Engleza Business

Present Simple and Present Continuous Tense
Unitate: de la 50
The Present Simple Tense (timpul prezent simplu)
Present Simple Tense (timpul prezent simplu) se formeaz de la forma verbului la infinitiv (infinitiv fr to). De
exemplu, infinitiv cu to a verbului a lucra sun to work ,iar infinitivul fr to sun work. Pentru toate
persoanele, n afar de persoana a treia singular forma afirmativ a timpului prezent simplu sun work. Pentru
persoana a treia se adaug s.
Forma afirmativ
singular
plural
I work Eu lucrez
We work Noi lucrm
You work Tu lucrezi
You work Voi lucrai
He works El lucreaz
She works Ea lucreaz
It works- El lucreaz
They work Ei lucreaz
Terminaia -s la persoana a treia singular poate avea diferite forme. Dac verbul se termin cu vocala o
continuarea va suna -es, ca n exemplul verbului go care la persoana a treia singular sun goes, sau verbul do,
care la persoana a treia singular sun does.
Dac verbul se termin n -ch, -sh, -x, -ss, terminaia deasemenea sun -es. De exemplu:
He teaches (teach - a preda).
She washes (wash - a spla).
He kisses (kiss - a sruta).
She fixes (fix - a repara).
Dac verbul se termin n y i dac n faa lui se afl o consoan, y trece n ie. De exemplu:
He cries (cry - a plnge).
It flies (fly - a zbura).
She plays (play - a se juca).
He stays (stay - a rmne).
Dac n fa este vocala -y ,nu sunt schimbri.
Excepie face verbul have (a avea) care la persoana a treia sun has.
Forma interogativ
Forma interogativ a verbului la Present Simple Tense se face de la verbul auxiliar Do, respectiv Does (pentru
persoana a treia singular) i a formei de baz a verbului principal. Toate ntrebrile n limba englez se mpart
n ntrebrile Yes/No i Wh-. Yes/No nu au forma interogativ i la ele se poate rspunde cu Da sau Nu.
ntrebrile Wh- ncep cu cuvntul interogativ, iar acestea sunt: when, what, why, where, how, how much, how
many...
Forma interogativ- Yes/No questions

singular
plural
Do I work? Eu lucrez?
Do we work? Noi lucrm?
Do you work? Tu lucrezi?
Do you work? Voi lucrai?
Does he work? El lucreaz?

Does she work? Ea lucreaz?
Does it work? El lucreaz?
Do they work? Ei lucreaz?
La ntrebrile Yes/No se rspunde cu rspunsuri scurte (Short answers) n felul urmtor:

singular
plural
Do I work? Yes, I do / No, I don't
Do we work? - Yes, we do / No, we don't
Do you work? Yes, you do / No, you don't.
Do you work? Yes, you do / No, you don't
Does he work? Yes, he does / No, he doesn't

Does she work? Yes, she does / No, she doesn't
Does it work? Yes, it does / No, it doesn't
Do they work? Yes, they do/No, they don't
Forma interogativ Wh- questions

singular
plural
Where do I work? Unde lucrez eu?
Where do we work? Unde lucrm noi?
Where do you work? Unde lucrezi tu?
Where do you work? Unde lucrai voi?
Where does he work? Unde lucreaz el?

Where do they work? - Unde lucreaz ei?
Where does she work? Unde lucreaz ea?
Where does it work? Unde lucreaz el?
Forma negativ
Forma negativ se face de la forma negativ a verbului ajuttor Do (respectiv Does pentru persoana a treia
singular) i forma de baz a verbului principal.
singular
plural
I do not (don't) work Eu nu lucrez
We do not (don't) work Noi nu lucrm
You do not (don't) work Tu nu lucrezi
You do not (don't) work Voi nu lucrai
He does not (doesn't) work El nu lucreaz They do not (don't) work Ei nu
She does not (doesn't) work Ea nu

lucreaz
It does not (doesn't) work El nu lucreaz
lucreaz
ntrebuinare
Timpul prezent simplu se folosete pentru:
1. Lucruri care se repet (obinuine,obiceiuri, rutine)
I get up at 6 oclock. - Eu m trezesc la ora 6.
She wears uniform at work. - Ea mbrac uniforma la lucru.
The English drink tea at 5 oclock in the afternoon. Englezii beau ceai la ora 5 dup amiaz.
n acest sens se pot folosi i adverbele i fraze pentru frecven (cuvinte care arat ct de des se ntmpl lucrul).
Acestea sunt:
always - ntotdeauna
usually - de obicei
often - des
sometimes - cteodat
never - niciodat
every day - n fiecare zi
every month - n fiecare lun
every year - n fiecare an etc.
once a year - o dat pe an
twice a day - de dou ori pe zi
three times a week -de trei ori pe sptmn etc.
Adverbele always, usually, often, sometimes, never vin naitea verbului principal n forma afirmativ. Frazele
every day, every month, twice a year... cel mai des vin la sfritul propoziiei.
I always go to school at 8 oclock in the morning. - Eu merg

ntotdeauna la coal la ora 8 dimineaa.
She usually drinks tea in the evening. - Ea de obicei bea

ceai seara.
We never eat in the living room. - Noi nu mncm niciodat

n sufragerie.
2. Adevruri generale (ceva ce este ntotdeauna corect)
People change money in banks. - Oamenii schimb banii

la banc.
A day has 24 hours. - Ziua are 24 de ore.
The Earth goes around the Sun. - Pmntul se nvrte n

jurul Soarelui.
The Danube flows into the Black Sea. - Dunrea se vars

n Marea Neagr.
3. Caracteristicile subiectului:
He speaks English very well. - El vorbete bine engleza.
My sister plays the piano. - Soara mea cnt la pian.
Present Continuous Tense (timpul prezent continuu)

Present Continuous Tense (timpul prezent continuu) se face de la verbul TO BE n timpul Prezent Simplu adic is
/am /are + present participle (participiu prezent) a verbului principal.
Participiul prezent se face atunci cnd la infinitiv se adaug terminaia ing:
go going
sleep sleeping
work working
Dac verbul se termin cu o consoan, n faa creia st o vocal, ultima consoan din faa ing se dubleaz. De
exemplu:
hit a lovi
stop a se opri
particip: stopping
permit a permite
particip: permitting
begin a ncepe
particip: hitting
particip: beginning
l de la sfrsit ntotdeauna se dubleaz. De exemplu:
travel a cltori
particip: travelling
Forma de confirmare
singular
plural
I am working Eu lucrez
We are working Noi lucrm
You are working Tu lucrezi
You are working Voi lucrai
He is working El lucreaz
She is working Ea lucreaz
It is working El lucreaz
They are working Ei lucreaz
Forma interogativ
Forma interogativ Yes/No questions
singular
plural
Am I working? Eu lucrez?
Are we working? Noi lucrm?
Are you working? Tu lucrezi?
Are you working? Voi lucrai?
Is he working? El lucreaz?
Is she working? Ea lucreaz?
Is it working? El lucreaz?
Are they working? Ei lucreaz?
La ntrebrile Yes/No se dau rspunsuri scurte (Short answers) n felul urmtor:

singular
plural
Am I working? Yes, I am / No, I`m not
Are we working? - Yes, we are / No, we arent
Are you working? Yes, you are / No, you

arent
Are you working? Yes you are / No, you

arent
Is he working? Yes, he is / No, he isnt

Is she working? Yes, she is / No, she isnt
Is it working? Yes, it is / No, it isnt

singular
plural
Where am I working?-Unde lucrez eu?
Where are we working? Unde lucrm

noi?
Where are you working? Unde lucrezi

tu?
Where are you working? Unde lucrai

voi?
Where is he working? Unde lucreaz

el?
Where is she working? Unde lucreaz
ea?
Where is it working? Unde lucreaz el?
Where are they working? Unde lucreaz

ei?
Forma negativ
Forma negativ a timpului prezent continuu se formeaz de la forma negativ a verbului auxiliar TO BE la timpul
prezent i participiu prezent al verbului principal.
singular
plural
I am not (I'm not) working Eu nu

lucrez
We are not (aren't) working Noi nu

lucrm
You are not (aren't) working Tu nu

lucrezi
You are not (aren't) working Voi nu

lucrai
He is not (isn't) working El nu

lucreaz
She is not (isn't) working Ea nu
lucreaz
It is not (isn't) working El nu lucreaz
They are not (aren't) working Ei nu

lucreaz
ntrebuinare
Timpul prezent simplu continuu se folosete pentru:
Lucrul care se ntmpl n timpul vorbirii, de aceea pe lng

el se gsesc des adverbe de timp now (acum) i at the
moment(n acest moment):
She is reading a book at the moment. - Ea citete

deocamdat cartea.
Lucru temporar:
We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to

buy. - Locuim n casa surorii mele pn nu gsim o cas
nou s cumprm.
Planurile legate de viitor:
I am visiting my sister next weekend. - La sfritul

sptmnii viitoare o voi vizita pe sora mea.
Verbele care nu se folosesc la timpul prezent continuu

Un numr de verbe nu poate fi utilizat cel mai des n timpuri continue:
hear a auzi
see a vedea
taste a gusta
smell a mirosi
remember a-i aminti
understand a nelege
wish a dori
want a vrea
know a ti, etc.
Acestea se folosesc n loc de prezent simplu continuu, n prezent simplu.
I hear a noise in the next room. - Aud ceva zgomot n

camera alturat.
Stop! Don't you see the red light? - Stai! Nu vezi c e

culoarea roie?
This cake tastes good. - Aceast prjitur are un gust bun.
Do you remember our first dance? - i aminteti de primul

nostru dans?
I wish you a lot of happiness. - V doresc mult fericire.
I know that you don't understand me. - tiu c nu m

nelegei.
Wedding Traditions from around the World

Unitate: de la 50
Not every wedding has to follow the same old pattern. If you want your big day to be that little bit different, take a
look at these marriage customs from around the world. Adapt one or two of them to your own wedding and you'll
have an occasion everyone will be talking about.
1.
Moroccan brides start their wedding day by having

a ceremonial purification milk bath before having
their hands and feet intricately painted with henna.
2.
In Estonia, the classic tradition of whichever woman

catches the brides bouquet being the next one to
marry is adapted for men. The groom is blindfolded,
then spun round. The single man whose head he
puts his top hat on will be the next to get hitched.
3.
Japanese brides change their outfit several times

during the day. (The perfect excuse to hit the
shops.)
4.
Italians cut up the grooms tie, then sell the pieces to

help fund their honeymoon.
5.
An Anglo-Saxon groom would tap the heel of his

brides shoe to symbolise his authority over her.
6.
Latvian brides are "kidnapped", and the groom has

to pay a ransom (a song or a round of drinks) to get
her back.
7.
At Finnish weddings, the grooms mother balances a

china plate on top of her head when the newly-weds
begin their first dance. The number of pieces it
breaks into when it falls predicts how many children
the couple will have.
8.
In a Russian Orthodox wedding, the bride and

groom race each other to the carpet they stand on
to make their vows. Whoever wins will be head of
the household.
9.
Before a Swedish wedding, the brides mother gives

her a gold coin to place in her right shoe, while her
father gives her a silver coin for her left shoe. This
symbolises a wealthy future.
10. Another Jewish tradition is that the wedding ring

should be completely plain, with no jewels or
markings. This symbolises eternal love - theres
nothing to mark the beginning from the end.
11. German couples hang objects on a "brides tree". A
teapot, for instance, represents hospitality.
12. In Mexico guests form a heart shape around the
couple as they have their first dance.
13. Confetti has the same root as the Italian word for
confectionery - in pagan times the married couple
would be showered with grain and nuts coated in
sugar.
14. In Britain it`s lucky for a chimney sweep to come to
the wedding and kiss the bride. The tradition stems
from when King George III reigned. The Kings
horses ran out of control and a chimney sweep
stepped in to save him. The King proclaimed, by
Royal Decree, all sweeps were good luck bearers
and should be treated with respect. Chimney
sweeps are also linked with early pagan wedding
rituals where the black colour symbolises fertility.
15. Part of a traditional Sudanese wedding involves the
Maid of Honour burning seven broomsticks to
symbolise the discarding of bad habits before

starting married life.
16. Finally, at Venezuelan weddings, it`s traditional for
the newly-weds to sneak away from their reception
without saying goodbye to anyone. This is thought
to bring them good luck.
Vocabulary
Nouns (substantive):
Verbs (verbe):
pattern - ablon
purification - purificare
henna - hena
bouquet - buchet de flori
outfit - mbrcminte, inut
heel - toc, clci
ransom - rscumprare
newly-weds - miri, tineri cstorii
vow - jurmnt
coin - bnu, moned
marking - nsemnare, marcare
teapot -ceainic
confectionery - dulciuri, articole de cofetrie
grain - bob
nuts - alune, nuci
chimney sweep - coar
Royal Decree - Decretul regal
fertility - fertilitate
Maid of Honour - domnioar de onoare
broomstick - coad de mtur
spin - a nvrti, a roti, a rsuci

fund - a finana
tap - a atinge, a bate uor
form - a forma
stem - a stvili, a ndigui
proclaim - a proclama
discard - a respinge, a lepda
sneak away - a se furia
Adjectives and adverbs

(adjective i adverbe):
Prepositions and conjunctions

(propoziii i conjuncii):
intricately - ntr-un mod complicat, nclcit

blindfolded - legat la ochi
hitched - prins
plain - simplu, neted
coated - nvelit, acoperit
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
pattern - model, example, standard
purification - purgation
henna - hair coloring, hair dye
outfit - dress, clothes
newly-weds-honeymoonerrs
vow - promise, commitment, oath
marking - decoration
confecionery - candy store
grain - bit, piece
fertitlity - fecundity
Maid of Honour - bridesmaid, matron of honour
broomstick - broom handle
Verbs (verbe)
spin - turn, rotate
fund - finance
tap -touch
form - make, shape
stem - originate in
proclaim - declare, announce
discard - throw away, get rid of, reject
sneak away - slip away, sneak off, sneak out
Adjectives and adverbs (adjective i adverbe)
intricately - elaborately
blindfolded - blindfold
plain - unpatterned, simple
The Sun is Threatening

Unitate: de la 50
The quest for a beautiful glowing tan continues.
People all over the world are enjoying the Sun's rays, despite warnings that sun exposure causes permanent skin
damage and skin cancer.
Lee Ann Hamilton, a health educator and graduate student in higher education, has had three episodes of skin
cancer. She found the first when she was only 33.
"I found them early, so they weren't really bad" Hamilton said. "I'm aware of the signs. I noticed that I had a little
rough area that would occasionally bleed. That's not normal".
"You need to keep an eye on your body because no one else is going to do it for you", she said.
Hamilton said she was never a sun worshiper, but liked to swim a lot and worked outdoors as a lifeguard. She
said that, as she has fair skin and burns easily, she is at high risk.
"When I was a kid, nobody put sunscreen on. We didn't know", she said. "We can't do anything about the damage
that's already been done, but we can protect our skin from now forward".
"If you notice any change in your skin that doesn't look normal, get it checked out", she said.
The situation with skin cancer cases in America is getting quite serious. As the American Academy of
Dermatology states, one in six Americans will develop skin cancer in his or her lifetime, and the number is rapidly
growing. However, Queensland in Australia is an infamous world champion in skin cancer occurrence.
The big problem is that people still see a tan as a healthy thing, but in reality, tanning is the skins response to sun
damage.
Tanning is actually the result of a complex defence mechanism within the skin and it occurs when pigmentproducing cells produce and distribute melanin, said Dr. Kevin Welch. When the skin is exposed to the Sun, the
cells become more active, the melanin gets distributed, and a tan results.
But the Sun's ultraviolet rays also break in the DNA of the cells and the mutations pass on from cell to cell, from
generation to generation.
"Cancer
actually
represents
cells
reproducing
without
any
real
control",
the
doctors
say.
While light-skinned people are definitely more prone to skin cancer, anybody who is exposed to the Sun long
enough could eventually get it.
There are three types of skin cancer, and a less dangerous one is not deadly, but their effects may be hard to live
with. For example, there is a type of cancer that causes open sores on the face and pieces of flesh can be lost to
surgery. Not only can the cancers disfigure a person, but so can the surgery that removes them, she said.
"The most serious type of skin cancer is malignant melanoma, and the reason for it is that melanoma has
mobility", dr. Villar-Werstler said. "Once it begins growing in one area, it can spread to other areas, including vital
organs. It can grow anywhere in the body".
A person can have a mole that changes one day and six months later the same person can die from melanoma.
But there is some good news. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, more than half of all skin
cancers can be prevented if one uses sunscreens when exposing to sun.
The most important thing to consider when choosing a sunscreen, said Dr. Villar-Werstler, is to "buy a cream
according to your skin type and its SPF. Larger SPF means that you can stay longer exposed to sun without a risk
of getting sun burnt".
Even protecting yourself occasionally is worthwhile, doctors say.

"It's not enough, but it's worthwhile", they say. "It's like a smoker choosing to smoke only one pack of cigarettes
instead of four. He's still doing damage, but a little bit less".
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
quest - cutare
ray - raz
graduate student - absolvent
worshiper - fan, membru al unui cult
lifeguard - salvamar
sunscreen - loiune pentru plaj
occurrence - apariie, fenomen
defence mechanism mecanism defensiv
sore - ran
flesh - carne
surgery - operaie
bleed - a sngera
keep an eye on sth - a avea grij de
ceva
check out - a verifica (sntatea)
distribute - a distribui
spread - a se extinde
prevent - a preveni


(prepoziii i conjuncii):
permanent - permanent
rough - dur, robust, aspru
forward - mai departe, nainte
rapidly - cu rapiditate
infamous - lipsit de glorie, infam
prone - predispus
malignant - malign
worthwhile - util, care merit
while - n timp ce, dei
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
quest - search, hunt
ray - beam of light
graduate student - grad student, postgraduate
worshiper - worshiper, believer
lifeguard - lifesaver
sunscreen - sun blocker, sunblock
occurrence - happening
surgery - operation, treatment
Verbs (verbe)
distribute - spread
spread - distribute
prevent - avoid
permanent - lasting, persistent
rough - unsmooth
forward - future
rapidly - quickly, fast, briskly, promptly
infamous - notorious
prone - subject
malignant - harmful, destructive, malicious
worthwhilw - useful, good, valuable, helpful
Prepositions and conjunctions (prepoziii i conjuncii)
while - at the same time as, during the time that
Past Simple Tense

Unitate: de la 50
The Past Simple Tense (timpul trecut simplu) a verbului TO BE

Forma afirmativ
Forma afirmativ a verbului TO BE (a fi) la timpul trecut simplu este:
singular
plural
I was Eu am fost
We were Noi am fost
You were Tu ai fost
You were Voi ai fost
He was El a fost
She was Ea a fost
It was El a fost
They were Ei au fost
I was at the theatre last night. -Asear am fost la teatru.
My sister and her best friend were in London three years

ago. - Sora mea i prietenul ei cel mai bun au fost n
Londra cu trei ani n urm.
David was in Mamaia last summer. - David a fost n

Mamaia vara trecut.
Forma interogativ
Foma interogativ a verbului TO BE la timpul trecut simplu se face cu inversarea verbului TO BE i pronume
personal.
singular
plural
Was I? Eu am fost?
Were we? Noi am fost?
Were you? Tu ai fost?
Were you? Voi ai fost?
Was he? El a fost?

Was she? Ea a fost?
Was it? El a fost?
Were they? Ei au fost?

singular
plural
Was I? Yes, I was / No, I wasn't
Were we? Yes, we were / No, we weren't
Were you? Yes, you were / No, you weren't
Were you? Yes, you were / No, you weren't
Was he? Yes, he was / No, he wasn't

Was she? Yes, she was / No, she wasn't
Was it? Yes, it was / No, it wasn't
Were they? - Yes, they were / No, they weren't

singular
plural
Where was I? Unde am fost eu?
Where were we? Unde am fost noi?
Where were you? Unde ai fost tu?
Where were you? Unde ai fost voi?
Where was he? Unde a fost el?

Where was she? Unde a fost ea?
Where was it? Unde a fost el?
Where were they? Unde au fost ei?
Were you at home last night? - Asear ai fost acas?
Were your parents in Bucharest last summer? - Prinii

ti au fost la Bucureti vara trecut?
Was I clear? - Am fost clar?
Where were Martin and Sandra three days ago? - Unde

au fost Martin i Sandra n urm cu trei zile?
Why was he here? - De ce a fost el aici?
Forma negativ
Forma negativ a verbului TO BE la Past Simple Tense (timpul trecut simplu) este:
singular
plural
I was not (wasn't) Eu nu am fost
We were not (weren't) Noi nu am fost
You were not (weren't) Tu nu ai fost
You were not (weren't) Voi nu ai fost
He was not (wasn't) El nu a fost

She was not (wasn't) Ea nu a fost
It was not (wasn't) El nu a fost
They were not (weren't) Ei nu au fost
My father wasn't here yesterday. - Tatl meu nu a fost aici

ieri.
Her sister and John weren't in Madrid last summer. Sora ei i Jon nu au fost n Madrid vara trecut.
Sandra wasn't happy when she was a child. - Sandra nu a

fost fericit cnd a fost copil.
I wasn't ill yesterday. - Ieri nu am fost bolnav.
The Simple Past Tense (timpul trecut simplu)

Simple Past Tense (timpul trecut simplu) a verbelor regulate se face de la forma de baz a verbului (infinitiv
fr to) i terminaia ed.
Forma afirmativ
singular
plural
I worked Eu am lucrat
We worked Noi am lucrat
You worked Tu ai lucrat
You worked Voi ai lucrat
He worked El a lucrat
She worked Ea a lucrat
It worked El a lucrat
They worked Ei au lucrat
Dac infinitivul verbului se termin pe e, continuarea este d
He closed (close a nchide)
Dac verbul se termin pe y i ntruct n faa lui este consoana, y devine i.
He cried (cry - a plnge)
She played (play - a se juca)
He stayed (stay a rmne)
Dac n faa este vocala y, nu sunt schimbri.
ntruct infinitivul se termin cu o consoan n faa cruia este scurt, vocala anunat, aceast consoan final
se dubleaz n faa continurii pentru timpul trecut simplu.
plan planned (a planifica)
stop stopped (a opri)
Verbele neregulate au forme speciale pentru timpul trecut i ele se nva pe de rost.
Forma interogativ
Forma interogativ la timpul trecut simplu se formeaz de la verbul ajuttor Do la timpul trecut care sun Did i
forma de infinitiv a verbului principal.

singular
plural
Did I work? Eu am lucrat?
Did we work? Noi am lucrat?
Did you work? Tu ai lucrat?
Did you work? Voi ai lucrat?
Did he work? El a lucrat?

Did she work? Ea a lucrat?
Did it work? El a lucrat?
Did they work? Ei au lucrat?
La ntrebrile Yes/No se dau raspunsuri scurte(Short answers) n felul urmtor:

singular
plural
Did I work? Yes, I did / No, I didnt
Did we work? Yes, we did / No, we didnt
Did you work? Yes, you did / No, you didnt
Did you work? Yes you did / No, you didnt
Did he work? Yes, he did / No, he didnt

Did she work? Yes, she did / No, she didnt
Did it work? Yes, it did / No, it didnt
Did they work? Yes, they did / No, they didnt

singular
Where did I work? Unde am lucrat eu?
plural
Where did we work? Unde am lucrat noi?
Where did you work? Unde ai lucrat tu? Where did you work? Unde ai lucrat voi?
Where did he work? Unde a lucrat el?
Where did they work? Unde ai lucrat voi?
Where did she work? Unde a lucrat ea?
Where did it work? Unde a lucrat el?
Verbele neregulate formeaz forma interogativ n acelai fel.
ntrebri subiective (Subject questions)

Cnd cuvntul interogativ este subiectul propoziiei, verbul st sub forma interogativ. Astfel de ntrebare se
numete subiectiv. n propoziie:
Who told you that? (Cine i-a spus asta?) Who este subiect, spre deosebire de:
Who did you see last night? (Pe cine ai vzut asear?) unde Who este obiect.
Forma negativ
Forma negativ se formeaz de la forma negativ a verbului ajuttor Do la timpul trecut i a formei de baz a
verbului principal.
singular
plural
I did not (didn't) work Eu nu am lucrat
We did not (didn't) work Noi nu am lucrat
You did not (didn't) work Tu nu ai lucrat
You did not (didn't) work Voi nu ai lucrat
He did not (didn't) work El nu alucrat

She did not (didn't) work Ea nu a lucrat
It did not (didn't) work El nu a lucrat
They did not (didn't) work Ei nu au lucrat
Verbele neregulate alctuiesc forma negativ la fel.
ntrebuinare
Timpul trecut simplu se folosete pentru o aciune care a avut loc n timp. Adverbele de timp caracteristice care
alturi de care se folosesc sunt:
Yesterday ieri,
the day before yesterday alaltieri,
two years ago n urma cu doi ani,
three hours ago n urma cu trei ore,
last Monday lunea trecut,
last year sptmna trecut,
in 1977 n anul 1977.
I worked in a shop last year. - Am lucrat ntr-un magazin

anul trecut.
My brother finished his homework an hour ago. - Fratele

meu i-a terminat tema de cas n urm cu o or.
Last week we decided to buy a new house. - Sptmna

trecut ne-am hotrt s cumprm o cas nou.
Sandra closed the window a few minutes ago. - Sandra a

nchis geamul n urm cu cteva minute.
My father built this house in 1997. - Tatl meu a construit

aceast cas n anul 1977.
The day before yesterday Martin bought a nice hat. Alaltieri Martin a cumprat o plrie nou.
The Tuxedo
Unitate: de la 50
You might not know that the tuxedo, that subtle symbol of elegance, is more than 100 years old. It is interesting to
find out how it got its name and why it`s called "smoking" in some European countries.
The story begins with a famous family named Lorillard, which built up a vast tobacco empire in America, after
emigrating from France. The family was so rich that when one of its members of family died, the journalist writing
about it, decided to invent the word "millionaire".
The family owned great houses in New York and Newport. One of their properties, an expensive piece of land 40
miles northwest of New York was called Tuxedo. Before they got it, it belonged to the Indians. The word tuxedo in
Indian means "The Home of the Bear". The estate was transformed into a playground for the rich. It was a
luxurious place equipped with all "toys" a person could imagine. It was also known as: Tuxedo Park. On its
opening night, the son of the owner appeared in his smoking jacket. This wouldn`t be a problem today, but at the
time, it was a shock. All male guests were dressed traditionally. They wore tails, and white shirts with white bow
ties. By that time, short black jacket, that the young man had on, had only been worn in the presence of other
men in the smoking room, not in the presence of women.
The first time is always the most difficult, they say. After this shocking event, it was accepted first by the casual
Americans, and became known as "tuxedo". It is today known by many other names: "black tie", "dinner jacket"
and even "DJ".
Always traditional English accepted it a little bit later, when one of the royal family members started wearing it.
Only in Europe has the tuxedo maintained its original name "smoking".
Today, it is considered to be a symbol of good taste. It is worn at all major events. We can see it on TV and in
magazines. A proper star always takes care to wear one whenever there`s a chance. The English prefer black
dinner jacket, but the American are more flexible, they even prefer white ones at weddings. In America, pastel
tuxedo is popular as well.
A proper tuxedo is an expensive thing to buy. If you really want to dazzle someone you should get the tuxedo
which was made by one of the popular designers and they're never cheap. And there are always additional pieces
that go with it: studs, cuff links, and a good pair of shoes. You spend too much money on a thing that you wear on
such rare occasions. But the Americans found a solution to the problem they rent one and feel like one of the
most handsome men who brought glory on the tuxedo - James Bond.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
tuxedo smoking
tobacco tutun
Empire imperiu
property proprietate
estate proprietate, avuie
opening night - seara de deschidere
tail frac
bow tie papion
stud buton pentru guler, guler
cuff links butoni pentru manete
solution soluie
find out a afla

equip a echipa
invent a inventa
maintain a reine
dazzle a uimi, a impresiona, a fascina
transform into a transforma n

subtle subtil
vast imens, vast
male brbat
major mare
proper corect, adecvat, adevrat
rare rar

-
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
tuxedo - black tie, dinner jacket, tux
empire - kingdom
property - possessions, belongings
estate - area
tail - cutaway
stud - rivet
solution - answer, resolution
subtle - delicate
vast - huge, massive, enormous, great
major - important, vital, great
proper - real, genuine
rare - uncommon, unusual, exceptional
Verbs (verbe)
find out - discover, detect
equip - supply, provide for
invent - create, produce, design
maintain - preserve, sustain, carry on
dazzle - impress, amaze, fascinate
Piggy Bank
Unitate: de la 50
You probably had at least one piggy bank in your life and if you have kids they probably had few. But, have you
ever thought about its name? Why are they called piggy banks? What does a pig have to do with saving money?!
A pig would definitely be the last animal Id associate with savings! Why not doggy bank, bunny bank, why an
animal at all?!
I have always been a curious person, so I did some piggy bank research and have learned some very interesting
things.
My mother got a lovely, ceramic piggy bank when she was a kid. As you know, those ceramic piggy banks don`t
have an opening to remove the money. The theory goes that this is to serve as a lesson in finances for children.
The piggy bank enables a child to save money but forces him or her to justify its spending as in order to access
the money he needs to break his piggy bank. This lesson seems to have been forgotten by many adults! Maybe
we should keep a piggy bank in our front foyer and deposit our loose change as we come home each day!
But the question still remains, why is it called a piggy bank and why is it in the shape of a pig?
The original piggy bank had absolutely nothing to do with a pig! In the Middle Ages, when metal was expensive,
an inexpensive, orange colored clay, called pygg, was the common media for making pots and jars, and was
referred to as a pygg jar, for example. One of these jars was often used to hold coins. Eventually, the pygg jar or
pygg bank used for coins, surely accidentally, became known as a pig bank or piggy bank! The general
consensus is that this evolution transpired a few hundred years ago in England when craftsmen were hired to
make pygg banks and not being familiar with pygg they made pig shaped banks.
The oldest recorded piggy bank in the shape of a pig is claimed to be 1500 years old from Indonesia. Perhaps
there was a connection between the pig and saving money in their culture.
Understandably, the piggy bank is not popular in all cultures. The pig is considered an impure animal according to
the Old Testament and hence is not owned, eaten nor benefited by Jews. Similarly, Islam forbids the eating of
pork due to being impure. Hence, one would not expect to find too many piggy banks in Muslim countries and in
homes of those of the Jewish and Muslim faiths.
The modern piggy bank made from ceramics, plastic, beads or metal has been a popular collectors item and gift
for children due to its appealing and humorous appearance.
And one more thing, the phrase. "break the bank" has nothing to do with the piggy bank!
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
piggy bank puculi (n form de

purcelu)
saving economie
foyer foaier, hol
loose change bani mruni
clay lut, argil
media metod, mijloc
pot oal
jar borcan, vas
coin bani de metal, monede
consensus consens, nelegere
craftsman meseria, meteugar
benefit - folosin
pork carne de porc
bead perl
associate a asocia
enable a permite
justify a justifica, a explica
deposit a depozita, a depune
refer to a se referi la
transpire a deveni cunoscut, a se
ntmpla
hire a angaja, a mprumuta
shape a forma
claim a pretinde
benefit - a beneficia

(pridadjective i adverbe):

curious curios
understandably de neles
impure murdar, impur

hence deci
due to datorit, din cauza
appealing atractiv, interesant,
Syonyms
Nouns (substantive)
piggy bank - penny bank
foyer - anteroom, entrance hall, lobby
craftsman - skilled worker
benefit - profit
bead - pearl
Verbs (verbe)
associate - link, relate, tie in, connect, link up
enable - allow, permit
justify - explain, support
deposit - put, place, lay, drop, settle
refer to - relate to
transpire - become known, happen, occur
hire - employ, engage
shape - form
claim - assert
benefit - profit
curious - interested, questioning, searching, inquiring
understandably - clearly
impure - unclean, dirty
hence - therefore, thus, consequently
appealing - attractive, inviting, engaging, charming
The Olympic Games

Unitate: de la 50
There are many different stories about the beginning of the Olympics. One myth says that Zeus, the supreme god
of the Ancient Greeks, started the Games to celebrate his victory over his father Cronus for control of the World.
Another tradition says that after the Greek hero Pelops won a chariot race against King Oenomaus to marry
Oenomauss daughter Hippodamia, he established the Games.
The first official ancient Olympic games took place in 776 BC and since then they were held every four years.
During the games all Greeks respected an agreement called Sacred Truce. According to this agreement, the
entire region of Olympia was proclaimed sacred, and military forces were banned from its soil.
The first Olympic games included only a footrace. The pentathlon and wrestling were the first new sports to be
added, in the 18th Olympiad.
There were rules about who could compete in the Olympics. Anyone who was free-born Greek could take part.
Barbarians, slaves and women were not allowed to compete. Not only that women were not permitted to
compete, married women were also barred from attending the games under penalty of death. However, not
married women were allowed to attend.
But, women had their own competitions in that time. The most important was a maidens footrace in honour of the
goddess Hera. There were 3 separate races for girls, teenagers, and young women. The winners received olive
crowns.
The winners of the Olympic games also received olive crowns, but beside that, they had their statue set up at
Olympia. The winners were treated almost in the same way as todays sports stars. They had free meals at public
expense, best places in theatres and were celebrated by the people of their community.
Besides benefits for the best athletes, there were some penalties for those who broke the established rules. There
were judges who decided which punishment was suitable for each offence. All kinds of cheating were punished.
Bribes were one of the most common. They were also fined for avoiding the compulsory training period at
Olympia and for cowardice.
The Ancient Olympic games were held for the last time in 393 AD, since the Byzantine emperor Theodosius I
forbade their celebration after this time. It took more than 15 centuries for the Olympic games to be revived in
1896 in Athens.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
homeland - patrie
chariot - car de lupt n Antichitate care se
folosea i la ntreceri
Sacred Truce - Armistiiu Sacru
agreement - nelegere
soil - pmnt
footrace - ntrecere de alergare
pentathlon - pentatlon
wrestling - lupt
Barbarian - barbar
slave - sclav
penalty - pedeaps, penalizare
maiden - fat, fecioar
goddess zei
crown - coroan
expense - cheltuial
community - comunitate
benefit - beneficiu
offence - nclcare
cheating - triare
bribe - mit
avoiding - evitare
cowardice - la
emperor mprat
refer to - a se referi la
revive - a renvia
hold - a ine
proclaim - a proclama
ban - a interzice
allow - a permite
permit - a permite
compete -a se ntrece
bar - a interzice
attend - a participa, a asista
set up - a pune, a instala
treat - a trata
fine - a amenda
forbid - a interzice

Prepositions and
conjunctions
supreme - de vrf
according to - n funcie de, n
ancient - antic
official - oficial
entire - tot, ntreg
suitable - corespunztor,adecvat
compulsory - obligatoriu
conformitate cu
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
homeland - native land, birthplace, motherland
chariot - carriage
agreement - arrangement
soil - earth, ground
panalty - punishment
maiden - girl, maid
expense - cost, charge
community - society, people, public, association, population
benefit - interest, profit
cowardice - weakness, softness
emperor - ruler
Verbs (verbe)
refer to - relate to
proclaim - declare
ban - prohibit, restrict
allow - permit
permit - allow
compete - take part, participate
bar - restrict
attend - be present
treat - handle, deal with
fine - penalize, charge, punish
forbid - prohibit, ban
supreme - highest, greatest
ancient - aged, antique
official - formal
entire - whole, full, complete, total
suitable - appropiate, right
compulsory - obligatory
Adjectives
Unitate: de la 50
Adjectives Ending in ing or ed (adjectivele care se termin n ing sau -ed)

"adjectivele -ing" (Adjectives) descriu situaia, persoana sau obiectul:
an interesting life o via interesant
a boring teacher un profesor plictisitor
an exciting film un film captivant
"adjectivele -ed" (Adjectives) descriu cum se simte cineva:
I'm very interested in modern art. - Eu sunt foarte

interesat de arta modern.
We were bored at the end of the lesson. - Noi eram

plictisii la finalul leciei.
Shes excited about going on holiday tomorrow. - Ea

este entuziasmat datorit plecrii n concediu de mine.
Alte cteva exemple:
I'm confused by this confusing letter. - Eu sunt derutat din

cauza acestei scrisori ambigue.
I am boring. - Eu sunt plictisitor.
I am bored. - M-am plictisit.
She was very surprised when he came. - Ea a fost foarte

surprins cnd a sosit el.
It was very surprising that he came. - A fost foarte

surprinztor c el a venit.
Qualities Of a Good Friend

Unitate: de la 50
The old saying is true: good friends are hard to find. It can be hard to not only maintain friendships but also to
determine if a friendship is a healthy one. There are many qualities of a good friend to consider, and the following
are just a few you should consider when spending time with old friends and making new ones.
Be real. Are you trying to be friends with someone to be accepted into a certain clique, or because you'd like to
get to know someone else that he or she knows? Every new person you meet has the right to be accepted (or
not) on his or her own merits, it's better to just be yourself than let anyone else influence you into being someone
you are not. Remember, it's better to be hated for who you are, than to be liked for who you aren't. Actors are very
easy to see through. Stop acting, start being yourself.
Be honest. A dishonest person has no chance of having true friends. Keep your promises; do what you say you
are going to do, and most importantly, don't lie! Lying is when you say "Okay, I will...", but you never do: people
will eventually figure you out. People aren't stupid! Don't underestimate your friends. You'll stay without them and
it will be a great loss.
Be loyal. If your friend tells you something in confidence, don't talk about it to anyone else. Don't discuss your
friend behind his/her back except when it involves the other person, and you won't just make it worse. Nobody
likes a gossip or backstabber. But, you can't play both sides of a game or of the fence. Agree with one or the
other not with both sides! But don't accuse either one without a real reason. Always think through carefully before
any actions. Don't regret after.
Be respectful. Things you and your friend discuss should be treated with care. Your friend is not sharing this
information with just anyone, and may not want to. She or he shared it with you, and only you, as far as you know.
If you are asked not to tell, stay consistent and don't share the information.
Pitch in for friends during times of crisis. If your friend has to go to the hospital, you could help pack his or her
bags, if her/his dog runs away, help to find it, if he/she needs someone to pick him/her up, be there. Don't make
any excuses if you really don't have the real ones.
If your friend is going through a crisis, don't say: "Everything is going to be all right." if it's not going to be. It's hard
not to say that sometimes, but false reassurance can often be worse than none, and it may undermine your
friends ability to get through the crisis. Stay honest, but upbeat and positive. Even a stranger would appreciate a
sincere word or possibly a gesture of a "quick" hug, or a hand rubbed across the back for just "a moment," but
don`t overdo it. It can be misinterpreted. You never know how somebody will react. Being moderate is always the
best choice.
Give advice, add perspective. Don't judge your friend, but do advise to stay out of dangerous situations where
one may harm oneself or others. Tell him/her how you perceive his/her situation, and what you might do in the
same circumstances. Avoid saying "You should...". That may feel like you are imposing "shoulds" upon your
friend. You will probably sound like his or her mother. Nobody likes that.
Give your friend space. Understand if he/she wants to be alone or hang out with other people. Allow it to
happen. Don't become obsessive, clingy or needy. Friendship doesn't require that you always have to be paired
together. Allowing one another the time to hang with other friends gives you much-needed breathing room.
Don't be selfish. Grabbing, stealing, envying and/or begging are big Nos in the rules of friendship. The friend will
soon get tired of this and eventually move towards more selfless people. Bear that in mind.
Don't expect, demand or abuse generosity or "wear out your welcome." When your friend does something nice for
you, then reciprocate quickly. Money isn't, or doesn't have to be, an issue. Surprise your friend when he or she
least expects it.
Don't compare labels, prices, size and value.
Don't let your friend pay every time you go out, even if its offered.
Go home when it seems like the time is right, don't be like furniture. Reach for the doorknob and say "Bye."
turn the knob, leave... No one wants to be friends with a moocher or to feel used.
If you borrow something from a friend, take good care of it and then return it without being asked. Don't
use that awful phrase: "Oh, I`ll bring it tomorrow" and you never do that. A good friend never does that.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
clique trupa, grup, gac

merit virtute, merit, calitate, valoare
influence influena
confidence ncredere
gossip brf
backstabber cineva care bag cuitul n spatele
cuiva, trdtor
reassurance asigurate
ability abilitate
gesture gest
circumstance ansa, posibilitate
generosity mrinimie, generozitate
issue ntrebare, tema
label eticheta
maintain a ntreine
determine a determina
consider a considera, a lua
n considerare
figure out - a pricepe
play of the fence a fi cu
dou fee
accuse a acuza
pitch in a ajuta
undermine a mina, a
drma
appreciate - a aprecia
overdo a ntrece msura
judge a judeca
doorknob captura
moocher lene
henpecked husband so sub papuc
require a cere
grab a lua n grab
envy a fi invidios
beg a ruga
demand a cere
abuse a abuza
reciprocate a retruna

(alectivele i adverbele):
Prepositions and
conjunctions
( propoziiile i
conjunciile):
dishonest incorect
eventually n sfrit
respectful respectuos
upbeat optimist
sincere corect
consistent - consistent
clingy lipicios, cnd cineva se lipete, nu vrea s
se despart de dvs. (copii de ex.)
needy srac, nevoia
selfish - egoist
persistent persistent
selfless - altruist
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
clique - group, set, crowd, pack, circle, crew (informal)
merit - worth, virtue, quality
influence - impact
confidence - trust, belief, faith, dependence, reliance, credence
gossip - hearsay, tittle - tattle
backstabber - betrayer, Brutus, double-crosser, fink, informer, Judas, quisling, snake in the grass
abiility - capability
circumstance - situation
generosity - unselfishness
issue - matter, topic, subject
doorknob - door-handle
moocker - cadger
Verbs (verbe)
maintain - preserve, save
determine - decide
consider - think, see, believe
figure out - puzzle out, solve, lick, work out, work
accuse - incriminate, impeach
pitch in - to cooperate orcontribute
undermine - weaken, compromise
appreciate - value, regard, respect, prize, admire
overdo - exaggerate, overstate, overuse

judge - evaluate, rank, value
require - need, want
grab - catch, grasp
envy - be jealous (of), begrudge, covet
beg - call off, request
demand - call for, request, want
abuse - ill-treat, ill-use, maltreat, mistreat
reciprocate - return, respond

dishonest - dishonorable, deceitful
eventually - in the end, finally, after all
respectful - polite, civil, mannerly, humble
upbeat - positive, optimistic, promissing, encouraging
sincere - honest, genuine, real, true, frank, open
consistent - constant, persistent
needy - destitute, improverished
selfish - self-centred, self-interested, greedy, egoistic
persistent - determined, dogged
selfless - unselfish, altruistic
Cosmetic Surgery
Unitate: de la 50
Before you slap on a plastic smile, do some deep thinking on the whole picture when it comes to plastic surgery
and its risks. Think if it's really necessary to do it, would you really feel much better, after all, you won`t be a
different person, it'll still be you deep inside.
For some people, appearances can create emotional struggles that monopolize their outlook on life. This can
have a negative impact on almost every area of ones life. Those people are very often despondent, single,
antisocial and so on. Plastic surgery can be beneficial for both physical and mental health; however, it can also be
hazardous if not performed correctly. The results of the procedure may not be what you had envisioned.
Generally, plastic surgery procedures are not reversible, and you will have to live with the outcome. So, as I've
already mentioned, think through very carefully, if you do it, there is no way back.
It's in the news, on television, movies and just about everywhere you look. A pretty face, a slender frame, and
sizeable, perky breasts are societys general prerequisites for a beautiful woman, and people are increasingly
more willing to succumb to these perceptions each year. Teenage girls crave after that artificial good look,
anorexic models. They are so easy to be misled. More and more men are considering and even going through
with cosmetic surgery to fit the youthful appearance desired by so many. Male pectoral implants, calf implants,
Rhinoplasty, facelifts, eyelifts and tummy tucks are just a few of the popular procedures in which males are
recently partaking. In many countries it has been some kind of taboo for a while, but now everybody is doing it. It's
not something to be ashamed of. The ever-popular nose job, or rhinoplasty, is just one of dozens of treatments
available to the big spenders. (Typical procedures cost from a couple hundred to a couple thousand dollars and
ever climbing.) As the nose is rumored to be the most prominent feature on a persons face, many are quick to
have theirs sculpted to perfection, or at least to improvement. Eyelid rejuvenation or Blepharoplasty, is a relatively
common cosmetic procedure practiced in the hopes of reducing the signs of aging around the eyes. Facelifts and
forehead lifts and chemical face peels also attempt to decrease the appearance of aging, thus restoring a brighter
skin tone and an overall younger look. Women are especially afraid of getting older. First signs of aging are really
easily noticed and something has to be done about it. Breast size and shape become a concern to women for
several reasons, including physical appearance and personal comfort. Breast enlargement, breast reduction and
breast lifts may deliver desire results to happy patients, but several risks could dampen the bliss. The obvious and
ultimate goal is to construct the desired appearance in as little time as possible, nobody thinks about the pain, the
long recovery process, dissatisfaction of what they might see after the procedure. Often, patients know exactly
what they want to see when the procedure is done, so a match to the envisioned or sketched result is the greatest
advantage, though there is no guarantee.
The cons and risk factors are much more abundant, though sometimes rare or uncommon. The need to take time
off from ones professional career and typical daily activities can be seen as an immediate disadvantage. Financial
expenses, imminent bruising and discomfort may also deter an individual from receiving a cosmetic surgical
procedure. Speaking with a person who has had cosmetic surgery performed on them may be the best means of
deciding for oneself if opting for surgery is the right choice. It's the best way to find out everything you are
interested in but bear in mind it's a subjective opinion.
As with any type of surgical procedure, certain risks are involved. Infection, dry eye problems/decreased tear
production, bleeding, blindness and damage to nerves, blood vessels and muscles within the eye are just a few
complications that can occur when a Blepharoplasty is performed. Less serious risks can include allergic
reactions, asymmetry, chronic pain and dissatisfaction with the end result, among others. This is not to mention
additional risks involved with local and general anaesthesia administered to patients receiving surgical treatment.
You have to be prepared and well informed about every step of the procedure and possible consequences.
With so many risks, why do so many people continue to go through with cosmetic surgery? Not surprisingly, for
the same reasons many people dye their hair! Satisfaction of ones appearance is intrinsically linked to ones
happiness and overall mood. Do blondes really have more fun? If someone asks your mom one more time how
old she is, will she tell? Of course she won't. Will enhanced or reduced breasts really make someone a different
person? It is all a state of mind.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
frame linie, corp

calf gamb
Rhinoplasty - rinoplastie
spender cheltuitor
improvement mbuntire, ameliorare
enlargement mrire
reduction micorare
bliss fericire, extaz, beatitudine
bruising rnire
discomfort disconfort
blood vessel vas de snge
prerequisite precondiie, premis
obligatorie
slap on a pune
monopolize a monopoliza
envision a imagina
succumb a sucomba, a ceda
partake a participa, a lua parte
dampen a umezi, a descuraja, a
atenua
deter a descuraja, a opri
enhance a mri
crave after a tnji dup ceva
mislead - a induce n eroare


beneficial benefic, binefctor

hazardous periculor, riscant
slender slbu, subirel, zvelt
sizeable voluminos
perky vioi, obraznic

diluted diluat, atenuat
prominent proeminent
thus aadar
abundant adundent
imminent apropiat, iminent
intrinsic intrinsec
despondent dezndjduit, trist
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
frame - form, anatomy
spender - scatter-good, spend-all, spendthrift
improvement - development, progress
reduction - minimising
bliss - joy, ecstasy, euphoria, felicity
discomfort - uneasiness, worry, anxiety
prerequisite - precondition
Verbs (verbe)
slap on - clap on, slam on
monopolize - monopolize, take over, dominate
envision - expect, imagine, predict, foresee
succumb - yield
partake - participate
deter - discourage, daunt, talk out of
enhance - enlarge
crave after - long for, want, desire, lust after
mislead - misguide, misinform
beneficial - helpful, useful, profitable
hazardous - denagerous, risky, difficult
slender - slim, narrow
sizeable - large
perkly - lively, cheerful
diluted - watered down, thinned, weak, weakened
prominent - famous, leading, top, chief, important
thus - therefore, so, hence, consequently, accordingly
abundant - plentiful, full, rich
imminent - upcoming, near
intrisic - essential, real, true, central, natural, basic
despondent - sad, depressed, down, low, blue, despairing, discouraged, miserable
Question Tags
Unitate: de la 50
Pentru a se alctui forma interogativ care corespunde expresiei nu-i aa, din limba romn, n limba englez
folosim verbe ajuttoare i incomplete. Deoarece propoziia este afirmativ, n urma ei se folosete forma
interogativ negativ a verbului ajuttor:
You have finished your homework, haven't you? - Ai

terminat tema de cas,nu-i aa?
She's working in the garden, isn't she? - Ea lucreaz n

grdin,nu-i aa?
Ioana goes to school, doesn't she? - Ioana merge la

coal,nu-i aa?
There is a fridge in your kitchen, isn't there? - n

buctria ta se afl frigiderul,nu-i aa?
Martha bought a lovely dress yesterday, didn't she? Marta a cumprat ieri o rochie minunat,nu-i aa?
He was out when she came, wasn't he? - El a fost afar

cnd a venit ea,nu-i aa?
Dac propoziia este negativ, se folosete forma interogativ a verbului auxiliar.
Mihai didn't buy the car, did he? - Mihai nu a cumprat

maina,nu-i aa?
Sandra isn't a student, is she? - Sandra nu este

student,nu-i aa?
tefan doesn't speak English, does he? - tefan nu

vorbete limba englez,nu-i aa?
Mlina won't come tomorrow, will she? - Mlina nu vine

mine,nu-i aa?
I`m not good at singing, am I? - Nu sunt bun la cntat,

nu-i aa?
Cuvntul interogativ dup I am sun aren't I.
I'm new here, aren't I? - Eu sunt nou aici, nu-i aa?
Dup imperativ, expresia interogativ (Question Tag) sun will you i se traduce puin diferit n limba romn.
Open the window, will you? - Vrei s deschizi geamul?
Don't speak so loud, will you? -Vrei s nu mai vorbeti

aa de tare?
Expresia interogativ (Question Tag) dup Let's (Let us) sun shall we.
Let's go to the theatre tonight, shall we? - Mergem

desear la teatru?
Let's start, shall we? - ncepem?
A Few Things You Should Know About Dreams

Unitate: de la 50
Have you ever been interested in dreams? Do you usually dream? How long do you usually dream about
something or somebody? Do you dream in colour or in black and white?
Andrea, an English student was questioned about dreams. Let`s see some of the answers:
Doctor Lee: Andrea what do you think? Do all of us have dreams every night?
Andrea: I think they do but they aren't aware about that fact.
Doctor Lee: Correct. You see, you start dreaming about 90 minutes after you fall asleep. The first dream lasts for
five to ten minutes. Then you dream in 90 minutes cycles with the dreams getting longer your last dream may
even last for 50 minutes.
Doctor Lee: Babies dream less than adults, don`t they?
Andrea: I don`t think so. But I'm not 100 per cent sure. Their brain capacity may be stronger and faster, I really
don't know.
Doctor Lee: Babies dream most of the time they are asleep, not in cycles like adults.
When you drink alcohol you dream more.
Andrea: This is true, isn't it?
Doctor Lee: Drinking alcohol or taking drugs make your dreams shorter. You've heard this for the first time,
haven't you?
Andrea: Yes, it's very interesting. Well, I'll never drink alcohol again. I like dreaming. It helps me escape from
reality.
People believe that dreaming about death means something terrible is going to happen.
But my grandmother thinks it is the other way round. If you dream about death of a person it will make his life
longer. You don't believe in such things, do you?
Doctor Lee: Not really. What I believe is that dreaming about death means the end of a chapter in someones life.
I read about the research done on the so-called "telepathic" dreams. The hypothesis says that some people can
see the future in their dreams. I highly doubt this. But the science and time will show.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
capacity capacitate
chapter capitol
cycle - ciclu
adult - adult
hypothesis - ipotez, presupunere
research - cercetare
escape a scpa, a evada

fall asleep a adormi
dream about a visa despre
doubt - a se ndoi (de ceva), a avea ndoieli


telepathic telepatic
highly - n mare msur
the other way round - contrar, invers
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
capacity - size, room, range, space, volume, extent, dimensions
chapter - section, part, stage
cycle - round, circle
adult - grown-up
hypothesis - theory, premise, proposition
research - investigation, study, inquiry, analysis
Verbs (verbe)
escape - get away, flee, take off
doubt - disbelieve, question, challenge, suspect, dispute, query, distrust, mistrust
telepathic - psychic, clairvoyant
higly - extremely
Past Continuous Tense

Unitate: de la 50
Past Continuous Tense (Timpul trecut continuu) se formeaz de la verbul TO BE la Past Simple Tense
(Timpul trecut simplu), adic was/were i present participle (participiu prezent) al verbului principal.
Forma afirmativ
singular
plural
I was working Eu lucram
We were working Noi lucram
You were working Tu lucrai
You were working Voi lucrai
He was working El lucra

She was working Ea lucra
It was working El lucra
They were working Ei lucrau
Forma interogativ
Forma interogativ a verbului la Past Continuous Tense (Timpul trecut continuu) se formeaz cu inversiunea (n
comparaie cu forma afirmativ) verbului auxiliar TO BE (la timpul trecut) i pronume personal.

singular
plural
Was I working? Eu lucram?
Were we working? Noi lucram?
Were you working? Tu lucrai?
Were you working? Voi lucrai?
Was he working? El lucra?

Was she working? Ea lucra?
Was it working? El lucra?
Were they working? Ei lucrau?

singular
plural
Was I working? Yes, I was / No, I wasn't
Were we working? - Yes, we were / No, we

weren't
Were you working? Yes, you were / No, you

werent
Were you working? Yes you were /No, you

weren't
Was he working? Yes, he was / No, he

wasn't
Was she working? Yes, she was / No, she
wasn't
Was it working? Yes, it was / No, it wasn't
Were they working? Yes, they were / No, they

weren't
singular
plural
Where was I working? Unde lucram eu?
Where were we working? Unde lucram noi?
Where were you working? Unde lucrai tu?
Where were you working? Unde lucrai voi ?
Where was he working? Unde lucra el?

Where was she working? Unde lucra ea?
Where was it working? Unde lucra el?
Where were they working? Unde lucrau ei?
Forma negativ
Forma negativ a Past Continuous Tense (Timpului trecut continuu) se formeaz de la forma negativ a
verbului auxiliar TO BE la timpul trecut i Present Participle (participiu prezent) a verbului principal.
singular
plural
I was not (I wasn't) working Eu nu lucram
We were not (weren't) working Noi nu

lucram
You were not (weren't) working Tu nu

lucrai
You were not (weren't) working Voi nu

lucrai
He was not (wasn't) working El nu lucra

She was not (wasn't) working Ea nu lucra
It was not (wasn't) working El nu lucra
They were not (weren't) working Ei nu

lucrau
Utilizare
Past Continuous Tense (Timpul trecut continuu) se folosete pentru:
Aciune care n trecut a durat mai mult:

She was reading a book all day yesterday. - Ieri, ea a citit
toat ziua o carte.
Dou aciuni care s-au desfurat n timpul trecut n paralel:

While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her
homework. - n timp ce eu m uitam la TV, sora mea i
fcea tema.
Aciune trecut care a durat mai mult, dar este ntrerupt de

o alt aciune la timpul trecut. Aceasta a doua aciune se
exprim de obicei la timpul trecut simplu (Past simple tense):
I was watching TV when the telephone rang. - Eu m

uitam la televizor cnd a sunat telefonul.
When we arrived they were playing cards. - Cnd am

ajuns noi, ei jucau cri.
Not: Verbele care nu se folosesc la Present Continuous Tense, nu se folosesc nici la Past Continuous Tense. n
locul lor, de obicei, se folosete verbul la Past Simple Tense.
The Worst Vacation Ever

Unitate: de la 50
My name is Kate. Well me and my family went to the Caribbean last summer and I used to go there as a little kid
so I was really excited to be going again. When we got off the plane, we ate dinner with a friend in his little tiny
house (it was actually really nice and exotic) and then took a ferry to another island (St. John).
As soon as we arrived, it was raining, so we took a taxi in the pitch dark to the other side of the island, where
there were cabins to be rented. When we got there, nobody was still in the registration building, but we finally
tracked someone down to get our cabin info (Lucky for us it was the farthest cabin down the beach, and we had
all our luggage still.) so we walked a half-mile to the little cabin, exhausted, and set our stuff on the porch. We
looked as we came from war, I couldnt breathe how tired I was. My eyes popped out of tiredness. It was almost
2:00 in the morning and we were very jet-lagged. Unfortunately for us, the cabin was locked! Because I was so
jet-lagged and stressed from the walking and dragging of luggage, I nearly broke down right there. And then, my
biggest hero, my mom, who was very calm about the whole thing (even though she is NOT a night person and
looked really, really tired) walked all the way back to the registration place.
Meanwhile, I was drifting off in the sand and waking up to the irritating bites of bugs every 3 seconds, thinking
what ELSE could happen. My dads back was bothering him so he had to lay on the picnic table and my brother
was telling me to shut up because I was flipping out. I had some kind of a panic attack. Finally, my mom returned,
cussing, because the people at the registration said she actually hadn't booked the cabin until 10:00 the next
morning. Since we couldn't legally sleep in the cabin for another 7 or so hours, we had to make ourselves
comfortable outside on the porch to sleep. I luckily found two lawn chairs that might have belonged to the
neighbours, but truthfully, at that hour, I didn't care. I would be able to sleep on a rock if necessary! I was THAT
tired. My mom and I stretched out as much as possible in the lawn chairs...my dad kept his place on the table...
and my brother lined up a few piles of clothes on the ground and tried to get comfortable.
Imagine the surprise of the neighbours in the morning to find a family snoring in the sand by their front porch! That
was one of the worst vacation experiences ever... my bug bites that morning had tripled. But, it was a historical
day, I will probably retell it to my grandchildren and laugh about everything that had happened that day.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
porch verand, teras

lawn chair ezlong
pile grmad, morman
tiredness - oboseal
get off a cobor

drag a trage
drift off a trage pe dreapta
(informal)
bother a chinui, a deranja
flip out a nnebuni, a-i pierde
controlul
cuss a njura, a blestema
stretch out a se ntinde
line up a alinia, a nira
snore a sfori
break down a pierde controlul
eye pop out a-i iei ochii din
orbite


tiny mic, mrunt

pitch dark ntuneric bezn
exhausted epuizat, extenuat
jet-lagged a fi afectat din cauza decalajului
de fus orar
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
porch - veranda
lawn chair - camp chair, folding chair, patio chair
pile - heap, collection

tiredness - fatigue, collapse
Verbs (verbe)
drag - move, pull
drift off - doze off, drop off, nod off
bother - bore, disturb, irritate, taunt
flip out - flip, go mad, go crazy
cuss - curse, swear
line up - align, aline, adjust
snore - saw logs, saw wood
Adjective and adverbs (adjctive i adverbe)
tiny - small, little, slight, mini, wee, miniature
exhausted - worn out, tired, drained, beat
Used to, Be Used to

Unitate: de la 50
Costrucia verbal Used To + infinitiv se folosete cnd vorbim despre aciuni care au avut loc cndva, sau
despre obiceiurile noastre anterioare i despre ntmplrile constante care nu se mai repet.
I used to go to school but I have a job now. - Cndva am

mers la coal, dar acum lucrez.
She used to get up at 6 every morning until she started

working in the afternoon. - Cndva se trezea n fiecare
dimineaa la ora 6 pn cnd a nceput s lucreze dupamiaz.
Construcia Be Used To + Present Participle se folosete cnd vorbim despre lucruri la care ne-am obinuit i
se folosesc, cel mai des, la timpul prezent.
I am used to living with my sister. - M-am obinuit s

locuiesc cu sora mea.
They are used to living in Australia even though it is so

far away. - S-au obinuit s triasc n Australia, dei este
foarte departe.
Cat in the Rain

Unitate: de la 50
There were only two Americans who were staying at the Italian hotel. They didn't know any of the people whom
they passed on the stairs and on their way to and from their room. Their room was situated on the second floor
and it was facing the sea. It also faced the public garden where a large monument was proudly aiming at the sky.
There were big palms and green benches in the public garden. In the good weather there was usually an artist
with his easel. In this place, artists used to fall in love with the way the palms grew and the bright colours of the
hotel faade. Italians used to come from a long way off to look up at the war monument. It was made of bronze
and glistened in the rain.
Now it was raining. The rain dripped from the palm trees. Water stood in pools on the gravel paths. The sea
slipped down the beach just to come up again and take over the new rain from the hot sand. The motor cars were
leaving the square with the tall monument. Across the square in the doorway of a caf a waiter was looking out at
the empty square.
The American lady was safely sheltered in her cosy hotel room. She was standing by the window looking out.
Outside right under their window a cat was crouched under one of the dripping green tables. The cat was trying to
make herself so compact that she wouldn't get wet.
"I'm going down to get that kitty", the American wife said. "The poor kitty out is trying to keep dry under a table".
The husband went on reading while he was lying propped up with the two pillows at the foot of the bed.
"I want the kitty so much. I don't know why I want it so much. It isn't any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain", the
wife said.
"Don't get wet", her husband replied.
The wife went downstairs and the hotel owner stood up as she was passing the office. She opened the door and
looked out. It was raining harder. A man in the rubber cape was crossing the empty square to the caf. Perhaps
the cat could go under the eaves. As she was standing in the doorway an umbrella opened behind her. It was the
maid who was looking after their room. With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along the path
until she was under their window. The table was there, washed bright green in the rain, but the cat was gone. She
felt a sharp sting of disappointment tearing her body.
Taken from The short stories of Ernest Hemingway, New York, 1987, pp. 165-168
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
palm - palmier
bench - banc
easel - evalet
faade also facade - faad
gravel path alee pavat
kitty - pisicu
foot - picior (de pat)
rubber cape - pelerin de ploaie din cauciuc
eaves - streain
sting - durere, neptur
glisten - a strluci
drip - a picura
slip down - a aluneca
shelter - a se proteja, a se adposti
prop up - a propune
crouch - a se ghemui
tear - a sfia


compact - adunat, apsat
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
easel - tripod
facade also facade - front, face, exterior, fontage
kitty - kitten
Verbs (verbe)
glisten - gleam, flash, sshine, sparkle, glitter, shimmer
drip - drop
shelter - hide, protect
prop up - shore up
tear - rip, split
compact - crammed
Present Perfect and Past Simple Tense

Unitate: de la 50
Present Perfect Tense se folosete cnd vorbim despre aciuni care s-au petrecut ntr-un moment nedeterminat
n trecut.
Mary has travelled to America. - Mary a cltorit n

America.
I have broken my leg. - Eu mi-am rupt piciorul.
Opiuni de timp caracteristice: ever, never, just, yet, already, since, for, lately, recently, this morning, this
summer...
Past Simple se va utiliza cnd avem fraza temporal care ne arat clar cnd s-a ntmplat ceva n trecut.
Opiuni de timp caracteristice: yesterday, last month, last summer, three days ago, in 1989, when I was a
child...
Mary travelled to America last year. - Mary a cltorit n

America anul trecut.
I broke my leg when I was ten. - Eu mi-am rupt piciorul

cnd am avut zece ani.
Cnd descriem o anumit ntmplare vom face des o combinaie a acestor dou timpuri. Cnd vorbim despre
faptul la care s-a ajuns, putem folosi Present Perfect. Dar, deja fiecare informaie legat de aceast situaie va fi
exprimat prin Simple Tense.
I have lost my wallet. - Eu am pierdut portofelul.
It happened in a supermarket. - Aceasta s-a ntmplat la

supermarket.
I came to the cashier but there wasn`t a wallet in my bag.

- Eu am ajuns la cas,dar portofelul nu era n poet.
I was desperate. - Am fost disperat.
Alturi de cuvntul when merge Past Simple Tense, deoarece se caut timpul exact din trecut.
Have you ever been to England? - Tu ai fost vreodat n Anglia?
Yes, I have. - Da, am fost.
When did you go there? - Cnd te-ai dus acolo?
I went there three years ago. - Eu am fost acum trei ani.
Making Great First Impressions

Unitate: de la 50
Let`s assume you`re going to an interview and you want to make the best first impression. Keep in mind that
others form up to 90% of their opinion about you in the first four minutes and that 60 to 80% of the impact you will
make is non-verbal.
Here are nine Golden Rules to getting it right first time in an interview:
1. In the Reception Area
Remove your outerwear and give it to the receptionist if possible. Avoid entering an office with your arms full of
clutter that can make you fumble and look inept. Always stand in a reception area never sit. Receptionists will
insist you take a seat because when you do, you're out of sight and they no longer have to deal with you. Stand
with Hand-in-Hand behind your back (confidence) and slowly rock back and forth on your feet (confident,
controlled). If you arrive more than 15 minutes early and beeline for the reception area, your interviewer might feel
rushed and you might appear desperate. If you arrive early, go to the restroom to freshen up or have an espresso
and muffin at a nearby coffee shop. Ideally, you should check in 5 to 10 minutes early, and always be courteous
and professional to everyone you meet, you never know how much influence the receptionist may have on the
hiring decision.
2. The Entry
Your entry tells others how you expect to be treated. When the receptionist has given you the green light to enter,
walk in without hesitation. Do not stand in the doorway like a naughty schoolchild waiting to see the headmaster.
When you walk through the door of the persons office, maintain the same speed. People who lack confidence
change gears and perform a small shuffle as they enter.
3. The Approach
Even if the person is on the phone, rummaging through a drawer or tying his shoelaces, walk in directly and
confidently with a smooth motion. Put down your briefcase, folder or whatever is in your hands, shake the persons
hand and immediately take a seat. Let the other person see that you are accustomed to walking confidently into
offices and that you don't expect to be kept waiting. People who walk slowly or take long strides convey that they
have plenty of time on their hands, are not interested in what they are doing or have nothing else to do. This is
fine for retired millionaires and those who live in Florida and Queensland, but not for anyone who wants to convey
power, authority or capability. Influential people and those who command attention walk briskly at a medium pace.
4. The Handshake
Your grip speaks volumes. Offer a limp hand and your partner will think you're hesitant or meek. Give a bonecrunching squeeze and you can appear overly enthusiastic or domineering -- and it hurts! Keep your palm straight
and return the pressure you receive. Let the other person decide when to end the handshake. Step to the left of a
rectangular desk as you approach to avoid being given a Palm-Down handshake. Never shake directly across a
desk. Use a persons name twice in the first 15 seconds and never talk for more than 30 seconds at a time.
5. When You Sit
If you are compelled to sit in a low chair directly facing the other person, turn it away 45 degrees from the person
to avoid being stuck in the reprimand position. If you cant angle the chair, angle your body instead.
6. Seating Areas
If you`re invited to sit in an informal area of the persons office, such as at an informal coffee table, this is a
positive sign because 95% of business rejections are delivered from behind a desk. Never sit on a low sofa that
sinks so low it makes you look like a giant pair of legs topped by a small head - if necessary, sit upright on the
edge so you can control your body language and gestures, and angle your body to 45 degrees away from the
person. Avoid crossing your legs and don't adopt a casual pose, even if your interviewer does. Even if you're
nervous, try not to fidget. Don't play with your jewellery, twirl your hair and try to maintain eye contact with the
interviewer.
7. Your Gestures
People who are calm, collected and in control of their emotions use clear, uncomplicated, deliberate movements.
Keep in mind that Eastern Europeans gesture more from the elbow down than Westerners, and Southern
Europeans gesture more with their entire arms and shoulders. Don't use artificial gestures to supposedly heighten
the importance of the issue. It will merely come off as theatrical. People very often dont know what to do with
their hands. Its the best to let your hands lie loosely on your lap or place them on the armrests of your chair.
Dont fold your arms across your body because it can be interpreted as a defensive move.
8. Distance
Respect the other persons personal space, which will be largest in the opening minutes of the meeting. If you
move too close, the person will respond by sitting back or using repetitive gestures such as drumming the fingers.
As a rule, you can move closer to familiar people but further back from new ones. Men generally move closer to
women they work with while women generally move further back when they work with men. Work closer to those
of similar age and further back from significantly older or younger ones.
9. Your Exit
Pack your things calmly and deliberately - not in a frenzy - shake hands if possible, turn and walk out. If the door
was closed when you entered, close it behind you as you leave. People always watch you from behind as you
leave so, if youre a man, make sure you have shined the back of your shoes. This is an area many men neglect
and women are critical of this.
When a woman decides to leave she will point her foot towards the door and begin to adjust the back of her
clothing and hair so that she makes a good rear-view impression as she departs. Hidden cameras show that, if
you're a woman, others study your rear as you depart whether you like it or not. When you get to the door turn
around slowly and smile. It's far better that they recall your smiling face than your rear end.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
ladder scar
correlation corelaie, legtur
reception recepie
outerwear - mbrcminte de
exterior
clutter haos, dezordine
fumble mnuire stngace, bjbire
hesitation ezitare
lack neajuns
gear unelte, haine, echipament,
vitez (auto)
shuffle ovial
stride pas mare
pace pas, ritm, vitez
palm palm
reprimand critic
ploy truc
frenzy comportament necontrolat
armrest cotier
reveal - a descoperi
assume - a presupune
clutter a face dezordine
fumble a fi nendemnatic, a bjbi
maintain a menine
shuffle a amesteca
rummage a scotoci
stride a merge cu pas mare
convey a transmite, a informa, a
exprima, a lsa impresia
drum with fingers a bate cu degetele
shine a lustrui
neglect a neglija
depart a pleca
make a beeline for - a merge direct ctre
cineva/ceva
fidget a se frmnta, a se foi
twirl a se nvrti
heighten - a intensifica


inept nepotrivit, absurd

smooth calm, linitit
briskly repede
compelled obligat
collected colectat, adunat, calm,
stpn pe sine
limp moale, lsat
hesitant nehotrt, ezitant
meek blnd, timid
supposedly - presupus
whereas deoarece, dat fiind faptul
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
ladder - steps
correlation - link, relation, connection
outerwear - overclothes
clutter - untidiness, mess, discorder
hesitation - reluctance, demurral, unmillingness
lack - absence, shortage
gear - clothing, wear, dress, clothes, outfit
shuffle - shamble, shambling, shuffling
stride - pace, step
pace - step, tempo, rate, speed
reprimand - censure
ploy - tactic, move, trick
frenzy - delirium, hysteria, craze, fury
Verbs (verbe)
reveal - show, display, bare, exhibit, unveil, uncover
assume - presume, suppose, guess
clutter - clutter up
maintain - keep up
shuffle - mix
rummage - search, explore
stride - march, walk, stalk, pace
convey - reveal, relate, tell
shine - sparkle, glitter
neglect - disregard
depart - leave
fidget - fiddle, bustle
twirl - rotate, spin
heighten - intensify, increase, improve, strengthen
inept - incompetent, clumsy
smooth - calm, sleek
briskly - quickly, smartly, promptly, rapidly
collected - calm, composed
limp - loose
hesitant - uncertain, reluctant
meek - mild, modest
supposedly - presumably, allegedly
Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Unitate: de la 50
Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Timpul prezent perfect continuu) se formeaz de la verbul TO BE la
Present Perfect Tense (Timpul perfect prezent), adic have/has been i present participle (participiu prezent)
a verbului principal.
Forma afirmativ
singular
plural
I have been working Eu am lucrat
We have been working Noi am lucrat
You have been working Tu ai lucrat
You have been working Voi ai lucrat
He has been working El a lucrat

She has been working Ea a lucrat
It has been working El a lucrat
They have been working - Ei au lucrat
Forma interogativ
Forma interogativ a verbului la Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Timpul prezent perfect continuu) se formeaz
ca forma interogativ a Present Perfect Simple Tense, adic cu inversarea (n comparaie cu forma afirmativ)
verbului auxiliar TO HAVE i a pronumelui personal.

singular
plural
Have I been working? Eu am lucrat?
Have we been working? Noi am lucrat?
Have you been working? Tu ai lucrat?
Have you been working? Voi ai lucrat?
Has he been working? El a lucrat?

Has she been working? Ea a lucrat?
Has it been working? El a lucrat?
Have they been working? Ei au lucrat?

singular
plural
Have I been working? Yes, I have / No, I

haven't
Have we been working? - Yes, we have / No, we

haven't
Have you been working? Yes you have / No,

you haven't
Have you been working? Yes, you have / No,

you haven't
Has he been working? Yes, he has / No, he

hasn't
Has she been working? Yes, she has/ No, she
hasn't
Has it been working? Yes, it has / No, it
hasn't
Have they been working? Yes, they have / No,

they haven't

singular
plural
Where have I been working? Unde am

lucrat eu?
Where have we been working? Unde am

lucrat noi?
Where have you been working? - Unde ai

lucrat tu?
Where have you been working? unde ai

lucrat voi?
Where has he been working? Unde a lucrat Where have they been working? Unde au
el?
lucrat ei?
Where has she been working? Unde a
lucrat ea?
Where has it been working? Unde a lucrat
el?
Forma negativ
Forma negativ se formeaz de la forma negativ a verbului Have (la timpul prezent simplu perfect) i participiu
trecut a verbului principal.
singular
plural
I have not (haven't) been working - Eu nu

am lucrat
We have not (haven't) been working Noi nu

am lucrat
You have not (haven't) been working Tu

nu ai lucrat
You have not (haven't) been working Voi nu

ai lucrat
He has not (hasn't) been working el nu a

They have not (haven't) been working Ei nu
lucrat
au lucrat
She has not (hasn't) been working Ea nu a
lucrat
It has not (hasn't) been working El nu a
lucrat
Utilizare
Timpul prezent perfect continuu se folosete la:
Aciunea care a fost nceput n trecut, nc mai dureaz i poate s continue n viitor.
She has been learning English for three years. - Ea

nva engleza deja de trei ani.
n acest context folosim adverbele for i since.

For reprezint perioada de timp a duratei de aciune.
I have been swimming for an hour. - Eu not deja de o or.
Since reprezint nceputul aciunii.
I have been living here since 1998. - Eu locuiesc aici din

1998.
Aciunea care se petrecea pn nu demult i a lsat urmri clare n prezent:
It has been raining. The ground is still wet. - A plouat.

Pmntul este nc ud.
Not: Cum se poate vedea din exemplele anterioare, Present Perfect Continuous Tense se poate traduce i cu
timpul prezent, n funcie de text.
Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple Tense se folosete cnd vorbim despre aciunile care s-au petrecut ntr-o perioad
nedeterminat n trecut i unde
este clar determinat
aciunea este terminat. Astfel, datorit
ntrebuirii Present Perfect Tense, subiectul este interesat pentru rezultatul aciunii.
Mary has bought a new car. - Mary a cumprat o main

nou.
I have broken my leg. - Eu mi-am rupt piciorul.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense se folosete cnd vorbim despre aciuni despre care nu suntem foarte siguri
c sunt terminate. Cu acest timp observm c sunt mai mult interesai de durata aciunii dect de urmrile
acesteia.
He has been working for the same company since 1966.

- El lucreaz pentru aceeai companie din anul 1966.
I have been talking to my sister for more than two hours.

- Eu am discutat cu sora mea mai mult de dou ore.
Astfel se folosete Present Perfect Simple alturi de How much i How many, iar Present Perfect Continuous
Tense alturi de How long.
How many cakes have you made? - Cte prjituri ai fcut?
How much sugar have you bought? - Ct zahr ai

cumprat?
How long have you been making cakes? - De ct timp faci

prjiturile?
Dierena o vom vedea n exemplele:
I have read a book. You can have it back. - Eu am citit

cartea. Tu poi s o iei napoi.
I have been reading a book, so you can't have it back. Eu citesc cartea, de aceea nu o poi lua.
n prima propoziie, aciunea este completat, n timp ce n a doua propoziie nu este.

n unele cazuri ambele timpuri se pot utiliza cu acelai neles. Des cu verbele Live i Work.
I have been working for this company for 5 years. - Eu

lucrez pentru aceast companie deja de 5 ani.
I have worked for this company for 5 years. - Eu lucrez

pentru aceast companie de 5 ani.
I've been living in London since 1997. -Eu locuiesc n

Londra deja din anul 1997.
I've lived in London since 1997. - Eu locuiesc n Londra din

anul 1997.
n cazurile n care durata aciunii este accentuat, vom folosi Present Perfect Continuous.
I have been working here for ages. - Eu lucrez aici deja de

civa ani
Bermuda
Unitate: de la 50
The mysteries of the Rosalie and the Rubicon have remained the mysteries up to this day. Nobody knows what
happened to their crews. The world has recorded several other cases, one on the most famous being the Marie
Celeste. But even more ships have been disappearing completely- with no traces of the survivors or wreckage.
They are simply gone. The American warship Pickering was the first recorded case; it disappeared in 1800 with
90 people on board.
In 1931 an aircraft disappeared. It was the first of many. One of the most famous cases was the disappearance of
five American military aircraft. They radioed for help on December 5th 1945. A rescue craft left immediately but
not one of the six planes returned to base. The search was intensive, but nothing, no bodies, no wreckage, no oil
was found. A count made in 1977 of lost crews, ships and planes noted a total of 143 disappearances. A very
great number of these occurred during the 60s and the 70s.
For years, people have been giving different solutions to this problem. Someone has suggested it might be an
illness that kills everybody. But who could throw all the bodies overboard? Perhaps it was a mental illness and
everybody on board went mad and jumped into the waves. Pirates are another possibility; people have mentioned
them in the sea books ever since the 18th and the 19th century. Recently they have been taking smaller boats,
repainting them and using them for smuggling. But pirates also want cargoes and cargoes have stayed untouched
on most of the ships.
It's reasonable to think that storms, heavy seas and high winds have been the reason for the disappearance of so
many ships and planes, but usually something is found later bits of wood, oil, life jackets, anything.
Some people believe that there is a "hole" in time and space and that these ships have passed through the hole
to another world in a different time and space. Maybe the Martians have kidnapped the crews and taken them far
away
All these mysteries are connected by one thing - they have happened in or near the so-called Bermuda Triangle.
But such events have also occurred at the opposite side of the world, not far from Japan, in an area called Devils
Sea.
There have been many bizarre events associated with these two areas. When will we know the answer?
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
crew - echipaj
trace - urm
wreckage - epav
warship - vas de lupt
aircraft - avion
smuggling - contraband
cargo - ncrctur
life jacket - vest de salvare
record - a nregistra


on board - mbarcat, la bord

overboard - peste bord
heavy - greu
bizarre - ciudat, neobinuit
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
trace - record, mark, evidence
wreckage - remains, pieces, ruin, wrack
warship - combat ship, war vessel
aircraft - plane, jet, aeroplane, airplane, airliner
smuggling - trafficking
cargo - consignment, shipment
life jacket - corrk jacket, life vest
Verbs (verbe)
record - document, register

on board - aboard
heavy - strong
bizarre - strange, odd, unusual
Modal Verbs
Unitate: de la 50
Verbele modale sunt verbe cu semnificaie incomplet, care corespund cu verbele: a putea, a dori, a ti, a
ndrzni...
n limba englez ele au trei caracteristici importante.
1.
necesit o modificare n forma de infinitiv fr to;
2.
au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele;
3.
n forma negativ i afirmativ nu folosesc verbul to

do.
Must este unul din verbele modale care semnific existena obligaiei (obligation). Aceast obligaie este, de
obicei, de la persoana nti, adic obligaie interioar.
I must call my sister tonight. - Trebuie s o sun pe sora

mea desear.
She must win the competition. - Ea trebuie s ctige la

ntrecere.
Construcia verbal have to are aceeai semnificaie ca i must. Diferena este c have to semnific obligaia
care vine de la persoana a doua, adic obligaia exterioar. Aceasta se refer n general la reguli i legi care ne
sunt prescrise.
Children have to go to school. - Copiii trebuie s mearg

la coal.
You have to fill in this form to get a visa. - Voi trebuie s

completai acest formular ca s primii viza.
Verbul Have to se folosete deasemenea n locul verbului modal must la timpul trecut i viitor, deoarece must nu
are forme pentru acestea.
I had to leave the house at 4 because I had a meeting at

5. - Eu a trebuit s plec de acas la 4 pentru c aveam
ntlnire la 5.
You didn't have to come if you didn't want to. - Tu nu

trebuia s vi, dac nu vroiai.
I'll have to find a better job. - Eu trebuie s gsesc un loc

de munc mai bun.
Trebuie inut cont c Have to nu este verb modal.

Mustn't este forma negativ a verbului must i semnific interdicia (prohibition).
You mustn't smoke in the classroom. - Voi nu avei voie

s fumai n clas.
We mustn't play with matches. - Noi nu avem voie s ne

jucm cu chibrite.
Can semnific eistena unei capaciti (ability) n prezent, n timp ce can't semnific inexistena capacitii.
I can play the guitar. - Eu tiu s cnt la chitar.
She can't drive a car. - Ea nu tie s conduc maina.
Could vorbete despre capacitatea care a existat odat n trecut. n legtura cu aceasta couldn't
semnific inexistena capacitii n trecut.
Michael could climb trees as a child. - Michael a putut s

se urce n pom ca un copil.
I couldn't read when I was 4. - Eu nu am tiut s citesc

cnd am avut 4 ani.
Pentru capacitate sau posibilitate n trecut, se mai folosete i verbul be able to.
I wasn't able to come yesterday. - Eu nu am putut s vin

ieri.
Diferena n utilizarea could i was/were able to este reflectat n faptul c could se folosete pentru
capacitatea general n trecut (general ability), n timp ce was/were able to se folosete pentru capacitatea ntr-o
situaie specific (ability on a specific occasion). Cnd are semnificaia a reui s faci ceva = manage.
I could drive when I was nineteen. - Eu am tiut s conduc

maina cnd aveam 19 ani.
The prisoner was able to escape by climbing over the

wall. - Pucriaul a reuit s fug pentru c s-a urcat pe
zid.
Be able to se folosete de asemenea pentru viitor.
I'll be able to come tomorrow. - Eu o s pot s vin mine.
Can / can't poate semnifica i a avea / a nu avea permisiunea (permission) s facei ceva.
You can leave the room. - Voi putei s prsii ncperea.
We can't vote if we are 16. - Noi nu putem vota dac avem

16 ani.
Should / shouldn't (ar trebui / nu ar trebui) se folosete pentru a da sfaturi, propuneri, sugestii (advice,
suggestions).
Mary should go home. She has high temperature. - Mary

ar trebui s mearg acas. Are febr mare.
You shouldn't walk alone by night. It is dangerous. - Tu

nu ar trebui s te plimbi singur noaptea. Este periculos.
May / Might se folosesc pentru semnificarea probabilitii (probability) c o s se ntmple ceva. Might are o
probabilitate mai mic de a se realiza aciunea.
It may rain. It is cloudy. - Poate o s plou. Este nnorat.
It might rain. It is still sunny. - Poate o s plou. nc este

nsorit.
Would se folosete pentru situaii nchipuite. Deseori se scurteaz i sun d.
Where would you go? - Unde ai vrea s mergei?
I wouldn't go by plane. - Eu nu a merge cu avionul.
I'd stay at some hotel. - Eu m-a caza la un hotel.
Sensul modal se poate schimba des cu construciile verbale care au aproape aceeai semnificaie.
Obligaia (obligation) se poate exprima, n afara cu MUST, i utilizarea construciei BE OBLIGED TO i BE
SUPPOSED TO, unde aceste dou au semnificaia unei obligaii mai slabe, care este de obicei rezultatul regulii
sau a tradiiei.
She is obliged to attend the meeting tomorrow. - Ea are

obligaia s participe mine la ntlnire.
They are supposed to kiss at the end of the wedding

ceremony. - Ei trebuie s se srute la sfritul ceremoniei
de cstorie.
Oferirea sau luarea permisului se exprim i cu construcia BE ALLOWED TO.
We are allowed to enter the temple. - Nou ne este permis

s intrm n templu.
Cu aceast construcie putem i interzice.
You are not allowed to smoke in the classroom. - ie nui este permis s fumezi n clas.
Construciile TO BE ABLE TO i TO HAVE TO au fost explicate mai devreme.
Make a Specialty
Unitate: de la 50
What do people love eating in Serbia? It's not such a hard question, wouldn't you agree? Serbian people enjoy
food and there are enough fans for various cuisines, such as Italian, Chinese, Mexican, French But of course,
national Serbian dishes top the list of favourite dishes prepared in an average Serbian kitchen. I can give you a
recipe for making some very popular food which also does not take much of your time. It is a well known
hamburger or as we call it, pljeskavica, and a chocolate cake as a dessert.
For a burger, you should put the bread slices or rolls in the oven or a microwave to heat. They shouldn't be very
dry so it's good to heat them together with the grilling meat to absorb some of the meat juice. A burger is prepared
from minced meat and spices like dried vegetables, pepper and salt. You may grill it or fry it in a pan. You can
also prepare the fresh vegetables if you want to make a big hamburger that resembles a famous Big Mac. In that
case you should slice some tomatoes and wash the lettuce. A next step is to open the hot bread rolls and place
the burger first and then some vegetables or some ketchup on it. You can sometimes add cheese if you like. And
your fast food is ready!
For a chocolate cake you need a big mixing bowl and a wooden spoon. And you mustn't forget to put the oven on
to heat. You can also warm the butter because it will be easier then to mix it with sugar and make a nice creamy
mixture. Next, you should add some flour and eggs but you mustn't put the eggs all in at the same time. This
needs to be done gradually and quite gently so that the mixture gets nice and smooth. You can add a bit of milk,
too. When you melt the chocolate, then you may pour it into the cake mixture and you should also fold it in with a
spoon. The last thing is to pour the mixture into the tin, which isum normally already oiled. It is baked for about
thirty minutes, after which you should take it out of the tin and cut in two. Oh, and the filling is also essential. But
that is left up to your cooking imagination to make it. Just don't forget to use chocolate as a main ingredient!
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
cuisine - buctrie
dish - mncare, vesela
recipe - reet
slice - bucat, felie
oven - cuptor
minced meat - carne mcinat
flour - fin
tin - tav
filling - umplutur
ingredient - coninut
top - a fi n top
grill - a face pe grtar
fry - a prji
resemble - a semna cu ceva
melt - a topi
pour - a turna
fold in - a amesteca


smooth - neted, fr cocoloae
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
dish - food, meal, course
recipe - directions, instructions
slice - piece
oven - stove
tin - can, tin can
filling - stuffing
ingredient - component, compound
Verbs (verbe)
grill - barbecue, cook out
resemble - be like, look like
smooth - creamy, even
Online Dating
Unitate: de la 50
Stepping into the world of online dating, but concerned about your safety? Here are some helpful ideas that will
give
you
sense
of
comfort
when
meeting
your
date
for
the
first
time.
Remember to listen to your own instincts. If you feel uncomfortable or don't like the way things feel, maintain your
distance and end the conversations. And don't give up. If you don't meet the love of your life, maybe you'll find
some new good friends.
Try these to maintain your safety:

1. Meet when you`re ready. A great thing about online dating is that you can take your time. You can learn about
people at your own pace, and consider whether they appeal to you or not. If you don't like the person you can
always cancel your date. It isn't obligatory to meet the person just because you are talking to him/her!
2. Meet in a public place. OK, you may be getting bored seeing this piece of advice everywhere you look. But
consider this, if it is becoming a no-brainer for most people it must be really good advice. You save yourself a lot
of worry and potentially dangerous situations if you simply meet in a public place filled with other people. Just
think: who would EVER go a deserted place with a stranger?!
3. Be familiar with the area you choose. You will want to be able to arrive and leave on your own safely and
comfortably. Choose a place you know well, and that has a good reputation. Don't go for a less popular, deserted
type of establishment. Some suburbs are out of question! If you have travelled out of town to meet your date (and
I think there is no need to do that, it doesn't sound quite safe) choose a meeting place that is well known to the
qualified staff in your hotel and is easily accessible by public transportation.
4. Don't choose one of your own regular hang outs. If you walk in and there are many people there who know
you, this can make your date feel very uncomfortable. You also will jeopardize your privacy. In addition, if you
decide not to pursue the relationship, it is possible that your date will start coming to this establishment which can
be awkward for you. The person can become obsessive or aggressive, you never know.
5. Do not travel together. Meeting in a public place, also means that you don't get into a car with this new person
on the first date, and you do not reveal where you live. Be prepared to provide all of your own transportation. If
necessary call a friend or taxi. If your date is worth pursuing, he will understand and respect your decision to
maintain separate travel.
6. Make your own arrangements. This is especially valuable if you are travelling to another city to meet your
online date. It is up to you to make your own hotel and travel arrangements. And, make sure you are playing an
active and conscious part in planning where you will meet.
7. Make sure someone knows about your date. Give a friend or relative all of the details about the date. You
want to make sure someone else has the name of the person you are meeting, the location, the time of the date
and the time you are expected to be home. You may even want to call your friend periodically throughout the
evening to check in and make sure you are alright. You never know who you are going to meet, and you will feel
much better when somebody is informed about where you are.
8. Take your cell phone. It is always good to have a phone for emergencies, and in this case, it will be really
smart if you have someone call you at a pre-determined time to check on you. Consider having a code word for
them to know that you need help. It's a good idea to use a persons name. If you choose the name Anastasia and
then ask your friend, "how is Anastasia," your friend will immediately know that you need help.
9. Don't drink too much. Drinking can interfere in your ability to make safe decisions and be able to take care of
yourself.
10. Leave if you feel uncomfortable. If something doesn't feel right, do not hesitate to cut the evening short.
Make sure you are in a safe place to exit and head toward your car. If not, ask for help from a manager who can
help assure your safety.
11. Watch for strange behaviour. As you progress to the 2nd and 3rd date, if your partner adapts some odd
behaviour like wanting to meet far from home or has strange rules about contact, use your good sense, and end
it.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
sense sentiment, sim, senzaie

comfort confort
pace pas, tempo, vitez
trait trstur
feature calitate, caracteristic
reputation reputaie
establishment stabiliment
staff personal
pre-determined time timp predeterminat
code word cod, cuvnt cheie
maintain a pstra
appeal a place, a atrage
settle a se hotr, a se liniti
hang out a atrna, a pierde timpul, a
frecventa un loc
jeopardize a risca, a pune n pericol, a
periclita
pursue a continua
reveal a descoperi
interfere a se amesteca
hesitate a ezita


helpful - util
uncomfortable inconfortabil
likely probabil (adverb), posibil
(adjectiv)
good-hearted - cu suflet bun
sincere sincer
self-assured ncreztor
confident sigur, convins
enjoyable plcut
no-brainer evident, simplu
accessible accesibil
awkward incomod, nelinitit,
ciudat
valuable util, valoros
conscious contient
whether da sau nu
throughout - n timpul
odd ciudat, impar

in addition apoi, n afar de, n
plus
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
sense - feeling, impression
comfort - commodity
pace - walk, tempo, speed, rate
trait - characteristic, feature, quality, attribute
feature - characteristic, trait
reputation - status, prestige
establishment - house, buildding
staff - workers, employees, personnel, workforce
code word - password
Verbs (verbe)
maintain - preserve
appeal - attract, draw
settle - settle ddown, quieten, put down roots
jeopardize - endanger, threaten, put at risk, put in jeopardy
pursue - continue, maintain, carry on, keep on
interfere - affect
helpful - useful, practical, productive, profitable
uncomforable - uneasy, troubled, disturbed, embarrassed
likely - probably, no doubt, presumably
good-hearted - openhearteed, benevolent, charitable
sincere - honest, genuine, real, true
self-assured - confident, assured
confident - self-assured, positive, assured
bold, self - confident, self-reliant
enjoyable - pleasurable, good, great, fine
accessible - available
awkward - difficult
valuable - useful, important, profitable, worthwile, beneficial, valued, helpful
conscious - aware
odd - peliculiar, strange, unusual, different
in addition - as well as, on top of, besides, additionally
whether - if
Adverbs
Unitate: de la 50
Adverbele sunt cuvinte care determin verbe, adjective i alte pri de vorbire. Cel mai mare numr de adverbe
se formeaz astfel c la baza adjectivului se adaug terminaia ly:
quick + -ly = quickly (repede)
easy + -ly = easily (uor)
beautiful + -ly = beautifully (frumos)
gentle + -ly = gently (delicat)
Unele adverbe au aceeai form ca i adjectivele. Urmtoarele adverbe sunt de acest fel:
fast (repede)
hard (greu)
late (trziu)
early (devreme)
Adverbul care corespunde adjectivului good (bun) este incorect i sun well.
Adverbele se gsesc cel mai des la sfritul propoziiei. Adverbele stau dup obiectul direct, dac exist, altfel
dup verb, n felul urmtor: adverb de mod (manner), adverb de loc (place), adverb de timp (time).
I didn't feel well at work yesterday morning. - Eu nu m-am

simit bine la lucru ieri dimineaa.
Well este adverb de mod, at work de loc, a yesterday morning de timp.

Dac ntr-o propoziie exist mai multe adverbe de timp, pe primul loc vine cel care exprim timpul mai aproape.
The next class is on Monday, April 27th, 2005. - Urmtorul

curs este luni, 27 aprilie 2005.
Communication
Unitate: de la 50
When Columbus finally landed in the New World in October 1492, it took six months for people in the old world to
hear about it. But those who heard about it then did not quite understand exactly where he had been ironically
enough, not even Columbus himself knew.
When in July 1969 man made his first landing on the moon, live radio and television broadcasts transmitted within
seconds the historic event into hundreds of millions of homes all over the world and made us all into armchair
witnesses of mans greatest venture to date. Such is the change mass communications have vigorously brought
about in the 20th century.
We can date the beginning of mass communication with the invention of Gutenbergs printing press in 1450. As
motion pictures, radio and television came along at the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, the
time lag between the occurrence of an event and the news of it reaching the public was greatly reduced.
The communication process has three basic elements: the sender, the message and the receiver. The sender
speaks, writes, shows pictures or gestures to the receiver who may be listening, reading or watching. Whereas in
simple face-to-face communication the receiver may respond at any time by sending back his own message, in
mass communication through the mass media the response from millions of receivers is small and slow an
occasional letter to the editor or a telephone call to the TV station; or a receiver may react by turning off the radio
or TV set or by cancelling his newspaper subscription. Because of this, the mass media constitute mainly a oneway channel of information that is difficult to control and potentially dangerous for a free exchange of opinions.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
landing - aterizare
broadcast - transmisiune radio sau TV
witness - martor
venture - aventura
time lag - diferen de timp
occurrence - ntmplri
subscription - abonament
one-way channel - canal mono
bring about - a provoca, a aduce la ceva

date - a data
reduce - a reduce
respond - a rspunde
constitute - a prezenta, a forma


whereas - pn, chiar dac
to date - pn astzi, la zi
vigorously - cu mult elan
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
landing - arrival
broadcast - transmission, show, programme, telecast
venture - adventure
time lag - delay, postponement, wait, hold
occurrence - happening, natural event
Verbs (verbe)
bring about - cause
reduce - cut down, diminish, decrease
respond - answer, return, reply
constitute - represent, form, make

to date - until now
vigorously - energetically, eagerly
Reported Speech
Unitate: de la 50
Referina literar a unor cuvinte se numete vorbire direct (Direct Speech).
Mark said: "I have bought a new car." - Mark a spus: "Am
cumprat o main nou."
Sandra: "Peter is doing his homework." - Sandra: "Peter

i face tema de cas."
Cu toate acestea, repovestirea cuvintelor cuiva se numete vorbire indirect (Reported Speech sau Indirect
Speech).
Cu ajutorul trecerii vorbirii directe n indirect, au loc unele modificri.
Mark said (that) he had bought a new car. - Mark a spus

c a cumprat o main nou.
Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework. Sandra a spus c Peter i face tema de cas.
Statements (propoziii enuniative)

Cu ocazia trecerii propoziiilor directe afirmative i a celor declarative negative n vorbire indirect, ele se introduc
de obicei cu verbul say. Se pot folosi i alte verbe cu aceeai semnificaie.
tell (a spune)
add (a aduga)
answer (a rspunde)
declare (a declara)
Dup aceste verbe poate veni conjuncia that, dar aceasta nu este obligatoriu. n vorbire indirect se ajuge la
acordare de timp obligatorie. Dac verbul de introducere (say, tell...) este la timpul trecut, se ajunge la
modificarea timpului din vorbire direct.
He said: "I am a teacher." - El a spus: "Eu nu sunt

profesor."
He said that he was a teacher. - El a spus c este profesor.
"Mary is reading a book." Mary citete cartea."
She said that Mary was reading a book. -Ea a spus c

Mary citete cartea.
Sarah: "John bought a present for his wife." - Sara: "John

a cumprat cadou nevastei sale."
Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. Sara a spus c John a cumprat cadou nevastei sale.
Mihai: "They are working in the garden." - Mihai: "Ei

lucreaz n grdin."
Mihai said that they were working in the garden. - Mihai a

spus c ei lucreaz n grdin.
"We have made a cake." - "Noi am fcut tort."
They said that they had made a cake. - Ei au spus c au

fcut tort.
Mark: "Paul will do it." "Mark: "Paul o s fac asta."
Mark said that Paul would do it. - Mark a spus c Paul o s

fac asta.
Iat la care modificri de timp se ajunge n urma acordrii timpurilor.
Present Simple Tense trece n Past Simple Tense
Present Continuous Tense trece n Past Continuous

Tense
Present Perfect Tense trece n Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense trece n Past Perfect

Continuous Tense
Past Simple Tense trece n Past Perfect Tense
Past Continuous Tense trece n Past Perfect Continuous

Tense
Will trece n Would
Shall trece cel mai des n Would sau Should
Can trece n Could
Might nu se schimb
Should i Ought to nu se schimb
Must trece n Had to
Tot aa au loc modificrile n complemente circumstaniale de timp:
Today devine that day
Yesterday devine the day before
The day before yesterday devine two days before
Tomorrow devine the next day sau the following day
The day after tomorrow devine In two days time
Next week devine the following week
A year ago devine a year before sau the previous year
Mary: "I met him the day before yesterday." - Mary: "Eu lam ntlnit alaltieri."
Mary said she had met him two days before. - Mary a spus
c l-a ntlnit alaltieri.
John: "I'll come tomorrow." - John: "Eu o s vin mine."
John said he would come the next day. - John a spus c o

s vin mine.
Questions (Propoziii interogative)

Prin trecerea ntrebrilor directe n ntrebri indirecte se ine cont dac ntrebarea este de tipul Yes/No (fr
cuvnt interogativ) sau ntrebarea Wh- (cu cuvntul interogativ). Propoziiile se introduc deobicei cu verbele ask
(a ntreba), inquire (a ntreba, a se interesa), want to know (a dori s ti), wonder (a se ntreba).
Dac este vorba despre ntrebrile Yes/No, dup introducerea verbului vine if (sau whether) iar apoi reluarea
ntrebrii. Regula pentru acordul timpului conteaz i aici.
Ann: "Are you English?" - Ann: "Dvs. suntei englez?"
Ann asked if they were English - Ann a ntrebat dac ei

sunt englezi.
Observai c ordinea cuvintelor dup if este ca n propoziia afirmativ. Iat nc cteva exemple:
Sandra: "Can John play the piano?" - Sandra: "John tie

s cnte la pian?
Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. Sandra a vrut s tie dac John tie s cnte la pian.
Mark : "Do you work in a bank?" - Mark: "Tu lucrezi la

banc?"
Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. - Mark a ntrebat

dac lucrez la banc.
Mario: "Has anyone been to Madrid?" - Mario: "A fost

cineva n Madrid?"
Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. Mario a vrut s tie dac cineva a fost n Madrid.
Dac este vorba de ntrebrile Wh-, if nu e necesar. ntrebrile Wh- ncep cu cuvintele interogative When,
Which, Who, Why...
Ivana:
"Where
does
Mary
live?"
Ivana:
"Unde locuiete Mary?"
Ivana asked where Mary lived. - Ivana a ntrebat unde

locuiete Mary.
Tom: "Why has Ann gone?" - Tom: "De ce a plecat Ann?"
Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. - Tom a vrut

s tie de ce a plecat Ann.
Orders (comenzi)
Comenzile se introduc cel mai des cu verbul tell (a spune). Mai apar order, command (ambele n sensul de
comand) n timp ce rugminile se introduc cu verbul ask (a ruga, a ntreba).
Verbul tell cere dup el obiectul direct.
Imperativul din vorbire direct devine infinitiv n vorbire indirect, n timp ce imperativul negativ(prohibitiv)
devine infinitivul negativ.
Ann: "Open the window." - Ann: "Deschide geamul."
Ann told me to open the window. - Ann mi-a spus s

deschid geamul.
Ann: "Don't open the window." - Ann: S nu deschizi

geamul.
Ann told me not to open the window. -Ann mi-a spus s

nu deschid geamul.
Tom: "Please, pass me the glass, John." - Tom: "Te rog,

John, d-mi paharul."
Tom: "John, will you pass me the glass, please." - John,

vrei s-mi dai paharul, te rog."
Tom: "John, could you pass me the glass, please." John, ai putea s-mi dai paharul." (sunt cerine i se introduc
n vorbire indirect n acelai fel, cu verbul ask.)
Tom asked John to pass him a glass. - Tom l-a rugat pe

John s-i dea paharul.
Is Honesty Always the Best Policy?

Unitate: de la 50
A thief who dropped a winning lottery ticket at the scene of his crime has been given a lesson in honesty. His
victim, who picked up the ticket, then claimed the 60 million pounds prize, managed to trace him, and handed
over the cash.
The robbery happened when math professor Vinico Sabbatucci, 58, was changing a tyre on an Italian motorway.
Another motorist, who stopped "to help", stole a suitcase from his car and drove off. While doing this he dropped
a lottery ticket he had with him.
The professor found the dropped ticket and stuffed it in his pocket before driving home to Ascoli in eastern Italy.
Next day, he saw the lottery results on TV and, uncrumpling the ticket, realised he was a winner. He claimed the
60 million pounds prize.
Then a battle with his conscience began. It lasted for several sleepless weeks. Eventually, he decided he could
not keep the money despite having been robbed.
He advertised in newspapers and on radio that he was trying to find the man who had robbed him. He also said
that he had 60 million pounds for that man - a lottery win. At the bottom of the advertisement he asked the man to
meet him and guaranteed him anonymity.
Professor Sabbatucci received hundreds of calls from people hoping to trick him into handing them the cash. But
there was one voice he recognized and he arranged to meet the man in a park.
The robber, a 35-year-old unemployed father of two, gave back the suitcase and burst into tears. He could not
believe what was happening. He asked the honest man why he hadn't kept the money.
The professor replied that he couldnt because it wasn't his.
Then he walked off, spurning the thiefs offer of a reward.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
policy - politic, soluie

honesty - onestitate, respect
robbery - jaf
scene of crime - locul faptei
tyre - cauciuc
battle - lupt
conscience - contiin
anonymity - anonimitate
pick up - a ridica, a aduna

drop - a scpa
give a lesson - a da o lecie, a nva minte
manage to - a reui s
stuff in - a pune n, a ndesa
claim - a pretinde, a revendica
trace - a da de urm, a gsi
hand over - a da n mn, a nmna
drive off - a porni n tromb
uncrumple - a ntinde, a ndrepta
crumple - a mototoli
advertise - a da anun, a anuna
trick - a pcli
burst into tears - a pufni n plns
spurn - a respinge cu dispre
guarantee a garanta


dropped - scpat
sleepless - fr somn
despite - n ciuda
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
policy - procedure, practice, scheme, theory, code
honesty - frankness, openness, sincerity
tyre - tire
battle - fight, conflict

conscience - principles, scruples, moral sense
Verbs (verbe)
pick up - collect
drop - fall, lower
manage to - succeed
claim - demand, call for, ask for
trace - find, track (down), discover, trail, detect
drive off - drive away, drive out
crumple - crush
advertise - announce, publish
trick - deceive
spurn - reject, disregard
guarantee - promise
sleepless - restless, insomniac, unsleeping
despite - in spite of, regardless of
Relative Clauses
Unitate: de la 50
Propoziiile relative se mpart n dou grupe: Propoziii relative definite (Defining relative clauses) i propoziii
relative nedefinite (Non-defining relative clauses).
Defining Relative Clauses (propoziii relative definite)

Propoziia relativ definit (Defining relative clause) definete mai repede substantivul sau pronumele la care se
refer. El nu se poate omite, deoarece fr el propoziia ori nu are sens ori l schimb.
The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. Poliia
(who
stole
prins
houl
the
care
jewels
furat
diamantele.
este propoziia
relativ
definit (defining relative clause))
Aceste propoziii ncep cu pronume relative who, whose, whom, which, that.
Cnd vorbim despre oameni, folosim who sau that.
talked
to
the
man
who
won
the
race.
sau
I talked to the man that won the race. - Eu am discutat cu

omul care a ctigat concursul.
Cnd vorbim despre lucruri sau animale folosim which sau that.
liked
the
car
which
my
father
bought.
sau
I liked the car that my father bought. -Mie mi-a plcut maina
pe care a cumprat-o tatl meu.
Cnd pronumele relativ schimb pronumele personal (his, her, their...) folosim whose (a crei,a crui).
Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbouhood. Marko este copilul a crui prinii locuiesc n cartierul nostru.
Pronumele relativ who, that i which pot fi subiectul sau obiectul propoziiei relative. De exemplu n propoziia:
I talked to the man who won the race. (who este subiect)
That is the dog that attacked me. (that este deasemenea
sau n propoziia:
subiectul propoziiei)
Dar, n propoziia:
The letter which she sent me was nice. (which este obiect)
The man that I met yesterday was very kind. (that este
sau n propoziia:
deasemenea obiect)
Cnd propoziia relativ este obiectul propoziiei, la ea se poate renuna.
The man that I met yesterday was very kind - The man I met
yesteday was very kind.
The letter which she sent me was nice. - The letter she sent
me was nice.
Whom se folosete n loc de who sau that cnd prezint obiectul, iar atunci se poate spune i:
The man whom I met yesterday was very kind.
Pronumele whom se folosete rar n vorbire.

Propoziiile relative definite nu se despart prin virgul de propoziia principal.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses (propoziiile relative nedefinite)

Propoziia relativ nedefinit (Non-defining Relative Clause) d o informaie suplimentar despre propoziia
principal care nu este important pentru semnificaia propoziiei ca ntreg. Propoziia principal ar fi avut neles i
fr aceasta.
Belgrade, which is the capital of Serbia, has about 2 milion

inhabitants. - Belgradul, care este capitala Serbiei, are
aproape 2 milioane de locuitori.
"which is the capital of Serbia" este propoziie relativ nedefinit (non-defining relative clause) i se desparte
prin virgul de propoziia principal.
Propoziiile relative ncep cu pronume relative who, which, whom i whose.
n propoziiile tiinifice despre lucruri i animale, se folosete pronumele reflexiv which (dar nu i that cum este
cazul cu propoziiile relative definite).
Mary gave the book, which she had already read, to her
best friend - Mary a dat cartea, pe care a citit-o deja,
prietenei sale cele mai bune.
n propoziiile tiinifice despre persoane se folosete pronumele reflexiv who (dar nu i that cum este n cazul
propoziiilor relative definite).
Ivo Andric, who was born in Travnik, was a great writer. - Ivo
Andri, care s-a nscut la Travnik, a fost un mare scriitor.
n cazul n care who este obiectul propoziiei, n locul lui se poate folosi whom.
Mihai, whom I saw yesterday, is today in London - Mihai, pe

care l-am vzut ieri, este astzi la Londra.
Varianta cu who:
Mihai, who I saw yesterday, is today in London - este mai

puin formal i se folosete mai des.
n sensul a lui (his), a ei (her), a lor (their) folosim whose.
Madonna, whose parents were born in Italy, is a famous

American singer - Madona, ai crei prinii sunt nscui n
Italia, este o cunoscut cntrea american.
Which se refer nu numai la cuvntul dup care st, dar i la ntreaga propoziie.
She gave me her watch as a present, which was very nice

of her. - Ea mi-a dat ceasul ei cadou, ceea ce a fost foarte
frumos din partea ei.
Culture Differences
Unitate: de la 50
Handshaking differences can make for some embarrassing and humorous cultural encounters. British, Australian,
New Zealander, German and American colleagues will usually shake hands on meeting, and again on departure.
Most European cultures will shake hands with each other several times a day, and some French have been noted
to shake hands for up to 30 minutes a day. Indian, Asian and Arabic cultures may continue to hold your hand
when the handshake has ended. Germans and French give one or two firm pumps followed by a short hold,
whereas Brits give three to five pumps compared with an Americans five to seven pumps. This is hilarious to
observe at international conferences where a range of different handshake pumping takes place between
surprised delegates. To the Americans, the Germans, with their single pump, seem distant. To the Germans
however, the Americans pump hands as if they are blowing up an airbed.
When it comes to greeting with a cheek kiss, the Scandinavians are happy with a single kiss, the French mostly
prefer a double, while the Dutch, Belgians and Arabs go for a triple kiss. The Australians, New Zealanders and
Americans are continually confused about greeting kisses and bump noses as they fumble their way through a
single peck. The Brits either avoid kissing by standing back or will surprise you with a European double kiss.
When Italians talk they keep their hands held high as a way of holding the floor in a conversation. What seems
like affection arm touching during an Italian conversation is nothing more than a way of stopping the listener from
raising his hands and taking the floor. To interrupt an Italian you must grab his hands in mid air and hold them
down. As a comparison the Germans and British look as if they are physically paralyzed when they talk. They are
daunted when trying to converse with Italians and French and rarely get an opportunity to speak. French use their
forearms and hands when they talk, Italians use their entire arms and body, while the Brits and Germans stand at
attention.
When it comes to doing international business, smart attire, excellent references and a good proposal can all
become instantly unstuck by the smallest, most innocent gesture sinking the whole deal. Our research in 42
countries shows North Americans to be the least culturally sensitive people with the British coming in a close
second. Considering that 86% of North Americans don't have a passport, it follows that they would be the most
ignorant of international body language customs. Even George W. Bush had to apply for a passport after
becoming President of the United States so he could travel overseas. The Brits, however, do travel extensively
but prefer everyone else to use British body signals, speak English and serve fish and chips. Most foreign cultures
do not expect you to learn their language but are extremely impressed by the traveller who has taken the time to
learn and use local body language customs. This tells them that you respect their culture.
One area where handshakes, kissing and bear hugs have not become established is Japan, where such bodily
contact is considered impolite. Japanese people bow on first meeting, the person with the highest status bowing
the least and the one with the least status bowing the most. On first meeting, business cards are exchanged,
each person assesses the others status and appropriate bowing follows.
In Japan, make sure your shoes are spotlessly clean and in good condition. Every time a Japanese bows, he
inspects them.
The Japanese way of listening to someone involves a repertoire of smiley nods and polite noises, which have no
direct equivalent in other languages. The idea is to encourage you to keep on talking but this is often
misinterpreted by Westerners and Europeans. The Head Nod is an almost universal sign for "yes", except for the
Bulgarians who use the gesture to signify "no", and the Japanese who use it for politeness. If you say something
a Japanese doesn't agree with, hell still say "yes" - or Hai in Japanese - to keep you talking. A Japanese "yes"
usually means, "yes, I heard you" and not "yes, I agree". For example, if you say to a Japanese person "you don't
agree, do you?" he will nod his head and say "yes" even though he may not agree. In the Japanese context, it
means "Yes, you are correct - I don't agree."
People do business with people who make them feel comfortable and it comes down to sincerity and good
manners. When entering a foreign country, concentrate on reducing the broadness of your body language until
you have the opportunity to observe the locals. If you're not sure how to be polite in someone elses culture, ask
the locals to show you how things are done.
Cultural misinterpretation of gestures can produce embarrassing results and a persons background should always
be considered before jumping to conclusions about the meaning of his or her body language and gestures.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
encounter ntlnire
pump stoarcere
airbed saltea gonflabil
cheek obraz
peck srut
affection afeciune
forearm antebra
attire mbrcminte
bump a lovi
fumble a bjbi, a dibui
hold the floor a ine discursul
take the floor a discuta
grab a nfca
daunt a speria, a intimida
come/become unstuck a iei din colaps
bear hug a mbria tare
nod a da din cap (ca

aprobare)
sincerity - sinceritate
broadness lrgime
establish a stabili
bow - a face plecciune
misinterpret a interpreta greit
jump to conclusions - a lua prea repede
concluziile
stand at attention a fi n atenie, a sta drept


embarrassing neplcut
hilarious hilar
unstuck distrus
extensively extensiv
spotlessly ireproabil
ignorant - ignorant
whereas n comparaie cu
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
encounter - meeting
peck - kiss
affectioon - fondness, liking, feeling, love, care, desire
attire - clothes, wear, dress, clothing
nod - incline, bob, bow, duck, dip
sincerity - honesty, truth, frankness
broadness - wideness
Verbs (verbe)
bump - knock, hit, strike
fumble - stumble, blunder, flounder, bumble
take the floor - discuss, debate
grab - snatch, catch, capture, grip, grasp
daunt - discourage, frighten, scare, terrify, intimidate, deter
come/become unstuck - break down, fall apart
establish - set up, found, start, create, institute, organize
bow - bob
misinterpret - misunderstand, get wrong
jump to coclusions - presume, presuppose
embarrassing - humiliating, upsetting, compromising, shaming
hilarious - funny, entertaining, amusing, humorous
unstuck - ruined
ignorant - uneducated, illiterate, inexperienced
whereas - but on the other hand
Home Security Tips

Unitate: de la 50
While it's difficult to protect your home from professional thieves, most home burglaries are done by amateurs.
These thieves are more easily thwarted if you employ some of these simple security precautions:
Plan to "burglarize" yourself. You'll discover any weaknesses in

your security system that may have previously escaped your
notice.
Lock up your home, even if you go out only for a short time.
Many burglars just walk in through an unlocked door or
window.
Change all the locks and tumblers when you move into a new
house.
For the most effective alarm system, conceal all wiring. A

professional burglar looks for places where he or she can
disconnect the security system.
Your house should appear occupied at all times. Use timers

to switch lights and radios on and off when you're not at
home.
If you have a faulty alarm that frequently goes off, get it fixed
immediately and tell your neighbours that it's been repaired.
Many people ignore an alarm that goes off periodically.
If you lose your keys, change the locks immediately.
Before turning your house key over to a professional house

cleaner for several hours, make sure the person is honest
and reputable as well as hardworking. Check all references
thoroughly.
Instead of keeping a spare key in a mailbox, under the

doormat, or on a nail behind the garage, wrap the key in foil,
or put it in a 35mm film can, and bury it where you can easily
find it if you need it.
Don't leave notes for service people or family members on

the door. These act as a welcome mat for a burglar.
If the entrances to your home are dark, consider installing

lighting with an infrared detector. Most thieves don't want to
be observed trying to get in a door.
Talk to your neighbours about any suspicious people or

strange cars you notice lurking about.
To keep your tools from being stolen, paint the handles.

Thieves avoid items that are easy to identify.
Trees located near windows or shrubbery that might shield a

burglar from view can be major flaws in your home-protection
plan.
Ask for credentials from any sales-person who requests entry

to your home. Ask that their ID be pushed under the door.
Many professional burglars use this cover to check out

homes. If you're doubtful, check with the persons office
before letting him or her in.
Do not list your full name on your mailbox or your entry in the
telephone book. Use only your initial and your last name.
If someone comes to your door asking to use the phone to

call a mechanic or the police, keep the door locked and
make the call yourself.
Dogs are good deterrents to burglars. Even a small, noisy dog

can be effective - burglars do not like to have attention drawn
to their presence. Be aware, however, that trained guard
dogs do not make good pets. Obedience training and attack
training are entirely different, and only the former is
appropriate for a house pet.
Garages present special challenges for security.
Keep your garage door closed and locked even when your
car is not in the garage.
Install a peephole in the door separating the house from the

garage. If you hear suspicious sounds, you can check
without opening the door.
If you frost or cover your garage windows, burglars won`t be

able to tell if your car is gone.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
weakness - slbiciune
tumbler ntreruptor
wiring conductori electrici, cabluri
doormat pre de la intrare
pentru ters pe picoare
nail cui
film can cutie de film
handle mner
shrubbery tufi
flaw deficien, defect
credential confirmare, legitimare
cover masca, acoperire
deterrent descurajare, intimidare
obedience ascultate, obedien
peephole vizor la u
burglarize a fura, a jefui

conceal a ascunde, a acoperi
wrap in a mpacheta
bury a ngropa
lurk about a trage cu urechea, a spiona
shield a proteja
frost a nghea, a mtui (teh.)
thwarted nereuit, euat
reputable reputabil
thoroughly aprofundat
spare de rezerv
suspicious suspicios
doubtful - nesigur
-
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
weakness - failing, fault, defect, deficiency, flaw
tumbler - switch
doormat - welcome mat
nail - spike
handle - handgrip
flaw - error, fault, defect, mistake
credential - certificate, credentials, certification
cover - protection, camouflage
deterrent - discouragement, obstacle
obedience - compliance, yielding
Verbs (verbe)
burglarize - burglarize, heist
conceal - hide, cover, camouflage
wrap in - pack, gift-wrap
lurk about - ambuscade, ambush, hide, sneak
shield - protect, cover, screen, guard, defend, shelter
frost - freeze, freeze-up
thwarted - disappointed, discomfited, defeated
reputable - respectable, excellent, reliable, worthy
thoroughly - carefully, completely, fully, entirely
spare - extra, surplus
suspicious - distrustful, suspecting, strange
doubtful - unsure, uncertain, suspicious, hesitating
Passive Voice
Unitate: de la 50
Verbele au dou diateze: activ i pasiv.
Dac subiectul propoziiei face aciunea, atunci verbul este n diatez activ.
Somebody cleans the office every day. - Cineva cur

biroul n fiecare zi.
Dac subiectul propoziiei suport aciunea, atunci verbul este n diatez pasiv.
The office is cleaned every day. - Aceast birou se cur n

fiecare zi.
Obiectul propoziiei active (the office) devine subiectul propoziiei pasive i vine la nceputul propoziiei, iar
verbul principal (clean) se pune n diatez pasiv (is cleaned).
Diateza pasiv se formeaz de la forma corespunztoare a verbului to be i past participle (participiu trecut) al
verbului principal.
Aa va suna la timpul prezent verbul clean:
am cleaned, are cleaned, is cleaned (n funcie de

persoan)
iar la timpul trecut :
was cleaned, were cleaned (n funcie de persoan)
Propoziia pe care am avut-o la timpul prezent, ar arta la timpul trecut n felul urmtor:
Somebody cleaned the office yesterday - Cineva a curat

ieri biroul. (diateza activ)
The office was cleaned yesterday - Biroul a fost curat

ieri. (diateza pasiv)
Alte timpuri ale diatezei pasive

Present Continuous
Somebody is cleaning the office. (activ)
The office is being cleaned. (pasiv)
Past Continuous
Somebody was cleaning the office. (activ)
The office was being cleaned. (pasiv)
Somebody has cleaned the office. (activ)
The office has been cleaned. (pasiv)
Somebody had cleaned the office. (activ)
The office had been cleaned. (pasiv)
Somebody will clean the office. (activ)
The office will be cleaned. (pasiv)
Somebody can clean the office. (activ)
The office can be cleaned. (pasiv)
The house was built in the 19th century. - Casa a fost
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Modali
Utilizarea
Diateza pasiv se folosete:
Cnd nu tim cine a fcut aciunea:
construit n secolul al 19-lea.
Cnd autorul aciunii nu este important:
Wine is served during the lunch. - Vinul se servete n

timpul mesei.
Dac dorim s artm autorul aciunii, folosim prepoziia by:
These cakes have been made by my mother. Aceste prjituri le-a fcut mama mea.
Nota: Doar verbele tranzitive (verbele care au obiectul dup ele) se pot pune la diateza pasiv.
History of Aroma Therapy

Unitate: de la 50
The word "Aromatherapy" can be divided into two words, "aroma" meaning fragrance and "therapy" meaning
treatment. Flowers, plants and their essences have been used for relaxation, healing and energy for as far back
as 18,000 B.C.
Aromatherapy is reputed to be at least 6,000 years old and was used by the ancient civilizations of India, Egypt
and China. The Egyptians used the method of infusion to extract the oils from aromatic plants that were used for
medicinal, cosmetic and embalming purposes.
Slowly but surely the knowledge of essential oils spread far and wide. Traders, physicians, chemists and doctors
all learnt the importance of essential oils. Experiments were carried out to provide us with aromatherapy, as we
know it today.
Using essential oils stimulates the mind and body. Each essential oil contains properties that can have subtle
effects on the mind, body and emotions.
Benefits of Aromatherapy
When essential oils are inhaled correctly into the lungs they offer psychological and physical benefits. The aroma
of the natural essential oil stimulates the brain to trigger a reaction and the natural constituents of the essential
oils when inhaled provide physical benefits.
Apart from the benefits referred to above, essential oils also act as a natural repellent and pesticide.
Names of a few essential oils with their properties
Bergamot
This oil is used in clinics to treat depression. Bergamot relaxes the brain when sniffed. It is cooling, refreshing and
calming. It helps in insomnia, releases stress and helps to deal with anxiety. It reduces the feeling of pain in the
body. Bergamot Oil must be protected from sunlight. Bergaptene, one of its components, becomes poisonous if
exposed to sunlight. That is why it should be stored in dark bottles in dark places. Even exposure to sunlight
should be avoided after it is applied or rubbed on skin.
Cardamom
Cardamom is fresh and spicy. It encourages concentration, straightforwardness, confidence and courage.
Cardamom Oil has a warming effect. This effect heats up the body, promote sweating, helps clear toughened
cough and also gives relief in cold.
Cypress
Cypress is said to stimulate skin circulation, therefore it is used in massage blends to tone the muscles of the
body. It is also very useful for cellulite, sore throat, varicose veins, muscle cramps, rheumatism, arthritis, stress
and nervous tension. It also gives a happy feeling in cases of anger or sadness. This property can be helpful to
pacify people who suffered a shock or setback in life.
Eucalyptus
Lemon
A soothing and calming oil with a strong sedative effect, eucalyptus lemon is used for muscle and joint aches, it is
anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic. Apart from this, it is also a powerful antiseptic, used for athletes foot, and
fungal infections. It is useful to use for a massage when a client is on the verge of getting a cold. Eucalyptus oil is
also used as a fragrance component to impart a fresh and clean aroma in soaps, detergents, lotions and
perfumes.
Fennel
Sweet
Fennel sweet has a scent that is warm and slightly sweet. It is used for digestive, nausea and colic complaints.
This oil also helps to keep the body and mind calm and free of stress and tension. This oil is best avoided in
pregnancy. In old traditions, fennel seed is known to bring long life, bravery and power. It is also known to wardoff of evil spirits. It was commonly used for witchcraft during the Middle Ages. In India, fennel seeds are offered
after meals, as it is known to aid in digestion.
Helichrysum
This oil is one of the most ancient and valuable. It opens the heart and connects the body and spirit. Helichrysum
is used for healing scar tissue, old or new. It is also very effective for joint pains associated with rheumatoid
arthritis. This oil is also anti-inflammatory with analgesic and pain reducing effects. This oil helps one detox from
alcohol, drugs, and nicotine, releasing the body and mind from addictive patterns.
Jasmine
Sambac
Jasmine is an antidepressant and aphrodisiac. Romantic and sensual, this oil bolsters confidence and optimism. It
is helpful for anxiety, fear and panic. It is musky, spicy, mysterious and exotic.
Peppermint
Peppermint is used for a host of problems like nausea, indigestion, headaches, liver problems and inflammation.
Since peppermint is anti-spasmodic, it is used in massage for sports injuries. It is stimulating to the mind and
provides mental concentration and memory. Pregnant women in their 1st trimester, small children and those with
high blood pressure should avoid peppermint. Inhale peppermint oil before a workout to boost your mood and
reduce fatigue.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
fragrance aroma, miros plcut

treatment tratament
essence esen
infusion infuzie
lung plmn
constituent coninut
repellent repulsiv pentru insecte
bergamot bergamot
insomnia insomnie
anxiety anxietate, nervozitate
cardamom cardamom
cypress - chiparos
blend amestec
cramp crcel
tension tensiune, nervozitate
joint articulaie
ache durere
verge margine
fennel sweet fenicul dulce
nausea grea, sil
scent miros
tissue esut
indigestion indigestie
inflammation inflamaie
varicose veins varice
embalming mblsmare
host numr mare
setback insucces
bravery - vitejie, curaj
digestion digestie
heal a vindeca, a tmdui

be reputed a fi pstrat
extract a extrage, a scoate
spread a extinde
trigger a activa
sniff a mirosi, aspirat pe nas
encourage a ncuraja
bolster a ntri
embalm a parfuma
rub a freca
promote a reproduce
toughen a ntri
pacify a liniti, a calma
impart a ntinde, a da
ward off - a refuza
pattern tipar, model

fatigue oboseala

(prepiziii i conjuncii):
subtle subtil, fin

spicy condimentat, picant
varicose varicos
soothing linititor
digestive care uureaz digestia
musky - de mosc, moscat
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
fragrance
treatment
scent,
esence
care,
blend
sleeplessness,
uneasiness,
-
cramp
tension
insertion
element,
ingredient
care,
cross,
spasm,
doubt,
compound
contraction,
pang
pressure,
anxiety
nervousness,
ache
tension
combination,
ache,
stress,
wakefulness
worry,
mix,
pain,
strain,
distillate
restlessness,
concern,
mixture,
nursing
tincture,
introduction,
component,
anxiety
elixir,
injection,
constituent
insomnia
care,
etract,
perfume
medical
concentrate,
infusion
smell,
verge
nausea
scent
indigestion
inflmmation
pain
border,
disgust,
fragrance,
margin
distaste,
sickness
perfume,
stomach
edge,
upset,
swelling,
soreness,
setback
aroma
upset
burning,
stomach
heat,
sore
bravery
defeat
courage,
digestion
nerve,
daring
pattern
ingestion
model,
design,
example
fatique - tiredness, lethargy

Verbs (verbe)
hheal
extract
obtain,
trigger
cure,
take
out,
distil,
bring
sniff
about,
support,
help,
aid,
polish,
promote
toughen
start,
maintain,
shine,
out
cause
stimulate
boost,
preserve,
clean,
draw
snuff
embalm
rub
out,
inhale,
encourage
bilster
squeeze
remedy
strengthen
mummify
wipe,
scour
develop
harden,
strengthen
pacify
impart
calm
-
down,
give,
pass
soften
on
ward off - avoid

subtle
spicy
soothing - calming, relaxing, peaceful, quiet, calm, restful
delicate
aromatic,
savoury
Tea
Unitate: de la 50
Of the three major drinks in the world- tea, coffee and cocoa- tea is consumed by the largest number of people.
The homeland of tea is China. It is believed that Chinese have grown teaplants since two thousand years ago.
Tea from China, together with silk and porcelain, was known worldwide over more than a thousand years ago and
since then it has been an important Chinese export. At present, more than forty countries in the world grow tea.
However, 90% of total tea output is produced by Asian countries. All tea trees in other countries have their origin
directly or indirectly in China.
The word for tea leaves in many languages is derivated from the Chinese character cha. The Serbs and the
Russian call it "chai", and even the English word "tea" sounds similar to the Chinese pronunciation. The habit of
tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century but it was not introduced to Europe and America until the 17th and
18th centuries. Now the number of tea drinkers in the world is huge and is still on the increase.
Chinese tea is classified into several categories according to the method by which it is processed. Tea leaves are
dried and heated. Green and black teas are very common and they are highly appreciated in Europe. Green tea
keeps the original colour of the leaves. Black tea is developed on the basis of green tea and it is recognized in
China as "red tea". There are also Wulong tea, compressed tea and scented tea. Wulong tea is somewhere
between green and black teas and it is especially grown in the south of China. Compressed tea is hardened into a
certain shape. It is easily transported and it is usually in the form of bricks and cakes. Scented tea is made by
mixing fragrant flowers with the tea leaves. Jasmine and magnolia are mostly used in the process and jasmine tea
is very much loved by the Europeans.
A new tea plant needs to grow for five years before its leaves are picked and at 30 years of age it stops being
productive. When pests are discovered, the affected plants are removed and the use of pesticides is also
avoided. The season of tea-picking depends on local climate but it generally starts from the end of March and
lasts through October. A skilled woman picker can gather only 600 grams of green tea leaves in a day.
For centuries, tea has been one of the necessities in China. It is said that tea alleviates heat and brings instant
cool and a feeling of relaxation during the hot summer days. Medically, tea leaves contain a great number of
chemicals, like tannic acid which has healing characteristics. There is also caffeine, a stimulant for the nerve
center. A popular proverb in China says: "Rather go without salt for three days than without tea for a single day."
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
homeland - patrie
plant - planta
silk - mtase
porcelain - porelan
export - export
output - producie
origin - origine
pronunciation - pronunie
habit - obinuin
increase - cretere, mrire
method - metod
leaf / leaves (pl) - frunz / frunze
basis - baza
south - sud
shape - forma
brick - crmida
jasmine - iasomie
pest - boal duntoare pentru
plante
climate - clima
picker - culegtor
necessity - necesitate
chemicals - chimicalii
tannic acid - acid tanic
caffeine - cofein
stimulant - stimulent
proverb - proverb
salt - sare
consume - a consuma
grow - a ngriji, a crete
derivate - a efectua, a face un cuvnt din alt
cuvnt
spread - a se ntinde
classify - a clasifica
dry - a usca
heat - a nclzi
appreciate - a preui
harden - a ntri
mix - a amesteca
pick - a culege
remove - a nltura
avoid - a evita
gather - a aduna
depend - a depinde
alleviate - a uura, a liniti
contain - a conine
major - cel mai important, cel mai

mare
worldwide - n toat lumea
at present - n acest moment
total - total
similar - asemntor
several - cteva, civa
common - des
certain - anumit
compressed - compresat, ndesat
scented - mirositor
fragrant - mirositor
affected - afectat, ngrozit
skilled - priceput
instant - momentan
healing - pentru vindecare
single - singur
however - totui, cu toate acestea

even - chiar
according to - pe baza, n conformitate cu
during - n timpul
rather - mai degrab
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
homeland - native land, birthplace, motherland, fatherland
plant -herb
porcelain - china
export - foreigh trade, international trade, overseas trade
output - production
origin - heritage
habit - custom, rule, practice, traditon, routine
increase - growth
method - manner, process, approach, tehnique, way
basis - foundation, support, base, ground
shape - pattern, form, model
climate - weather, temperature
necessity - essential, need, necessary, requirement, fundamental
proverb - saying
Verbs (verbe)
consume - eat, ewallow, use
grow - cultivate, produce, raise, breed
spread - expand
classify - categorize, sort
heat - warm (up)
appreciate - respect, admire
harden - strengthen, toughen
mix - combine, blend
pick - gather, pull, collect
remove - take away, move, transfer
avoid - ignore
gather - collect, pick
alleviate - ease, reduce, relieve, moderate, smooth, diminish
contain - include, consist of
major - important, vital, critical, significant
worldwidw - global, general, international, universal
at present - now
total - entire, full, whole
similar- alike
several - a few, many
common - usual, standard, daily, regular, ordinary, famiiliar
certain - particular, speecial, individual, specific
compressed - squeezed, concentrated, compact, compacted
scented - fragrant, perfumed, aromatic,
sweet - smelling
fragrant - aromatic, perfumed, sweet - smelling, sweet - scented
affected - influenced, stimulated
skilled - expert, professional, trained, experienced
instant - immediate, prompt
healing - restoring, medicinal, therapeutic, remedial, restorative, curative
single - one, sole
however - but, nevertheless, still, though, yet
during - throughout, through
rather - preferably, sooner, instead
Causative Have
Unitate: de la 50
Causative have este construcia care arat o aciune pe care o efectueaz o alt persoan pentru subiect. Exist
modelul stabilit care sun:
SUBJECT + HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE
unde verbul HAVE se modific dup timpuri n modelul standard.
I had my house repainted last month. - Mi-au zugrvit

casa luna trecut.
She must have had her hair cut. It looks much shorter! Ea trebuie s-i fi tiat prul. Prul i arat mult mai scurt.
Uneori verbul HAVE ntr-o astfel de construcie poate avea alt semnificaie, i deseori primete semnificaia de a
experimenta, a simi, a rezulta.
My brother had his nose broken in a fight. - Fratelui meu

i-au rupt nasul la btaie.
They have a lot of money saved to buy a new car. - Ei au

destui bani economisii pentru cumprarea unei maini.
Prepare Yourself for Summer Holidays

Unitate: de la 50
Consider the following vacation tips for your next getaway from a woman who went through all the goods and
bads in Disneyland.
Get
Packing
Where is it written that a woman has to pack for the entire family? I believe that being a woman doesn't
automatically make you a better packer. That's why I had all of our stuff packed by my husband including the
unmatched socks which he didn't even notice. And speaking of children, as my kids were skillful enough to play
video games, they also managed to put their clothes in a suitcase.
Big
Money
I visited Disneyland for my summer holiday and of course, we overpaid for two out of three daily meals. We even
paid $35 for a hamburger, a soda and some fries. Luckily we had our hotel room reserved a month ago which
turned out to be a smart thing, as the pancakes in the shape of Mickey Mouse seemed to have all the children
crawl here followed by their eager parents.
Photo
Opportunity
I didn't forget to take my camera. However, I managed to miss many photos because the camera was still packed
neatly in my luggage. But then we took photos of ceilings and the inside of pockets because we accidentally
pushed the button. Finally when we had our photos done, we found ourselves staring at some unfamiliar shapes.
Super-size
It
My advice for travellers is to pack a full-size bar of soap, a shampoo and a conditioner. I know hotels provide
those miniature bars, but it's like using an eraser. I washed my hair with a conditioner from a bottle the size of a
lipstick tube and two hours later I had to have my hair cut, fortunately only the ends had to be cut away. But do
you really need this shock on your holiday?
Beach
Go-go
And finally we come to the beach. As we moved from Disneyland to some sandier grounds, I packed necessary
things for the beach in a separate bag. This included swimsuits, beach towels, hats, flip-flops and sunscreen. I
almost forgot the beach toys, but I remembered on time. I packed the radio and reading material, too. Finally
there were so many things to carry that I had my bags carried by a helpful door attendant.
Protect
Yourself
You can never have too much sunscreen. The average adult needs to put on enough sunscreen to fill a small
glass. Need motivation? I didn't put on enough of my sunscreen and by the end of the day I was red as a
beetroot.
Sanity
Savers
Last but not the least: It is good to take along your prescription medicine, just to be certain that nothing can
surprise you. I took aspirin with me and, with my children, I drank quite a lot of these tablets, especially when we
ran out of the plastic bags for carsickness after only fifteen minutes of driving!
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
vacation - vacan
fries - cartofi pai
luggage - bagaj
ceiling - plafon, tavan
bar of soap - bucat de spun
conditioner - balsam
eraser - radier, gum de ters
lipstick - ruj
tube - tub
towel - prosop
flip-flops lapi
door attendant - portar
overpay - a plti prea mult, a supraaprecia

crawl - a da nvala
beetroot - sfecl
prescription - reet medical
carsickness - ru de main

entire - ntreg
skilful - iste, abil
eager - voios, cu via, nerbdtor
neatly - ordonat
accidentally - ntmpltor
sandy - nisipos
whereas n comparaie cu
Synonyms
Nouns (sunstantive)
vacation - holiday, leave
fries - chips, french fries, french-fried potatoes
luggage - baggage
lipstick - lip rouge
beetroot - beet
entire - whole, full, complete, total
skillful - proficient, expert
eager - keen, intense, enthusiastic, passionate
neatly - tidily, nicely, smartly, systematically, methodically
accidentally - unintentionally, casually, unexpectedly, incidentally, by chance
whereas - but on the other hand
The First Conditional

Unitate: de la 50
Conditional Sentences (propoziii condiionale)

Propoziiile condiionale sunt propoziii subordonate care se introduc prin conjuncia if (dac). n funcie de
posibilitatea de realizare a aciunii, toate propoziiile condiionale se mpart n primul, al doilea i al treilea tip de
propoziie condiional.
The First Conditional (primul tip de propoziie condiional)

Primul tip de propoziie condiional se mai numete i real. nsui denumirea spune c exist o mare
posibilitate de realizare a aciunii care este condiionat. La fel ca n fiecare propoziie complex, deosebim
propoziia condiional de propoziia principal.
Condiia se exprim n primul condiional n Present Simple Tense, n timp ce n propoziia principal apare
Future Simple (will + infinitiv fr to).
If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good

mark. - Dac termini tema de cas la timp, o s primeti o
not bun.
If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping. Dac cheltuiete toi banii, ea nu o s mearg la
cumprturi.
Ca variaii ale primului tip de propoziie condiional apar urmtoarele modificri.

n loc de forma will+infinitiv pot aprea i celelate verbe modale cu infinitiv.
If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread.

- Dac vrei s slbeti, ar trebui/trebuie s mnnci mai
puin pine.
If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once - Dac

totul este n regul, poi s pleci imediat.
n propoziia principal se poate, deasemenea, ntmpla s apar Present Simple Tense. Aceasta se ntmpl
cnd vorbim despre fapte tiinifice sau despre alte aciuni.
If you heat ice it turns to water. - Dac nclzeti gheaa,

aceasta se transform n ap.
If there is an economy crisis prices go up. - Dac intervine o

criz economic, preurile cresc.
Horoscope
Unitate: de la 50
Aquarius (January 20 February 18). Take risks, for you are the luckiest when on the edge of what you think is
possible. If you feel you have to prove yourself, you'll have a good opportunity to do so on Tuesday. Love affairs
get thrilling Thursday night. A Scorpio is tempting you.
Pisces (February 19 March 20). This week you do your most brilliant work when you are under the gun, so set
deadlines for yourself, even if nobody else is pressuring you. Friends give financial advice, but don't consider it
too seriously unless these friends are Capricorns or Taureans. Love heats up Saturday night.
Aries (March 21 April 19). You have abundant energy while others waste time fighting what they cannot
change. A salary increase is too little, too late. Look for a new job. Be straight with a partner, especially late in the
week when game playing could become a romance. If everything goes well, you'll have a new sense of purpose
by Friday.
Taurus (April 20 May 20). If you don't want to be the shoulder everyone cries on, make it known how busy you
are. Family business is absolutely lucky Tuesday and Wednesday. After Thursday, you're in a bold mood. This
may bring new jobs, recognition and friends.
Gemini (May 21 June 21). Casual friendships get intense. Don't let love interfere with your ambitions if you want
a business success. Accept Mondays generosity without asking questions. Thursday is the prime time to assert
yourself, and your income gets a boost, too. You'll discover a kindred spirit in Taurus or Virgo.
Cancer (June 22 July 22). You're fearless or at least thats the impression you give. The mood ebbs and flows
like the tide this week, so try not to be so reactive. Eventually, balance will be achieved. Alone time should be
jealously guarded after Thursday, when you learn by focusing inward.
Leo (July 23 August 22). You are on the verge of getting what you want. If you are patient enough, you'll be
comfortable in your new position faster than you think. Remain highly visible at work Monday through
Wednesday. Friends appreciate your positive influence. Seek professional advice before investing.
Virgo (August 23 September 22). Make intentions clear with a new love, don't mislead. Especially now through
Wednesday night, you'll notice personality is as important to your progress as your ability. You will finish projects
with style on Saturday.
Libra (September 23 October 23). If you change your values in matters of the heart, it'll draw something
different to you. It might not seem like it, but what goes down at work tomorrow is to your advantage. Thursday is
about setting an example. Be self-reliant, and don't do things for others that they should do for themselves.
Scorpio (October 24 November 21). Vulnerability attracts powerful love, and powerful love attracts financial
stability. You are the one who can prevent small problems from escalating! If you manage to stay on top of things,
you will be ready for a fabulous, stress-free weekend. Singles who take the initiative win the prize.
Sagittarius (November 22 December 21). There is no reason love should interfere with your ability to perform
in other areas of life, unless you let it. If you contact prospective employers on Wednesday or Thursday, you'll see
they have new need for what you do. Compromise to keep peace at home.
Capricorn (December 22 January 19). You judgment is astute, you could make plenty of money by acting on it.
Financial ventures are lucky. Don't push things along flow with events. What affects other families affects yours
if not now, later. Increase your level of responsibility. Saturday, children want to have fun but need limits.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
Aquarius - Vrstor (n horoscop)

Pisces - Peti (n horoscop)
Aries - Berbec (n horoscop)
Taurus - Taur (n horoscop)
Gemini - Gemeni (n horoscop)
Cancer - Rac (n horoscop)
Leo - Leu (n horoscop)
Virgo - Fecioar (n horoscop)
Libra - Balan (n horoscop)
Scorpio - Scorpion (n horoscop)
Sagittarius - Sgettor (n horoscop)
Capricorn - Capricorn (n horoscop)
deadline - termen limit
salary - salariu
increase - mrire
sense - sim
purpose - scop
mood - dispoziie
recognition - recunoatere
generosity - generozitate
prime time - cel mai bun timp
income - venit
kindred spirit - persoan compatibil
boost - mrire, impuls
tide - maree
vulnerability - vulnerabilitate
employer - angajator
judgement - judecat
take risk - a risca

prove oneself - a se arta
get thrilling - a deveni interesant
tempt - a tenta
set deadline - a pune un termen limit
pressure - a apsa, a pune sub presiune
consider - a considera
heat up - a nclzi
waste time - a pierde vremea
make known - a anuna, a da la cunotiin
interfere with - a se amestaca n
assert oneself - a se purta cu ncredere
ebb - a se retrage
achieve - a ajunge
guard - a pstra
remain - a rmne
seek - a cuta
mislead - a duce ntr-o direcie greit
set an example - a da exemplu
prevent - a preveni
affect - a nimeri, a avea impact asupra


on the edge - pe margine

under the gun - sub presiunea
brilliant - excelent, briliant
abundant - abundent
straight - deschis, sincer
intense - intensiv
bold - viteaz
kindred - asemntor, apropiat
fearless - fr team, curajos
jealously - gelos, cu gelozie
inward - nuntru
on the verge of - pe punctul de a
self-reliant - ncreztor
prospective - potenial
astute - detept, inteligent
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
deadline - time limit, target date/time, finish date/time
salary - pay, income, wage, fee, payment, wages
increase - raise
sense - understanding, awareness, meaning
purpose - point, idea
mood - state of mind
recognition - approval, appreciation
generosity - kindness, unselfishness
income - pay, profits
boost - improvement, jump, risee
vulnerability - weakness
employer - boss, manager, executive
Verbs (verbe)
take risk - take a chance
prove oneself - show yourself
tempt - dare, provoke
pressure - force, influence, persuade
consider - think about, study, examine
waste time - procrrastinate
interfere with - intervene, step in, interpose
assert oneself - to act boldly or forcefully
ebb - sink, drop, weaken, decrease
achieve - accomplish, fulfill, finish, complete, gain
guard - protect, watch, defend
remain - stay
seek - request, ask for
mislead - deceive, fool, bluff
prevent - stop
affect - influence, involve
under the gun - at gunpoint, pressured, under pressure
brilliant - excellent, wonderful, superb
abundant - plentiful, full, rich
straight - straightforward, clear
intense - passionate, burning, emotional
bold - fearless, brave, daring
kindred - related, kin
fearless - brave, daring, bold, heroic
jealously - enviously
inwarg - internal, inner, private, personal, inside
self-reliant - independent, capable, self-sufficient
prospective - potential, possible
astute - intelligent, sharp, clever
The Second Conditional

Unitate: de la 50
Al doilea tip de propoziie condiional prezint o posibilitate mai sczut c aciunea va avea loc, chiar dac nu
este imposibil.
Condiia se exprim la Past Simple Tense, n timp ce n propoziia principal se gsesc verbele modale.
would + infinitiv fr to.
If I had a map, I would lend it to you. - Dac a avea hart,

i-a mprumuta-o.
If someone stole my car, I would call the police. - Dac miar fura cineva maina, eu a suna la poliie.
Forma trecut a verbului TO BE n al doilea tip de propoziie condiional apare des ca WERE pentru toate
persoanele.
If I were you, I wouldn't do that. - Dac eu a fi n locul tu,

nu a face asta.
Variaiile pot aprea deasemenea n forma verbelor modale care nlocuiesc would+infinitiv n propoziia
principal.
If I knew his number, I could ring him up. - Dac a tia

numrul lui, a putea sa-l sun.
If you tried again, you might succeed. - Dac ai ncerca din

nou, poate ai reui.
What if...
Unitate: de la 50
Here are the answers of two young people, a girl and a boy who were interviewed for a survey on differences in
reactions of men and women in the same situations.
1. If you had a first date with a girl/guy, how soon would you want him/her to telephone you after it?
Mark: Well, if I were really interested in her, I wouldn't wait her to call. I would do it the very next day, because if I
didn't,
somebody
else
might.
Sarah: The following morning, of course! I wouldn't know he liked me if he didn't call straight away. But, if he were
shy, I would allow him one day. But, the next day
2. If a guy/girl didn't arrive on time for a date, how long would you wait?
Mark: I would be prepared to wait for a half an hour, and if she didn't arrive by that time, I would be completely
mad. There would be only few explanations I'd be ready to accept, for example the Martians kidnapped her, she
had
sudden
call
from
the
Queen
of
England
or
she
didn't
wash
her
hair.
Sarah: Wait? I hate waiting! Five minutes, that's my limit.

3. How would you feel if your partner forgot your birthday?
Mark: I would be angry and upset if my girlfriend forgot my birthday, but it would only last for a short time. If I
loved
her,
would
find
way
to
overcome
that.
Sarah: I've got few friends who wouldn't care too much, but most of them are like me. I attach great importance to
birthdays and if he forgot it, I would certainly break up with him.
4. What would you like the best as a present from your partner?
Mark: Clothes. I like wearing shirts my girlfriend bought me. Of course, if she had a bad taste, that wouldn't be an
option.
Sarah: Definitely flowers! All girls like flowers and if they said they didn't, I wouldn't believe.
5. What would you do to attract a member of the opposite sex?
Mark: If I really liked her and knew she was worth of it, I'd do anything. I'm a bit of a romantic guy, you see, so I
would probably try first with flowers. Then, if she didn't respond, I would write her a poem.
Sarah: I'd try walking in front of him in a short skirt. Trust me, it always works.
6. What would attract your attention to a guy/a girl?
Mark: An eye contact. I would never try anything with a girl who didn't give me a reason. A nice glance is a good
enough
reason.
Sarah: Call me old-fashioned, but if he opened me the door or made some other gesture of a true gentleman, I
would be impressed.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
survey - cutare
date - ntlnire
Martian - marian
limit - grani
taste - gust
option - posibilitate, opiune
sex -sex
glance - privire scurt
interview - a intervieva
allow - a permite
accept - a accepta
kidnap - a rpi
last - a dura
overcome - a depi
attach importance - a da importan
break up with - a se despri de
respond - a reaciona, a vorbi


straight away - imediat

completely - complet
mad - suprat, turbat
sudden - surprins
upset - nelinitit, enervat
opposite - opus
worth of - capabil, merit
to date - pn azi
vigorously - cu mult elan
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
survey - study, research
date - appointment, meeting
limit - boundary, end, edge
taste - flavour, savour
option - choice, alternative, selection, preference
glance - peek, look, glimpse
Verbs (verbe)
straight away - immediately, now, at once, directly, instantly, on the spot, right away
completely - totally, entirely, wholly, quite
mad - angry, cross, furious
sudden - quick, rapid, enexpected, hasty
upset - distressed, shaken, disturbed, worried
opposite - different, conflicting, opposed, contrasted, contrastingg, contrary
worth of - valuable
interview - question, interrogate, examine
allow - let, permit
accept - believ, adopt
kidnap - abduct
last - exist
overcome - conquer, master, survive
respond - react to date - up to now
vigorously - energetically, forcefully, strongly, eagerly
Past Perfect Tense

Unitate: de la 50
Past Perfect Tense (Timpul trecut perfect) se formeaz de la verbul ajuttor TO HAVE la Past Simple Tense
(timpul trecut perfect), adic had i past participle (participiu trecut) a verbului principal.
Forma afirmativ
singular
plural
I had (I'd) worked Eu am lucrat
We had (We'd) worked Noi am lucrat
You had (You'd) worked Tu ai lucrat
You had (You'd) worked Voi ai lucrat
He had worked (He'd) El a lucrat

She had worked (She'd) Ea a lucrat
It had worked (It'd) El a lucrat
They had (They'd) worked Ei au lucrat
singular
plural
I had (I'd) slept - Eu am dormit
We had (We'd) slept - Noi am dormit
You had (You'd) slept Tu ai dormit
You had (You'd)slept Voi ai dormit
He had (He'd) slept El a dormit

She had (She'd) slept Ea a dormit
It had (It'd) slept El a dormit
They had (They'd) slept Ei au dormit
Forma interogativ
Forma interogativ la Past Perfect Tense (Timpul prezent perfect) se formeaz cu inversarea (n comparaie cu
forma
afirmativ) a verbului
ajuttor TO
HAVE
(la
timpul
trecut)
singular
plural
Had I worked? Eu am lucrat?
Had we worked? Noi am lucrat?
Had you worked? Tu ai lucrat?
Had you worked? Voi ai lucrat?
Had he worked? El a lucrat?

Had she worked? Ea a lucrat?
Had it worked? El a lucrat?
Had they worked? Ei au lucrat?
pronume
La ntrebrile Yes/No se dau rspunsuri scurte (Short answers) n felul urmtor :

singular
plural
Had I worked? Yes, I had / No, I hadn't
Had we worked? - Yes, we had / No, we hadn't
Had you worked? Yes, you had / No, you
Had you worked? Yes you had / No, we hadn't
personal.
hadn't
Had he worked? Yes, he had / No, he hadn't
Had she worked? Yes, she had/ No, she
hadn't
Had it worked? Yes, it had / No, it hadn't
Had they worked? Yes, they had / No, they

hadn't

singular
plural
Where had I worked? Eu unde am lucrat?
Where had we worked? - Noi unde am lucrat?
Where had you worked? Tu unde ai lucrat?
Where had you worked? Voi unde ai lucrat?
Where had he worked? El unde a lucrat?

Where had she worked? Ea unde a lucrat?
Where had it worked? El unde a lucrat?
Where had they worked? Ei unde au lucrat?
Forma negativ
Forma negativ se formeaz de la forma negativ a timpului trecut a verbului Have i Past Participle a verbului
principal.
singular
plural
I had not (hadn't) worked Eu nu am lucrat
We had not (hadn't) worked Noi nu am

lucrat
You had not (hadn't) worked Tu nu ai

lucrat
You had not (hadn't) worked Voi nu ai

lucrat
He had not (hadn't) worked El nu a lucrat

They had not (hadn't) worked Ei nu au lucrat
She had not (hadn't) worked Ea nu a lucrat
It had not (hadn't) worked El nu a lucrat
Utilizare
The Past Perfect Tense (Timpul trecut perfect) se folosete pentru:
Aciunea care s-a terminat nainte de o alt aciune trecut.
She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. Ea deodat i-a dat seam c i-a pierdut aparatul foto.
The Past Perfect Tense se utilizeaz n propoziie subordonat cu after. Deasemenea pot apare i adverbele
when i because.
After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. - Dup

ce ne-am suit n vrf, am nceput s simim oboseala.
His friends tried to help him after he had lost all his
money. - Prietenii lui au ncercat s-l ajute dup ce i-a
pierdut toi banii.
When he had finished his homework, he went to play. Cnd i-a terminat tema de cas, el a ieit s se joace.
Because he'd spent so much, he had very little money. Deoarece a cheltuit atta, a avut foarte puini bani.
Being a Pirate
Unitate: de la 50
The life of a pirate wasn't always full of adventure and partying. Sailing is a slow way to get somewhere, so
pirates could be at the sea for months, so the conclusion is obvious, life was sometimes very, very boring, plus
the food they ate was often revolting!
Pirates would collect fresh food and drink when they landed, but they didn't have fridges, freezers so the food had
to be eaten quickly once they went back to sea or it would go stale and moldy. Don't want to be a pirate
anymore?!
Almost all pirates stole their ships (well, piracy wasn't a legally paid job!). Once they had taken over a ship they
had to convert it for pirate life, and that usually meant making more room for sailors to live on board and
strengthening the decks to hold the weight of the heavy cannons.
One rule was particularly interesting. They believed that having women on board their ship was bad luck! Despite
the fact, one of the most famous female pirates was Anne Bonny (born Anne Cormac). She is one of my favourite!
Anne Bonny was a native of Cork. Her father was an attorney, and, by his activity in business, rose to
considerable respectability in that place. Anne was the fruit of an unlawful connexion with his own servant maid,
with whom he afterwards eloped to America, leaving his own affectionate and lawful wife. There he lived with his
servant in the character of his wife; but she dying, his daughter Anne superintended the domestic affairs of her
father.
During her residence with her parent she was supposed to have a considerable fortune, and was accordingly
addressed by young men of respectable situations in life. It happened with Anne, however, as with many others of
her youth and sex, that her feelings, and not her interest, determined her choice of a husband. She married a
young sailor without a shilling. The father turned his own child out of doors. Anne and her husband sailed for the
island of Providence, in the hope of gaining employment.
Once there, Anne met "Calico Jack" Rackam and thinking life with him would be more exciting than with James
she asked to join his crew. So, dressed in mans clothes, Anne sailed out of Providence leaving her husband
behind.
After a while on board ship Anne became pregnant and since the crew still didn't know she was a woman Calico
Jack suggested dropping her off in Cuba and picking her up again after she had given birth to their baby. But
when he went back he found that the baby had died and that Anne was not well.
In an effort to improve their lives both Anne and Calico Jack sailed back to Providence and got a pardon for the
crimes they had committed as pirates. Unfortunately for both of them James Bonny (Annes husband) was still on
the island and still angry. It didn't take long before he started stirring up trouble and eventually Anne and Calico
Jack had no other option but to flee the island and return to piracy.
When it came to being a pirate Anne was as tough as many of the men, but braver and fiercer than most. It didn't
take long before she was respected by her crew, even though she was a woman. During their travels Anne and
Calico Jack met up with Mary Read (another pirate) and all three agreed to travel together.
That was until they were captured. All three were found guilty of piracy but because Anne was pregnant again it
was decided to suspend her sentence till after the birth of her baby. A decision that may have saved her life
because whilst there are records of her friends deaths there are none for her. Some say that she fell in love with a
jailer and he helped her escape, others say that her father came and paid for her release, but nobody seems
sure.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
conclusion concluzie
piracy piraterie
deck puntea
weight greutate
cannon tun
attorney avocat
respectability - respectabilitate,
demnitate
connexion conexiune
maid femeie de seviciu, camerist
fortune bogie
crew echipaj
pardon mngiere, iertare
sentence sentina
record nsemnare, nregistrare
jailer pucria
convert a converti, a transforma

strengthen a ntri
elope a fugi cu persoana iubit
superintend a supraveghea, a
conduce
address a se adresa
gain a ctiga, a primi
drop off a arunca pn la, a lsa
commit a comite, a face
stir up a protesta, a provoca, a ridica
flee a fugi
suspend a suspenda, a opri


obvious evident
revolting dezgusttor
stale sttut
moldy mucegit
native nscut
considerable considerabil
affectionate loial
lawful juridic
domestic domestic
tough puternic, hotrtor
whilst pn
fierce crud
Synonyms
Nouns (substative)
conclusion
weight
attorney
outcome,
result
pressure,
lawyer,
solicitor,
counsel,
respectability
load,
advocate,
mass
barrister,
legal
connexion
reputability
maid
connection
servant
fortune
crew
wealth
complement,
pardon
company
sentence
forgiveness
-
record
aadviser
conviction
evidence,
trace,
documentation
jailer - guard, keeper, warden, jailor

Verbs (verbe)
convert
change,
strenghthen
elope
away,
address
-
ddo,
stir
talk
get,
receive,
perform,
up
manage
to,
aquire,
escape
supervise,
speak
carry
modify
support
leave,
oversee,
gain
adapt,
encourage,
run
superintend
commit
transform,
out,
provoke,
to
achieve
execute
raise
flee - run away, leave, escape

obvious
revolting
apparent,
disgusting,
stale
great,
loving,
lawful
-
large
devoted,
domestic
fierce - strong, passionate, wild
home
appalling
musty
considerable
tough
offensive,
native
affectionate
shocking,
evident
caring
legal
home,
strong,
family
determined
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Unitate: de la 50
Past Perfect Continuous Tense (timpul trecut perfect continuu) se formeaz de la verbul TO BE la Past Perfect
Tense i Present participle (participiu prezent) a verbului principal.
Forma afirmativ
singular
plural
I had (I'd) been working Eu am lucrat
I We had been working (We'd) Noi am lucrat
You had (You'd) been working Tu ai lucrat
You had been working (You'd) Voi ai lucrat
He had been working (He'd) El a lucrat

She had been working (She'd) Ea a lucrat
It had been working (It'd) El a lucrat
They had been working (They'd) Ei au lucrat
Forma negativ
Forma negativ se formeaz de la forma negativ HAVE la past Perfect Tense i Present Participle a verbului
principal.
singular
plural
I had not (hadn't ) been working Eu nu

am lucrat
We had not (hadn't) been working Noi nu

am lucrat
You had not (hadn't) been working Tu nu

ai lucrat
You had not (hadn't) been working Voi nu

ai lucrat
He had not (hadn't) been working El nu a

lucrat
She had not (hadn't) been working Ea nu
a lucrat
It had not (hadn't) been working El nu a
lucrat
They had not (hadn't) been working Ei nu au

lucrat
Forma interogativ
Forma interogativ a verbului la Past Perfect Continuous Tense (timpul trecut continuu) se formeaz cu forma
interogativ a formei verbului TO HAVE (la timpul trecut perfect simplu).
singular
plural
Had I been working? Eu am lucrat?
Had we been working? Noi am lucrat?
Had you been working? Tu ai lucrat?
Had you been working? Voi ai lucrat?
Had he been working? El a lucrat?

Had she been working? Ea a lucrat?
Had it been working? El a lucrat?
Had they been working? Ei au lucrat?
La ntrebrile Yes/No se dau rspunsuri scurte (Short answers) n felul urmtor :

singular
plural
Had I been working? Yes, I had / No, I
Had we been working? - Yes, we had / No, we
hadn't
hadn't
Had you been working? Yes, you had / No,

you hadn't
Had you been working? Yes you had / No, you

hadn't
Had he been working? Yes, he had / No, he

Had they been working? Yes, they had / No,
hadn't
they hadn't
Had she been working? Yes, she had/ No, she
hadn't
Had it been working? Yes, it had / No, it
hadn't

singular
plural
Where had I been working? Unde am fost

eu?
Where had we been working? Unde am

lucrat noi?
Where had you been working? Unde ai

lucrat tu?
Where had you been working? Unde ai

lucrat voi?
Where had he been working? Unde a lucrat Where had they been working? Unde au
el?
lucrat ei?
Where had she been working? Unde a
lucrat ea?
Where had it been working? unde a lucrat
el?
Utilizarea
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense se folosete pentru o aciune care a durat pn la un moment dat n trecut.
Aa nu se anun ca aciunea este terminat, ci este subliniat durata ei.
Deseori pentru acest timp se folosete for i since.
When we came Sally had been waiting for half an hour. Noi cnd am ajuns, Sally a ateptat deja o jumtate de or.
When I called on him he had been reading for a while. Cnd l-am vizitat, el a citit deja de ceva creme.
Famous Idiots
Unitate: de la 50
Ann
Arbors
Idiot
Ann Arbor, a journalist, reported that a man walked into a Burger King in Ypsilanti, Michigan at 8:50 AM, flashed a
gun and demanded cash. The clerk turned him down saying he couldn't open the cash register without a food
order. When the man ordered French fries, the clerk said they weren't available for breakfast. The frustrated man
walked out.
Kentucky
Idiots
Two men tried to pull off the front of a cash machine by running a chain from the machine to the bumper of their
pickup truck. Instead of pulling the front panel off the machine they pulled the bumper off their truck. Scared, they
left the scene and drove home... with the chain still attached to the machine... with their bumper still attached to
the chain... with their vehicles license plate still attached to the bumper. They had been driving for hours when
they finally realized what had happened.
Louisiana
Idiot
A man walked into a restaurant, put a $20 bill on the counter and asked for change. When the clerk opened the
cash drawer, the man pulled a gun and asked for all the cash in the register, which the clerk promptly provided.
The man took the cash from the clerk and fled, leaving the $20 bill on the counter. The total amount of cash he
got from the drawer was $15.00.
Arkansas
Idiot
This guy decided that he'd just throw a brick through a liquor store window, grab some booze, and run. So he
lifted the brick and heaved it over his head at the window. The brick bounced back and hit the thief on the head,
knocking him unconscious. The liquor store window was made of Plexi-Glass.
New
York
Idiot
As a female shopper exited a store, a man grabbed her purse and ran. The clerk called 911 immediately and the
woman was able to give them a detailed description of the man who had snatched her purse. The police had
been running after the thief for about fifteen minutes before they finally caught him. They put him in the car and
drove back to the store. The thief was then taken out of the car and told to stand there for a positive ID. The
moment he saw the victim he said: "Yes, Officer... thats her. That's the lady I stole the purse from."
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
clerk angajat, personal

cash register casa de marcat
cash machine bancomat
chain lan
bumper amortizor
pickup truck- camion pickup
scene locul faptei
vehicle vehicul
license plate tabla de nregistrare
drawer sertar
counter tejghea, pult
total amount total
brick - crmida
liquor store magazin de buturi alcoolice
booze butura
purse plsua
snatcher ho
walk into a pi
flash a gun a scoate repede pistolul
demand a cere
turn down a refuza
pull off a scoate
attach a ntri, a lega
provide a asigura, a da
flee a fugi
grab a nfca
heave over a arunca peste
bounce a sri


promptly prompt
unconscious incontient
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
clerk - salesclerk, shop assistant, shop clerk
cash register - register
cash machine - automated teller, automated teller machine, automatic teller, automatic teller machine, cash
dispenser, ATM
scene - site
vehicle - motor vehicle, means of transport
license plate - numberplate
counter - surface, top, bar, worktop
liquor store - off-licence, package store
booze - alcohol, drink, spirits, liquor
purse - handbag, bag, sshoulder bag, pocket book, clutch bag
snatcher - thief
Verbs (verbe)
demand - request, ask (for), call for
turn down - refuse, reject, decline
pull off - remove, take aways
attach - stick, join, fasten, tie
provide - give, bring
grab - snatch, catch, seize, capture, bag, grip, grasp
bounce - jump
promptly - immediately, instantly, swiftly, directly, quickly
unconscious - knocked out
Verbs (verbe)
demand - request, ask (for), call for
turn down - refuse, reject, declien
pull of - remove, take aways
attach - stick, join, fasten, tie
provide - givee, bring
grab - snatch, catch, seize, capture, bag, grip, grasp
bounce - jump
promptly - immediately, instantly, swiftly, directly, quickly
unconscious - knocked out
Past Modal Verbs

Unitate: de la 50
Verbele modale se pot combina cu infinitivul perfect (Perfect Infinitive).
Perfect Infinitive se formeaz de la verbul HAVE i Past Participe a verbului principal, de exemplu: have been,
have taken, have gone.
Should (sau shouldn't) n combinaie cu infinitivul perfect arat aciunea care a fost greit n trecut, sau din
cauza creia subiectului i pare ru.
I should have listened to your advice. - Trebuia s

ascult sfatul tu.
She shouldn't have given up her job. - Ea nu trebuia s-i

dea demisia de la lucru.
Should se folosete des pentru a critica pe cineva.
You shouldn't have worn that dress in the street. - Nu

trebuia s pori acea rochie pe strad.
Verbele modale may, might i could se combin cu infinitivul perfect cnd vorbim despre ceva ce poate s-a
ntmplat n trecut.
The child might have imagined the situation. - Copilul

poate a inventat situaia.
I might have done the right thing. - Poate am fcut o

treab bun.
They could have played a trick on you. - Poate te-au

minit.
Must i cant se folosete cu infinitivul perfect cnd vorbim despre ceva ce s-a ntmplat cu siguran sau nu s-a
ntmplat cu siguran n trecut.
She must have been terrified. - Trebuie s fi fost speriat.
Robert cant have spoken to Mr. Popescu. He doesnt

know a word of Romanian. - Robert sigur nu a vorbit cu dl.
Popescu. El nu tie deloc romnete.
Verbele modale se pot combina i cu Perfect Continuous Infinitive. Perfect Continuous Infinitive se formeaz
de la HAVE BEEN i Present Participe a verbului principal, de exemplu have been reading, have been
travelling.
Semnificaiile pe care le-am modificat vor rmne aceleai, doar atenia se ndreapt la durata aciunii.
Mark must have been trying to tell you something with

such a sad face. - Mark cu siguran a ncercat s-i spun
ceva cu aa o fa trist.
She might have been listening to you talking on the

phone. - Ea poate a ascultat n timp ce ai vorbit la telefon.
Coping with Stress in the Work Place

Unitate: de la 50
Coping with stress in the work place may seem like an everyday challenge. The better you become at managing
your own stress, the more you can positively affect those around you and the less other peoples stress will
negatively affect you. If you feel anxious, irritable, depressed, and you lost interest of work, there is certain muscle
tension or headaches, you have stomach problems as well as problems with sleeping, constant fatigue, having
trouble concentrating or you maybe even started using alcohol or some drugs to cope you definitely have all signs
and symptoms of excessive stress at work.
Every day when I come home from work I think: I could have done that task much better or I shouldn't have said
that in front of office staff, I could have come earlier to work and finish everything. It's all about task and time
management.
You should prioritize tasks. Make a list of tasks you have to do and tackle them in order of importance. You will
logically do the high-priority first. If there is an unpleasant task to accomplish get it over early in your day. I
should've been smarter last week. I left the hardest task at the end of the day, gave my best to solve it. It didn't
end well. I spent the night in my office.
You should break projects into small steps. If a project seems overwhelming, make a step-by-step plan.
One, for me, the most important part is to delegate responsibility. You do not have to do it all by yourself. You will
be letting go of unnecessary stress in the process.
I have always had problems with time management. The most important is to create a balanced schedule.
Analyze your schedule, responsibilities, and daily tasks. Try to find a balance between work and family life, social
activities and solitary pursuits. A person needs downtime.
Avoid scheduling too many things in one day. At times, we underestimate how much time it may take to complete
a project or task. Distinguish between the "shoulds" and the "musts". Drop those tasks that are not truly
necessary.
Try to leave earlier in the morning. Even 10 or 15 minutes can make the difference. Avoid frantically rushing to
your desk, a few extra minutes will give you time to ease into your day.
Plan regular breaks. Yesterday, I would have probably felt much better if I had gone for a short walk instead of
staying in cramped, fuggy office. Get away from your desk for lunch. Stepping away from your work to briefly relax
and re-charge will help you be more, not less productive.
If you feel your stress building, take a break. Sometimes the best stress reducer is simply sharing your stress with
someone close to you. Getting support and empathy from someone else, is often an excellent way of blowing off
your steam. Just knowing you have co-workers who are willing to assist you in times of stress will reduce your
stress level. Just remember to reciprocate and help them when they are in need of it.
Lastly, always try to find humour in the situation. When you, or the people around you, start taking things too
seriously, find a way to break through with laughter. Share a joke or funny story. Remember you are in this
together.
Vocabulary
Nouns (imenice):
Verbs (verbe):
tension tensiune,
nervozitate
fatigue oboseala
pursuit activitate
downtime pauza
empathy - empatie
cope with a scoate la capt

prioritize a defini prioritile
tackle a se ocupa
accomplish a ajunge, a realiza
get over a trece peste
delegate a verifica, a da
underestimate a subaprecia
distinguish a deosebi, a distinge
rush a se grbi, a se npusti
ease a uura, a scade tensiunea
recharge a umple din nou
blow off steam a-i descrca surplusul de
energie
(aadjective i adverbe):
anxious anxios, ngrijorat
irritable iritabil
excessive - excesiv
overwhelming imens
solitary solitar
frantic frenetic, nebun
cramped nghesuit, strns
fuggy - sufocant
at times uneori

-
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
tension - strain, stress, nervousness, pressure, anxiety
fatique - tiredness, lethargy
pursuit - hobby, pastime
empathy - sympathy
Verbs (verbe)
cope with - deal with
tackle - undertake, deal with, attempt, try, begin
accomplish - realize, produce, effect, finish, complete, manage, achieve, perform, carry out
get over - overcome
delegate - entrust, transfer, hand over, give
underestimate - undervalue, understate, underrate, diminsh
distinguih - single out, individualize, set apart
rush - hurry, run, race, shhot, fly
ease - reduce, moderate, weaken, diminish, decrease, slow down
recharge - reload
anxious - concerned, worried, troubled, upset
irritable - bad-tempered, cross, tense
excessive - too much, enormous, extreme, exaggerated
overwhelming - vast, huge, massive, enormous, tremendous, immense
solitary - unsociable, retiring, reclusive, unsocial, isolated, lonely
frantic - mad, raging, furious, raving, ditracted, hectic
cramped - overcrowded, crowded, packed, narrow, squeezed
at times - On occasion; sometimes
The Third Conditional

Unitate: de la 50
A treia propoziie condiional semnific o aciune inventat sau total ireal. Ea ne d de neles c nu exist
posibilitatea pentru realizarea aciunii.
Condiia se exprim cu Past Perfect Tense, n timp ce n propoziia principal se afl verbul modal would +
infinitiv perfect fr to.
Infinitivul perfect (Perfect Infinitive) este forma infinitivului care se formeaz de la verbul HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE a verbului principal, de exemplu have been, have gone, have taken...
If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. - Dac la fi vzut, i-a fi spus noutile.
If someone had stolen my car, I would have called the

police. - Dac cineva mi-ar fura maina, eu a chema poliia.
Variaiile deasemenea pot aprea sub forma diferitelor verbe modale care nlocuiesc would n propoziia
principal.
If he had invited me, I might have come to the party. Dac m-ar fi chemat la petrecere, poate c a fi venit.
If the police had come on time, they could have caught the
burglar. - Dac poliia venea la timp, poate c l-ar fi prins pe
infractor.
n propoziia condiional pot aprea deasemenea unele variaii. n loc de Past Perfect Tense poate aprea Past
Perfect Continuous Tense.
If we had been travelling by car, the accident might not

have happened at all. - Dac am fi cltorit cu maina,
poate nu s-ar fi ajuns la accident.
Wish
Unitate: de la 50
Dac se dorete s se exprime dorina opus strii de fapt a lucrurilor sau regretul dup ceva, se folosete verbul
wish i dup acesta, forma corespunztoare a verbului principal.
Dac dorina este legat de prezent, acest verb va fi la timpul trecut simplu (Past simple tense).
I wish I had enough money to buy a new car. - Mi-a dori s

am destui bani s cumpr o main nou.
I wish I didn't have to work. - Mi-a dori s nu trebuie s

lucrez.
Verbul TO BE pentru toate persoanele sun WERE.
I wish I were rich. - Mi-a dori s fiu bogat.
She wishes she were an actress. - Ea i-ar dori s fie

actri.
Dac dorina este legat de trecut, se folosete timpul trecut perfect. (Past perfect tense)
I wish I had done that. - Mi-a dori s fi fcut aceasta.

They wish they hadn't been there yesterday. - Ei i-ar dori
s nu fi fost ieri acolo.
Lie and Deception

Unitate: de la 50
It was my 23rd birthday. Like every other year, my aunt prepared a present for me. It was something hand-made,
just like always. And then I saw a sweater that she had knitted for me. My first thought was: "Oh, no, not another
ghastly sweater!" but, of course, instead of that I said: "Oh, thank you. It's lovely, just what I wanted".
So I lied. What would have happened if I hadn't lied? Nothing well, thats for sure. But there is also the possibility
that I would have made everything simpler if I had just told the truth. She would have finally realised that I didn't
like her gifts and maybe she would have changed the presents she had been preparing for me.
Nevertheless, lying or the pure ability to deceive other people is an essential part of life. Lying means we want to
deceive someone. If we weren't trying to make someone think or feel something that they wouldn't otherwise think
or feel, manipulation would have never become such a cunning craft. In other words, if you influence someones
opinions or thoughts you are manipulating them. But many parts of life have manipulation as their basis. If we
couldn't influence other peoples thoughts and feelings, life as we know it would be impossible.
Most sport, for example, is based on deception. If the footballer at the yesterdays game hadn't made the
goalkeeper think that he was going to shoot in the opposite side of the net, he probably wouldn't have scored the
goal. Entertainment too, depends on deception. We are certain that the people on the stage are not really Julius
Caesar and Cleopatra. In many cases we enjoy being deceived. If the film-makers hadn't designed special
effects, we would have been greatly disappointed while watching some of todays contemporary films.
Think about everyday life. What would it really be like if, during history, people had had to tell only absolute truth
every time? What would have happened to courtship, family life, advertising? If we had been totally realistic, our
children would have never heard about Santa Clause. You have to admit, that would be a real pity. Deception
seems to be a natural part of life. We need to get people to do certain things all the time and we deliberately don't
tell the truth, or we tell only part of the truth. The question is, when does not telling the whole truth becomes a lie?
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
sweater - sveter
influence - influena
deception - decepie
goalkeeper - portar
craft - ocupaie, meserie
courtship - curte
advertising - publicitate
Santa Clause - Mo Crciun
pity - daune
knit - a croeta
score a goal - a da gol


hand-made - manual
ghastly - groaznic
cunning - iste
contemporary - contemporan
deliberately - intenionat
otherwise - n al doilea caz, n caz contrar
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
sweater
influence
jumper,
deception
effect,
-
goalkeeper
trickery,
craft
cardigan
impact,
fraud,
goalie,
impression
deceit
goaltender,
skill,
art,
net-keeper
ability,
technique
courtship
wooing,
courting
advertising
promotion,
marketing
Santa
Clause
Father
Chhristmas,
Kriss
Kringle,
Saint
Nick,
Santa,
St.
Nick,
Saint
Nicholas
pity - shame
Verbs (verbe)
knit - weave
hand-made
ghastly
horrible,
cunning
shhocking,
contemporary
deliberately
hand-crafted
terrible,
skillful,
modern,
latest,
intentionally,
on
otherwise - differently,, any other way, in another way, contrarily
awful
clever
recent
purpose
Some Things I wish I hadn`t Said to My Girlfriend

Unitate: de la 50
I wish I did not spend time on writing things like these, but I have to get this out of my system...
Last evening, while browsing through the clothes at my favourite boutique, I ran into my ex girlfriend. There is no
bad blood between us and it was good to see her, but the experience was a trigger for my thoughts about my
dating past. While I was at another boutique, I came across some t-shirts which had funny messages printed on
them. That brought to my mind the messages my girlfriend used to send me and I came up with some things I
wish I had said, or not said, to exes, recent and from the distant past.
I wish I'd said less about your appearance, more about your ideas.
I wish I had said less about my exes - that was stupid. And a little mean.
I wish I'd said nicer things about your messages; they werent that bad.
I wish I'd never said "I love you" when we were drunk. You were right; I didn't mean it and it did not sound
genuine.
I wish I'd said "I look ridiculous in these" when you told me to buy those yellow leather shoes. I did. I've worn them
only once, and everybody thought I looked like an idiot.
I wish I'd said "no" when you asked for money. That was not the kind of help you needed.
I wish I'd been more straightforward about my pet allergy - I couldn't bare the sight of your pets every day we
were together.
I wish I had told you why I was mad in some situations because your assumptions and the assumptions of your
friends ruined my life.
I wish I hadn't said those hopeful things about us and the future while we were breaking up -that was pathetic.
I wish I'd said it over the phone - I thought you needed to hear it in person, but it was cruel to make you wait.
I wish I'd said less. I was worried you wouldn't think I was interesting.
Vocabulary
Verbs (verbe):
trigger - declanator
bad blood - snge ru
experience - experien
appearance - aparena
assumption - presupunere
browse - a parcurge
run into - a lovi
come across - a da peste
bring to mind - a aminti
break up - a se despri
bare - a suporta
ruin - a distruge
tease - a necji


dating - n legtur cu ntlnirea

distant - distant
mean - ru, rutcois
genuine - onest, drept
hopeful - plin de speran
pathetic - patetic
ridiculous - ridicol
straightforward - cinstit
in person - personal
cruel - crud
Synonyms
Nouns (substantive)
bad blood - animosity, animus
experience - knowledge, uunderstanding, practice, skill
appearance - look, appearing
assumption - presumption, theory, opinion, belief, guess, expectation
Verbs (verbe)
browse - look for, search, seek
run into - meet
come across - meet
bring to mind - remember
brak up - part, split, split up, separate, break
bare - put up with
ruin - destroy, devastate, wreck, demolish
tease - mock, provoke, taunt
distant - far, remote
mean - unpleasant, rude, unfriendly
genuine - authentic, real, original
hopeful - optimistic, promising, encouraging
paathetic - inadequate
ridiculous - stupid, silly, outrageous, absurd, foolish
straightforward - honest, open, direct, sincere
in person - personally
cruel - brutal, inhuman

Engleza Business

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Engleza Business

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Present Simple and Present Continuous Tense

We work Noi lucrm

You work Tu lucrezi

You work Voi lucrai

They work Ei lucreaz

He teaches (teach - a preda).

She washes (wash - a spla).

He kisses (kiss - a sruta).

She fixes (fix - a repara).

He cries (cry - a plnge).

It flies (fly - a zbura).

She plays (play - a se juca).

He stays (stay - a rmne).

Dac n fa este vocala -y ,nu sunt schimbri.

Forma interogativ- Yes/No questions

Do we work? Noi lucrm?

Do you work? Tu lucrezi?

Do you work? Voi lucrai?

Does he work? El lucreaz?

Do they work? Ei lucreaz?

La ntrebrile Yes/No se rspunde cu rspunsuri scurte (Short answers) n felul urmtor:

Do I work? Yes, I do / No, I don't

Do we work? - Yes, we do / No, we don't

Do you work? Yes, you do / No, you don't.

Do you work? Yes, you do / No, you don't

Does he work? Yes, he does / No, he doesn't

Do they work? Yes, they do/No, they don't

Forma interogativ Wh- questions

Where do I work? Unde lucrez eu?

Where do we work? Unde lucrm noi?

Where do you work? Unde lucrezi tu?

Where do you work? Unde lucrai voi?

Where does he work? Unde lucreaz el?

I do not (don't) work Eu nu lucrez

We do not (don't) work Noi nu lucrm

You do not (don't) work Tu nu lucrezi

You do not (don't) work Voi nu lucrai

He does not (doesn't) work El nu lucreaz They do not (don't) work Ei nu

She does not (doesn't) work Ea nu

I get up at 6 oclock. - Eu m trezesc la ora 6.

She wears uniform at work. - Ea mbrac uniforma la lucru.

every day - n fiecare zi

every month - n fiecare lun

every year - n fiecare an etc.

once a year - o dat pe an

twice a day - de dou ori pe zi

three times a week -de trei ori pe sptmn etc.

I always go to school at 8 oclock in the morning. - Eu merg

She usually drinks tea in the evening. - Ea de obicei bea

We never eat in the living room. - Noi nu mncm niciodat

2. Adevruri generale (ceva ce este ntotdeauna corect)

People change money in banks. - Oamenii schimb banii

A day has 24 hours. - Ziua are 24 de ore.

The Earth goes around the Sun. - Pmntul se nvrte n

The Danube flows into the Black Sea. - Dunrea se vars

He speaks English very well. - El vorbete bine engleza.

My sister plays the piano. - Soara mea cnt la pian.

Present Continuous Tense (timpul prezent continuu)

l de la sfrsit ntotdeauna se dubleaz. De exemplu:

We are working Noi lucrm

You are working Tu lucrezi

You are working Voi lucrai

They are working Ei lucreaz

Are we working? Noi lucrm?