Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
P1 Semnale PDF
P1 Semnale PDF
Capitolul 1: Semnale
Bogdan Dumitrescu
1.5
1 ... ...
0.5
n
0
0.5
1.5
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
X
|x[n]| < .
n=
X
|x[n]|2 < .
n=
u[n]
[n]
1 1
... ...
... ...
n n
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
X
u[n] = [n k].
k=0
n
0
0.5
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
n
0
0.5
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
n
0
0.5
2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
n
0
0.5
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n
0
0.5
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
X
X() = x[n]ejn . (1)
n=
Z
lim |X() XM ()|2 d = 0,
M
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
/3 /3 /3 /3
0.2 0.2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
/3 /3 /3 /3
0.2 0.2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3.5
|X()|
x[n] 3
1 2.5
1.5
... ...
0.5
n 0
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
X
X() = 2 (2 + 0 ),
=
1.2
|X()|
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
1.2
0.8
0.6
x[n] =?
0.4
0.2
/3 /3
0.2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
sin
sinc = .
Folosind transformata Fourier inversa obtinem
t
t
1 1 1 jn
Z Z
jn jn
x[n] = X()e d = e d = e
2 2 t 2jn t
sin(t n) t
= = sinc(t n).
n
Am obtinut deci egalitatea
X sin(t n) jn t X
X() = e = sinc(t n)ejn .
n=
n n=
Pentru t = /3
X() x[n]
0.4
1.2
0.35
1
0.3
0.8 0.25
0.2
0.6
0.15
/3 /3
0.1
0.2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 15 10 5 0 5 10 15
Pentru m 6= 0
1 jm 2j sin(m)
Z
jm
e d = e = = 0,
jm jm
!
1 1
Z Z X
jn
X()e d = x[k]ejk ejn d
2 2 k=
Z
1 X
= x[k] ej(nk) d
2
k=
X
= x[k][n k]
k=
= x[n].
!
X X
Y () = x [n]ejn = x[n]ejn = X ().
n= n=
X() = X (),
ReX() = ReX(), ImX() = ImX(),
|X()| = |X()|, argX() = argX().
Convolutie:
X
X
T F (x[n] y[n]) = x[k]y[n k]ejn
n= k=
X
X
= jk
x[k]e y[n k]ej(nk)
k= n=
= X()Y ()
Modulatie n timp:
1
Z
T F (x[n]y[n]) = X()Y ( )d.
2
Forma generala:
1
X Z
x[n]y [n] = X()Y ()d.
n=
2
1
X Z
2
|x[n]| = |X()|2 d.
n=
2
1 1
Z Z X X
X()Y ()d = x[n]ejn y [k]ejk d
2 2 n= k=
Z
1 X X
= x[n]y [k] ej(kn) d
2 n=
k=
X
= x[n]y [n]
n=
1
I
x[n] = X(z)z n1 dz.
2j
Integrala se calculeaza pe un contur nchis n jurul originii n
planul complex, parcurs n sens invers acelor de ceas;
conturul este situat n regiunea de convergenta a
transformatei Z pentru semnalul x[n].
2 = E{( )2 } = E{ 2 } 2E{} + 2 = E{ 2 } 2
Z 1
Media este = d = 1/2
0
1
1 1 1
Z
Varianta este 2 = 2 2
d = =
0 3 4 12
1 ()
2
p() = e 22
2
Notatie uzuala a acestei distributii: N (, 2 )
p()
N 1
1 X
= x[n].
N
n=0
N N 1 N 1
( 1
)
1 X 1 X 1 X
E{} = E x[n] = E{x[n]} = = .
N N N
n=0 n=0 n=0
Estimatia nedeviata
N 1
1 X
r[k] = x[n]x[n k], 0 k N 1,
N k
n=k
N 1
1 X
r[k] = x[n]x[n k], 0 k N 1.
N
n=k
E{w[n]} = 0,
E{w[n]w[n k]} = 2 [k].
P () = 2