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Tireotropinom, celule
cu imunoreactivitate
pentru subunitatea alfa si
TSH
Adenom cu celule
corticotrofe,
imunoreactivitate pentru
citokeratine si ACTH
Factori implicati in patogenia tumorilor
hipofizare
1. EREDITARI:
•MEN-1
•Defecte la nivelul factorilor de transcriptie; ex. excesul de Prop-1
•Complexul Carney
•Mutatie AIP (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein )
2. HIPOTHALAMICI:
•Productie excesiva de GHRH sau CRH
•Activarea de receptori
•Deprivarea de dopamina
3. HIPOFIZARI:
•Mutatii la nivelul transductiei semnalului; ex. gsp, CREB
•Factori de crestere si citokine; ex. FGF-2, FGF-4, LIF, EGF, NGF
•Activarea oncogenelor sau disruptia ciclului celular; ex. PTTG; ras; p27
•Efectul paracrin asupra hipofizei al hormonilor hipotalamici; ex. GHRH, TRH
•Pierderea functiei de gena supresor tumoral; ex. 11q13; 13
4. FACTORI DE MEDIU:
• Estrogeni
• Iradiere
5. PERIFERICI:
• Insuficienta organelor periferice: ovar, tiroida, suprarenale
Cauzele tumorigenezei
Gene candidate in tumorigeneza hipofizara
Mechanism of Overexpression or
Gene Tumor Type Inactivation Function or Defect
ACTIVATING
gsp 40% GH-secreting tumors Point mutation at codon 221 or 227 Elevated cAMP
H-ras Metastatic pituitary Point mutation at codon 12, 13, or 61 Tyrosine kinase activation
carcinoma
FGFR Prolactinomas Truncated isoform Constitutive phosphorylation
Galectin-3 All Mediates progression
INACTIVATING
13q14 Highly invasive tumors 13q14 LOH Inconsistent Rb protein loss, disrupted
cell cycle regulation; epigenetic
defect
CDKN2A All tumor types Gene methylation leading to absent Absent p16 leading to disrupted cell
p16, allowing Rb cycle regulation
phosphorylation and cell cycle
progression
C1P1/KIP1 Transgenic mouse models Gene methylation leading to absent Regulate CDK enzymes including
p27 CDK4/6-cyclin Ds
GADD45γ Adenoma Gene methylation Growth arrest
A Sindromul tumoral hipofizar
Manifestari clinice
Lodish MB et al. , Current Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016 Feb;23:72-80 *Frequency of acromegaly /gigantism
Principalele efecte ale GH
Manifestari clinice
Ingroşarea buzelor
Hipertrofie parotidiana
Prognatism
Visceromegalia
Diagnosticul pozitiv al acromegaliei
•Valori crescute ale IGF1 (pentr varsta si sex )
•Chirurgical
•Medicamentos
•Radioterapie
Tratamentul chirurgical
Indicatii :
majoritatea tumori hipofizare secretante (! prolactinom)- viza curativa
tumori cu origine intraselara ce produc fenomene de compresiune
tumori aflate in vecinatatea chiasmei optice
recidive tumorale dupa chirurgie sau radioterapie
rezistenta sau intoleranta la terapia medicamentoasa
Scop:
• rezectia/reductia masei tumorale
• diminuarea sindromului tumoral hipofizar (camp vizual, cefalee)
• restabilirea secretiei hormonale normale
• faciliteaza diagnosticul histopatologic si imunocitochimic
•Hemoragia (5%)
•Rinoree cu LCR
•Meningita
•Afectarea acuitatii vizuale
•Diabet insipid tranzitor (15%)/ permanent
•SIADH tranzitor (10%)
•Hipopituitarismul postoperator (5-10%)
Radioterapia
Tipuri:
Radioterapia externa cu raze X
– Conventionala normovoltata (keV)-4.000-5.000 cGy,
administrati fractionat in doze zilnice de 180-200 cGy; are efect
lent in timp (5-10 ani)
– Supravoltata (Mev)-Linac (linear particle accelerator)
Radioterapia cu particule- cu raza protonica
Tehnici de inalta precizie, conformatioanle- radioterapie/
radiochirurgie stereotactica:
•Gamma knife, Cyberknife
•Interstitiala (Au 198,Ytriu 90)
Radioterapia
postchirurgicala
High β-arrestin 1
Gadelha M et al. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013;24:238–246; AIP, aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein
Gatto F et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E66–E71; Dénes J et al. PLoS One MRI, magnetic resonance imaging;
2015;10:e0117107 SSTR, somatostatin receptor subtype
Katznelson et al. Acromegaly: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, JCEM 2014
Tratamentul prolactinoamelor
Obiective:
o Oprirea galactoreei si normalizarea functiei gonadice
o Normalizarea valorilor prolactinei
o Disparitia tumorii
•Rareori chirurgie
•Radioterapie