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Probleme de Diagnostic Si Tratament in Pediatrie PDF
Probleme de Diagnostic Si Tratament in Pediatrie PDF
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PROBLEME DE DIAGNOSTIC SI
TRATAMENT IN PEDIATRIE
FEBRA
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:'<DATE GENERALE
Efecte nocive:
disconfort pentru pacient
crestere semnificativa a activitatii metabolice (aprox 10%),
creste consumul de oxigen
creste productia de C02
cresc pierderile de apa si electroliti
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(Schmitt Bd: Fever Fabia; Misconceptions of parents about fever, Am J dis Child 134; 176-181, 1980)
Crocetti M et all; Fever fobla revisited: Have parental misconceptions about fever changed in 20 years?, ;:ediafrics 107: 1241-1246, 2991
TIPURI DE FEBRA
febra acuta
de scurta durata (2-4 zile) sau
de durata medie (5-7 zile)
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infectii (50%)
neoplazii (7%)
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1. Confirmarea febrei
-Prin luarea corecta a t' rectale
'""~.\ -Schematic se disting:
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sau 98,6Fj
Larry J Baraft. Management of infants and young Children with Fever without source,
Pediatric a.nnals 2008, vol 37: 10; 673-679
aspectul copilului
comportamentul seu
starea hemodinemice
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3. Identificarea compticetiitor
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':.t"
4. Identificarea cauzei
lnteroqatoriul parintilor/anamneza
caracteristicile febrei: ora de debut, nivelul t', alura evolutive, toleranta
semnele/simptomele asociate: cotizs, tuse, anorexie, diaree, varsaturi,
disurie, polakiurie, etc.
tratamente primite (AB, antitermice)
eventualitatea unei vecciniui recente
Examenul clinic
lnvestiqatii de prima- intentie
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5. Atitudinea terapeutica
Initial -chiar tnainte de stabilirea etiologiei care a
produs febra:
- corectarea eventuale/or tulbursri
metabolice (deshidratare), semne de
insuficienta respiratorie, etc.
- repaus /a pat
- t' camerei 18-20'C
-- Imbreceminte u$oara
- hidratare /arga
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5. Atitudinea terapeutica
Combaterea febrei prin:
metode fizice
baie progresiv racita (se tncepe cu 2'C sub temperatura corpului ~i se scade
progresiv, in 4-5 minute pana la 36'C)
INDICATIl/PRECAUTII:
Nu se recomanda la valori ale temperaturii < 38C
Indicalie relativa: 38C - 38,50C si stare generals buns
Indicatie absoluta
> 38,50C
{ febra cu disconfort
Larry J Baraft. Management of infants and young Children with Fever without
source, Pediatric annals 2008, vol 37: 10; 673-679
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5. Atitudineaterapeutica
Antltermlce:
in practica pediatrica se utilizeaza
FEBRA - ATITUDINE
TERAPEUTICA
(ghid de practica -NICE1, copii < 5)
11
Managementul febrei dpdv al medicului pediatru
~Qg!1
S':lb ~!unL -- ,;" ~Irmarirea semnelor si sir:nptomelorl ljmi.41iJ
-~t~~~9.Ii!i1y.este,~
f~~.talJle(lj!1tetQarlil:de,.v,iaia~4i'il
~
_ _I>-. :.-."'_;>;"" ".-;, <<:,~ .. ~ __ ~1"" ..;.:..~2'"" ..~"'"
I .r,
monitorizare:
temperatura
AV
I 'i'
Fara factori
de nsc
I IRisc crescut I
FR
~ ~ !
t Se recomanda: I Sa va efectua: Se va efectua:
Se va efectua:
Urocultura Urocultura
I Hemocultura
Hemoleucograma
PCR
Hemocultura
cercetati prezenta de
semne si sirnptorne de
pneumonie
I' HLG
HemocuItura
PCR
I
i
HLG
Urocultura
PCR
nu faceti de rutina I Rx daca T>3SOCsi Considerati urmatoarele
Urocultura
Radiografie (in prezenta
Rx sau teste de sange f
L>20000/dl
considerati PL daca I investigatii in functie de
examenul clinic:
semnelor respiratorii)
l PL (Ia orice varsta)
Coprocultura (in caz
de diaree)
.1,
Daca nu se obtine nici un
diagnostic, lasatl copilul
la damieillu si explicati
~"'"'<T--J Rx
electroliti se6ft3
ASTRUP
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Prevenirea CF
l
se recornanda reexaminarea copilului de medicul de
familie ~i internarea in spital
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TUSEA
REFLEXUL DE TUSE
:> De ce tusim?
reflex de aparare a cailor aerifere
antreneaza clearance-ul mucociliar si astfel curata caile
aerifere de secretii si detritusuri
:> Receptori ai reflexului de tuse raspanditi
la nivelul arborelui bronsic (de la laringe spre
bronhiile segmentare)
:> "Sensiblitatea" reflexului de tuse
poate sa fie influentata de diverse afectiuni sau
medicamente
Infectii virale
Astm
RGE
Inhibitori ai enzimei de conversie
A.B. Goldsobef, B.E. Chipps; Cough in the Pediatric Population, The Journal of Pediatrics, vo1156, no 3, 352-358, 2010
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Uneori aceste episoade "normale" de tuse sunt prelungite sau survin noaptea,
deterrninand ingrijorarea familiei
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...:.,
2. Tusea anormala
Include:
- tusea asociata cu 0 afectiune
respiratorie
- tuse ineficienta determinata de:
tulburari neuromusculare
anomalii structurale ale csitor aeriene
anomalii ale cutiei toracice.
- etiologie/sindroame clinice
Ahmad Kania,. Michael Shields. et. All Cough in ERS handbook; Pedialric Respiralory Medicine.
2013.4450
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A.B. Goldsobef, B.E. Chipps; Cough in the Pediatric Population, The Journal of Pediatrics, vo1156, no 3, 352-358, 2010
La aproximativ 25% dintre acestia, tusea persista mai mult de 14 zile (3-4
-septemenii;
Cei mai multi copii la care tusea persista peste 2-3 saptamani. dar nu
depaseste 8 septemeni, sunt considerati a avea "sintirom post-viral" sau
boa/a "pertussis-like" sau "tuse subacuta".
1.MichaelD Shields, Surerniran Thavagnanam, The difficult coughing child: prolonged acute cough in children, Cough, 2013, 9:1"
http://www.coughjoumal.comlcontent/9/1/11;
2. Mafcofm Brodlie, Chris Graham, Michaef C McKean, Childhood cough, BMJ 2012;344:e1177 doi: 10. 1136/bmj.e1177 (Published 6 March 2012);
3. M D Shields, A Bush, M L Everard, S McKenzie, 4 R Prlmhak, Recommendations for the assessment and mBnagament of cough in children, Thorax 2008;
63(Suppllll):ii/HiiI5. dol: 10. 1136/thx.2007.077370.
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05.1 a z:
FACTORI DE MEDIU
Expunere aceta la texice poluanti ehimici, fum, tutun, ete
ALTECAUZE
Aspirarea de carpi stralnl Istorie acut de sufocare
Exacerbare a astmului Istorie si simptomatologie de astm
Aceasta nu este 0 lista exhaustiva de cauze. Orice agent patogen, altul decat infectiile virale pot fi
incriminate in etiolegie. Cauze non pulmonare (leucemia acuta, lnsuficlenta cardiaca, etc.) pot sa se
prezinte cu tuse acuta
Ahmad Kantar, Michael Shields, et. All Cough in ERS handbook; Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, 2013, 4450
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Sugar:'
Latratoare/ragusita Crup viral, leucomalaeie, alte anomalii anatomiee ale eailor
respiratoriiltubului digestiv
Ragusita
Chlamydophilla
Umeda
Bronsita baeteriana eronica
Copilarie
Latratoare/ragusita Crup viral
Spasmodiea/paroxistica (eu Sind rom pertussis-like
sau tara convulsii)
Umeda (eu sau tara sputa) Bronsita baeteriana cronicaisinuzita
Adolescent
Latratoare/ragusita Habituala/psihogena
Spasmodiea/paroxistica (eu Sindrom pertussis-like
sau tara eonvulsii)
Umeda (eu sau tara sputa) Pneumonie/Bronsita baeteriana eronica/sinuzita
A. B. GoJdsobe', B. E. Chipps; Cough in the Pediatric Population, The Journal of Pediatrics, vo1156, no 3, 352-358, 2010
19
Pentru diagnosticul si tratamentul copilului care tuseste,
cauta mai multe etemente cllnlce:
1. Frecventa respiratorie ?
3. Are stridor?
statusul de imunizare
I-Malcolm Btodlie, Chris Graham, Michael C McKean, Childhood cough, BMJ 2012;344:eI177 doi: 10. 11361bmiell77 (Published 6 March 2012);
2M 0 Shields, A Bush, M L EverBrd, S McKenzie,4 R Primhak, Recommendations tor the assessment and management of cough in children. Thorax
2008; 63(Supp/ 1I/):iiil-iiiIS. dol: 10. 113Mhx.2007.077370.
20
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1~Mafc;olmBrodfie, Chris Graham, Michael C McKean, Childhood cough, 8MJ 2012;344:e1177 do;: 10. 1136/bmj.e1177 (Published 6 March 2012);
2-M D Shields, A Bush, M L Everard, S McKenz/e,4 R Primhak, Recommendations (or the assessment and management of cough in children, Thorax
2008; 63(SuppIIllJ:iii1-iii1S. doi:10.113Mhx.2007.077370.
Ahmad Kantar, et. All Cough in ERS Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, 2013, 44-50
2
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1.Mafcolm Brodfie, Chris Graham, Michael C McKean, Childhood cough, BMJ 2012;344:81177 do;: 10. 113B1bmj.e1177(Published 6 March 2012);
2. D Shields, A Bush, M L Everard, S McKenzie,4 R Primhak, Repommendetlons for the assessment and management of cough in children, Thorax 2008:
63(Suppllll):iiil-iiilS. doi:l0.11361thx.2007.077370.
3. World Health Organization. Cough and cold remedies (or the treatment of acute respiratory infections in young children, 2001.
hffp:/lwt>qlibdoc.who.inlA1q/2001IWHO_FCH_ CAH_ 01.02.pdf
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t.
1-Malcolm Btodfie, Chris Graham, Michael C McKean, Childhood cough, BMJ 2012;344:e1177 doi: 10. 1136tbmj.e1177 (Published 6 March 2012);
2-M 0 Shields, A BUSh, M L Everard, S McKenzie,4 R Pninhak, Recommendations for the assessment and management of cough in children, Thorax
2008; 63(Supp/III):ii/l-iiiI5. doi:10.1136/1hx.2007.077370.
STRATEGII TERAPEUTICE
Episod
de tuse acuta
-,... ..............
~
MUfI~~
C"
23
.,
. Rogers OF. Mucoactive agents for airway mucus hypersecretory diseases. Resp. Care
2007;52: (9).1176-1193
24