fi cuvenit s-i spui adevrul.
- ought to este sinonim cu should i exprim recomandarea, necesitatea sau obligaia moral.
You ought to help your parents if they are very old. - Se cuvine s-i ajui prinii dac sunt foarte btrni.
You oughtn't to take his umbrella without asking for permission. - Tu nu trebuie s-i iei umbrela fr s ceri voie.
49
50
DIATEZA ACTIV
51
2.
Aciuni temporare.
Se folosesc Adverbele :
A || S + be
+ V1 _ing
la Prez.
NOW - acum
RIGHT NOW - chiar acum
AT PRESENT - n prezent
AT THE MOMENT - la acest mo..
IN THIS MOMENT - n acest mo..
I - N ||
- No. He isnt.
52
ASPECTUL COMUN
TO BE SEEN - a fi vzut
A ||
I am seen - eu sunt vzut()
you are seen - tu eti vzut()
he/she/it is seen - el/ea este vzut()
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
53
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
etc.
NEGATIV
(N)
INTEROGATIV
(I)
INTEROGATIVNEGATIV (I-N)
I am - eu sunt etc.
I am not - eu nu sunt
I can (go) - eu pot s I cannot (go) - I can't
(merg) etc.
(go) - eu nu pot s (merg)
etc.
Am I ? - eu sunt ?
Can I (go) ? - pot eu
s (merg) ?etc.
Am I not ? - eu nu sunt ?
Can I not (go)? - Can't I
(go)? - eu nu pot s (merg)?
etc.
I go - eu merg etc
Do I go ? - eu merg ?
- etc.
1.
54
1.
2.
Aciuni care au loc n Trecut (intr-o perioada nedeterminat din trecut) i ale cror consecine sunt resimite i n
Prezent
Este numit Timpul Vieii Tense of life
/ TWO DAYS
/ THREE MONTHS Exprim durata unei aciuni.
/ TWO WEEKS
I have known him for 25 years.
/ SEVEN YEARS
JUST - tocmai
ALREADY - tocmai
YET - nc
RECENTLY - recent
TODAY - astzi
/ WEEK
THIS / WEEK END
- acest / YEAR
2.frecventative
EVER - vreodat
NEVER - niciodat
ALWAYS - ntotdeauna
III. cu :
HOW LONG ?
- ct timp ?
HOW MUCH ?
- ct de mult ?
HOW MANY ?
- ct de muli ?
A ||
S + have
+ V3
I have know him since 1982.
has (III sg)
Vb. Reg. + d
+ ed
( havent/hasnt )
55
N || S + have
+ not
has (III sg)
I ||
Have
Has (III sg)
I - N ||
+ V3
+ S + V3
Havent
+ S + V3
Hasnt (III sg)
Have + S + not + V3
Has (III sg)
La forma Aff. cnd Subiectul este exprimat prin Pronume Personal se folosete adesea forma contras :
I ve met him today.
You ve met him today.
He s (has) met him today. /
She s (has)met him today. /
PRESENT PERFECT
Verbele auxiliare nu se conjug la Present Perfect . Verbele to be, to have i to do se pot conjuga la acest timp
atunci cnd ele sunt verbe principale, aa cum se vede mai jos:
TO BE - a fi
A ||
I have been - I've been - eu sunt - eu s
you have been - you've been - tu eti
he/she/it has been- he's/she's/it's been - el/ea este - el/ea i/e
we have been - we've been - noi suntem
you have been - you've been - voi suntei
they have been - they've been - ei/ele sunt
N ||
I have not been - I haven't been - eu nu sunt - eu nu-s
you have not been - you haven't been - tu nu eti
he /she/it has not been - he/she/it hasn't been - el/ea nu este - el/ea nu-i - el/ea nu e
we have not been - we haven't been - noi nu suntem
you have not been - you haven't been - voi nu suntei
they have not been - they haven't been - ei/ele nu sunt - ei/ele nu-s
I ||
have I been? - eu sunt? - sunt eu?
have we been?- noi suntem? - suntem noi?
have you been? - tu eti? - eti tu ?
have you been? - voi suntei? - suntei voi?
has he/she/it been? - el/ea este/e/i?
have they been? - ei/ele sunt? - sunt ei/ele?
I - N ||
56
N ||
I have not been able to .... - nu pot s .... - nu sunt n stare s ..... etc.
I ||
Have I been able to ....? - pot eu s ....? - sunt eu n stare s ...? etc.
I - N ||
Have I not been able to ... ? - nu pot eu s ... ? - nu sunt eu n stare s ...? etc.
How long have you been able to speak English? - De cnd tii/poi tu s vorbeti englezete ?
How long have you been allowed to drive a car? - De ct timp po / ai voie tu s conduci maina ?
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL COMUN
TO COME - A VENI
I have come - eu am venit
you have come - tu ai venit
he/she/it has come - el/ea a venit etc.
N ||
I have not come - I haven't come - eu nu am venit etc.
I ||
have I come ? - am venit eu ? - eu am venit ? etc.
I-N ||
have I not come ? - haven't I come ? - eu nu am venit ? etc.
A ||
57
O aciune care a nceput n Trecut si s-a terminat recent sau doar s-a terminat.
Trecut)
/DAY/
/ MORNING /
/AFTERNOON/
LONG
I - N || Havent
+ S + been + V1_ing?
Hasnt (III sg)
Havent you been cooking all week-end long?
- No, I havent been cooking all week-end long.
TO PLAY - a se juca
A ||
58
Se traduce prin imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus i exprim o aciune trecut terminat.
I saw her yesterday. - Am vzut-o ieri.
Este a doua form de baz a verbului (vezi lista de baz a verbelor!).
Verbele principale sunt :
1) regulate
2) neregulate.
1. regulate - la forma a II-a i a III-a de baz primesc terminaia -ed.
Terminaia -ed se citete:
- [ t ] cnd este precedat de o consoan nesonor/surd; asked [`Askt], looked [lukt]
- [ d ] cnd este precedat de o consoan sonor; received [ri`sIvd] , proved [`prUvd]
- [ id ] cnd este precedat de literele t sau d ; added [`Edid], wanted [`wontid]
2. neregulate (vezi lista la sfritul crii)
Se folosete pentru a exprima :
1.
2.
Did + S + V1
I N ||
TO BE - WAS/WERE - BEEN
A ||
I was - eu am fost, eu eram
we were - noi am fost, noi eram
you were - tu ai fost, tu erai
you were - voi/dv. ai fost, voi/dv. erai
he/she/it was - el/ea era/a fost
they were - ei/ele au fost, ei/ele erau
N ||
I was not - I wasn't - eu nu am fost - eu nu eram
you were not - you weren't - tu nu ai fost - tu nu erai
he/she/it was not - he/she/it wasn't - el/ea nu a fost - el/ea nu era etc.
I ||
was I ? - eu am fost? - eu eram ?
were you ? - tu ai fost? - tu erai ?
59
I N ||
TO DO - DID - DONE
I did - eu am fcut, eu fceam
we did - noi am fcut, noi fceam
you did - tu ai fcut, tu fceai
you did - voi/dv. ai fcut, voi / dv. fceai
he/she/it did - el / ea a fcut, el/ea fcea
they did - ei/ele au fcut, ei / ele fceau
N ||
I did not do - I didn't do - eu nu am fcut, eu nu fceam etc.
I ||
Did I do? - eu am fcut ?, eu fceam ? etc.
I N ||
Did I not do? - didn't I do? - eu nu am fcut ?, eu nu fceam ? etc.
A ||
SHOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past, persoana I singular i plural, precum i pentru formarea
modului condiional (prezent i perfect)
WOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past pers. II - III i condiional. El l poate nlocui pe should la
pers. I sg. i pl. att la timpul The Future in the Past ct i la modul condiional.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA PAST TENSE
COULD
A ||
N ||
I ||
I N ||
60
S-ar fi putut s reueti dac ai fi ncercat. I knew he might be late. - tiam c este posibil s ntrzie.
c) interdicia n trecut: She said that we might not go on that trip. - She said that we were not allowed to go
on that trip. - Ea a zis c noi nu putem merge n excursia aceea. - Ea a zis c nou nu ne este ngduit / permis s mergem
n excursia aceea.
d) o manier politicoas de a cere permisiunea : (folosit la condiional prezent)
Might I ask you something ? - A putea s te/v ntreb ceva ? Might I use your phone ? - A putea folosi telefonul tu ?
HAD TO - A TREBUI SA
I had to (go) - eu trebuia s (merg)
you had to (go) - tu trebuia s (mergi)
he/she/it had to (go) - el/ea trebuia s (mearg) etc
N ||
I had not to (go) - I hadn't to (go) - I did not (didn't) have to (go) - eu nu trebuia s (merg) - eu nu a
(n-a)
trebuit s (merg) etc.
I ||
had I to (go) ? - did I have to (go) ? - eu trebuia s (merg) ? etc
I-N ||
had I not to (go) ? - did I not have to (go) ? - eu nu trebuia s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
61
(merg) ?
USED TO - WOULD
A nu se confunda acest verb cu verbul principal regulat to use - used - used - a ntrebuina, a folosi. Se traduce n
limba romn prin timpul imperfect, iar sensul i este dat de verbul principal pe lng care funcioneaz n propoziie.
A ||
I used to (play) - I would (play) - eu jucam - eu obinuiam s (joc)
You used to (play) - you would (play) - tu jucai - tu obinuiai s (joci)
He/she used to (play) - he/she would (play) - el/ea juca - el/ea obinuia s (joace) etc
N ||
I use(d)n't to (play) - I wouldn't (play) - eu nu obinuiam s (joc) etc
I ||
Use(d) I to (play) ? - would I (play) ? - obinuiam eu s (joc) ? etc
I-N ||
Use(d)n't I to (play) ? - wouldn't I (play) ? - eu nu obinuiam s (joc) ? etc
- to be used to - a fi obinuit/nvat cu/s
He was used to their dogs. - El era obinuit/nvat cu cinii lor.
He was used to catch fish. - El era nvat/obinuit s prind pete.
- to get used to - a se nva/obinui cu
We got used to these working conditions. - Trebuia s ne obinuim cu aceste condiii de munc.
There used to be some tents on this ground last summer, use(d)n't there ? - Erau nite corturi pe terenul acesta vara
trecut, nu-i aa ?
- didn't use to - este form colocvial; use(d)n't to este forma literar
Alte structuri modale:
had better - mai bine s
We had better arrived there earlier than later. - Mai bine s ajungem acolo mai devreme dect mai trziu.
would rather ... than...- a prefera s ... dect s ...
I would rather walk than take a taxi. - A prefera s merg pe jos dect s iau un taxi.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SEE - SAW - SEEN (verb principal neregulat)
A ||
I saw- eu am vzut, eu vedeam
you saw - tu ai vzut, tu vedeai
he/she/it saw - el/ea a vzut, el/ea
vedea
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
vedeau
I did not see - I didn't see - eu nu am vzut
you did not see - you didn't see - tu nu ai vzut
he/she/it did not see - he/she/it didn't see - el/ea nu a vzut etc.
did I see ? - eu am vzut ? - am vzut eu ? etc.
did I not see ? - didn't I see ? - eu nu am (n-am) vzut ? etc.
62
John did not dare to go there, did he ? - John n-a ndrznit s mearg/plece acolo, nu-i aa ? - John nu a avut curaj s
plece acolo, aa-i ?
TO NEED - NEEDED - NEEDED- a necesita, a solicita
This work needed much skill. - Treaba aceasta a necesitat/ solicitat/ presupus mult ndemnare/ pricepere.
A ||
I needed - eu am avut nevoie - mie mi-a trebuit
you needed - tu ai avut nevoie - ie i-a trebuit
he/she/it needed - el/ea a avut nevoie - lui/ei i-a trebuit
we needed - noi am avut nevoie - nou ne-a trebuit
you needed - voi ai avut nevoie - vou v-a trebuit
they needed - ei/ele au avut nevoie - lor le-a trebuit
N ||
I did not need - I didn't need - eu nu am avut nevoie - mie nu mi-a trebuit etc.
I ||
did I need ? - eu am avut nevoie ? - am avut eu nevoie ? - mi-a trebuit mie ? - mie mi-a trebuit? etc.
I - N ||
did I not need ? - didn't I need ? - eu nu am avut nevoie ? - n-am avut eu nevoie? - mie nu mi-a
trebuit ? nu mi-a trebuit mie ? etc.
They didnt need our help,did they? Ei nu au avut nevoie de ajutorul nostru,nu-i aa? Lor nu le-a trebuit ajutorul
nostru,aa-i?
Did they need any help ? - Au avut ei nevoie de vreun ajutor ? - Le-a trebuit lor vreun ajutor ?
Plants and animals needed rain. - Plantele i animalele aveau nevoie de ploaie.
We neded a lot of time - Am avut nevoie de mult timp. - Ne-a trebuit mult vreme.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Aciuni repetate n trecut care ne deranjau.
She was always ringing me up late at night. Ea ntotdeauna m suna trziu n noapte
7.
Se folosesc Adverbele:
A ||
N ||
I ||
S+
(was / were)
be (past) + V1_ing
WHILE - n timp ce
AS ca, la fel ca, la fel de
/ YESTERDAY
AT THIS TIME / LAST MONTH
/ LAST YEAR
He was teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday.
We were waiting for him when he arrived.
(wasnt/ werent )
He wasnt teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday.
S + be (past) + not + V1_ing We werent reading, when he arrived.
(Was / Were)
Was he teaching at 9 a.m. yesterday ?
Be (past)
+ S + V1 _ing Were you waiting for him when he arrived ?
63
I - N ||
A ||
I was seen - eu am fost vzut()
you were seen - tu ai fost vzut()
he/she/it was seen - el/ea a fost
vzut()
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
64
O aciune care s-a petrecut naintea altei aciuni trecute exprimata prin verb la Trecutul
Simplu
Everybody had left when the bomb exploded. Toata lume aplecase cand bomba
explodase.
2.
5. Se folosete cu referire la o aciune care nu a avut loc i este repetat., dup : I WISH ; IF
; IF ONLY
If I had known. Daca a fi tiut.
I wish I had meet him. A fi vrut sa-l cunosc.
A || S + had + V 3 (ed)
I had been able to play.
.
N || S + hadnt + V 3 (ed) I hadn't done.
65
I ||
Had + S + V 3 (ed)
Had I done ?
I N || Hadnt + S + V 3 (ed)
Hadn't I done ?
TO DO - DID - DONE
I had done - eu fcusem
we had done - noi fcusem
you had done - tu fcusei
you had done - voi fcusei
he/she/it had done - el/ea fcuse
they had done - ei/ele fcuser
N ||
I had not done - I hadn't done - eu nu fcusem etc.
I ||
had I done ? - eu fcusem ? - fcusem eu ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not done ? - hadn't I done ? - eu nu fcusem ? - nu fcusem eu ? etc.
A ||
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR
MODALE LA TIMPUL
66
N ||
avusesem
I ||
fusese
I - N ||
nu
(joc) ? etc.
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
A ||
I had had to (play) - eu trebuise s (joc)
you had had to (play) - tu trebuise s (joci)
he/she/it had had to (play) - el/ea trebuise s (joace)
we had had to (play) - noi trebuise s (jucm)
you had had to (play) - voi trebuise s (jucai)
they had had to (play) - ei/ele trebuise s (joace)
N ||
I had not had to (play) - I hadn't had to (play) - eu nu trebuise s (joc) etc.
I ||
had I had to (play) ? - trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not had to (play) ? - hadn't I had to (play) ? - eu nu trebuise s (joc) ? - nu trebuise eu s (joc) ?
etc.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - ASPECTUL COMUN, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SPEAK - SPOKE - SPOKEN
I had spoken - eu vorbisem
we had spoken - noi vorbisem
you had spoken - tu vorbisei
you had spoken - voi vorbisei
he/she had spoken - el/ea vorbise
they had spoken - ei/ele vorbiser
N ||
I had not spoken - I hadn't spoken - eu nu vorbisem etc.
I ||
had I spoken ? - eu vorbisem ? - vorbisem eu ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not spoken? - hadn't I spoken? - eu nu vorbisem? - nu vorbisem eu? etc.
A ||
O aciune nceput n Trecut care a continuat pna la un moment dat, cnd a intervenit ceva care a ntrerupt-o sau
a avut un anumit efect asupra ei.
Everyone had been sleeping for hours when the bomb exploded.
Toat lumea dormea de cteva ore cnd bomba a explodat.
2.
I ||
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
67
, DIATEZA ACTIV
TO SPEAK - SPOKE-SPOKEN
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
TO BE ASKED - a fi ntrebat
I had been asked - eu fusesem ntrebat
you had been asked - tu fusesei ntrebat
he/she had been asked - el/ea fusese ntrebat()
we had been asked - noi fusesem ntrebai
you had been asked - voi fusesei ntrebai
they had been asked - ei/ele fuseser ntrebai/ntrebate
N ||
I had not been asked - I hadn't been asked - eu nu fusesem ntrebat etc.
I ||
had I been asked ? - eu fusesem ntrebat ? - fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not been asked ? - hadn't I been asked ? - eu nu fusesem ntrebat ? - nu fusesem eu ntrebat ?
etc.
Exist cazuri cnd The Past Perfect se traduce prin The Past Tense.
I was at home when he had come to see me. - Eram acas cnd a venit el pe la mine.
n exemplul : El a zis c ne ateapt de cinci minute. - verbul ateapt din limba romn, care este la prezent se
traduce n limba englez prin Past Perfect: He said that he had been waiting for us for five minutes.
A ||
2.
O aciune Probabil
3.
4.
O Sugestie
Se folosesc Adverbele:
TOMORRO - mine
THE DAY AFTER TOMORRO poimine
MINUTES
NEXT
/ HOURS
- urmtoarele
DAYS
IN A FEW / WEEKS
- n cteva
MONTHS
YEARS
A ||
( ll )
S + will /shall + Vinf
(wont/shant)
We wont come back tomorrow.
N || S + will/shall + not + Vinf We shant be there when he arrives.
68
I ||
Will/Shall
I N ||
+ S + Vinf
TO HAVE
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
o
TO DO
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
fac
69
we shall/will be able to (swim) - we'll be able to (swim) - noi vom putea/ti s (notm) - noi vom fi n stare s (notm)
you will be able to (swim) - you'll be able to (swim) - voi vei putea/ti s (notai) - voi vei fi n stare s (notai)
they will be able to (swim) - they'll be able to (swim) - ei/ele vor putea/ti s (noate) - ei/ele vor fi n stare s (noate)
N ||
I shall/will not be able to (swim) - I shan't/won't be able to (swim) - eu nu voi putea/ti s (not) - eu nu voi fi n stare
s (not)
you will not be able to (swim) - you won't be able to (swim) - tu nu vei putea/ti s (noi) - tu nu vei fi n stare s (noi)
he/she/it will not be able to (swim) - he/she/it won't be able to (swim) - el/ea nu va putea/ti s (noate) - el/ea nu va fi
n stare s (noate) etc.
I ||
shall/will I be able to (swim) ? - eu voi putea/ti s (not) ? - eu voi fi n stare s (not) ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not be able to (swim) ? - shan't/won't I be able to (swim) ? - eu nu voi putea/ti s (not) ? - eu nu voi fi n
stare s (not) ? - eu n-o s fiu n stare s (not) ? etc.
MAY-MIGHT - 0 - TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
A ||
I shall/will be permitted/allowed to (go) - eu voi avea voie s (merg) - eu voi putea s (merg) - mie mi va fi
permis/ngduit s (merg) - eu o s pot s (merg)
you will be permitted/allowed to (go) - tu vei avea voie s (mergi) - tu vei putea s (mergi) - ie i va fi permis/ngduit
s (mergi) - tu o s poi s (mergi)
he/she/it will be permitted/allowed to (go) - el/ea va avea voie s (mearg) - el/ea va putea s (mearg) - lui/ei i va fi
permis/ngduit s (mearg) - el/ea o s poat s (mearg)
we shall/will be permitted/allowed to (go) - noi vom avea voie s (mergem) - noi vom putea s (mergem) - nou ne va fi
permis/ngdui s (mergem) - noi o s putem s (mergem)
you will be permitted/allowed to (go) - voi vei avea voie s (mergei) - voi vei putea s (mergei) - vou v va fi
permis/ngduit s (mergei) - voi o s putei s (mergei)
they will be permitted/allowed to (go) - ei/ele vor avea voie s (mearg) - ei/ele vor putea s (mearg) - lor le va fi
permis/ngduit s (mearg) - ei/ele o s poat s (mearg)
N ||
I shall/will not be permitted/allowed to (go) - I shan't/won't be permitted/ allowed to (go) - eu nu voi avea voie s
(merg) - eu nu voi putea s (merg) - mie nu-mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) - eu n-o s am voie s (merg)
you will not be permitted/allowed to (go) - you won't be permitted/allowed to (go) - tu nu vei avea voie s (mergi) - tu
nu vei putea s (mergi) - ie nu-i va fi permis/ngduit s (mergi) - tu n-o s ai voie s (mergi)
he/she/it will not be permitted/allowed to (go) - he/she/it won't be permitted/ allowed to (go) - el/ea nu va avea voie s
(mearg) - el/ea nu va putea s (mearg) - lui/ei nu-i va fi permis/ngduit s (mearg) - el/ea n-o s aib voie s (mearg)
etc.
I ||
shall/will I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - eu voi avea voie s (merg) ? - voi avea eu voie s (merg) ? - mi va fi mie
permis/ngduit s (merg) ? -eu o s pot (merge) ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - shan't/won't I be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? - eu nu voi avea voie s
(merg) ? - eu nu voi putea s (merg) ? - eu nu voi putea (merge) ? - mie nu-mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
MUST - MUST - 0 - TO HAVE TO
A ||
I shall/will have to (go) - I'll have to (go) - eu va trebui s (merg) - eu o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will have to (go) - you'll have to (go) - tu va trebui s (mergi) - tu o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will have to (go) - he'll/she'll/it'll have to (go) - el/ea va trebui s (mearg) - el/ea o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
we shall/will have to (go) - we'll have to (go) - noi va trebui s (mergem) - noi o s trebuiasc s (mergem)
you will have to (go) - you'll have to (go) - voi va trebui s (mergei) - voi o s trebuiasc s (mergei)
they will have to (go) - they'll have to (go) - ei/ele va trebui s (mearg) - ei/ele o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
N ||
I shall/will not have to (go) - I shan't/won't have to (go) - eu nu va trebui s (merg) - eu n-o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will not have to (go) - you won't have to (go) - tu nu va trebui s (mergi) - tu n-o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will not have to (go) - he/she/it won't have to (go) - el/ea nu va trebui s (mearg) - el/ea n-o s trebuiasc s
(mearg) etc.
I ||
70
71
2.
O aciune sigur din Viitor planificat din timp. Se folosesc Adverbe de timp.
Ill be staying in my new house this time next month. Voi sta n noua mea casa pe timpul acesta luna
viitoare.
A ||
( ll )
S + will /shall + V _ing
(wont/shant)
N || S + will/shall + not + V _ing
I ||
Will/Shall
+ S + V _ing
72
we shall/will be admired - we'll be admired - noi vom fi admirai - noi o s fim admirai
you will be admired - you'll be admired - voi vei fi admirai - voi o s fii admirai
they will be admired - they'll be admired - ei/ele vor fi admirai/admirate - ei/ele o s fie
admirai/admirate
N ||
I shall/will not be admired - I shan't/won't be admired - eu nu voi fi admirat - eu n-o s fiu admirat
etc.
I ||
shall/will I be admired? - eu voi fi admirat? - voi fi eu admirat? - eu o s fiu admirat? - o s fiu eu
admirat?
I-N ||
shall/will I not be admired ? - shan't/won't I be admired ? - eu nu voi fi admirat ? - nu voi fi eu
admirat ?
- eu n-o s fiu admirat ? - n-o s fiu eu admirat ? etc.
A ||
S + shall/ will
N ||
(shant /wont)
S + shall/ will
I ||
Shall/ Will
+ have + V 3
+ S
+ have + V 3
(Shant /Wont)
Shan't/Won't I have been ? - Eu nu voi fi fost ? ; Nu voi fi fost eu ?
I N || Shall/ Will + S + not + have + V 3 Shall/Will I not have been ? - Eu nu voi fi fost ? ; Nu voi fi fost eu ?
CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA VIITOR ANTERIOR
TO COME - a veni
A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
Exprim o actiune n plina desfasurare intre doua momente viitoare . Este un timp rar folosit. (Se traduce cu Viitorul
Simplu sau cu Viitorul Anterior n Romn)
When you come home,I will have been studying for three hours.- Cnd vei veni tu
73
Se traduce n Romn prin timpul Viitor Simplu. (Se formeaz cu auxiliarele should/would la pers. I sing. i pl. i
would la celelalte persoane + infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat.)
Se folosete pentru a exprima :
1.
S + should/would + V 1
N ||
(shouldnt / wouldnt)
S + should/ would
I ||
Should/Would + S
I N ||
A ||
N ||
+V1
(Shouldnt / Wouldnt)
Shouldn't/Wouldn't I come ? - Eu nu voi veni ? etc.
Should/Would + S + not + V 1
Should/Would I not come ? - Eu nu voi veni ? etc.
TO COME - a veni
I should/would come - eu voi veni
we should/would come - noi vom veni
you would come - tu vei veni
you would come - voi vei veni
he/she/it would come - el/ea va veni
they would come - ei/ele vor veni
I should/would not come - I shouldn't/wouldn't come - eu nu voi veni
74
you would not come - you wouldn't come - tu nu vei veni - tu n-o s vii
he/she/it would not come - he/she/it wouldn't come - el/ea nu va veni - el/ea n-o s vin etc.
should/would I come ? - eu voi veni ? etc.
should/would I not come ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I come ? - eu nu voi veni ? etc.
I ||
I-N ||
Este un timp destul de rar folosit. Preia funciile lui Future Tense Continuous ntr-o propozi ie secundar, atunci cnd n
principal se afl un verb la trecut.
He said that at 3 oclock, the next day, he would be travelling to
England.
El a spus c n ziua urmtoare, la ora 3, va cltori spre Anglia
A ||
S + should/would + be + V _ing
(shouldnt / wouldnt)
N || S + should/ would + be + not + V _ing
I ||
Should/Would + S + be + V _ing
I N ||
etc.
(Shouldnt / Wouldnt)
Shouldn't/Wouldn't I be going? - Eu nu voi merge ? etc.
Should/Would + S + not + be + V _ing
Should/Would I be not going? - Eu nu voi merge ?
VIITORUL APROPIAT (THE NEAR FUTURE - THE FUTURE OF INTENTION)
Exprim o aciune ce urmeaz s aib loc la scurt timp dup ce a fost anunat. Se traduce i prin viitor.
Se formeaz cu construcia to be going to (a avea de gnd s - a inteniona s) din care verbul to be se conjug
la Prezent, Past Tense i Past Perfect, mpreun cu infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat.
1) I am going to play tennis. - Am de gnd s joc tenis ; voi juca tenis.
2) I was going to play tennis. - Aveam de gnd s joc tenis.
3) I had been going to play tennis. - Avusesem de gnd s joc tenis.
ALTE MODALITII DE EXPRIMARE A VIITORULUI
75
A ||
N ||
I ||
1.
A exprima o intenie care a fost deja planificat nainte de momentul vorbirii. - Intenia de a cumpra ceva.
We are saving up because we are going to buy a house.
Noi economisim deoarece avem de gnd sa cumprm o cas.
( n trecut ne-am hotrt, acum economisim, vom cumpra n viitor. )
2.
A prezice un Eveniment viitor pentru care avem nite semne evidente in Prezent. - Cum ar fi ploaia.
There are many clouds in the sky. Its going to rain.
Sunt muli nori pe cer. E posibil s plou.
( n trecut norii s-au adunat,acum i vedem, va ploua n viitor )
S + be + going to + V1
(Vinf)
S + be + not + going to + V1
Be + S + going to + V1
(Vinf)
(Vinf)
76
TO HAVE - a avea
if I had - dac eu a avea
if you had - dac tu ai avea
if he/she/it had - dac el/ea ar avea
I ||
had I - s am eu - de-a avea eu
had you - s ai tu - de-ai avea tu
had he/she/it - s aib el/ea, de-ar avea
el/ea
N ||
I-N ||
77
A ||
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
78
A ||
I ||
N ||
etc.
I-N ||
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
if I had to (go) - dac eu ar trebui s (merg)
if you had to (go) - dac tu ar trebui s (mergi)
if he/she/it had to (go) - dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
if we had to (go) - dac noi ar trebui s (mergem)
if you had to (go) - dac voi ar trebui s (mergei)
if they had to (go) - dac ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
had I to (go) - s trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
had you to (go) - s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) - de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it to (go) - s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) - de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg)
had we to (go) - s trebuiasc noi s (mergem) - de-ar trebui noi s (mergem)
had you to (go) - s trebuiasc voi s (mergei) - de-ar trebui voi s (mergei)
had they to (go) - s trebuiasc ei/ele s (mearg) - de-ar trebui ei/ele s (mearg)
if I had not to (go) - if I hadn't to (go) - dac eu nu ar trebui s (merg) - dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg)
had I not to (go) - hadn't I to (go) - s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
SHALL - SHOULD - 0
if I should (go) - dac eu ar trebui s (merg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (merg) eu
if you should (go) - dac tu ar trebui s (mergi) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mergi) tu
if he/she/it should (go) - dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mearg) el/ea etc.
I ||
should I (go) - s trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
should you (go) - s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) - de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
should he/she/it (go) - s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) - de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg) etc.
N ||
if I should not (go) - if I shouldn't (go) - dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
should I not (go) - shouldn't I (go) - s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) - de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
WILL - WOULD - 0
A ||
if I would (go) - dac eu a vrea s (merg)
if you would (go) - dac tu ai vrea s (mergi)
if he/she/it would (go) - dac el/ea ar vrea s
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
79
A ||
N ||
A ||
if I were singing - dac eu a cnta
if you were singing - dac tu ai cnta
if he/she/it were singing - dac el/ea ar
cnta
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
I ||
ei/ele
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
if I had not had - if I hadn't had - dac eu nu a fi avut - dac eu n-a fi avut etc.
had I not had - hadn't I had - s nu fi avut eu - de n-a fi avut eu etc.
TO DO - DID - DONE
if I had done - dac eu a fi fcut
if you had done - dac tu ai fi fcut
80
I ||
ei/ele
N ||
I-N ||
if I had not done - if I hadn't done - dac eu nu a fi fcut - dac eu n-a fi fcut etc.
had I not done - hadn't I done - s nu fi fcut eu - de n-a fi fcut eu etc.
81
s
putut noi s
ne fi fost nou permis/ngduit s (mergem) - de-am fi avut noi voie s (mergem) - de-am fi
(mergem) - de ne-ar fi fost nou permis/ngduit s (mergem)
had you been permitted/allowed to (go) - s fi avut voi voie s (mergei) - s fi putut voi s (mergei) s v
fi fost vou permis/ngduit s (mergei) - de-ai fi avut voi voie s (mergei) - de-ai fi putut
voi s mergeide v-ar fi fost vou permis/ngduit s (mergei)
had they been permitted/allowed to (go) - s fi avut ei/ele voie s (mearg) - s fi putut ei/ele s
(mearg) s le fi fost lor permis/ngduit s (mearg) - de-ar fi avut ei/ele voie s (mearg) - dear fi putut ei/ele s
mearg - de le-ar fi fost lor permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not been permitted/allowed to (go) - if I hadn't been permitted/ allowed to (go) - dac eu nu
a
(n-a) fi avut voie s merg - dac eu nu a (n-a) fi putut s (merg) - dac mie nu mi-ar
fi fost permis/ngduit
s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not been permitted/allowed to (go) - hadn't I been permitted/allowed to (go) - s nu fi avut eu
voie
s (merg) - s nu fi putut eu s (merg) - s nu-mi fi fost mie permis/ngduit s (merg) - de n-a
fi avut eu
voie s (merg) - de n-a fi putut eu s (merg) - de nu mi-ar fi fost mie
permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
if I had had to (go) - dac eu ar fi trebuit s (merg)
if you had had to (go) - dac tu ar fi trebuit s (mergi)
if he/she/it had had to (go) - dac el/ea ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
if we had had to (go) - dac noi ar fi trebuit s (mergem)
if you had had to (go) - dac voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
if they had had to (go) - dac ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
I ||
had I had to (go) - s fi trebuit eu s (merg) - de-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg)
had you had to (go) - s fi trebuit tu s (mergi) - de-ar fi trebuit tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it had to (go) - s fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg) - de-ar fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg)
had we had to (go) - s fi trebuit noi s (mergem) - de-ar fi trebuit noi s (mergem)
had you had to (go) - s fi trebuit voi s (mergei) - de-ar fi trebuit voi s (mergei)
had they had to (go) - s fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg) - de-ar fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not had to (go) - if I hadn't had to (go) - dac eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not had to (go) - hadn't I had to (go) - s nu fi trebuit eu s (merg) - de n-ar fi trebuit eu s
(merg) etc.
A ||
A ||
I ||
82
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
83
A ||
fi
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
A ||
face
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
TO BE - a fi
I should/would be - I'd be - eu a fi
84
s
he/she/it could (go) - he/she/it would be able to (go) - el/ea ar putea s (mearg) - el/ea ar putea
el/ea ar fi n stare s (mearg)
we could (go) - we should/would be able to (go) - noi am putea s (mergem) - noi am putea (merge) noi
am fi n stare s (mergem)
you could (go) - you would be able to (go) - voi ai putea s (mergei) - voi ai putea (merge) - voi ai fi
n
stare s (mergei)
they could (go) - they would be able to (go) - ei/ele ar putea s (mearg) - ei/ele ar putea (merge) ei/ele ar
fi n stare s (mearg)
N ||
I could not (go) - I couldn't (go) - I should/would not be able to (go) - I shouldn't/wouldn't be able
to
(go) - eu nu a (n-a) putea s (merg) - eu nu a fi n stare s (merg) etc.
I ||
could I (go) ? - should/would I be able to (go) ? - a putea eu s (merg) ? - a putea eu (merge) ? - a fi
eu
n stare s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
could I not (go) ? - couldn't I (go) ? - should/would I not be able to (go) ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I be
able
to (go) ? - eu nu a putea s (merg) ? - n-a putea s (merg) eu ? - eu nu a fi n stare s
(merg) ? - n-a fi eu
n stare s (merg) ? etc.
(merge) -
n exemplul : I could go verbul could exprim i permisiunea, nu numai capabilitatea. n acest caz could - might.
n limbajul colocvial can l nlocuiete des pe may.
MAY - MIGHT - 0 - TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
I might (go) - I should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) - eu a avea voie s (merg) - eu a putea s
(merg) - mie mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg)
you might (go) - you would be permitted/allowed to (go) - tu ai avea voie s (mergi) - tu ai putea s
(mergi)
- ie i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergi)
he/she/it might (go) - he/she/it would be permitted/allowed to (go) - el/ea ar avea voie s (mearg) el/ea
ar putea s (mearg) - lui/ei i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
we might (go) - we should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) - noi am avea voie s (mergem) - noi
am
putea s (mergem) - nou ne-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergem)
you might (go) - you would be permitted/allowed to (go) - voi ai avea voie s (mergei) - voi ai putea
s
(mergei) - vou v-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergei)
they might (go) - they would be permitted/allowed to (go) - ei/ele ar avea voie s (mearg) - ei/ele ar
putea
s (mearg) - lor le-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N ||
I might not (go) - I mightn't (go) - I should/would not be permitted/allowed to (go) - I shouldn't /
wouldn't be permitted/allowed to (go) - eu nu a avea voie s (merg) - eu nu a putea s
(merg) - mie nu
mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
I ||
might I (go) ? - should/would I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - a avea eu voie s (merg) ? - a putea
eu
s (merg) ? - a putea eu (merge) ? - mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
might I not (go) ? - mightn't I (go) ? - should/would I not be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? shouldn't/
wouldn't I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? - nu a (n-a) avea eu voie s (merg) ? nu a (n-a) putea eu s
(merg) ? - nu mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? - mie nu mi-ar fi
permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
MUST - 0 - 0 - TO HAVE TO
A ||
I should/would have to (go) - I'd have to (go) - eu ar trebui s (merg)
you would have to (go) - you'd have to (go) - tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it would have to (go) - he'd/she'd/it'd have to (go) - el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should/would have to (go) - we'd have to (go) - noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you would have to (go) - you'd have to (go) - voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they would have to (go) - they'd have to (go) - ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N ||
I should/would not have to (go) - I shouldn't/wouldn't have to (go) - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I ||
should/would I have to (go) ? - eu ar trebui s (merg) ? - ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not have to (go) ? - eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? - n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
SHALL - SHOULD - a trebui s, a se cuveni/cdea s . . .
85
A ||
86
s
I-N ||
(merg ) ?
A ||
TO DARE - a ndrzni
I should/would dare - I'd dare - eu a ndrzni - eu m-a ncumeta
you would dare - you'd dare - tu ai ndrzni - tu te-ai ncumeta
he/she would dare - he'd/she'd dare - el/ea ar ndrzni - el/ea s-ar ncumeta
we should/would dare - we'd dare - noi am ndrzni - noi ne-am ncumeta
you would dare - you'd dare - voi ai ndrzni - voi v-ai ncumeta
they would dare - they'd dare - ei/ele ar ndrzni - ei/ele s-ar ncumeta
I should/would not dare - I shouldn't/wouldn't dare - eu nu a (n-a) ndrzni - eu nu m-a ncumeta
N ||
etc.
I ||
I - N ||
ncumeta
87
N ||
etc.
I ||
I - N ||
distra ?
Se formeaz cu auxiliarele should/would (pers. I singular i plural) i would (pers. a II-a i a III-a singular si plural)
plus infinitivul perfect al verbului de conjugat i se traduce prin optativ perfect n limba romn.
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT
TO BE - WAS - BEEN - a fi
I should/would have been - eu a fi fost
we should/would have been - noi am fi fost
you would have been - tu ai fi fost
you would have been - voi ai fi fost
he/she/it would have been - el/ea ar fi fost
they would have been - ei/ele ar fi fost
N ||
I should/would not have been - I shouldn't/wouldn't have been - eu nu a (n-a) fi fost etc.
I ||
should/would I have been ? - eu a fi fost ? - a fi fost eu ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have been ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I have been ? - eu nu a (n-a) fi fost ? - nu a
(n-a)
fi fost eu ? etc.
A ||
88
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
(n-a)
N ||
(n-a)
I ||
I - N ||
(n-a)
89
SHALL - SHOULD - O
A ||
I should have (come) - eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) - tu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
he/she/it should have (come) - el/ea se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
we should have (come) - noi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) - voi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
they should have (come) - ei/ele se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
N ||
I should not (shouldn't) have (come) - eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) etc.
I ||
should I have (come) ? - eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) ? - se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) eu ?
etc.
I - N ||
should I not (shouldn't I) have (come) ? - eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) ? - nu trebuia (nu
se
cuvenea) s fi (venit) eu ? etc.
WILL - WOULD - O
I would have (come) - eu voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) - tu voiai s fi (venit)
he/she/it would have (come) - el/ea voia s fi (venit)
we would have (come) - noi voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) - voi voiai s fi (venit)
they would have (come) - ei/ele voiau s fi (venit)
N ||
I would not (wouldn't) have (come) - eu nu voiam s fi (venit) etc.
I ||
would I have (come) ? - voiam eu s fi (venit) ? etc.
I - N ||
would I not (wouldn't I) have (come) ? - eu nu voiam s fi (venit) ? etc.
A ||
OUGHT TO
I ought to have come - eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - eu se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come - tu s-ar fi cuvenit s vii - tu se cuvenea s fi venit
he/she/it ought to have come - el/ea s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - el/ea se cuvenea s fi venit
we ought to have come - noi s-ar fi cuvenit s venim - noi se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come - voi s-ar fi cuvenit s venii - voi se cuvenea s fi venit
they ought to have come - ei/ele s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - ei/ele se cuvenea s fi venit
N ||
I ought not (oughtn't) to have come - eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin - eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit etc.
I ||
ought I to have come ? - eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? - eu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
I - N ||
ought I not (oughtn't I) to have come ? - eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? - eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit ?
etc.
A ||
Did he/she tell you why you ought to do it ? - i-a spus el/ea ie de ce trebuie (se cuvine/cade) s-o faci ? - i-a spus
el/ea ie de ce trebuia (se cuvenea/cdea) s-o faci ?
Did he/she tell you that you ought to have done it ? - i-a spus el/ea ie c se cuvine/cuvenea s-o fi fcut ?
Ought your friend to have been an engineer ? - Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fie inginer? - Se cuvenea prietenul tu
s fi fost inginer ?
If I were you I should/would learn more. - Dac a fi n locul tu a nva mai mult.
90
If I had seen you I might have helped you. - Dac te-a fi vzut a fi putut s te ajut.
Had I known him I should/would have helped him. - S-l fi cunoscut, l-a fi ajutat.
Even if they had been there, they couldn't have helped us. - Chiar dac ei ar fi fost acolo nu ar fi putut s ne
ajute.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT - DIATEZA ACTIV
TO READ - a citi
I should/would have read - eu a fi citit
we should/would have read - noi am fi citit
you would have read - tu ai fi citit
you would have read - voi ai fi citit
he/she would have read - el/ea ar fi citit
they would have read - ei/ele ar fi citit
N ||
I should/would not have read - I shouldn't/wouldn't have read - eu nu a fi citit - eu n-a fi citit etc.
I ||
should/would I have read ? - eu a fi citit ? - a fi citit eu ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have read ? - shouldn't/wouldn't I have read ? - eu nu a (eu n-a) fi citit ? - nu
a (na) fi citit eu ? etc.
A ||
Exprim un sfat, un ndemn, un ordin, o sugestie, o recomandare, o rugminte, o dorin, o urare etc.
Come here ! - Vino/Venii aici !
Wait a moment ! - Ateapt/Ateptai o clip !
Speak louder ! - Vorbete/Vorbii mai tare !
Rugmini, ordine, recomandri, urri sau comenzi pot fi adresate i persoanelor I i III. n acest caz se apeleaz la
auxiliarul let care este urmat de un pronume sau substantiv n acuzativ i apoi de un verb la infinitiv scurt prezent.
A ||
let me go! - s merg/plec eu! - s m duc eu!
go! - mergi/pleac! - du-te!
let him go! - s mearg/plece el! - s se duc el!
let her go! - s mearg/plece ea! - s se duc ea!
let it go! - s mearg/plece el/ea! - s se duc el/ea!
let us go! - let's go! - s mergem/plecm noi! - s ne ducem noi!
go! - mergei/plecai! - ducei-v!
let them go! - s mearg/plece ei/ele! - s se duc ei/ele!
N ||
do not (don't) let me go! - let me not go! - s nu merg/plec eu!
do not (don't) go! - nu te duce! - nu pleca!
do not (don't) let him go! - let him not go! - s nu mearg/plece el! - el s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let her go! - let her not go! - s nu mearg/plece ea!- ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let it go! - let it not go! - s nu mearg/plece el/ea! - el/ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let us go! - s nu plecm/mergem! - s nu ne ducem!
do not (don't) go! - nu plecai/mergei! - (s) nu v ducei!
do not (don't) let them go! - let them not go! - s nu plece/mearg ei/ele! - s nu se duc!
Modul imperativ are doar timpul prezent.
Do come to see us! - Insist s vii pe la noi! este o form accentuat de imperativ.
Do be careful what you are doing! - Fii foarte atent ce faci!
Trust in God and He will watch over you! - Crede n Dumnezeu, iar El va veghea asupra ta!
92
CLASIFICAREA INFINITIVULUI
INFINITIV
Prezent
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Perfect
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
aspectul comun
look (privi)
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
be looking (privi)
be looked at (fi privit)
be being looked at (fi privit)
to look (a privi)
to be looking (a privi)
to be looked at (a fi privit)
to be being looked at (a fi privit)
have looked at (fi privit)
have been looking at (fi privit)
have been looked at (fi fost privit)
have been being looked at (fi fost privit)
to have looked at ( a fi privit)
to have been looking at (a fi privit)
to have been looked at (a fi fost privit)
to have been being looked at (a fi fost privit)
93
I'd love you to come and see us. - Mi-ar fi drag s vii pe la noi .
A ||
John wants me to go. - John vrea ca eu s merg.
John wants you to go. - John vrea ca tu s mergi.
John wants him to go. - John vrea ca el s mearg.
John wants her to go. - John vrea ca ea s mearg.
John wants us to go. - John vrea ca noi s mergem.
John wants you to go. - John vrea ca voi s mergei.
John wants them to go. - John vrea ca ei/ele/dnii/dnsele s mearg.
N || John does not (doesn't) want me to go. - John nu vrea ca eu s merg etc.
I ||
Does John want me to go ? - Vrea John ca eu s merg ? etc.
I - N ||Does John not (Doesn't John) want me to go ? - John nu vrea ca eu s merg ? etc.
He asked them to be quiet and listen to him. - El le-a cerut s tac i s asculte la el.
I saw him not only play the guitar but also dance. - L-am vzut nu numai cntnd la chitar ci i dansnd.
He wanted him to do it, not me. - El a vrut ca el s-o fac, nu eu.
Do you wish them to stay or to leave ? - Vrei ca ei s stea sau s plece ?
He taught me to swim. - El m-a nvat s not.
They warned me not to come late. - M-au avertizat s nu vin trziu.
I cannot allow/permit her to do that. - Nu-i pot ngdui/permite ei s fac asta.
All the neighbours thought her to be a communist. - Toi vecinii o presupuneau/ bnuiau pe ea a fi comunist.
I declared myself to be against war. - M-am declarat a fi contra/mpotriva rzboiului.
Did you teach him to drive the car ? - L-ai nvat s conduc maina ?
I did not deny her to be beautiful and to sing beautifully. - N-am negat c ea este frumoas i cnt frumos.
Do you know him to be honest ? - l tii pe el a fi (ca fiind, c este) cinstit ?
B. ACUZATIV CU INFINITIV SCURT
Dup verbe ca: to feel (a simi), to hear (a auzi), to let (a lsa), to make (a face), to notice (a observa), to see (a
vedea), to watch (a privi/viziona), se folosete infinitiv scurt cnd sunt folosite la diateza activ, i infinitiv lung dac sunt
la diateza pasiv.
I felt the wind blow. - Am simind vntul suflnd.
Did you hear him say that ? - L-ai auzit spunnd-o ?
Why don't you let me solve the problem by myself ? - De ce nu m lai s rezolv problema singur ?
Who makes you laugh ? - Cine te face s rzi ?
I noticed him enter (into) the bookshop. - L-am zrit intrnd n librrie.
They saw us buy some books. - Ne-au vzut cumprnd nite cri.
You can watch us swim. - Poi s ne priveti notnd.
He was heard to say something. - El a fost auzit zicnd ceva.
Someone was heard to sing a song. - Cineva a fost auzit cntnd un cntec.
He was allowed to do what he wanted. - A fost lsat s fac ce vrea.
C. CONSTRUCIA/STRUCTURA "FOR" + PRONUME / SUBSTANTIV N ACUZATIV + INFINITIV
It is easy for him to understand. - Pentru el este uor de neles. - Lui i este uor s neleag.
Este de fapt tot acuzativ cu infinitiv, dar este precedat de prepoziia for.
Se folosete dup structurile impersonale there is (este, se afl/gsete), there are (sunt, se afl/gsesc), here is
(iat), here are (iat), it is early (este devreme), it is easy (este uor), it is difficult (este greu), it is important (este
important), it is late (este trziu), it is necessary (este necesar), it is right (este drept/just), it is wrong (este
nedrept/nejust/greit) etc.
Here are some books for me to read. - Iat nite cri pentru mine s citesc.
It is too early for us to go to the station. - Este prea devreme pentru noi s mergem la gar.
Was it too late for you to learn that language ? - Era prea trziu ca tu s nvei limba aceea ?
There was nothing for me to do there. - Nu era nimic pentru mine de fcut acolo.
It is better for you to leave now. - Este mai bine ca tu s pleci acum. - Este mai bine pentru tine s pleci acum.
A ||
94
95
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
prezent seeing - vznd
beeing seen - fiind vzut
speaking - vorbind
Participiu
trecut seen - vzut
seen - vzut
spoken - vorbit
perfect having seen - vznd
having been seen - fiind vzut
having spoken - vorbind
Din schema i exemplificarea de mai sus se vede c participiul are trei timpuri, iar pentru unele verbe are forme
pentru diatezele activ i pasiv.
1. PARTICIPIUL PREZENT mpreun cu verbul to be, care se conjug, formeaz, aa cum s-a artat, aspectul
continuu al verbelor.
I am speaking. - Eu vorbesc (acum).
Participiul prezent se mai traduce n limba romn i prin modul gerunziu.
We watched them playing football. - I-am privit jucnd fotbal.
The boy running is John - The boy, who is running, is John. - Biatul, care alearg, este John.
We came to know each other playing tennis. - Am ajuns s ne cunoatem jucnd tenis.
Participiul prezent este un adjectiv verbal.
a singing bird - o pasre cnttoare
in the coming years - n anii care vin
the coming days - zilele care vin
running water - ap curgtoare
the rising generation - generaia care se ridic
the winning horse - calul ctigtor
the rising/setting sun - soarele care rsare/apune
to keep somebody waiting - a face pe cineva s atepte
I did not keep him waiting. - Nu l-am fcut s atepte.
to find somebody doing something - a gsi pe cineva fcnd ceva
I found her writing a letter. - Am gsit-o scriind o scrisoare.
to leave somebody doing something - a lsa pe cineva fcnd ceva
I left them playing in the garden. - I-am lsat jucndu-se n grdin.
I felt the earth shaking. - Am simit pmntul cltinndu-se.
to see somebody doing something - a vedea pe cineva fcnd ceva
She is watching her baby sleeping. - Ea i supravegheaz copilul care doarme.
Did you catch him stealing anything ? - L-ai prins furnd ceva ?
Keep on singing! - Cntai mai departe!
I can feel the wind blowing. - Pot simi vntul suflnd.
I like to listen to the birds singing. - mi place s ascult la psri cntnd.
We left her learning her lessons. - Am lsat-o nvndu-i leciile.
He wrote the exercise while singing a song. - A scris exerciiul cntnd un cntec.
I noticed him smiling happily at them. - L-am zrit/observat zmbind fericit ctre ei.
Did you see us swimming in the lake ? - Ne-ai/ne-ai vzut (pe noi) notnd n lac ?
Searching in the library I came across an interesting book. - Cutnd prin bibliotec, am dat peste o carte interesant.
We were watching the setting sun and the waves receding from the shore. - Priveam soarele care apunea i valurile ce
se retrgeau de la rm.
A man learning to swim should be very cautious. - Un om care nva s noate ar trebui s fie foarte precaut.
2. PARTICIPIUL TRECUT (The Past Participle) este a III-a form de baz a verbelor, form care intr n alctuirea
timpurilor The Present Perfect i The Past Perfect.
3. PARTICIPIUL PERFECT (The Perfect Participle)
Having given him the book, I went home. - Dup ce i-am dat (lui) cartea, (eu) am plecat acas.
Structura aceasta const din participiul prezent al verbului to have urmat de un verb la participiul trecut.
Having been read the book was returned to the library. - After the book had been read it was returned to the
library. - Dup ce a fost citit cartea a fost napoiat la bibliotec.
1.6.3.2.1. CONSTRUCII PARTICIPIALE
A. ACUZATIV CU PARTICIPIU
Everybody admired him driving his car. - Toat lumea l-a admirat conducn-du-i maina.
Nobody heard her playing the piano or singing any song. - Nimeni n-a auzit-o cntnd la pian sau cntnd vreun
cntec.
I did not hear the bell ringing. - N-am auzit clopoelul (soneria) sunnd.
B. NOMINATIV CU PARTICIPIU
Were you heard singing a song? - Ai fost (tu) auzit cntnd un cntec?
Was the bell heard ringing? - A fost clopoelul (soneria) auzit() sunnd?
96
C. NOMINATIVUL ABSOLUT
The door being locked, we went to bed. - Ua fiind ncuiat, ne-am dus la culcare.
We may go swimming while the sun is shining. - Putem merge s notm n timp ce soarele strlucete.
D. PARTICIPIUL ABSOLUT
Judging by appearances is not the best method. - A judeca dup aparene nu este cea mai bun metod.
Exemple cu structuri care conin verbe la participiul trecut :
We saw a deserted village. - Am vzut un sat prsit
He found the window shut. - El a gsit fereastra nchis.
Can you make your presence felt ? - i poi face prezena simit ?
You should make yourself respected. - Ar trebui s te faci respectat.
She felt herself admired. - S-a simit admirat.
You must have your hair cut. - Trebuie s-i scurtezi/tunzi prul.
1.6.3.3. MODUL GERUNZIU (THE GERUND MOOD)
Este un substantiv verbal, i seamn ca form cu participiul.
His coming was expected. - Venirea lui era ateptat.
Seeing is believing. - Faptul de a vedea (vzutul) nseamn a crede.
Gerund
prezent
perfect
diateza activ
seeing - vznd
having seen - dup ce a vzut
diateza pasiv
being seen - fiind vzut
having been seen - dup ce a fost vzut
97
We forgive you for your being late. -Te iertm pentru ntrzierea ta.
to insist on - a insista asupra
Need you insist on her writing her homework ? - Este nevoie s insiti asupra scrierii temei sale de ctre ea ?
to long for - a tnji dup
We are longing for a short holiday. - Tnjim dup o scurt vacan.
to prevent from - a mpiedica / preveni s
You must prevent your son from making mistakes. - Trebuie s-l previi pe fiul tu s nu fac greeli.
to refer to - a se referi la
Did he refer to his coming to see us ? - S-a referit el la venirea lui pe la noi ?
to resort to - a recurge la
He mustn't resort to stealing however poor he were. - El nu trebuie s recurg la furat orict de srac ar fi.
to be sated with - a fi stul / dezgustat de
We aren't sated with fishing and swimming, are we ? - Noi nu suntem plictisii / stui de pescuit i not, nu-i aa ?
to see to - a avea grij de, a se ocupa de
See to making some tea, will you ? - Vezi / ocup-te s faci nite ceai, te rog.
to succeed in - a reui s
He succeeded in learning the poem by heart. - El a reuit s nvee poezia pe de rost.
to thank for - a mulumi pentru
Thank you for comming. - Mulumesc c ai venit.
to think of - a se gndi la
We are thinking of going on a trip. - Ne gndim s mergem ntr-o excursie.
1.6.3.3.1. GERUND PREZENT (THE PRESENT GERUND)
Gerund prezent (sau indefinit) este, cum s-a putut observa i n exemplele de mai sus, precedat :
a) fie de adjective posesive, ca n structurile :
my coming - venirea mea
my being late - ntrzierea mea etc.
b) fie de unele substantive cu prepoziii :
He is known for his art of writing. - El este cunoscut pentru arta lui de a scrie.
Let me tell you about their surprise at seeing us! - S-i povestesc despre surpriza lor la vederea noastr.
I know his interest in learning. - i cunosc interesul pentru nvtur.
I like the idea of building a house here. - mi place ideea de a construi o cas aici.
Alte astfel de substantive cu prepoziii dup care se poate folosi gerund-ul sunt:
the art of (living) - arta de a (tri)
astonishment at - uimire fa de
confidence in - ncredere n
dependence on - dependen fa de
disappointment at - dezamgire la
experience in - experien n
fear of - team de
idea of - idee de a
interest in - interes fa de
risk of - riscul de a
mode of (living) - modul de a (tri)
surprise at - surpriz la
Gerund-ul prezent se traduce fie prin gerunziu, fie printr-un substantiv, fie prin infinitiv sau conjunctiv.
I prefer watching football matches. - Eu prefer vizionarea meciurilor de fotbal.
He went on smoking and drinking coffee. - El a continuat s fumeze i s bea cafea.
Please excuse my saying so. - Te rog s m scuzi c zic/spun aa.
Do you mind opening the window ? - Te/V deranjeaz dac deschid fereastra ?
Did you mind my opening the window ? - Te-a/V-a deranjat c am deschis fereastra ?
Do you enjoy dancing ? - i place mult s dansezi ?
Willing and wishing are two different things, aren't they ? - A vrea/voi i a dori sunt dou lucruri diferite, nu-i aa ?
Any work needs correcting. - Oricare lucrare are nevoie s fie corectat.
I like swimming not mountain climbing. - mi place notul nu alpinismul.
Some women hate fishing. - Unele femei detest pescuitul.
98
mind - a supra, to miss - a pierde; a-i fi dor de, to postpone - a amna, to prefer - a prefera, to propose - a propune, to
regret - a regreta, to remember - a-i aminti, to risk -a risca, to start - a porni, to stop - a opri, to suggest - a sugera, to
try - a ncerca, used to - obinuia s.
Tot gerund se mai folosete dup expresii ca :
it's no use - it's no good - n-are rost/sens s
It's no use going now. - N-are rost s mergem acum.
can't stand - a nu suferi/nghii/suporta
I can't stand wasting time. - Nu pot suferi irosirea timpului.
can't help - a nu putea s nu, a nu avea ncotro
I can't help laughing when I see you making faces. - Nu pot s nu rd cnd te vd strmbndu-te.
1.6.4. CONJUGAREA EXPRESIILOR THERE IS, THERE ARE
there is - este, se afl, exist, se gsete.
there are - sunt, se afl, exist, se gsesc.
Timpul prezent (The Present Tense)
There is a book on the table. - Este (Se afl/gsete) o carte pe mas.
There are two books on the table. - Sunt (Se afl/gsesc) dou cri pe mas.
N || There is not (there isn't) a book on the table. - Nu este (Nu se afl) o carte pe mas.
There are not (there aren't) two books on the table. - Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Is there a book on the table ? - Este (se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Are there two books on the table ? - Sunt (se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Is there not (isn't there) a book on the table ? - Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Are there not (aren't there) two books on the table ? -Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
A ||
A ||
mas.
N || There will not be (there won't be) a book on the table. - Nu va fi (n-o s fie) o carte pe mas. - Nu se va afla (n-o
s se
afle) o carte pe mas.
99
There will not be (there won't be) two books on the table. - Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas. - Nu se vor
(n-o s se afle) dou cri pe mas.
Will there be a book on the table ? - Va fi (o s fie) o carte pe mas ? - Se va afla (o s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Will there be two books on the table ? - Vor fi (o s fie) dou cri pe mas ? - Se vor afla dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) be a book on the table ? - Nu va fi o carte pe mas ? - Nu se va afla o carte pe
mas ?
Will there not (won't there) be two books on the table ? - Nu vor fi (n-o s fie) dou cri pe mas ? - Nu se vor
afla
(n-o s se afle) dou cri pe mas ?
afla
I ||
A ||
There may not (there mayn't) be a book on the table. - Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There may not be two books on the table. - Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
May there be a book on the table ? - Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there be two books on the table ? - Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || May there not be a book on the table ? - Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there not be two books on the table ? - Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
- cu verbul must - to have to - trebuie s - a trebui s
A || There must be a book on the table. - Trebuie s fie o carte pe mas.
There must be two books on the table. - Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There must not (there mustn't) be a book on the table. - Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas.
100
There must not (there mustn't) be two books on the table. - Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
Must there be a book on the table ? - Trebuie s fie (trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there be two books on the table ? - Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Must there not (musn't there) be a book on the table ? - Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe
mas ?
Must there not (musn't there) be two books on the table ? - Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
I ||
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future in the Past
There could be a book on the table. - Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. - Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not be (there couldn't be) a book on the table. - Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could not be (there couldn't be) two books on the table. - Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
Exemplu: He told me that there could be a book on the table. - El mi-a spus c va putea fi o carte pe mas.
A ||
A ||
101
I didn't find out whether there would be a book on the table. - Nu am aflat dac va fi o carte pe mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE la Condiionalul prezent
There would be a book on the table. - Ar fi (s-ar afla) o carte pe mas.
There would be two books on the table. - Ar fi (s-ar afla) dou cri pe mas.
N || There would not be a book on the table. - Nu ar fi o carte pe mas. - Nu s-ar afla o carte pe mas.
There would not be two books on the table. - Nu ar fi dou cri pe mas. - Nu s-ar afla dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Would there be a book on the table ? - Ar fi o carte pe mas ?
Would there be two books on the table ? - Ar fi dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Would there not be a book on the table ? - Nu ar fi o carte pe mas ? - Nu s-ar afla o carte pe mas ?
A ||
A ||
N ||
mas.
A ||
mas.
N || If there had not been a book on the table. - Dac n-ar fi fost o carte pe mas. - Dac nu s-ar fi aflat o carte pe
mas.
If there had not been two books on the table. - Dac n-ar fi fost dou cri pe mas. - Dac nu s-ar fi aflat dou
cri pe
Alte exemple cu there is i there are:
We should not want there to be new wars. - Nu am vrea s fie noi rzboaie.
Do you want there to be another festival ? - Vrei s fie un alt festival ?
There can be no doubt about it. - Nu poate fi nici o ndoial n aceast privin.
He doesn't want there to be any misunderstanding. - El nu vrea s fie nici o nenelegere.
102
1.6.
Adverbul (lat : ad - lng, verbum - verb - cuvnt) determin un verb, un alt adverb sau un adjectiv.
1.7.1. CLASIFICARE
1.7.1.1. ADVERBE DE MOD (ADVERBS OF MANNER)
Adverbele de mod rspund la ntrebarea how ? - cum ?
upside-down - cu faa n jos, somehow - cumva, willingly - bucuros, fluently - fluent/curgtor, by chance - din
ntmplare, accidentally - accidental, beautifully - frumos, deliberately - deliberat, completely - complet, extremely extrem, fast - iute, hardly - greu/abia, how - ct/cum, little - puin, much - mult, rather - cam, scarcely - abia, very foarte, well - bine, badly - ru, unawares - deodat/pe neateptate, quickly - repede, fast - iute, slowly - lent/rar/ncet,
aloud - tare/cu voce tare
1.7.1.2. ADVERBE DE TIMP (ADVERVBS OF TIME)
Adverbele de timp rspund la ntrebarea when ? - cnd ?
afterwards - dup aceea, daily - zilnic, early - devreme, formerly - odinioar, immediately - imediat, meanwhile - ntre
timp, never - niciodat, now - acum, presently - imediat, yearly - anual, recently - recent, sometimes - uneori, soon curnd, yesterday - ieri, often - adesea, late - trziu, then - atunci, always - totdeauna, last month - luna trecut, before nainte, after - dup, today - azi/astzi, just - tocmai/abia, at present - n prezent, at last - n cele din urm/n fine, by
now - pn acum, already - deja, still - nc, once - odinioar/cndva, when - cnd, just now - chiar acum, so far - pn
aici/acum, sooner or later - mai curnd sau mai trziu etc.
1.7.1.3. ADVERBE DE LOC (ADVERBS OF PLACE)
Adverbele de loc rspund la ntrebarea where ? - unde ?
behind - n spate, far - departe, here - aici, near - aproape, there - acolo, inside - n interior, upstairs - la etaj, along - dea lungul, up and down - n sus i n jos, here and there - ici i colo, abroad - n strintate, under - dedesubt,
somewhere - undeva, nowhere - nicieri, niciunde, anywhere - oriunde, everywhere - pretutindeni, southwards - ctre
sud, homeward - spre/ctre cas, where - unde etc.
1.7.1.4. ADVERBE DE CAUZ (ADVERBS OF CAUSE/REASON)
Adverbele de cauz rspund la ntrebarea why ? - de ce ?
that is why - iat de ce, therefore - pentru acest motiv, de aceea, for the reason that - pentru motivul c etc.
1.7.1.5. ADVERBE DE SCOP (ADVERBS OF PURPOSE)
Adverbele de scop rspund la ntrebarea for what purpose? - cu ce scop?
for this purpose - cu acest scop, for the mere purpose of - pentru simplul motiv de a, etc.
1.7.1.6. ADVERBE DE CANTITATE /GRAD (ADVERBS OF QUANTITY)
Adverbele de cantitate /grad rspund la ntrebrile how much ? - ct ?, how little ? - ct de puin ? etc.
almost - aproape/aproximativ, enormously - enorm, entirely - n ntregime, little - puin, much - mult, quite chiar/total, really - ntr-adevr/cu adevrat, so - astfel/aa, sufficiently - suficient, enough - destul/suficient, too prea/suficient, very - foarte etc.
ALTE ADVERBE :
especially - mai ales, n special
at most - cel mult
precisely - precis
exactly - exact
at latest - cel mai trziu
also - de asemenea
even - chiar
at earliest - cel mai devreme
at least - cel puin
only - numai, doar
however - totui, cu toate acestea
consequently - ca urmare
surely - sigur
of course - desigur
at any rate - n orice caz
at worst - n cel mai ru caz
SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
amusement - amuzare
amusingly - amuzant
amusive - hazliu
amusingness - amuzare
attraction - atracie
attractingly - atrgtor
attractive - atrgtor
to attract - a atrage
-
104
attractibility - atracie
to brighten -
brightly - luminos
brightly - strlucitor,
a lumina, a nviora
brilliance - strlucire
brilliantness - splendoare
care - grij
carefully - cu atenie
carefulness - atenie
careless - neglijent
carelessly - neglijent
to change - a schimba
changeableness - nestatornicie
changeable - schimbtor
changeably - schimbtor
changeless - neschimbat
changed - schimbat
to cloud - a innora
cloudiness - nnourare
cloudy - noros
cloudily - nebulos
cloudlessly - clar
cloudlessness - senintate
clouded - noros
to compare - a compara
compare/comparison - comparaie
comparative - comparativ
comparably - comparativ
VERB
SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
comparable - comparabil
comparatively - comparativ
comparation - comparaie
compared - comparat
comparability - comparabilitate
to continue - a continua
continuity - continuitate
continuous - continuu
continuously - continuu
continued - continuat
to deepen - a adnci,
deep - adnc
to disagree - a displace
disagreeably - neplcut
to hope - a spera
hope - speran
hopefully - promitor
hopelessness - disperare
hopelessly - fr speran,
hopeless - disperat
livable - cu care se poate tri
life - via
livelong - trainic
to open - a deschide
open - deschis
openly - deschis
opener - deschiztor
to pain - a durea
pain - durere
painful - dureros
painfully - dureros
painfulness - durere
to taste - a gusta
taste - gust
tasty - gustos
tastily - gustos
tasteful - gustos
tastefully - cu gust
tasteless - fr gust
tastelessly - fr gust
to tidy - a ordona
tidiness - ordine
tidily - ordonat
to use - a folosi
-
usefully - util
uselessly - inutil
COMPARATIV DE
well - bine
badly -ru
far - departe
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
SUPERIORITATE
much - mult
105
lively - vioi
near - aproape
little - mult
late - trziu
up -sus
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
attractively - atrgtor
beautifully - frumos
bestially-bestial
carefully-atent
fortunately - norocos
quickly - rapid
charmingly - fermector
fluently - fluent
gratefully - recunosctor
willingly - bucuros
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
cleanly - curat
early devreme
hard - greu
low - deprimat
Multe adverbe i adjective se folosesc dup verbul to be, i dup verbele modale, fiind nume predicative. Se tie c
verbul to be poate fi predicat n propoziie doar cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc :
to be black - a fi negru
to be cold - a fi frig
to be bloody - a fi afurisit
to be concise - a fi concis
to be careful - a fi grijuliu/atent
to be hard - a fi greu
Toate aceste cuvinte black, bloody, careful, cold, concise etc. pot fi fie adjective, fie adverbe, faptul depinznd de
cuvntul pe lng care stau i l determin, iar de comparat se compar aa cum se arat n tabelele prezentate n capitolul
comparaia adjectivelor, respectiv comparaia adverbelor.
Mary has put on her very best dress. - Mary i-a mbrcat chiar cea mai bun rochie a ei.
Alice sees quite well, but John sees far better. - Alice vede foarte bine, ns John vede i mai bine.
John speaks French the best. - John vorbete franuzete cel mai bine.
Jane does not sing so beautifully. - Jane nu cnt aa de frumos.
We haven't seen him lately. - Nu l-am vzut n ultimul timp.
This book is a lot more interesting than that. - Aceast carte este mult mai interesant dect aceea.
That book is very very interesting. - Cartea aceea este foarte foarte interesant.
1.7.4. LOCUL ADVERBELOR
Adverbele cu ajutorul crora se formeaz gradul superlativ absolut stau totdeauna naintea adjectivelor sau
adverbelor.
very well - foarte bine
quite right - perfect adevrat
Adverbul enough este singurul adverb care st dup adjective sau adverbe
She sings beautifully enough. - Ea cnt destul / suficient de frumos.
1.7.4.1. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE TIMP
afterward(s) - dup aceea
I saw them afterwards. - I-am vzut dup aceea.
again - din nou, iar, iari ; once more - nc o dat
I saw him again. - L-am vzut din nou.
again / time and again - very often - mereu - foarte adesea
You must try again and again. - Trebuie s ncerci mereu.
always - totdeuna, ntotdeauna
106
107
108
109
analitic. La conjugarea verbelor este obligatorie prezena pronumelui personal alturi de verb pentru realizarea persoanei
acestuia.
n cazul substantivelor ns, prepoziiile preiau funciile terminaiilor cazurilor limbilor sintetice. Ele sunt
considerate instrumente gramaticale, dar rolul lor este important. Cei ce doresc s tie bine limba englez, trebuie s
acorde o atenie la fel de mare i prepoziiei.
n limba englez prepoziia st fie naintea substanivului sau altui cuvnt cu care este n relaie, fie la
sfritul unei propoziii.
What is he talking about? - About what is he talking? - Despre ce vorbete el?
Who(m) is he talking about ? - About whom is he talking ? - Despre cine vorbete el ?
Whose friend are you talking about ? - About whose friend are you talking ? - Despre prietenul cui vorbeti tu ? Despre al cui prieten vorbeti tu ?
What are you looking at ? - At what are you looking ? - La ce priveti tu ?
Who(m) is this poem by ? - By whom is this poem ? - De cine este poezia aceasta ?
Who(m) is this book written by ? - By whom is this book written ? - De cine este scris cartea aceasta ?
To whom must you give the book ? - Who(m) must you give the book to ? - Cui trebuie s-i dai cartea ?
He is the boy who(m) I must give the book to. - El este biatul cruia trebuie s-i dau eu cartea.
The boy to whom I must ... - Biatul cruia trebuie s ...
n concluzie, prepoziiile n limba englez pot aprea n post - poziie n :
1. - ntrebrile care ncep cu cuvintele who, what, which
2. - n subordonatele atributive
3. - n unele exclamaii: What trouble they've got into ! - n ce ncurctur au intrat !
4. - n unele construcii pasive: He is looked for by us.
dar
He is sought by us este forma preferat
5. - n propoziii infinitivale: They are impossible to talk to. - Cu ei este imposibil de discutat.
6. - n propoziii/fraze afirmative care ncep cu who, what, which: What I am looking at is John's house. - La (ceea) ce
privesc
eu este casa lui John.
Cele mai importante prepoziii n limba englez sunt :
about - despre
along - de-a lungul
around - mprejur; vreo
below - dedesubt
beyond - dincolo de
in - n
near - lng
on - pe
past - pe lng; dincolo de
throughout - prin, peste, dup
up - n susul; ctre
above - deasupra
alongside - unul lng altul, alturi
at - la
beneath - sub; mai jos de
by - de, de ctre, prin
inside - nuntru
notwithstanding - cu toate c
opposite - peste drum de, vizavi
round - n jurul
to - la, ctre
within - n, nuntrul; nu mai trziu de
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
He went home and brought the book. - El a mers acas i a adus cartea.
as well as - precum i
He speaks English as well as German. - El vorbete engleza precum i germana
both . . . and - att.... ct i ......
I like both English and German. - mi place att engleza ct i germana.
not only . . . but also - nu numai ... ci i .....
I like not only English but also German. - mi place nu numai engleza ci i germana.
1.9.1.1.2. CONJUNCII DISJUNCTIVE (DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile disjunctive exprim o alternativ.
either . . . or - sau.... sau ....., fie..... fie....
He can speak either English or German. - El tie s vorbeasc fie engleza fie germana.
neither . . . nor - nici.... nici.....
I see neither him nor her. - Nu-l vd nici pe el, nici pe ea.
otherwise - altfel , altminteri
The book is expensive, otherwise it is very useful. - Cartea este scump, altminteri este foarte util.
else (if not) - altfel (dac nu), or else - c/cci altfel, c dac nu
Hurry up or (else) you will miss the train. - Grbete-te, (c) altfel pierzi trenul.
1.9.1.1.3. CONJUNCII ADVERSATIVE (ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile adversative exprim contrastul.
but - ns, dar;
We want to buy a house but we don't have money. - Vrem s cumprm o cas dar nu avem bani.
however - ns, dar totui
I didn't want to do it, however I did it. - N-am vrut s-o fac, dar am fcut-o.
nevertheless - totui, cu toate acestea
Mathematics is difficult, nevertheless I like it. - Matematica este grea, totui mi place.
still - totui, ns, dar, cu toate acestea
It is expensive, still I'll buy it. - Este scump, totui o voi cumpra.
while - whereas - pe ct vreme, n timp ce, pe cnd
Your motorcar is old, while/whereas mine is new. - Maina ta este veche, pe cnd a mea e/este nou.
yet (nevertheless) - totui, cu toate acestea
These goods are expensive, and yet people buy them. - Aceste mrfuri sunt scumpe i totui lumea le cumpr.
1.9.1.1.4. CONJUNCII CONCLUSIVE (ILLATIVE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile conclusive exprim o concluzie.
accordingly - n consecin, deci, prin urmare, ca atare
I found the book I needed and accordingly I bought it. - Am gsit cartea, de care aveam nevoie i, n consecin am
cumprat-o.
consequently - n consecin, aadar, prin urmare
I found the book interesting, consequently I bought it. - Am gsit cartea interesant, aadar am cumprat-o.
so - aadar, de aceea, prin urmare, astfel c, aa c
I considered the book important, so I bought it. - Am considerat cartea important, astfel c am cumprat-o.
therefore - astfel cA, deci, de aceea, aadar, prin urmare, n consecin
I didn't find them in the park, therefore I went home. - Nu i-am gsit n parc, aadar am plecat acas.
1.9.1.1.5. CONJUNCII CAUZALE (CAUSAL CONJUNCTIONS)
for - cci, pentru c, ntruct, deoarece, fiindc
It is very hot for it is August. - Este foarte cald cci este august.
Sunt rare ns cazurile cnd se ntlnesc n engleza vorbit astfel de exemple/cazuri cu for cauzal.
1.9.1.2. CONJUNCII SUBORDONATOARE (SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)
118
119
120
They failed notwithstanding the efforts they made. - Ei au dat gre n ciuda/ pofida eforturilor pe care le-au fcut.
1.9.1.2.6. CONJUNCII CONDIIONALE (CONJUNCTIONS OF CONDITIONAL)
Conjunciile condiionale introduc subordonatele condiionale.
if - dac
I shall not come if I don't have time. - Nu voi veni dac nu voi avea timp.
if only - doar/numai dac
I shall come if only I have time. - Voi veni doar dac voi avea timp.
on condition that - cu condiia c
I shall come on the condition that I have time. - Voi veni cu condiia c voi avea timp.
provided that - cu condiia c
I shall come provided that I have time. - Voi veni cu condiia c voi avea timp.
if and only if - dac i numai dac
I shall come if and only if I have time. - Voi veni dac i numai dac voi avea timp.
as long as - att timp ct, dac
I shall not give you the money as long as you don't tell me the truth. - Nu-i voi da banii atta timp ct nu-mi vei spune
adevrul.
but - dac nu
But for John, I would have gone. - Dac n-ar fi fost John a fi mers.
unless - dac nu
I shall not give you the money unless you tell me the truth. - Eu nu-i voi da banii dac nu-mi vei spune adevrul.
1.9.1.2.8. CONJUNCII CONSECUTIVE (CONJUNCTIONS OF RESULT)
Conjunciile consecutive introduc subordonatele consecutive.
so . . . that . . . - aa de . . . nct . . ., that - nct/c;
I lent you the book so that you could read it. - i-am mprumutat cartea ca s-o poi citi.
such . . . that . . . - aa/astfel de . . . nct/c . . .
Such was the force of the wind that we could not stand. - Aa mare era fora vntului c noi nu puteam sta n picioare.
1.9.1.2.9. CONJUNCII ATRIBUTIVE (ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjuncile atributive introduc subordonatele atributive sau relative.
that - care, pe care, de care (pentru persoane i lucruri)
This is the book that I need. - Aceasta este cartea de care am eu nevoie.
He is the man that/who knows us. - El este omul care ne cunoate pe noi.
who (pronume relativ) - care
He is the man who knows us. - El este omul care ne cunoate.
whose - al, a, ai, ale cui/crui/crei/cror
He is the playwright whose plays are eternal. - El este dramaturgul ale crui piese sunt eterne.
to whom - who(m) . . . to - cruia, creia, crora
The boy, to whom I must give this book, is my friend. - The boy, who(m) I must give this book to, is my friend. Biatul, cruia eu trebuie s-i dau aceast carte, este prietenul meu.
whom / that - pe care (pentru persoane)
The boys, whom/that you see, are John's friends. - Bieii, pe care i vezi, sunt prietenii lui John.
which / that - care, pe care (pentru lucruri)
The house, which/that you see, is mine. - Casa, pe care o vezi, este a mea.
1.9.1.2.10. CONJUNCII SUBIECTIVE ( SUBJECT CLAUSE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile subiective introduc subordonatele subiective.
that - c
That we have to work hard is a necessity. - C trebuie s muncim mult este o necesitate.
who - cine, care
Who knows the truth is not here. - Cine tie adevrul nu este aici.
121
what - ce
What I like is not to be found here. - Ce-mi place mie nu se gsete aici.
when - cnd
When he comes depends on the weather. - Cnd vine el depinde de vreme.
why - de ce, din ce cauz
Why he has come is a mystery. - De ce a venit el este un mister.
what . . . for - for what - pentru ce
For what he has come is a mystery. - Pentru ce a venit el este un mister.
how - cum
How he has done it is a mystery. - Cum a fcut-o este un mister.
where - unde
Where we shall go is a mystery. - Unde vom merge este un mister.
wherever - oriunde
Wherever we went would be a mystery/secret. - Oriunde am merge ar fi un mister/secret.
whenever - ori de cte ori
Whenever we went would be a mystery. - Ori de cte ori am merge ar fi un mister.
whose - al, a, ai, ale
Whose this book is is a mystery. - A cui este aceast carte este un mister.
what kind / sort of - ce fel de
What kind / sort of man he is is a mystery. - Ce fel de om este el este un mister.
which - care
Which book I must buy is a mystery. - Care carte trebuie s-o cumpr este un mister.
which of - care dintre
Which of us will travel by train is a secret. - Care dintre noi va cltori cu trenul este secret.
1.9.1.2.11. CONJUNCII COMPLETIVE (OBJECT CLAUSE CONJUNCTIONS)
that - c
You did not tell me that you would come earlier. - Nu mi-ai spus c vei veni mai devreme.
Conjuncia that se poate omite: I knew you were very busy. - tiam c eti foarte ocupat.
1.9.2. ALTE CUVINTE DE LEGTUR
for instance - for example - de exemplu/pild
one - o dat
One, you would have more spare time. - O dat, ai avea mai mult timp liber.
two - doi, n al doilea rnd
Two, you would be better paid. - Doi, ai fi mai bine pltit.
Secondly, and far more importantly . . . - n al doilea rnd, i mult mai important . . .
and to conclude . . .- i n ncheiere
first / firstly - n primul rnd, mai nti
second / secondly - n al doilea rnd
third / thirdly - n al treilea rnd
to conclude - n ncheiere / concluzie
for a start - pentru nceput
I want to begin by saying that. - Vreau s ncep prin a spune (spunnd) c.
Another thing is that . . . - Alt lucru este c . . .
Which is far more important. - Care este cu mult mai important.
There is still another thing. - Mai este nc un lucru.
The final thing I must say is . . . - Ultimul lucru pe care trebuie s-l spun este . . .
The second/third reason is . . . - Al doilea/treilea motiv este . . .
Also, it's not . . . - De asemenea, nu este . . .
You didn't read that book. - I didn't read it either. - Neither did I. - Tu nu ai citit cartea aceea. - Nici eu n-am citit-o.
"You are in a hurry." "Indeed we are." - Voi v grbii. Ne grbim, ntr-adevr; Da, aa este; Sigur c da.
That reminds me of . . . - Asta mi amintete de . . .
122
123
2. S I N T A X A (THE SYNTAX)
(gr.: syn - mpreun, cu; taxis - aranjament, aezare)
Sintaxa este aceea parte a gramaticii care se ocup cu studiul funciilor cuvintelor n propoziii i cu studiul
propoziiilor n fraz. Ea stabilete regulile dup care se mbin propoziiile n fraz.
124
125
126
127
128
129
n limba romn aceste complemente prepoziionale au ca echivalent complementul indirect n acuzativ care rspunde la
ntrebrile: cu cine?, cu ce?, la cine?, la ce?, fr cine? etc.
2.1.4.4. Complementul circumstanial de loc (The Adverbial of Place)
Se exprim printr-un adverb de loc.
William the Conqueror landed at Pevensey, on the coast of Sussex. - William Cuceritorul a debarcat la Pevensey, pe coasta
Sussex-ului.
We are at home. - Noi suntem acas.
English is spoken all over the world. - Engleza este vorbit n toat lumea.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: where ? - unde ?, from where ?, where...., from? - de unde ?, how far ? - ct de departe ?, pn
unde ? etc.
2.1.4.5. Complementul circumstanial de timp (The Adverbial of Time)
Se exprim printr-un adverb de timp.
I was at home yesterday. - Yesterday I was at home. - Ieri eram acas.
I have never seen him there. - Nu l-am vzut pe el niciodat acolo.
We have lived in Craiova for twenty five years. - Locuim n Craiova de douzeci i cinci de ani.
Rspunde la ntrebarea when ? - cnd ?
2.1.4.6. Complementul circumstanial de mod (The Adverbial of Manner)
Se exprim prin adverbe de mod.
Alice sings beautifully. - Alice cnt frumos.
The children were playing happily. - Copiii se jucau fericii.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: how ? - cum ?, how much ? - ct, ct ?, in what way ? - n ce fel ?, how many times ? - de
cte ori ?
2.1.4.7. Complementul circumstanial de cauz (The Adverbial of Cause)
Exprim cauza aciunii svrite de subiect i exprimat prin predicat.
I couldn't come because of the rain. - N-am putut veni din cauza ploii.
We arrived late on my account. - Am ajuns trziu din cauza mea.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: why ? - de ce ?, for what reason ? - din ce cauz/motiv ?, on what account ? - din ce cauz ?,
on whose account ? - din cauza cui ? - din a cui cauz ?
2.1.4.8. Complementul circumstanial de scop/final (The Adverbial of Purpose)
Reprezint materializarea scopului subiectului propoziiei n care se afl.
He only works for money. - El muncete numai pentru bani.
He worked hard to make a good impression and to get much money. - A muncit mult/ serios ca s fac o bun impresie i s
ctige bani muli.
This device is used for various purposes. - Acest dispozitiv este folosit n/pentru diverse scopuri.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: for what purpose(s) ? - cu ce scop(uri) ?, for what ? - what... for ? - pentru ce ?
2.1.4.9. Complementul circumstanial concesiv (The Adverbial of Concession)
They have come in spite of the bad weather. - Ei au venit cu toat vremea rea.
They played tennis in spite of my refusal not to play. - Ei au jucat tenis n pofida refuzului meu de a juca.
Rspunde la ntrebri ca: in spite of whom /what ? - n pofida/ciuda cui ?
2.1.4.10. Complementul circumstanial condiional (The Adverbial of Condition)
Reprezint condiia subiectului n propoziie.
Weather permitting we'll arrive earlier. - Dac vremea va permite vom sosi mai devreme. - Cu permisiunea vremii vom
ajunge mai devreme.
Come with your friend if possible! - Vino cu prietenul tu dac e posibil!
Rspunde la ntrebarea: on what condition ? - cu ce condiie ?
2.1.4.11. Complementul de agent (The Adverbial of Agency)
Complementul de agent sau subiectul logic este folosit numai la diateza pasiv.
The book was read by the student. - Cartea a fost citit de student().
Se vede clar c autorul aciunii este studentul. Cartea este subiectul gramatical, ntruct despre ea se face comunicarea.
The house was destroyed by the earthquake. - Casa a fost distrus de cutremurul de pmnt.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: by whom ? - who(m)... by ? - de (ctre) cine ?, by what ? - what ...by ? - de ce ?
2.2. SINTAXA FRAZEI (THE SYNTAX OF THE COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCE)
Fraza este o comunicare alctuit din mai multe propoziii aflate ntre ele fie n raporturi de coordonare fie de
subordonare. n cadrul coordonrii, prile de propoziie n propoziie i propoziiile n fraz sunt independente una de alta. Se
pot lega ntre ele prin conjuncii coordonatoare sau juxtapunere / alturare.
Subordonare nsemneaz raport / relaie sintactic de dependen a unei pri de propoziie de alt parte de propoziie
sau a unei propoziii de alt propoziie. Elementul subordonat depinde de termenul su regent, iar propoziia subordonat
depinde de regenta sa. Elementul subordonat este deci termenul dependent, iar cel regent este cel care guverneaz n cadrul
relaiei respective.
Subordonarea se realizeaz prin conjuncii subordonatoare, prin juxtapunere sau printr-un cuvnt de legtur
subordonator.
Propoziia regent este aceea de care depinde semantic o alt propoziie n cadrul aceleiai fraze. Propoziia
subordonat se poate adresa unui singur cuvnt din regenta sa, iar acest cuvnt, care se numete termen regent, determin felul
subordona-tei respective.
Pentru a se alctui o fraz este necesar ca n cadrul ei s existe o propoziie principal, un fel de nucleu al frazei. Alturi
de ea exist propoziii secundare, adic propoziii totdeauna cu sens insuficient. Secundarele, spre deosebire de principale nu
pot exista /funciona izolate n comunicare. Propoziia secundar funcioneaz n fraz ca o parte secundar a propoziiei
principale.
2.2.1. Propoziia subiectiv (The Subject Clause)
Funcioneaz ca subiect al predicatului din regent i ntregete nelesul regentei.
Why they didn't come is still a secret. - De ce nu au venit ei este nc secret.
How to write a book is not known by anybody. - Cum s scrii o carte nu se tie de ctre oricine.
Se ntlnete dup expresii ca:
it is advisable that - este recomandabil ca
it is better that - este mai bine s
it is certain that - este sigur c
it is desirable that - este de dorit ca
it is meet and proper that - se cuvine ca
it is inevitable that - este inevitabil ca
It is necessary that I came. - Este necesar ca eu s fi venit.
It is important that they will buy this book. - Este important ca ei s cumpere aceast carte.
It is possible that he may come tomorrow. - Este posibil ca el s vin mine.
When they will come is not my business. - Cnd vor veni ei nu este treaba mea.
When they come is not my business. - Cnd vin ei nu este treaba mea.
When they came is not my business. - Cnd au venit ei nu este treaba mea.
When they had come is not my business. - Cnd veniser ei nu este treaba mea.
It is impossible that they should have come by train. - Este imposibil ca ei s fi venit cu trenul.
It is compulsory for us to be there. - It is compulsory that we should be there. - It is compulsory that we be there . - Este
obligatoriu ca noi s fim acolo.
It is good for them to live here. - It is good that they live here. - It is good that they should live here. - E bine ca ei s
locuiasc aici.
2.2.2. Propoziia predicativ (The Predicative/Complement Clause)
mplinete funcia de nume predicativ al verbului din regenta sa i se introduce n maniera n care se introduc i
subiectivele.
Why he has come is the question. - De ce a venit el este problema.
Why he has come - subiectiv
is the question - predicativ
It looks as if it were going to rain. - Arat de parc ar avea de gnd s plou.
It looks - subiectiv ;
were going to rain - predicativ
2.2.3. Propoziia atributiv (The Atributive Clause)
Este un atribut al unui substantiv din regenta sa.
Every man, who knows him, appreciates him very much. - Fiecare om, care l cunoate, l apreciaz foarte mult.
Every man appreciates him very much - propoziie regent
who knows him - atributiv
Termenul regent al atributivei de mai sus este substantivul man.
The reason why he has come is very clear. - Motivul pentru care a venit este foarte clar.
It rained cats and dogs on the day on which we arrived. - A plouat cu gleata n ziua n care am sosit.
Such was the force of his argument that everybody agreed with him. - Aa mare a fost fora argumentului su c toat lumea
a fost de acord cu el.
Se introduce prin conjunciile: so... that... - aa de... nct/c, that - c/nct
He was so clever that everybody admired him. - El era aa/att de detept c/nct toat lumea l admira.
2.2.14. Propoziia subordonat condiional (The Adverbial Clause of Condition or the Conditional Clause)
Reprezint condiia nfptuirii/ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta sa. Se leag de regenta sa cu ajutorul conjunciilor
condiionale : if - dac, on condition that - cu condiia c, providing/provided that - cu condiia c, suppose/supposing that presupunnd c - dac, unless - dac nu, cu condiia c nu , whether... or not - dac... sau nu, as soon as - de ndat ce - dac,
as long as - ct timp - dac, in case - n caz c - dac
Exist trei tipuri de condiionale, clasificare fcut n raport cu posibilitatea realizrii/ ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta
respectiv.
a) Subordonata condiional tip I condiie real i posibil, iar verbul din regenta sa este la viitor. Locul lor n
fraz se poate schimba.
If I have time I shall read this book. - Dac voi avea timp voi citi aceast carte.
I shall read this book if I have time. - Voi citi aceast carte dac voi avea timp.
I shall not read this book unless I have time. - Nu voi citi aceast carte dac nu voi avea timp.
I shall read this book on the condition that I have time. - Voi citi aceast carte cu condiia c voi avea timp.
Remind him of his promise in case he forgets. - Amintete-i de promisiunea lui n caz c uit.
I'll remind you of your promise in case you forget. - i voi aminti de promisiunea ta n caz c uii.
I'll not be waiting for you if you are late. - Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
I'll not wait for you if you are late. - Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
Din exemplele de mai sus se vede c aciunea din condiional probabil/ posibil se va ndeplini.
b) Subordonata condiional tip II condiie ireal i improbabil, dar nu imposibil.
I should read this book if I had time. - Eu a citi aceast carte dac a avea timp.
Se observ c n exemplul de mai sus verbul este la modul condiional, timpul prezent, iar n regent verbul este
modul subjonctiv, timpul prezent. n aceast situaie condiia devine probabil. n acest caz aciunea din regent pare mai
degrab s nu se realizeze sau presupunerea din regent pare s fie n contradicie cu realitatea ori faptele cunoscute.
He would buy this palace if he had money. - El ar cumpra acest palat dac ar avea bani.
If he were to go on a journey round the world he would be very happy. - Dac el ar fi/ trebui/ urma s mearg ntr-o
cltorie n jurul lumii ar fi foarte fericit.
He would be very happy if he were to go on a journey round the world. - El ar fi foarte fericit dac ar fi s plece/mearg
ntr-o cltorie n jurul lumii.
c) Subordonata condiional tip III condiie imposibil
n situaia aceasta verbul din regent este la modul condiional perfect, iar cel din regent este la modul subjonctiv
perfect. Condiiile sunt trecute, sunt deci imposibil de ndeplinit.
If I had had time I should have read the book. - Dac a fi avut timp a fi citit cartea.
sau:
I should have read the book if I had had time. - Eu a fi citit cartea dac a fi avut timp.
I should have spoken to that Englishman if I had been able to speak English. - A fi vorbit cu englezul acela dac a fi tiut
englezete.
sau:
Had I been able to speak English I should have spoken to that Englishman. - S fi tiut eu s vorbesc englezete a fi
vorbit cu englezul acela.
If you treat us kindly, we'll do anything for you. - Dac ne tratezi (ne vei trata) amabil vom face orice pentru tine.
If you listened to us, you wouldn't make mistakes. - Dac tu ai asculta de noi n-ai face greeli.
If you ever have any trouble, let us know. - Dac avei/ai vreodat vreo suprare, d-ne de tire.
If it were to rain, you would get wet. - Dac ar fi s plou, v-ai uda.
Should you change your mind, let me know. - Dac s-ar ntmpla s te rzgndeti, d-mi de veste.
Give it back to him, or I'll tell your mother. - D-i-l napoi c altfel i spun mamei tale.
2.2.15. Subordonata condiional concesiv (The Alternative Conditional Concessive Clause)
He will pay for everything, whether he likes it or not. - El va plti pentru tot, chiar dac i place sau nu.
Wherever you live, you have to work hard. - Oriunde (indiferent unde) trieti, trebuie s munceti serios/mult.
Wherever you lived, you'd have to work hard. - Oriunde ai locui/tri ar trebui s munceti mult.
2.3. CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR (THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonat cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. n limba englez
timpul verbului din subordonat trebuie s se subordoneze timpului verbului din regent. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile
SUBORDONAT
verbul poate fi la orice timp
propoziii subordonate poart numele de vorbire indirect sau stil indirect. S-a transformat astfel vorbirea direct n vorbire
indirect.
"What is your name ?" he asked me. - Cum te cheam ? m ntreb el.
devine:
He asked me what my name was. - El m ntreb cum m cheam.
Exist un mare numr de verbe cu ajutorul crora se realizeaz trecerea de la vorbirea direct la vorbirea indirect. Printre
acestea sunt:
to say (a zice /gri), to ask (a ntreba), to admit (a admite /ncuviina), to acknowledge (a recunoate), to agree (a fi de acord),
to answer /reply (a rspunde), to think (a gndi /crede), to tell (a spune), to wonder (a se mira) etc. Ele se numesc verbe
introductive. Iat concret cum se face transformarea vorbirii directe n vorbire indirect:
a) "I am at home" he says.
b) "I am at home" he said.
Dac verbul introductiv este la prezent, aa cum se vede n varianta a) verbul din vorbirea direct care prin transformare
ajunge predicatul subordonatei, nu-i va modifica timpul, ci i-l va menine astfel:
"I am at home" he says. devine: He says (that) he is at home.
Propoziia regent este He says, iar propoziia he is at home este subordonat. n varianta b) transformarea se face astfel:
"I am at home" he said. devine: He said that he was at home.
Verbul said, n vorbirea indirect, verbul regentei, este la Past Tense. Vom aplica concordana timpurilor. Astfel verbul am
trece i el la Past Tense. n cazul b) timpurile verbelor din vorbirea direct transformndu-se dup cum urmeaz:
The Present
devine
The Past Tense
The Past Tense i The Present Perfect
devin
The Past Perfect
The Future
devine
The Future in the Past
Tot n aceast situaie se mai produc urmtoarele schimbri:
he/she
I
I/we
their
you
our
they
him/her
we
me
his/her
me/us
my
you
them
your
my/our
us
his/hers
theirs
mine
ours
mine
ours
yours
yours
that
those
this
these
that day
the week before
today
last week
the day before or the previous day
yesterday
last night
the night before
the month before
last month
last year
the year before
two/three days before
two/three days ago
there
here
on this day
on that day
then
now
tonight
that night
yesterday or that day
today
tomorrow
the next day or the
following day
Exemple:
"This is my brother" he said.
He said that that was his brother.
"These are our friends" they said. They said that those were their friends.
"You are in our garden" they said. They said that we were in their garden; They said that I was in their garden.
"I can come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he could come by his motor-car; John said that he was able
to come by his motor-car.
"I shall come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would come by his motor-car.
"I came by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I have come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I should come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would have come by his motor-car.
"Yesterday was my birthday" John said. John said that the previous day had been his birthday.
"You can see us if you turn on the light" they said. They said that we could see them if we turned on the light.
"You will find us at home if you come earlier" they said. They said that we/I would find them at home if we/I came
earlier.
"You can see me if you open your eyes" he said. He said that I could see him if I opened my eyes.
2.4.1. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor generale
ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot primi rspunsul da sau nu.
"Do you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew him.
"Did you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had known him.
"Are you living in this town"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I was living in that town.
"Will you come with us"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I would come with them.
"Is he going to read this book"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he was going to read that book.
"Was he going to read this book ? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he had been going to read that book.
"Can you come with me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I could come with him.
"Must you go there now"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had to go there then.
"Did you have to go there with them"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had had to go there with them.
2.4.2. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor speciale
ntrebrile speciale sunt cele care:
nu pot primi un rspuns scurt, adic da sau nu
au o intonaie cobortoare (ca i propoziiile afirmative)
se formeaz cu pronume, adjective sau adverbe interogative, sau cu combinaii ale acestora:
who? - cine, care ?
who else ? - mai cine ?, cine mai ?, cine altcineva ?
whose ? - al, a, ai, ale cui ?
whose else ? - al, a, ai, ale mai cui ?, al, a, ai, ale cui mai ?, al, a, ai, ale cui altcuiva ?
to whom ? - who(m)... to ? - cui ?, la cine ?
to whom else ? - mai cui ?, cui mai ?, cui altcuiva ?, la cine altcineva ?
whom? - pe cine?
whom else? - pe mai cine?, pe cine mai?, pe cine altcineva?
about whom? - who(m)... about? - despre cine?
about whom else? - despre mai cine?, despre cine mai?, despre cine altcineva?
after whom? - who(m)...after? - dup cine?
after whom else? - dup mai cine? - dup cine mai? - dup cine altcineva?
among whom? - who(m)... among? - printre cine?, ntre cine?
among whom else? - printre mai cine?, printre cine mai?, printre cine altcineva?
at whom? - who(m)... at? - la cine?
at whom else? - who(m) else... at? - la mai cine?, la cine mai?, la cine altcineva?
because of whom else? - din cauza mai cui?, din a mai cui cauz?
before whom else? - naintea mai cui?, n faa mai cui?, naintea cui altcuiva?
between whom? - who(m)... between? - ntre cine?
between whom else? - ntre mai cine?, ntre cine altcineva?
beyond whom? - who(m)... beyond? - dincolo de cine?
beyond whom else? - dincolo de mai cine?, dincolo de cine altcineva?
by whom? - who(m)... by? - de cine?
by whom else? - de mai cine?, de cine altcineva?
far from whom? - departe de cine?
far from whom else? - departe de mai cine?, departe de cine altcineva?
for whom? - who(m)... for? - pentru cine?
for whom else? - pentru mai cine?, pentru cine altcineva?
from whom? - who(m)... from? - de la cine?
from whom else? - de la mai cine?, de la cine altcineva?
near whom? - who(m) near? - lng cine?
near whom else? - lng mai cine?, lng cine altcineva?
of whom? - who(m)... of? - despre cine? - la cine?
of whom else? - despre mai cine?, despre cine altcineva?
past whom? - dincolo de cine?
past whom else? - dincolo de mai cine?, dincolo de cine altcineva?
through whom? - who(m)... through? - prin cine?
through whom else? - prin mai cine?, prin cine altcineva?, prin cine altul/alta/alii/altele?
with whom? - who(m)... with? - cu cine?
with whom else? - cu mai cine?, cu cine altcineva?
without whom? - who(m)... without? - fr cine?
without whom else? - fr mai cine?, fr cine altcineva?
what? - ce?
(Past which of you did he walk? - Dincolo de care dintre voi a trecut el?)
through which of us/you/them? - prin care dintre noi/voi/ei/ele?
with which of us/you/them? - cu care dintre noi/voi/ei/ele?
without which of us/you/them? - fr care dintre noi/voi/ei/ele?
how? - cum?
how else? - mai cum?, cum mai?
how long? - de ct timp?, de ct vreme?
"Who are you"? he asked me.
He asked me who I was.
Cine eti tu? m-a ntrebat el. devine : El m-a ntrebat cine sunt eu.
"Who else is with you"? he asked me. He asked me who else was with me.
Cine mai este cu tine? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cine mai este/era cu mine.
"Whose are these books"? he asked me He asked me whose those books were.
Ale cui sunt aceste cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ale cui sunt/erau crile acelea.
"Whose else are these books"? he asked me. He asked me whose else those books were.
Ale cui altcuiva sunt aceste cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ale cui altcuiva erau crile acelea.
"To whom can you give this money"? he asked me. - "Who(m) can you give this money to"? he asked me. He asked
me to whom I could give that money. - He asked me who(m) I could give that money to.
Cui poi da aceti bani? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cui pot/puteam s dau banii aceia.
"To whom else can you give this money"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else can you give this money to"? he asked me. He
asked me to whom else I could give that money. - He asked me whom/who else I could give that money to.
Cui altcuiva poi da aceti bani? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cui altcuiva i pot/puteam da eu banii aceia.
"Whom do you see"? he asked me. He asked me whom I saw.
Pe cine vezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pe cine vd.
"Whom else do you see"? he asked me. He asked me whom/who else I saw.
Pe cine altcineva vezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pe cine altcineva vd. - El m-a ntrebat pe cine mai vd.
"About whom are you talking"? he asked me. - "Who(m) are you talking about"? he asked me. He asked me about
whom I was talking. - He asked me whom/who I was talking about.
Despre cine vorbeti? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat despre cine vorbesc.
"About whom else can we talk"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else can we talk about"? he asked me. He asked me about
whom else we could talk. - He asked me who(m) else we could talk about.
Despre cine altcineva putem discuta?, m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat despre cine altcineva putem discuta.
"After whom is the dog running"? he asked me. - "Who(m) is the dog running after"? he asked me. He asked me after
whom the dog was running. - He asked me who(m) the dog was running after.
Dup cine alearg cinele? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dup cine alearg cinele.
"After whom else was the dog running"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else was the dog running after"? he asked me. He
asked me after whom else the dog was running. - He asked me who(m) else the dog was running after.
Dup cine altcineva alerga cinele? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dup cine altcineva alerga cinele.
"Go and fetch a doctor" he told me. He told me to go and fetch a doctor.
Du-te i adu un doctor, mi-a zis el. El mi-a zis s merg (s m duc) s aduc un doctor.
"At whom are you looking"? he asked me. - "Who(m) are you looking at"? he asked me. He asked me at whom I was
looking. - He asked me who(m) I was looking at.
La cine priveti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat la cine privesc eu.
"Because of whom are you late"? he asked me. He asked me because of whom I was late. - He asked me who(m) I was
late because of.
Din cauza cui ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat din cauza cui am ntrziat.
"On whose account are you late"? he asked me. - "Whose account are you late on"? he asked me. He asked me on
whose account I was late. - He asked me whose account I was late on.
Din cauza cui ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat din cauza cui am ntrziat.
"Due to what are you late"? he asked me. He asked me due to what I was late.
Datorit crui fapt ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat datorit crui fapt am ntrziat.
"Due to whom are you late"? he asked me. He asked me due to whom I was late. - He asked me who(m) was I late due
to.
Datorit cui ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat datorit cui am ntrziat.
"Because of whom else are you late"? he asked me. He asked me because of whom/who else I was late.
Din cauza cui altcuiva ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat din cauza cui altcuiva am ntrziat.
"Due to whom else are you late"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else are you late due to"? he asked me. He asked me due to
whom else I was late. - He asked me whom/who else I was late due to.
Datorit cui altcuiva ai ntrziat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat datorit cui altcuiva am ntrziat.
"Before whom were you sitting"? he asked me. He asked me before whom I had been sitting. - He asked me who(m) I
had been sitting before.
n faa cui edeai tu, m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat n faa cui edeam eu.
"Before whom else were you sitting"? he asked me. He asked me before whom else I had been sitting.
n faa cui altcuiva edeai tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat n faa cui altcuiva edeam eu.
"Between whom are you going to sit"? he asked me. -"Who(m) are you going to sit between? he asked me. He asked
me between whom I was going to sit.
ntre cine intenionezi s ezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ntre cine intenionez eu s ed/stau.
"Between whom else did you sit"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else did you sit between"? he asked me. He asked me
between whom else I had sat. - He asked me who(m) else I had sat between.
ntre cine altcineva ai stat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat ntre cine altcineva am stat.
"Beyond whom do you live"? he asked me. - "Who(m) do you live beyond"? he asked me. He asked me beyond whom
I lived.
Dincolo de cine locuieti? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dincolo de cine locuiesc.
"By whom is this book written"? he asked me. - "Who(m) is this book written by"? he asked me. He asked me by
whom that book was written. - He asked me who(m) that book was written by.
De cine este scris cartea aceasta? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine este scris cartea aceasta/aceea.
"By whom else were you seen"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else were you seen by"? he asked me. He asked me by whom
else I had been seen. - He asked me who(m) else I had been seen by.
De cine altcineva ai fost vzut? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine altcineva am fost eu vzut.
"Far from whom do you live"? he asked me. He asked me far from whom I lived.
Departe de cine locuieti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat departe de cine locuiesc.
"Far from whom else were you"? he asked me. He asked me far from whom else I had been.
Departe de cine altcineva erai tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat departe de cine altcineva eram eu.
"For whom will you write this letter"? he asked me. - "Who(m) will you write this letter for"? he asked me. He asked
me for whom I should write that letter. - He asked me whom I should write that letter for.
Pentru cine vei scrie aceast scrisoare? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pentru cine voi scrie eu scrisoarea aceea.
"For whom else will you buy books" he asked me. - "Who(m) else will you buy books for"? he asked me. He asked me
for whom else I should buy books. - He asked me whom else I should buy books for.
Pentru cine altcineva vei cumpra cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pentru cine altcineva voi cumpra cri.
"From whom do you have this present"? he asked me - "Who(m) do you have this present from"? he asked me. He
asked me from whom I had that present. - He asked me whom I had that present from.
De la cine ai acest cadou? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de la cine am cadoul acesta/acela.
"From whom else do you have these presents"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else do you have these presents from"? he
asked me. He asked me from whom else I/we had those presents. - He asked me who(m) else I/we had those presents
from.
De la cine altcineva ai aceste cadouri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de la cine altcineva am cadourile acelea/acestea.
"Near whom are you going to sit"? he asked me. - "Who(m) are you going to sit near"? he asked me. He asked me
near whom I was going to sit. - He asked me who(m) I was going to sit near.
Lng cine ai de gnd s ezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat lng cine am eu de gnd s ed/stau.
"Near whom else did you sit"? he asked me. -"Who(m) else did you sit near"? he asked me. He asked me near whom
else I had sat. - He asked me who(m) else I had sat near.
Lng cine altcineva ai stat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat lng cine altcineva am stat (eu).
"Of what did they die"? he asked me. - "What did they die of"? he asked me. He asked me of what they died. - He
asked me what they died of.
De ce au murit ei? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de ce au murit ei.
"About whom are you speaking"? he asked me. - "Who(m) are you speaking about"? he asked me. He asked me
about whom I was speaking. - He asked me who(m) I was speaking about.
Despre cine vorbeti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat despre cine vorbesc eu.
"Of what kind of music are you fond? he asked me. - "What kind of music are you fond of"? he asked me. He asked
me of what kind/sort of music I was fond. - He asked me what kind of music I was fond of.
De ce fel de muzic eti amator? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de ce fel/gen de muzic sunt amator.
"Past whom did they hurry"? he asked me. - "Who(m) did they hurry past"? he asked me. He asked me past whom
they hurried. - He asked me who(m) they hurried past.
De cine au trecut ei n grab? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine au trecut ei n grab.
"Through whom did you receive this letter'? he asked me - "Who(m) did you receive this letter through"? he asked me.
He asked me through whom I received that letter. - He asked me whom I had received that letter through.
Prin cine ai primit scrisoarea aceasta? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine am primit scrisoarea aceea.
"Through whom else can you receive books"? he asked me. - "Who(m) else can you receive books through"? he asked
me. He asked me through whom else I could receive books. - He asked me who(m) else I could receive books through.
Prin cine altcineva poi primi cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine altcineva pot primi eu cri.
"With whom will you go on the trip"? he asked me. - "Who(m) will you go on the trip with"? he asked me. He asked
me with whom I should go on the trip. - He asked me who(m) I should go on the trip with.
Cu cine vei merge n excursie? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cu cine voi merge eu n excursie.
"Shall I tell you a novel"? he asked me. He asked me if he should tell me a novel.
S-i povestesc un roman? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac s-mi povesteasc un roman.
"Where is the boy you spoke to?" he asked me. He asked me where the boy I had spoken to was.
Unde este biatul cu care ai vorbit? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat unde este biatul cu care am vorbit.
"Do you know that three and three make six"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew that three and three make
six.
tii c trei plus trei fac ase? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac tiu c trei plus trei fac ase.
"I dreamed that I was flying" he said. He said (that) he had dreamed that he had been flying.
Am visat c zbor, a zis el. El a zis c a visat c zboar. etc.
2.4.3. ntrebrile disjunctive (The Tag/Tail Questions)
Se traduc n limba romn prin ntrebrile: aa-i, nu-i aa sau nu?
Ele se formeaz cu ajutorul unuia dintre urmtoarele verbe: be, do, have, shall, will, can, may, must, need, ought to,
dare
You are at home, aren't you? - Eti acas, nu-i aa?
You are not at home, are you? - Nu eti acas, nu-i aa?
He was at home, wasn't he? - Era acas, nu-i aa?
He was not at home, was he? - El nu era acas, nu-i aa?
He will not be at home, will he? - El nu va fi acas, nu-i aa?
He will be at home, won't he? - El nu va fi acas, nu-i aa?
Ele pot avea fie intonaie cobortoare i n acest caz nu se ateapt o confirmare sau o infimare din partea interlocutorului
fie o intonaie urctoare i n cazul acesta ntrebarea trebuie s primeasc rspuns (afirmativ sau negativ).
De fapt ele sunt nite comunicri formate din dou pri. Dac prima parte este afirmativ, a doua parte este obligatoriu
negativ i invers. La formarea lor se mai ine seam, dup cum s-a vzut n exemplele prezentate, de timpul i aspectul
verbului primei pri a comunicrii.
They saw us in the street, didn't they ? - Ei ne-au vzut (pe noi) pe strad, nu-i aa ?
They did not come by bus, did they ? - Ei nu au venit cu autobuzul, nu-i aa ?
We have lived here for ten years, haven't we ? - Locuim aici de zece ani, nu-i aa ?
You ought to learn, oughtn't you ? - Se cuvine s nvei, nu-i aa ?
He can't answer the question, can he ? - Nu poate s rspund la ntrebare, nu-i aa ?
I could come earlier, couldn't I ? - Eu puteam (a putea) veni mai devreme, nu-i aa ?
She daren't go there alone, dare she ? - Ea nu are curaj s mearg acolo singur, nu-i aa ?
You said they could come, didn't you ? - Ai/Ai spus c pot veni, nu ?
2.4.4. Cteva reguli de ortografie i punctuaie n limba englez
Punctul (The Full Stop)
Punctul se aeaz la sfritul propoziiilor afirmative.
We like tennis very much. - Ne place tenisul foarte mult.
Semnul ntrebrii (The Question Mark)
Semnul ntrebrii se aeaz la sfritul propoziiilor/frazelor interogative.
What is your name ? - Cum te cheam ?
Who is the boy who brought this book ? - Cine este biatul care a adus cartea aceasta ?
Semnul exclamrii (The Exclamation Mark)
Semnul exclamrii se folosete dup:
a) propoziiile imperative:
Go and fetch a doctor! - Du-te i adu un doctor!
b) propoziiile care conin o mirare n care se exprim admiraia fa de ceva/ cineva:
How beautiful she is! - Ce frumoas este ea !
How beautiful she is singing! - Ce frumos cnt ea!
c) dup interjecii:
"Hush! Hush!" said the Rabbit.
Dou puncte (The Collon)
Dou puncte se aeaz cnd urmeaz o enumerare, se introduce un citat sau urmeaz cuvintele cuiva (vorbire direct).
He said that he saw things like: books, pencils and pens. - El a zis c a vzut lucruri cum ar fi: cri, creioane i stilouri.
That's what he said: "Read these books and you will find out interesting things"! - Iat ce a zis el: Citete aceste cri i
vei afla lucruri interesante!
One can visit the following cities: Cluj, Rome and London. - Se pot vizita urmtoarele orae: Cluj, Roma i Londra.
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
I
Present
Infinitive
to find
to flee
to fly
to forbear
to forbid
to forecast
to forego
to forknow
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forsake
to forswear
to freeze
to gainsay
to get
to gird
to give
to go
to grave
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to inlay
to keep
dug
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
II
Past Tense
dug
done
drawn
dreamed/ dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
III
Past Participle
found
fled
flew
forbore
forbade
forecast(ed)
forewent
foreknew
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
forsworn
froze
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
gave
went
graved
ground
grew
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
found
fled
flown
forborne
forbidden
forecast(ed)
foregone
foreknown
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
forsworn
frozen
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
given
gone
graved/ graven
ground
grown
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid/hidden
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
digging
doing
drawing
dreaming
drinking
driving
dwelling
eating
falling
feeding
feeling
fighting
IV
Present
Participle
finding
fleeing
flying
forbearing
forbidding
forecasting
foregoing
foreknowing
foreseeing
foretelling
forgetting
forgiving
forsaking
forswearing
freezing
gainsaying
getting
girding
giving
going
graving
grinding
growing
hanging
having
hearing
hidding
hitting
holding
hurting
inlaying
keeping
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lade
to lay
to lead
to lean
knelt/ kneeled
knit/ knitted
knew
laded
laid
led
leant/ leaned
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laden/laded
laid
led
leant/leaned
kneeling
knitting
knowing
lading
laying
leading
leaning
to leap
to learn
to leave
to lend
leapt/ leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
leapt/leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
leaping
learning
leaving
lending
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
let
lay
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
let
lain
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
letting
lying
lighting
losing
making
meaning
meeting
I
Present
Infinitive
to melt
to misgive
to mislay
to mislead
to mistake
to misunderstand
to mow
to outride
to outrun
to overcast
to overcome
to overdo
to overeat
to overfeed
to overlie
to overrun
to oversee
to overset
to oversleep
to overtake
to overthrow
to partake
to pay
to put
to read
to rend
to repay
to reset
to retell
to rid
to ride
to ring
to rise
to rive
to run
to saw
to say
to see
to seek
II
Past Tense
III
Past Participle
melted
misgave
mislaid
misled
mistook
misunderstood
melted /molten
misgiven
mislaid
misled
mistaken
misunderstood
mowed
outrode
outran
overcast
overcame
overdid
overate
overfed
overlay
overran
oversaw
overset
overslept
overtook
overthrew
partook
mowed/mown
outridden
outrun
overcast
overcome
overdone
overeaten
overfed
overlain
overrun
overseen
overset
overslept
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
IV
Present
Participle
melting
misgiving
mislaying
misleading
mistaking
misunderstanding
mowing
outriding
outrunning
overcasting
overcoming
overdoing
overeating
overfeeding
overlying
overrunning
overseeing
oversetting
oversleeping
overtaking
overthrowing
partaking
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
rode
rang
rose
rived
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
ridden
rung
risen
riven/rived
run
sawn/sawed
said
seen
sought
paying
putting
reading
rending
repaying
resetting
retelling
ridding
riding
ringing
rising
riving
running
sawing
saying
seeing
seeking
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake
to shear
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
I
Present
Infinitive
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to slit
to smell
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spill
to spin
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to string
to strive
to swear
to sweep
to swell
to swim
to swing
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
sheared/ shore
shed
shone
shod
shot
showed
shrank
II
Past Tense
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewen
shaken
shorn/sheared
shed
shone
shod
shot
shown/showed
shrunk
III
Past Participle
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slit
smelt
sowed
spoke
sped/ speeded
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun/span
spat/spit
split
spoilt /spoiled
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid/sliden
slit
smelt
sown/sowed
spoken
sped/speeded
spelt/speld
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat/spit
split
spoilt/spoiled
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck/ stricken
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swollen/ swelled
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
selling
sending
setting
sewing
shaking
shearing
shedding
shining
shoeing
shooting
showing
shrinking
IV
Present
Participle
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
sleeping
sliding
slitting
smelling
sowing
speaking
speeding
spelling
spending
spilling
spinning
spitting
spiting
spoiling
spreading
springing
standing
stealing
sticking
stinging
stinking
striking
stringing
striving
swearing
sweeping
swelling
swimming
swinging
taking
teaching
tearing
telling
thinking
throwing
a (se) nchide
a cnta; a uiera
a se scufunda, a cdea la fund; a scdea/amortiza
a edea, a sta jos, a poza ca model
a omor/asasina/ ucide, a masacra
a dormi, a adormi
a aluneca, a se da pe ghea, a se furia/ strecura
a crpa/spinteca/ despica, a face o deschiztur n
a mirosi, a adulmeca
a semna, a nsmna
a vorbi/gri, a rosti
a accelera, a goni, a merge cu vitez, a se grbi
a ortografia, a rosti un cuvnt liter cu liter
a cheltui/consuma/ epuiza; a petrece timpul
a (se) revrsa/ vrsa/mprtia
a toarce/fila/ rsuci, nvrti/ roti
a scuipa/expectora; a ploua mrunt
a (se) scinda/ descompune/ diviza/dezbina/ dezintegra
a strica/ deteriora/altera/rsfa; a prda/ jefui
a ntinde/desfura, a desface, a lungi, a mprtia
a sri/ni, a ncoli/rsri, a izvor; a exploda
a sta n picioare, a se ine drept; a fi, a se afla
a fura/terpeli, a amgi/seduce, a cuceri
a nfige/nepa/ introduce/mplnta; a (se) lipi, a adera
a mpunge/nepa/ rni; a nela/amgi, a ustura
a mirosi urt, a pui, a duhni
a (se) lovi/izbi/ ciocni, a bate; a prinde rdcini
a lega cu sfoara; a ntinde coarda, a nira pe a
a se strdui/ lupta/zbate, a-i da osteneala, a tinde/nzui
a jura, a depune jurmntul; a njura
a mtura, a terge praful
a umfla, a mri; a bomba
a nota, a pluti, a trece not; a inunda
a se legna/ balansa/roti/nvrti, a oscila/ pendula
a lua, a mprumuta; a pune mna
a nva pe cineva, a instrui, a preda, a da lecii
a rupe/sfia, a distruge; a smulge
a spune/povesti, a exprima; a arta/ indica
a (se) gndi/ crede, a imagina/nchipui
a (se) arunca/ lansa/ azvrli; a lepda, fta
to thrust
to tread
to unbend
to unbind
to undergo
to undersell
to
understand
to undertake
to undo
to upset
to wake
I
Present
Infinitive
to wear
to weave
to wed
to weep
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to withhold
to withstand
to write
thrust
trod
unbent
unbound
underwent
undersold
understood
thrust
trodden/trod
unbent
unbound
undergone
undersold
understood
thrusting
treading
unbending
unbinding
undergoing
underselling
understanding
a mplnta/ vr/ndesa
a clca/pi, a pi/clca pe
a (se) ntinde/ destinde/relaxa
a dezlega/ desface, a desprinde, a slobozi, a elibera
a suferi/ndura/ suporta, a trece prin
a vinde mai ieftin, a vinde sub preul de cost
a nelege/pricepe, a sesiza
undertook
undid
upset
woke/woked
II
Past Tense
undertaken
undone
upset
waked/woken
III
Past Participle
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrote
worn
woven/wove
wedded/wed
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
written
undertaking
undoing
upsetting
waking
IV
Present
Participle
wearing
weaving
wedding
weeping
winning
winding
withdrawing
withholding]
withstanding
writing