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Încărcat de Oleg Baicev în Jan 30, 2021

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M dlmonrmt1 M vdrfhfjmt1
Ztugdktm `r.mj. G_?990 gr., jnkh. ukfvdrsftmr,
mvnjmt
Zlusmrdkjn Zvdtlmkm

JefŞfkĊu, ?9?9
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=. Fktrngujdrd................................................................................................,..7-4

?. Mrt. ?= prfvft suo mspdjt jnkstftuȒfnkml.........................……………….....8-5

:. YrdzucȒfm kdvfknvĊȒfdf prfvftĊ suo mspdjt prnjdsuml-pdkml………,…,..5-=9

7. _d`ldcdktmrdm fktdrkmȒfnkmlĊ…………………………………,,,,,,,,,….=9-==

4. FcpnrtmkȒm prfkjfpfuluf prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf……………………,,.==-=4

8. YrdzucȒfm gd kdvfknvĊȒfd ëk ld`fslmȒfm rncïkdmsjĊ……………….…,,.=8-?:

Jnkjluzfd………………………………………………………….…………,,,..?7

Ofolfn`rmhfd…………………………………...……………………...……….?4-?8

Lfstm mordvfdrflnr1

- _C ‚ _dpuolfjm Cnlgnvm

- JY ‚ Jng Ydkml

- JYY ‚ Jng gd YrnjdgurĊ YdkmlĊ

- mrt. - mrtfjnlul

- mlfk. ‚ mlfkdmtul

- lft. - lftdrm

- pmrm`. ‚ pmrm`rmh

- j. - jnktrm

- Jmp. - jmpftnl

- Ent. - entĊrïrd

- p. - pm`fkm

- JDGN ‚ JnkvdkȒfm DurnpdmkĊ m Grdpturflnr Nculuf

- JtDGN - Jurtdm DurnpdmkĊ m Grdpturflnr Nculuf

=. Fktrngujdrd

FcpnrtmkȒm tdcdf1 Yrfkjfpful prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf, dstd prfkjfpful jd stĊ lm omzm

grdptuluf, Ȗf mjȒfukflnr dhdjtumtd gd jĊtrd nr`mkdld gd stmt. Jnksfgdr npnrtuk gd m mkmlfzm
prfkjfpful gmt prfk prfscm mplfjmoflftĊȒff mjdstufm ëk aurfsprugdkȒĊ, Ȗf juknmȖtdrdm ëk dsdkȒĊ m
prdzucȒfdf gd kdvfknvĊȒfd, hmpt jd dstd kdjdsmr sĊ juknmsjĊ hfdjmrd jdtĊȒdmk ml mjdstuf stmt,
fkgfhdrdkt gd gncdkful gfk jmrd prnvfkd, cmf cult dstd rdhldjtmt ëk mrtfjnlul ?= gfk Ld`dm
ZuprdcĊ gfk stmt.
GmjĊ mr hf sĊ hmjdc n fkjursfukd ëk fstnrfd, mtukjf prfcdld dldcdktd dcorfnkmrd mld
prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf mpmr ëkjĊ ëk sdj. UXFF ëktr-n sdrfd gd gnjucdktd juc mr hf1 pdtfȒfm
grdpturflnr gfk =8?5 Ȗf Emodms Jnrpus Mjt gfk =806, jnkhnrc jĊrnrm trfoukmldlnr ld-m hnst
ëkjrdgfkȒmt jnktrnlul msuprm rdȒfkdrflnr Ȗf mrdstĊrff jdtĊȒdkflnr. Ëk jnkhnrcftmtd ju Emodms Jnrpus
Mjt lm jdrdrdm mrdstmktuluf smu nrfjĊrdf mltd pdrsnmkd trfoukmlul drm nolf`mt sĊ dcftĊ uk cmkgmt gd
mgujdrd m mrdstmtuluf, putïkg entĊrï hfd trfcftdrdm luf ëk ëkjefsnmrd, hfd pukdrdm luf ëk lfodrtmtd, ju
smu hĊrĊ jmuȒfukd. YdtfȒfm grdpturflnr mvdm jm nofdjt `mrmkȒfm ëcpntrfvm mrdstĊrflnr Ȗf jnkhfsjĊrflnr
gd oukurf hĊrĊ rdspdjtmrdm prnjdgurff gd augdjmtĊ knrcmlĊ. Mjdstd mjtd hffkg hnrculmtd ëk tdrcdkf
`dkdrmlf, gd prdvdgdrfld lnr mu odkdhfjfmt ëk cmrd pmrtd jdf mvuȒf. Yd gd mltĊ pmrtd `mrmkȒffld gmtd
ku sd dxtfkgdmu lm jrfcdld ëcpntrfvm stmtuluf. Dldcdktd mld prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf sd cmf
ëktïlkdsj Ȗf ëk jmgrul gdjlmrmȒfdf grdpturflnr nculuf Ȗf jdtĊȒdmkuluf mgnptmtd gd jĊtrd mgukmrdm
jnkstftumktĊ m HrmkȒdf lm ?8 mu`ust =056.
Ëk Ztmtdld Tkftd prfcdld dldcdktd mld prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf juprfkg gnjucdktdld1
GdjlmrmȒfm gd fkgdpdkgdkȒĊ gd lm 7 fulfd =008, Jnkstftutfm Ztmtdlnr Tkftd gfk =0 sdptdcorfd =050,
Jnrpul lfodrtĊȒflnr (Ongy nh lfodrtfds), GdjlmrmȒfm grdpturflnr mgnptmtĊ gd Mgukmrdm gfk stmtul
Xfr`fkfm, lm =? fukfd =008. Ëk tdrftnrffld rncïkdȖtf dldcdktdld prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf m jnkȒfkut
JnkstftuȒfm jmrvukmrflnr gfk =5??. MjdmstĊ JnkstftuȒfd pdktru prfcm gmtĊ prnjlmcm grdptul lm
prnprfdtmtd prfvmtĊ. Gd msdcdkdm, prnjlmcm d`mlftmtdm nmcdkflnr ëk hmȒm ld`ff fkgfhdrdkt gd rmk`,
gd stmrdm snjfmlĊ dtj., prntdjȒfm mrdstmtuluf prfk rdprfcmrdm nrfjĊrdf msprfcf jmrd ku mr hf kdjdsmrĊ
msf`urĊrff gd pdrsnmkm prdvdkftuluf, grdptul pdrsnmkdlnr gd m sd mgrdsm hĊrĊ mkucftd ëk`rĊgfrf
ëk augdjmtĊ. Yrfkjfpful prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf dstd prdzdkt ëk jnkȒfkutul JnkstftuȒfdf _ncïkfdf
gfk=6?:. Ëk pdrfnmgm mkflnr =6?7‚=6:5 ëk tdrftnrful kucft _ZZC m hnst tntml kd`lfamt Ȗf
kd`mt prfkjfpful prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf jm Ȗf jdldlmltd grdpturf hukgmcdktmld
mld jdtĊȒdkflnr. Ëk mjdst sdks lm =9 cmf =6?4 Jnk`rdsul Znvdtdlnr gfk ëktrdm`m TjrmfkĊ m ëktĊrft
JnkstftuȒfm _ZZC. JnkstftuȒfm juprfkgdm 75 pukjtd dxpusd ëk 0 jmpftnld. JnkstftuȒfm gfk =6?4 ku
sd rdhdrdm lm grdpturf Ȗf lfodrtĊȒf jddm jd ku dstd jncpmtfofl ju gdkucfrdm gd JnkstftuȒfd cngdrkĊ.

?.Mrt. ?= prfvft suo mspdjt jnkstftuȒfnkml

Jnkhnrc mrt. ?= gfk JnkstftuȒfm _dpuolfjff Cnlgnvm “Nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ mjuzmtĊ gd uk gdlfjt
dstd prdzucmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ pïkĊ jïkg vfknvĊȒfm sm vm hf gnvdgftĊ ëk cng ld`ml, ëk jursul ukuf
prnjds augfjfmr puolfj, ëk jmgrul jĊrufm f s-mu msf`urmt tnmtd `mrmkȒffld kdjdsmrd mpĊrĊrff smld.–
YrdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf= dstd uk prfkjfpfu gd grdpt rdjuknsjut lm sjmrĊ fktdrkmŪfnkmlĊ,
jnkhnrc jĊrufm mjuzmtul ku mrd smrjfkm gd m-Ȗf gnvdgf kdvfknvĊŪfm. MjdmstĊ smrjfkĊ rdvfkd
mjuzmtnruluf. Yrfkjfpful prdzucŪfdf kdvfknvĊŪfdf dstd dkukŪmt ëk mjtdld fktdrkmŪfnkmld lm jmrd
_dpuolfjm Cnlgnvm dstd pmrtd, ëk spdjfml mrt. == ml GdjlmrmŪfdf Tkfvdrsmld m Grdpturflnr Nculuf1
‛Nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ mjuzmtĊ gd jncftdrdm ukuf mjt ju jmrmjtdr pdkml mrd grdptul sĊ hfd prdsupusĊ
kdvfknvmtĊ pïkĊ jïkg vfknvĊŪfm sm vm hf stmoflftĊ ëk cng ld`ml ëk jursul ukuf prnjds puolfj ëk jmrd
f-mu hnst msf`urmtd tnmtd `mrmkŪffld kdjdsmrd mpĊrĊrff smld“, mrt. =7 ml Ymjtuluf fktdrkmŪfnkml ju
prfvfrd lm grdpturfld jfvfld Ȗf pnlftfjd, mrt. 8 mlfk. (?) ml JnkvdkŪfdf durnpdkd pdktru mpĊrmrdm
grdpturflnr nculuf Ȗf m lfodrtĊŪflnr hukgmcdktmld1 ‛Nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ mjuzmtĊ gd n fkhrmjŪfukd dstd
prdzucmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ pïkĊ jïkg vfknvĊŪfm sm vm hf ld`ml stmoflftĊ.“.
YrdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf dstd uk grdpt fktmk`fofl, gd nrf`fkd jutucfmrĊ ml grdptuluf puolfj
fktdrkmŪfnkml Ȗf jncpnrtĊ mjddmȖf vmlmoflftmtd Ȗf ëk pdrfnmgm jnkhlfjtdlnr mrcmtd fktdrkmŪfnkmld Ȗf
fktdrkd. DsdkŪm prfkjfpfuluf ëk jmuzĊ jnkstĊ ëk mjjdptmrdm gd jĊtrd ld`fslmtnr m prdzucŪfdf
kdvfknvĊŪfdf fkgfvfzflnr ëk hmvnmrdm grdpturflnr mjdstnrm. YrdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf dstd mplfjmtĊ ëk
jmgrul aurfsprugdkŪdf durnpdkd, hffkg pmrtd fktd`rmktĊ m grdptuluf lm uk prnjds djeftmofl. Mjdst
prfkjfpfu prdvdgd, prfktrd mltdld, Ȗf nolf`mŪfm fkstmkŪdlnr augdjĊtnrdȖtf kmŪfnkmld, prdjuc Ȗf m
mutnrftĊŪflnr puolfjd, gd m ku susŪfkd ëk kfjfuk hdl gd jfrjucstmkŪd jĊ n pdrsnmkĊ dstd vfknvmtĊ gd
jncftdrdm ukdf fkhrmjŪfukf, gmjĊ mjdmstĊ fkhrmjŪfukd ku m hnst gnvdgftĊ pd jmld augfjfmrĊ. Jurtdm
DurnpdmkĊ m Grdpturflnr Nculuf m gdjlmrmt ëk jmzul Cfkdllf v. DlvdŪfm (?4 cmrtfd =65:) jĊ
prdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf dstd vfnlmtĊ ëk jmzul ëk jmrd gdjfzfm ukdf fkstmkŪd augdjĊtnrdȖtf dxprfcĊ
npfkfm rdhdrftnr lm vfknvĊŪfm ukdf pdrsnmkd ëk jfrjucstmkŪdld ëk jmrd pdrsnmkm ëk jmuzĊ ku m mvut
pnsfoflftmtdm sĊ sd mpdrd jnktrm mjuzmŪfflnr mgusd df. Msthdl pnmtd hf Ȗf jmzul mosdkŪdf ukdf gdjfzff
hnrcmld2 dstd gnmr suhfjfdkt sĊ dxfstd n mluzfd jĊ fkstmkŪm jnksfgdrĊ vfknvmt mjuzmtul. ?
Nolf`mŪfm gd m rdspdjtm prdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf sd mplfjĊ ku gnmr ëk jmzurfld pdkmld. Ëk
jncdktmrful lm mrt. =7 ml Ymjtuluf fktdrkmŪfnkml ju prfvfrd lm grdpturfld jfvfld Ȗf pnlftfjd, Jncftdtul
Ymjtuluf m dvfgdkŪfmt nolf`mŪfm tuturnr mutnrftĊŪflnr puolfjd ‛sĊ sd moŪfkĊ gd lm prdaugfjfdrdm
rdzultmtdlnr prnjdsuluf“ .

=
Lmt. Df fkjucoft prnomtfn quf gfjft, knk quf kd`mt.
?
JnkstftuȒfm _dpuolfjff Cnlgnvm (Jncdktmrfu), JefȖfkĊu ?9=?, p.=94
8

Ëk jmzul Brmusd v. DlvdŪfm (: njtncorfd =605), Jncfsfm gd lm Ztrmsonur` m dxplfjmt jĊ ëk

tfcp jd nhfjfmlff pnt mkukŪm ëk puolfj dxfstdkŪm suspfjfukflnr, prdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf vm hf vfnlmtĊ
ëk jmzul uknr gdjlmrmŪff hnrcmld gfk pmrtdm mutnrftĊŪflnr:.
Ëk pdrfnmgm rd`fculuf jncukfst tntmlftmr, _dpuolfjm Cnlgnvm s-m jnkhruktmt ju sftumŪfm ëk
jmrd fkjulpmŪff drmu sflfŪf sĊ-Ȗf rdjuknmsjĊ pmrŪfml smu tntml julpmoflftmtdm. YrdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf
drm f`knrmtĊ hlm`rmkt, fmr fkjulpmtul trdoufm sĊ-Ȗf gdcnkstrdzd kdvfknvĊŪfm. _djuknmȖtdrdm
prnprfdf vfknvĊŪff mvdm Ȗf dm uk rnl cmanr. FkstmkŪm gd augdjmtĊ Ȗf mjuzmtnrul gd stmt urcĊrdmu uk
sfk`ur lujru ‚ jnkhfrcmrdm vfknvĊŪfdf gd jĊtrd fkjulpmt Ȗf rdjuknmȖtdrdm prnodlnr jd f s-mu
prdzdktmt ëk jmgrul mkjedtdf prdlfcfkmrd. _dspdjtfv, rdjuknmȖtdrdm, mutnfkjulpmrdm Ȗf cĊrturfsfrfld
drmu jnksfgdrmtd grdpt prnod suhfjfdktd, jefmr gmjĊ ku drmu jncpldtmtd gd mltd prnod. Mjdstd
cdtngd utflfzmtd ëk prnjdsdld augfjfmrd drmu ucflftnmrd pdktru gdckftmtdm gdŪfkuŪflnr Ȗf jnkstftufmu
`rmvd momtdrf gd lm knrcdld gdcnjrmtfjd. Mjdstd cdjmkfscd, prfk dxdrjftmrdm lnr gd-m luk`ul
mkflnr, mu jnkgus lm gd`rmgmrdm fkstmkŪdf gd augdjmtĊ. 7
Tk lnj mpmrtd ëk jmgrul mjtdlnr ld`fslmtfvd, jmrd jnkŪfk knrcd mld fkstftuŪfdf aurfgfjd
jncdktmtd, dstd rdzdrvmt Jnguluf gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ ml _dpuolfjff Cnlgnvm. Knrcdld
jnkstftuŪfnkmld rdhdrftnmrd lm prdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf Ȗf knrcdld jnkjrdtd ëk mjdmstĊ cmtdrfd gfk
Jngul gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ rdprdzfktĊ jnrmpnrtul gfktrd rd`ldcdktmrdm jnkstftuŪfnkmlĊ `dkdrmlĊ Ȗf
jdm rmcurmlĊ pmrtfjulmrĊ. Yrdvdgdrfld Jnguluf gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ rdprnguj gfspnzfŪffld
jnkstftuŪfnkmld. Ydktru flustrmrd, vnc jncpmrm gfspnzfŪffld jnkstftuŪfnkmld ju jdld juprfksd ëk
JYY ml _C. Ëk prfcul rïkg, prdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf dstd hnrculmtĊ ju jlmrftmtd ëk mrt. 5 mlfk. (=)
JYY ml _C1 ‛Ydrsnmkm mjuzmtĊ gd sĊvïrȖfrdm ukdf fkhrmjŪfukf dstd prdzucmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ mtïtm
tfcp jït vfknvĊŪfm sm ku vm hf gnvdgftĊ, ëk cngul prdvĊzut gd JYY ml _C, ëktr-uk prnjds augfjfmr
puolfj, ëk jmgrul jĊrufm ëf vnr hf msf`urmtd tnmtd `mrmkŪffld kdjdsmrd mpĊrĊrff smld, Ȗf ku vm hf
jnkstmtmtĊ prfktr-n entĊrïrd augdjĊtnrdmsjĊ gd jnkgmckmrd gdhfkftfvĊ“. Ëk ml gnfldm rïkg, mjŪfukfld
pdrcfsd gd grdptul prnjdsuml pdkml sukt gdstfkmtd tuturnr pmrtfjfpmkŪflnr lm rdlmŪffld jmrd hmj
nofdjtul gd rd`ldcdktmrd, pdrcfsfukd dxprfcmtĊ gdsjefs ëk mlfk. (?). Gd dxdcplu, kfcdkf ku dstd
nolf`mt sĊ gnvdgdmsjĊ kdvfknvĊŪfm sm.
Dstd dgfhfjmtnmrd mplfjmrdm prfkjfpfuluf prdzucŪfdf kdvfknvĊŪfdf gd jĊtrd Jurtdm DurnpdmkĊ m
Grdpturflnr Nculuf ëk jmzul Hukbd v. HrmkŪm 4. Dstd vnrom gd grdptul gd m pĊstrm tĊjdrdm. Ëk jmzul
rdspdjtfv, mutnrftĊŪfld vmcmld nolf`mu oĊkuftul sĊ mgujĊ prnodld pd jmrd mkjedtmtnrff ku ld putdmu
`Ċsf. Dld mu ëkjdrjmt, prfk gfvdrsd prnjdgurf, sĊ noŪfkĊ jm Admk-@ustmvd Hukbd sĊ prdzfktd

:
ettps1//www.djer.jnd.fkt/Ym`ds/encd.mspx>p3mpplfjmkts/ruc
7
JnkstftuȒfm _dpuolfjff Cnlgnvm (Jncdktmrfu), JefȖfkĊu ?9=?, p.=94
4
ettps1//www.djer.jnd.fkt/Ym`ds/encd.mspx>p3mpplfjmkts/ruc

gnjucdktd, m jĊrnr dxfstdkŪĊ n oĊkufmu hĊrĊ sĊ n pnmtĊ gdcnkstrm. JDGN m gdjlmrmt jĊ prntdjŪfm
mrt. 8 pdrcftdm ukuf mjuzmt sĊ pĊstrdzd tĊjdrdm Ȗf sĊ ku jnktrfoufd lm prnprfm fkjrfcfkmrd.
DxfstĊ Ȗf mltd jfrjucstmkŪd jmrd sukt gfrdjt ld`mtd gd suofdjtul jncdktmt. Nrfjd mjuzmt mrd, ëk
spdjfml, grdptul1 sĊ hfd fkhnrcmt, ëk tdrcdkul jdl cmf sjurt, ëktr-n lfcoĊ pd jmrd n ëkŪdld`d Ȗf ëk
cng mcĊkukŪft, msuprm kmturff Ȗf jmuzdf mjuzmŪfdf mgusd ëcpntrfvm sm2 sĊ gfspukĊ gd tfcpul Ȗf gd
ëkldskfrfld kdjdsmrd prd`Ċtfrff mpĊrĊrff smld2 sĊ sd mpdrd dl ëksuȖf smu sĊ hfd msfstmt gd uk mpĊrĊtnr
mlds gd dl, Ȗf gmjĊ ku gfspukd gd cfalnmjd kdjdsmrd pdktru m plĊtf uk mpĊrĊtnr, sĊ pnmtĊ hf msfstmt ëk
cng `rmtuft gd uk mvnjmt gfk nhfjfu, mtukjf jïkg fktdrdsdld austfŪfdf n jdr2 sĊ ëktrdod smu sĊ snlfjftd
mugfdrdm cmrtnrflnr mjuzĊrff Ȗf sĊ noŪfkĊ jftmrdm Ȗf mugfdrdm cmrtnrflnr mpĊrĊrff ëk mjdldmȖf jnkgfŪff
jm Ȗf cmrtnrff mjuzĊrff2 sĊ hfd msfstmt ëk cng `rmtuft gd uk fktdrprdt, gmjĊ ku ëkŪdld`d smu ku
vnrodȖtd lfcom hnlnsftĊ lm mugfdrd.
Ëk ml trdfldm rïkg, jnkjluzffld gdsprd vfknvĊŪfm pdrsnmkdf gd sĊvïrȖfrdm fkhrmjŪfukff ku pnt hf
ëktdcdfmtd pd prdsupukdrf. _dspdjtmrdm mjdstdf rd`ulf mrd grdpt rdzultmt dhdjtd aurfgfjd hmvnrmofld
smu pnsfoflftmtdm survdkfrff mjdstnrm ëk jmzul ëk jmrd tnmtd guoffld prfvfkg prnomrdm ëkvfkufrff jmrd
ku pnt hf ëklĊturmtd, ëk jnkgfŪffld JYY ml _C, sd fktdrprdtdmzĊ ëk hmvnmrdm oĊkuftuluf, ëkvfkuftuluf,
fkjulpmtuluf. Ëk jmzul Ynpnvfjf v. Cnlgnvm 8 Jurtdm DurnpdmkĊ m Grdpturflnr Nculuf m jnkstmtmt
jĊ m mvut lnj vfnlmrdm mrt. 8 ml JnkvdkŪfdf, Ȗf mkucd m pjt. ? ‚ ëkjĊljmrdm prfkjfpfuluf fktmk`fofl ml
prdzucŪfdf kdvfknvĊŪfdf.

:.YrdzucȒfm kdvfknvĊȒfdf prfvftĊ suo mspdjt prnjdsuml-pdkml

YrdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd (prdsupukdrdm, rdjuknmŞtdrdm aurfgfjĊ m ukuf hmpt pëkĊ lm prnom

jnktrmrfd) dstd ukm ld`mlĊ Şf rdlmtfvĊ. Mjdstd sd dxplfjĊ prfk hmptul jĊ dstd prdvĊzutĊ dxprds ëk ld`d
Şf dstd pnsfoflĊ rĊsturkmrdm (tnt ëk omzm ld`ff) mjdstdf prdzucŪff.
DsdkŪm mjdstdf prdzucŪff jnkstĊ ëk stmtutul mjnrgmt oĊkuftuluf, ëkvfkuftuluf smu fkjulpmtuluf
ëk jmgrul prnjdsuluf pdkml, hffkg jnksfgdrmt n pdrsnmkĊ gd oukĊ jrdgfkŪĊ, gfk mjdst stmtut rdzultëkg
tnmtd `mrmkŪffld pusd lm gfspnzfŪfm luf, Şf rdspdjtmrdm grdpturflnr smld gd jĊtrd nr`mkdld gd urcĊrfrd
pdkmlĊ smu fkstmkŪm gd augdjmtĊ pdktru m ku-f ëkjĊljm mjdst grdpt hukgmcdktml ml nculuf Şf pdktru m-
f mjnrgm Şmksm Şf `mrmkŪffld rdmld gd m sd mpĊrm gd n mjuzmŪfd fkaustĊ smu kdprnpnrŪfnkmlĊ.
YrdzucŪfm kdvfknvĊŪfdf juprfkgd Şf lfpsm nolf`mŪfdf vrd-ukdf pdrsnmkd sĊ-Şf gnvdgdmsjĊ
kdvfknvĊŪfm sm (mrt. 5 ml (?) JYY _.C.). Gd msdcdkdm dstd rdjuknsjut Şf mtrfouft grdptul
rdjuknmŞtdrff ëktdcdfmtd m pdrsnmkdf jm vfknvmt gd sĊvërŞfrdm ukdf fkhrmjŪfukf, gnmr fkstmkŪdf gd
8
ettp1//austfjd.cg/cg/aug^`dk/
5

augdjmtĊ, jmrd ku dstd ŪfkutĊ gd vrd-uk fktdrds gd sdrvfjfu jm sĊ mjuzd smu sĊ mjeftd ëk cng
prdjnkjdput n pdrsnmkĊ. XfknvĊŪfm pdrsnmkdf sd stmofldŞtd ëk jmgrul ukuf prnjds ju rdspdjtmrdm
`mrmkŪflnr prnjdsumld, gdnmrdjd sfcplm ëkvfkufrd ku ëksdmckĊ Şf stmoflfrdm vfknvĊŪfdf 0. Zmrjfkm
prnodf rdvfkd nr`mkdlnr gd urcĊrfrd pdkmlĊ (mrt. =99 JYY _.C., mrt. 87 ml. Y. 0, mrt. 88, ml. ? p. 0).
YëkĊ lm mgmptmrdm ukdf entĊrërf gd jnkgmckmrd Şf pëkĊ lm rĊcëkdrdm gdhfkftfvĊ m mjdstdfm, fkjulpmtul
mrd stmtutul gd pdrsnmkĊ kdvfknvmtĊ. Mjdst stmtut ml pdrsnmkdf sd rĊshrëk`d Şf ëk mltd rmpnrturf, gdjët
jdl Yrnjdsuml-pdkml ‚ pëkĊ lm rĊcëkdrdm gdhfkftfvĊ m sdktfkŪdf pdrsnmkm gfspukd gd tnmtd grdpturfld
jnkstftuŪfnkmld, pmrtfjfpmrdm lm mld`drf, grdptul lm lfodrm mld`drd m lnjufkŪdf, Ş.m.
Ld`dm prnjdsuml-pdkmlĊ stmofldŞtd jĊ rĊsturkmrdm prdzucŪfdf kdvfknvĊŪfdf smu jnkjluzffld
gdsprd vfknvĊŪfm pdrsnmkdf gdsprd sĊvërŞfrdm fkhrmjŪfukff ku pnt hf ëktdcdfmtd pd prdsupukdrf. Wnmtd
guoffld ëk prnomrdm ëkvfkufrff, jmrd ku pnt hf ëklĊturmtd ld`ml, sd fktdrprdtdmzĊ ëk hmvnmrdm
oĊkuftuluf, ëkvfkuftuluf, fkjulpmtuluf. MjdmstĊ rd`ldcdktmrd sd fkjlugd ëk spfrftul prdzucŪfdf
kdvfknvĊŪfdf gmtnrftĊ hmptuluf jĊ pdgdpsfrdm nrfjĊrdf pdrsnmkd pdktru n hmptĊ pdkmlĊ sd pnmtd
rdmlfzm gnmr ëk omzm uknr fkhnrcmŪff jdrtd Şf vdrfgfjd gdsprd vfknvĊŪfm df, kdmgcfŪëkgu-sd
prdsupukdrfld smu prnodld mhdjtmtd gd fkjdrtftugfkd. Ld`fuftnrul stmoflfkg jefmr fktdrprdtmrdm
guofflnr ëk hmvnmrdm oĊkuftuluf, ëkvfkuftuluf, fkjulpmtuluf. Jefmr ëk jmzul mprdjfdrff prnodlnr nrfjd
fkhnrcmŪfd, ëk omzm jĊrdfm sd pnt trm`d ? smu cmf cultd jnkjluzff npusd (ëk sdksul mpĊrĊrff smu
mjuzĊrff) gdsprd mjddmŞf jfrjucstmkŪĊ mrmtĊ fcpnsfoflftmtdm pukdrff mjdstdfm ëk omzm ukdf sdktfkŪd
gd vfknvĊŪfd.
Ëk jmgrul prnjdsuluf pdkml pnt fktdrvdkf ukdld sftumŪff jëkg ku dstd jlmrĊ mplfjmoflftmtdm
grdptuluf pdrsnmkdf gd m hf jnksfgdrmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ. Ëk ukdld jmzurf Jurtdm DurnpdmkĊ pdktru
Grdpturfld Nculuf dxplfjĊ Şf dxtfkgd sdksul mjdstdf prdzucŪff. Ëk jmzul Cfkdllf j/DlvdŪfdf (=65:)
Jurtdm m rdjuknsjut ëkjĊljmtĊ prdzucŪfm jëkg ukdf pdrsnmkd f s-m rdhuzmt mgcftdrdm mjŪfukff pd
cntfv gd sjur`drd m tdrcdkuluf gd prdsjrfpŪfd, stmoflfkg jĊ ëk mjdst jmz lfpsm ukdf entĊrërf
augdjĊtnrdŞtf jmrd sĊ stmofldmsjĊ kdvfknvĊŪfm lmsĊ uk sdktfcdkt jĊ pdrsnmkm dstd vfknvmtĊ.
Ëk jmuzm Mlldkdt gd _fodcnkt m HrmkŪdf (=664) Jurtdm m rdjuknsjut ëkjĊljmtĊ prdzucŪfm ëk
jmzul jëkg mutnrftĊŪfld augfjfmrd s-mu prnkukŪmt ëk puolfj gdsprd vfknvĊŪfm ukuf fkgfvfg pëkĊ lm
mkukŪmrdm gdjfzfdf gdhfkftfvd msuprm vfknvĊŪfdf luf.
YrdzucŪfm ku urcĊrdŞtd prntdamrdm ukuf fkgfvfg ëcpntrfvm prnoldcdlnr rdhdrftnmrd lm
mjuzmrd, juc mr hf gdhfkfŪfm prnvfznrfd smu dhdjtdld sdjukgmrd msdcĊkĊtnmrd. JnkvdkŪfm Şf Jurtdm,
tntuŞf urcĊrdsj prntdamrdm ukuf fkgfvfg jnktrm rĊspukgdrff pdktru mjtd pdkmld jncfsd gd mprnmpdld
sĊu. Ëk n sdrfd gd jmuzd (M.Y., C.Y. Şf W.Y. m (DlvdŪfdf (=660) Şf D.L., _.L. Şf Gkm A.N. ‚ L.
j/DlvdŪfdf (=660), Jurtdm m stmoflft n ëkjĊljmrd m mrt. 8 (?) mtukjf jëkg @uvdrkul m fcpus mcdkzf
msuprm urcmŞflnr pdrsnmkdlnr, jmrd mu hnst gdjlmrmtd vfknvmtd gd hrmugd hfsjmld.
0
“Wrmtmt gd YrnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ– Mgrfmk śtdhmk Wulourd, Mk`dlm Cmrfm Wmtu, MLL Odjb, ?99=, p. 7?.
6

Yrfkjfpful prnjdsuml ml prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd dstd suonrgnkmt prfkjfpfuluf ld`mlftĊŪff Şf

jnkstftufd omzm prfkjfpfflnr, lfodrtĊŪff pdrsnmkdf, rdspdjtĊrff gdckftĊŪff ucmkd Şf m grdptuluf gd
npdrmrd.
Ju tnmtd mjdstdm ku dstd pnsfofl Şf kfjf utflĊ snjfdtĊŪff rdspdjtmrdm ëktr-uk cng mosnlut ml
mjdstdf prdzucŪff pdktru m ku mauk`d ëktr-n dxtrdcĊ jëkg sĊ ku hfd pdrcfsd kfjf n mjŪfukd
prnjdsuml-pdkmlĊ, jmrd lfcftdmzĊ ukdld grdpturf mld pdrsnmkdf gfk cntfv jĊ ku mvdc n sdktfkŪĊ
gdhfkftfvĊ, nr sdktfkŪm gdhfkftfvĊ ku pnmtd hf dcfsĊ gdjët gupĊ n urcĊrfrd pdkmlĊ jmrd fcplfjĊ Şf
cĊsurfld prnj7dsumld gd jnkstrëk`drd ju rdspdjtmrdm prdvdgdrflnr ld`ff.
GmjĊ prdzucŪfm ku pdrcftd pdgdpsfrdm ukuf kdvfknvmt mtukjf tnt dm prdsupukd Şf hmptul jĊ
kfjf n pdrsnmkĊ rdjuknsjutĊ vfknvmtĊ gd sĊvërŞfrdm ukdf hmptd pdkmld, ëk spfrftul gd grdptmtd Şf
austfŪfd, ku trdoufd sĊ rĊcëkĊ kdpdgdpsftĊ Şf smkjŪfukfld sĊ hfd mplfjmtd ju tnmtĊ hdrcftmtdm Şf
sdvdrftmtdm ëk rmpnrt sd `rdutmtdm fkhrmjŪfukflnr sĊvërŞftd 5.

7._d`ldcdktmrdm fktdrkmȒfnkmlĊ

JnkvdkŪfm durnpdmkĊ m grdpturflnr nculuf gd lm Ztrmsonur`, dlmonrmtĊ jm n dxprdsfd m

vnfkŪdf stmtdlnr durnpdkd gd m msf`urm rdspdjtmrdm prfkjfpfflnr dkucdrmtd ëk GdjlmrmŪfm TkfvdrsmlĊ
m Grdpturflnr Nculuf, prnjlmcmtĊ gd Nr`mkfzmŪfm KmŪfukflnr Tkftd lm =9 gdjdcorfd =675,
juprfkgd n gfspnzfŪfd sfcflmrĊ, prdvĊzïkg ëk mrt. 8 pmrm`. ? jĊ ‛nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ mjuzmtĊ gd n
fkhrmjŪfukd dstd prdzucmtĊ fknjdktĊ pïkĊ jïkg vfknvĊŪfm sm vm hf ld`ml stmoflftĊ–.
YrdzucŪfd gd kdvfknvĊŪfd, mŞm juc dstd rd`ldcdktmtĊ ëk mrt. 8 pmrm`. ? gfk JnkvdkŪfd,
prngujd, ëk prfkjfpml, gnuĊ jmtd`nrff gd jnksdjfkŪd1
m) ëk prfvfkŪm nr`mkdlnr augfjfmrd, jnkhnrc tdxtuluf, mjdstdm trdoufd sĊ hmjĊ gnvmgm fcpmrŪfmlftĊŪff
ëk ëktrdm`m lnr mjtfvftmtd Şf sĊ smlv`mrgdzd grdpturfld prnjdsumld mld mjuzmtuluf. Gd pflgĊ,
augdjĊtnrul trdoufd sĊ cmkfhdstd prugdkŪĊ ëk rdzucmrdm mjtuluf gd mjuzmrd Şf sĊ dvfgdkŪfdzd, ëk
cng nofdjtfv, mtït mr`ucdktdld mjuzĊrff, jït Şf jdld mld mpĊrĊrff lm ëkjdputul ŞdgfkŪdf.
o) ëk prfvfkŪm mjuzmtuluf, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd fcplfjĊ pdktru mjdstm grdptul gd m prnpukd
prnod ëk mpĊrmrdm sm Şf mjdlm gd m ku gdpukd cĊrturfd jnktrm luf ëksuŞf. Mjdstdm hf`urdmzĊ ëk mrt.
=7 pmrm`. : gfk Ymjtul fktdrkmŪfnkml ju prfvfrd lm grdpturfld jfvfld Şf pnlftfjd, ëk jmrd sd mrmtĊ jĊ
‛nrfjd mjuzmt mrd grdptul sĊ ku hfd hnrŪmt sĊ gdpukĊ cĊrturfd jnktrm luf ëksuŞf smu sĊ-Şf rdjuknmsjĊ
vfknvĊŪfm–.

5
Kfjnlmd Xnlnkjfu “Wrmtmt gd YrnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ– pmrtdm `dkdrmlĊ, vnl. F, Dg. aurfgfjĊ, p. =??.
=9

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Ëk lucfkm aurfsrugdkŪdf JurŪff, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd prdvĊzutĊ ëk mrt. 8 pmrm`. ? dstd n

prdzucŪfd rdlmtfvĊ, jddm jd ëksdmckĊ jĊ dm vm putdm hf rĊsturkmtĊ nrfjïkg prfk prnom jnktrmrĊ.
Gfk prfkjfpful durnpdmk ml prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd Şf ml grdptuluf lm tĊjdrd gdjur`, ëk
cng gfrdjt urcĊtnmrdld rd`ulf1
- smrjfkm prnodf fkjucoĊ pĊrŪff urcĊrftnmrd2
- ëkgnfmlm prnhftĊ mjuzmtuluf2
- grdptul mjuzmtuluf gd m mgnptm n mtftugfkd pmsfvĊ2
- fktdrgfjŪfm rdjur`drff lm gdtdkŪfm prdvdktfvĊ pdktru m dxdrjftm n rdprdsfukd fcdgfmtĊ.
Ëksjrfdrdm mjdstdf prdzucŪff ëk ld`fslmŪffld cmrff cmanrftĊŪf mld stmtdlnr lucff jnkstftufd n
vfjtnrfd ëcpntrfvm jnkjdpŪfflnr pntrfvft jĊrnrm mr dxfstm jrfcfkmlf ëkkĊsjuŪf, jmrd mu n
prdgfspnzfŪfd pmtnln`fjĊ sprd sĊvïrŞfrdm gd fkhrmjŪfukf Şf pdktru jmrd ku mr putdm npdrm prdzucŪfm
gd kdvfknvĊŪfd.
JnkjdpŪffld Şjnlflnr mktrnpnln`fjĊ Şf pnzftfvfstĊ, mu gncfkmt n ëktfksĊ pdrfnmgĊ jurdktdld
jrfcfknln`fjd , dld ëksĊ hffkg ëkvfksd ngmtĊ ju mpmrfŪfm Şjnlflnr jrfcfknln`fjd jmrd dxplfjĊ `dkdzm
jrfcfkmlftĊŪff prfk jnkau`mrdm cmf cultnr hmjtnrf gd kmturm snjfn-djnkncfjĊ, ofnln`fjĊ.
Gmt hffkg hmptul jĊ, prfk hukjŪfnkmlftmtdm Şf sdckfhfjmŪfm df, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd
frmgfmzĊ ëk ëktrdm`m gdshĊŞurmrd m prnjdsuluf pdkml, fcpnrtmkŪm df gdpĊŞfkg gncdkful prnodlnr, sd
fcpukdm rddvmlumrdm df Şf jnksmjrmrdm jm rd`ulĊ gd omzĊ ëk ëktrd`ul prnjds pdkml.
Ëk JnkstftuŪfm _ncïkfdf (mrt. ?: mlfk. ==) s-m stmtumt jĊ ‛pïkĊ lm rĊcïkdrdm gdhfkftfvĊ
entĊrïrff augdjĊtnrdŞtf gd jnkgmckmrd, pdrsnmkm dstd jnksfgdrmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ–. Ëk Jngul gd
prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd dstd rd`ldcdktmtĊ, cmf ëktïf ëk Wftul F, jmpftnlul F
rdhdrftnr lm ‛rd`ulfld gd omzĊ mld prnjdsuluf pdkml– ëk mrt. 4? fktrngus prfk Ld`dm kr. ?5=/?99:,
gupĊ jmrd ‛nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ dstd jnksfgdrmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ pïkĊ lm stmoflfrdm vfknvĊŪfdf smld prfktr-n
entĊrïrd pdkmlĊ gdhfkftfvĊ ".

4.FcpnrtmkȒm prfkjfpfuluf prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf

Gdrfvïkg gfk sjnpul prnjdsuluf pdkml, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd jnkstftufd omzm grdpturflnr
prnjdsumld mjnrgmtd ëkvfkuftuluf smu fkjulpmtuluf. Msthdl, kucmf mjjdptïkgu-sd fgddm jd gdjur`d
gfk prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd jĊ sfcplm ëkvfkufrd ku ëksdmckĊ Şf stmoflfrdm vfknvĊŪfdf Şf jĊ msuprm
mjdstdfm sd vm stmtnrkfjf gnmr prfktr-n entĊrïrd augdjĊtnrdmsjĊ gdhfkftfvĊ m fkstmkŪdf gd augdjmtĊ,

==

ëkvfkuftul smu fkjulpmtul trdoufd sĊ hfd trmtmt jm uk kdvfknvmt Şf mjdmstm ku sd pnmtd hmjd gdjït
rdjuknsjïkgu-f-sd jmlftmtdm gd pmrtd ëk jmuzĊ6.
HukjŪfnkmlftmtdm prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd dstd cult cmf lmr`Ċ gdjït mspdjtdld hmptfjd
ld`mtd gd prnomŪfukd, jmrd sd cmkfhdstĊ ëk jïtdvm gfrdjŪff prfkjfpmld1
=. YrdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd `mrmktdmzĊ prntdjŪfm pdrsnmkdlnr ëk prnjdsul pdkml ëcpntrfvm
mroftrmruluf ëk stmoflfrdm Şf trm`drdm lm rĊspukgdrd pdkmlĊ. Jddm jd grdptul pnmtd mjnrgm dstd
`mrmkŪfm aurfgfjĊ prfk jmrd msf`urĊ jĊ kfcdkf ku vm hf trms lm rĊspukgdrd pdkmlĊ Şf smkjŪfnkmt
gfsjrdŪfnkmr, fmr mtukjf jïkg dstd ëkvfkuft gd sĊvïrŞfrdm ukdf fkhrmjŪfukf sd vm urcm n prnjdgurĊ
aurfgfjĊ prfk jmrd sĊ sd stmofldmsjĊ vfknvĊŪfm luf.
?. YrdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd stĊ lm omzm tuturnr `mrmkŪfflnr prnjdsumld ld`mtd gd prntdjŪfm
pdrsnmkdf ëk prnjdsul pdkml. Ëk rmpnrturfld pdkmld trdoufd sĊ sd mjnrgd prntdjŪfd aurfgfjĊ
ëkvfkuftuluf smu fkjulpmtuluf, ëk mŞm hdl ëkjït mjdstm sĊ ku hfd pus ëk fkhdrfnrftmtd kfjf hmŪĊ gd
nr`mkdld augfjfmrd Şf kfjf hmŪĊ gd pĊrŪf.
:. YrdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd dstd strïks ld`mtĊ gd mhlmrdm mgdvĊruluf Şf gnvdgfrdm jnrdjtĊ m
ëcprdaurĊrflnr gd hmpt mld jmuzdf, ëk mŞm hdl ëkjït vfknvĊŪfm sĊ hfd stmoflftĊ ju jdrtftugfkd. Mjdst
prfkjfpfu mrd n gdnsdoftĊ fcpnrtmkŪĊ tdnrdtfjĊ Şf kucdrnmsd fcplfjmŪff prmjtfjd ld`mtd gd
mgcfkfstrmrdm Şf mprdjfdrdm prnodlnr=9.
N fcpnrtmkŪĊ gdnsdoftĊ pdktru jnksnlfgmrdm prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd m mvut-n jnksmjrmrdm
sm ëk GdjlmrmŪfm TkfvdrsmlĊ m Grdpturflnr Nculuf, mgnptmtĊ gd Mgukmrdm @dkdrmlĊ m NKT lm =9
gdjdcorfd =675. Mrt.== ml GdjlmrmŪfdf fksdrdmzĊ prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd, Şf mkucd1 ‛Nrfjd
pdrsnmkĊ ëkvfkuftĊ (mjuzmtĊ) m hf sĊvërŞft n fkhrmjŪfukd dstd prdzucmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ mtëtm tfcp jët Şf
vfknvĊŪfm sm ku m hnst stmoflftĊ (gnvdgftĊ) ëktr-uk prnjds puolfj ju msf`urmrdm `mrmkŪfflnr kdjdsmrd
mpĊrĊrff gnvdgftĊ.– M hnst n rdmjŪfd m jncukftĊŪff fktdrkmŪfnkmld, jmrd mvdm ëk cdcnrfd jrfcdld gd
rĊzonf, jrfcdld jnktrm pĊjff Şf jrfcdld jnktrm ucmkftĊŪff jncfsd suo rd`fcul eftldrfst, nr`mkfzmtd
gd jĊpdtdkffld kmzfstd Şf ëkhĊptuftd gd jdf jmrd mu stmt pd omkjm mjuzĊrff Kurdkodr` =674-=678 ==.
MŞm juc mc jnkstmtmt, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd s-m fcpus jm n rdmjŪfd ëcpntrfvm
rd`fcurflnr hmsjfstd, gupĊ Ml Gnfldm _Ċzonf Cnkgfml, pd plmk fktdrkmŪfnkml hffkg fkjlusĊ ëk cmf
cultd gnjucdktd, prfktrd jmrd sd kucĊrĊ1 GdjlmrmŪfm TkfvdrsmlĊ m Grdpturflnr Nculuf mgnptmtĊ
gd Mgukmrdm @dkdrmlĊ m NKT lm =9 gdjdcorfd =675 Şf Ymjtul fktdrkmŪfnkml ju prfvfrd lm
6
G. Cërzm, ‛Mspdjtd tdnrdtfjd mld prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd ëk gnjtrfkm Şf ld`fslmŪfm jnktdcpnrmkĊ–,
ëk _dvfstm kmŪfnkmlĊ gd grdpt, kr. 4, ?998.
=9
G. Cërzm, ‛Mspdjtd tdnrdtfjd mld prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd ëk gnjtrfkm Şf ld`fslmŪfm jnktdcpnrmkĊ–,
ëk _dvfstm kmŪfnkmlĊ gd grdpt, kr. 4, ?998.
==
Fnmk Gnltu, ‛YrdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd ëk Ld`fslmŪfm rncïkdmsjĊ Şf ëk ukdld ld`fslmŪff mld stmtdlnr
Durnpdf–, ëk Grdptul, =665, pm`.04
=?

grdpturfld jfvfld Şf pnlftfjd, mgnptmt gd mjdlmŞf hnruc lm =8 gdjdcorfd =688 dtj. Ëk =649, ëk omzm
GdjlmrmŪfdf Tkfvdrsmld m Grdpturflnr Nculuf, cdcorff Jnksflfuluf Durnpdf mu mgnptmt JnkvdkŪfm
pdktru MpĊrmrdm Grdpturflnr Şf LfodrtĊŪflnr Hukgmcdktmld mld Nculuf, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd
hffkg prdvĊzutĊ ëk mrt. 8 pjt. ? ml mjdstdfm.
Ëk ukdld ŪĊrf sd jnksfgdrĊ jĊ sdckmrdm jnkvdkŪfflnr ëk jmrd sd rdjuknmŞtd jĊ prdzucŪfm gd
kdvfknvĊŪfd mrd rnlul gd grdpt hukgmcdktml Şf, gd rd`ulĊ, m prnjdsuluf pdkml, djefvmldmzĊ ju
ëksjrfdrdm prdzucŪfdf ëk ld`fslmŪfm fktdrkĊ, gdnmrdjd jnkvdkŪffld mu hnrŪĊ aurfgfjĊ pdktru pĊrŪfld
jnktrmjtmktd. Ëk mjdst sdks fkvnjĊc gnjtrfkm odl`fmkĊ Şf hrmkjdzĊ jmrd rdjuknmŞtd prdzucŪfm gd
kdvfknvĊŪfd jm prfkjfpfu hukgmcdktml. Mjdst prfkjfpfu ël `Ċsfc Şf ëk ld`fslmŪfm fktdrkĊ m _dpuolfjff
Cnlgnvm, Şf mkucd ëk mrt.?= ml JnkstftuŪfdf jmrd prdvdgd1 ‛Nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ mjuzmtĊ gd uk gdlfjt
dstd prdzucmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ pïkĊ jïkg vfknvĊŪfm sm vm hf gnvdgftĊ ëk cng ld`ml, ëk jursul ukuf
prnjds augfjfmr puolfj, ëk jmgrul jĊrufm f s-mu msf`urmt tnmtd `mrmkŪffld kdjdsmrd mpĊrĊrff smld.
MjdlmŞf prfkjfpfu cmf dstd prdvĊzut Şf ëk mrt. 5 ml Jnguluf gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ ml _C=?.
Fksdrmrdm ld`fslmtfvĊ m prfkjfpfuluf prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd ëk Ūmrm knmstrĊ m hnst gdtdrcfkmtĊ gd
fktd`rmrdm _dpuolfjff Cnlgnvm ëk dvnluŪfm `dkdrmlĊ m snjfdtĊŪff fktdrkmŪfnkmld prfvfkg prntdjŪfm
aurfgfjĊ m grdpturflnr nculuf. FkfŪfml, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd m hnst jnksmjrmtĊ ëk JnkstftuŪfd,
fmr cmf mpnf s-m fcpus ëksdrmrdm df Şf ëk Jngul gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ.
CdkŪfnkĊc jĊ ëksjrfdrdm prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd ëk prfkjfpffld Jnguluf gd prnjdgurĊ
pdkmlĊ ku dstd kdjdsmrĊ gnmr pdktru mplfjmrdm gd jĊtrd prmjtfjfdkf, jf nolf`Ċ pd ld`fuftnr sĊ
mrcnkfzdzd tnmtd prdvdgdrfld Jnguluf gd prnjgurĊ pdkmlĊ ju gfspnzfŪfm mjdstuf prfkjfpfu. Ëk mjdst
sdks putdc nosdrvm cmf cultd prdvdgdrf mld jnguluf jmrd dvfgdkt gdrfvĊ gfk nolf`mtfvftmtdm
rdspdjtĊrff prfkjfpfuluf prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd, ukm gfk prfkjfpmldld prdvdgdrf n jnkstftufd
nolf`mtfvftmtdm nr`mkdlnr gd urcĊrfrd pdkmlĊ gd m jnldjtm prnod jmrd ëkvfkufdsj smu jmrd
gdzvfknvĊŪdsj pdrsnmkm.
Mkmlfzëkg gfspnzfŪfm mrt.5 Jng gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ, putdc suolfkfm jĊ prfkjfpful prdzucŪfdf
gd kdvfknvĊŪfd dst jnkstftuft gfk : mtrfoutd1
! pdrsnmkm mjuzmtĊ gd sĊvërŞfrdm ukdf fkhrmjŪfukf dstd prdzucmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ mtëtm tfcp jët
vfknvĊŪfm sm ku-f vm hf gnvdgftĊ, ëk cngul prdvĊzut gd prdzdktul jng, ëktr-uk prnjds au-
gfjfmr puolfj, ëk jmgrul jĊrufm ëf vnr hf msf`urmtd tnmtd `mrmkŪffld kdjdsmrd mpĊrĊrff smld, Şf
ku vm hf jnkstmtmtĊ prfktr-n entĊrërd augdjĊtnrdmsjĊ gd jnkgmckmrd gdhfkftfvĊ2
! kfcdkf ku dstd nolf`mt sĊ gnvdgdmsjĊ kdvfknvĊŪfm sm2
! jnkjluzffld gdsprd vfknvĊŪfm pdrsnmkdf gd sĊvërŞfrdm fkhrmjŪfukff ku pnt hf ëktdcdfmtd pd
prdsupukdrf, tntngmtĊ tnmtd guoffld ëk prnomrdm ëkvfkufrff jmrd ku pnt hf ëklĊturmtd ëk
=?
G. Cërzm, ‛Mspdjtd tdnrdtfjd mld prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd ëk gnjtrfkm Şf ld`fslmŪfm jnktdcpnrmkĊ–,
ëk _dvfstm kmŪfnkmlĊ gd grdpt, kr. 4, ?998.
=:

jnkgfŪffld jnguluf gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ sd fktdrprdtdmzĊ ëk hmvnmrdm oĊkuftuluf, ëkvfkuftu-

luf, fkjulpmtuluf.
Hfdjmrd gfk mtrfoutdld dkukŪmtd cmf sus mu uk `rmg spnrft gd fcpnrtmkŪĊ pdktru rdspdjtmrdm
grdpturflnr pdrsnmkdf ëk prnjdsul pdkml, fmr dxjlugdrdm jdl puŪfk m ukufm gfktrd mjdstdm vm Ştfrof
dsdkŪfml gfk mjdstd grdpturf.
Mtrfoutdld cdkŪfnkmtd jnkstftufd `mrmkŪff prnjdsumld mld oĊkuftuluf, ëkvfkuftuluf, fk-
julpmtuluf, mjnrgëkgu-f mjdstufm pnsfoflftmtdm gd m sd mpĊrm dhdjtfv ëk prnjdsul pdkml, dxjluzëkg
jnkgmckmrdm fld`mlĊ m mjdstufm.
N prnoldcĊ jmrd kdjdsftĊ m hf dxplfjmtĊ ëk ld`ĊturĊ ju ëkjĊljmrdm prfkjfpfuluf prdzucŪfdf gd
kdvfknvĊŪfd ël jnkstftufd hmptul puolfjĊrff ëk cmss-cdgfm m fkhnrcmŪfflnr prfvfkg trm`drdm lm
rĊspukgdrd pdkmlĊ m ukdf pdrsnmkd. Ëk mjdstd sftumŪff mpmrd ëktrdomrdm ëkjĊljĊrff prfkjfpfuluf
prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd gd jĊtrd cmss-cdgfm.
Dstd kdjdsmr gd cdkŪfnkmt jĊ mjjdptmrdm fgdff jĊ fkhnrcmŪfm, puolfjmŪffld, gdzvĊluftd gd jĊtrd
cmss cdgfm pnt sĊ ëkjmljd prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd, dstd pdrfjulnmsĊ, gdnmrdjd mjdmstm gĊ
pnsfoflftmtd gd m ëkvfkuf prmjtfj nrfjd sursĊ gd fkhnrcmŪfd gd rĊspukgdrdm pdkmlĊ jmrd vfkd gfk
prdsĊ smu gd lm tdldvfzfukd, fkgfhdrdkt gd hmptul gmjĊ d vdrfgfjĊ Şf jnrdjtĊ, sftumŪfd ëk jmrd sursdld
cmss-cdgfm vnr hf nolf`mtd sĊ sd lfcftdzd lm puolfjmŪff kdutrd smu gd lmugĊ =:.
NpfkfĊc jĊ sursdld cmss-cdgfm gd jdld mcf gdsd nrf ku ëkjmljĊ prfkjfpful prdzucŪfdf gd
kdvfknvĊŪfd, gdnmrdjd puolfjmrdm fkhnrcmŪfdf prfvfkg pmrtfjfpmrdm ukdf pdrsnmkd ëk prnjdsul pdkml
ëk jmlftmtd gd oĊkuft, ëkvfkuft, fkjulpmt jnkŪfkd gnmr hmptd rdmld, fmr jmlftmtdm prnjdsumlĊ pd jmrd n
mrd pdrsnmkm ëk jmuzĊ ku prdsupukd hmptul jĊ mkucd mjdmstm m sĊvërŞft fkhrmjŪfukdm. Ëk jmzul ëk
jmrd jnksfgdrĊc jĊ dstd ëkjĊljmt prfkjfpful prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd prfk puolfjmrdm mjdstnr
fkhnrcmŪff, mtukjf mr trdouf sĊ pukdc pd pnzfŪfd gd d`mlftmtd Şf hmptul rdjuknmŞtdrff pdrsnmkdf ëk
jmlftmtdm rdspdjtfvĊ, jddm jd mr ëksdckm jĊ ngmtĊ ju rdjuknmŞtdrdm pdrsnmkdf ëk jmlftmtd gd oĊkuft,
ëkvfkuft smu fkjulpmt nr`mkdld gd grdpt gdam ëkjmljĊ prfkjfpful prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfdf, hmpt
fkjmjdptmofl gfk cmf cultd jnksfgdrdktd.
Ëk prfcul rëkg, gmjĊ mjjdptĊc mjdst hmpt trdoufd sĊ rdjuknmŞtdc jĊ ëktrdm`m prnjdgurĊ
prdvĊzutĊ gd Jngul gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ jnktrmvfkd prfkjfpfflnr hukgmcdktmld. Ëk ml gnfldm rëkg,
mkucd knŪfukdm gd oĊkuft, ëkvfkuft Şf fkjulpmt mrmtĊ hmptul hfd jĊ sd prdsupukd jĊ pdrsnmkm
rdspdjtfvĊ m sĊvërŞft fkhrmjŪfukdm, hfd jĊ ëk prfvfkŪm mjdstdf pdrsnmkd dxfstĊ mucftd prnod jĊ mr hf
putut sĊvërŞf fkhrmjŪfukdm, mgfjĊ ku sd vnrodŞtd gdsprd n jdrtftugfkd prfvfkg hmptul sĊvërŞfrff
fkhrmjŪfukff. Jdrtftugfkdm ju prfvfrd lm hmptul sĊvërŞfrff fkhrmjŪfukff mpmrd ngmtĊ ju gdvdkfrdm
gdhfkftfvĊ m sdktfkŪdf augdjĊtnrdŞtf. Fkjdrtftugfkdm Şf rdlmtfvftmtdm ku pnt hf jncpmtfofld ju n
=:
Ч. Бщйпрдгбл, «Ощдаъмошею гдпеглпглэяе п эпдяд кйадягтф е иъщгйвьгтф оънвебйшеж², ëk
Щлээежэбйю ыэяешею, ℘ =9, =660 к.
=7

entĊrërd augdjĊtnrdmsjĊ. Gd msdcdkdm, nrfjd prnoĊ ngmtĊ hĊjutĊ, ku ëksdmckĊ jĊ dstd

fksurcnktmoflĊ, dm putëkg hf rĊsturkmtĊ prfk mpĊrmrdm ëkvfkuftuluf smu fkjulpmtuluf, jmrd mrd
grdptul gd m prnom lfpsm gd tdcdfkfjfd m mjdstdfm =7.
WntngmtĊ, Jncfsfm DurnpdmkĊ pdktru grdpturfld nculuf jnksfgdrĊ jĊ pdrsnmkdld ju hukjŪff
gd rĊspukgdrd gfk jmgrul stmtuluf pnt fkhnrcm snjfdtmtdm gdsprd cdrsul urcĊrfrff pdkmld, sĊ mrmtd
jĊ n mkucftĊ pdrsnmkĊ dstd oĊkuftĊ gd sĊvërŞfrdm fkhrmjŪfukff smu m rdjuknsjut hmptul sĊvërŞfrff
fkhrmjŪfukff, ëksĊ ju cdkŪfnkmrdm jĊ rdspjtfvul jmz cmf ëktëf trdoufd sĊ hfd dxmcfkmt gd jĊtrd
fkstmkŪm augdjĊtnrdmsjĊ jncpdtdktĊ, pdktru jm mhfrcmŪffld lnr sĊ ku ëkjmljd prdvdgdrfld pjt. ? ml
mrt.8 ml JnkvdkŪfdf Durnpdkd pdktru YrntdjŪfm Grdpturflnr Nculuf Şf LfodrtĊŪflnr Hukgmcdktmld.
GmjĊ d sĊ mkmlfzĊc cncdktul gfk jmrd ëŞf mrd mplfjmoflftmtd msuprm pdrsnmkdf prfkjfpful
rdspdjtfv, putdc jnkstmtm jĊ mjdstm sd mplfjĊ gnmr gupĊ rdjuknmŞtdrdm pdrsnmkdf ëk jmlftmtd gd
oĊkuft prfk cngmlftĊŪfld prdvĊzutd dxprds ëk mrt.8: Jng gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ, fmr pd gd mltĊ pmrtd,
nr`mkdld gd urcĊrfrd pdkmlĊ rdsfct mplfjmoflftmtdm mjdstuf prfkjfpfu msuprm mjtfvftĊŪff lnr gfk
cncdktul ëkjdpdrff urcĊrfrff pdkmld, hmpt jmrd sd gmtnrdmzĊ smrjfkff prnomŪfukff, jmrd stĊ pd
ucdrff mjdstnr nr`mkd.
N cdkŪfukd fcpnrtmktĊ jmrd kdjdsftĊ m hf hĊjutĊ ëk ld`ĊturĊ ju mplfjmrdm prfkjfpfuluf
prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd ël jnkstftufd hmptul jĊ rdspdjtmrdm mjdstuf prfkjfpfu dstd lfcftmtĊ ëk
tfcp, jncpmrmtfv ju mltd prfkjfpff. Msthdl, prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd ëk tfcp dstd lfcftmtĊ gd
cncdktul gdvdkfrff gdhfkftfvd m entĊrërff fkstmkŪdf augdjĊtnrdŞtf prfk jmrd s-m stmoflft vfknvĊŪfm
pdrsnmkdf rdspdjtfvd. Nrfjd mhfrcmŪfd prfvftnmrd lm vfknvĊŪfm pdrsnmkdf gupĊ jd entĊrërdm fkstmkŪdf
augdjĊtnrdŞtf dstd gdhfkftfvĊ ku jnkstftufd ëkjĊljmrd m prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd gfk cntfv jĊ
mjdmstm rdhldjtĊ n entĊrërd m nr`mkuluf jncpdtdkt gd m stmoflf vfknvĊŪfm pdrsnmkdf.

=7
@e. Kfstnrdmku, C. Mpdtrdf, Grdpt prnjdsuml pdkml. Ymrtdm `dkdrmlĊ, OujurdŞtf, =667.
=4

8. YrdzucȒfm gd kdvfknvĊȒfd ëk ld`fslmȒfm rncïkdmsjĊ

Ëk mjtumlul Jng gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ, suo gdkucfrdm gd "prfkjfpff mld mplfjĊrff ld`ff
prnjdsumld pdkmld" sukt jnksmjrmtd urcĊtnmrdld prfkjfpff1 prfkjfpful ld`mlftĊȒff prnjdsuluf pdkml,
prfkjfpful sdpmrĊrff hukjȒfflnr augfjfmrd, prfkjfpful prdzucȒfdf gd kdvfknvĊȒfd, prfkjfpful mhlĊrff
mgdvĊruluf, prfkjfpful "kd ofs fk fgdc", prfkjfpful nolf`mtfvftĊȒff mjȒfukff pdkmld jnrdlmtfv ju
prfkjfpful suosfgfmr ml npnrtukftĊȒff, prfkjfpful msf`urĊrff jmrmjtdruluf djeftmofl Ȗf m tdrcdkuluf
rdznkmofl ml prnjdsuluf pdkml, prfkjfpful `mrmktĊrff grdptuluf lm lfodrtmtd Ȗf sf`urmkȒĊ, prfkjfpful
msf`urĊrff Ȗf dxdrjftĊrff ju oukĊ jrdgfkȒĊ m grdptuluf lm mpĊrmrd, prfkjfpful rdspdjtĊrff gdckftĊȒff
ucmkd Ȗf m vfdȒff prfvmtd, prfkjfpful gdshĊȖurĊrff prnjdsuluf pdkml ëk lfcom nhfjfmlĊ jnrdlmtfv ju
rd`ldcdktmrdm grdptuluf lm fktdrprdt.

NodrvĊc msthdl jĊ, ëk mjtumlul jng, pd lïk`Ċ mgĊu`mrdm uknr knf prfkjfpff hukgmcdktmld
(juc mr hf1 sdpmrmrdm hukjȒfflnr augfjfmrd, msf`urmrdm jmrmjtdruluf djeftmofl Ȗf m tdrcdkuluf
rdznkmofl ml prnjdsuluf pdkml smu prfkjfpful kd ofs fk fgdc), sd cdkȒfk, ëk jnktfkumrd, prfkjfpffld
gdam jnksmjrmtd, prfktrd jmrd Ȗf prdzucȒfm gd kdvfknvĊȒfd.

Ëk jddm jd prfvdȖtd rd`ldcdktĊrfld lm kfvdlul gfhdrftdlnr stmtd, prdzucȒfm gd kdvfknvĊȒfd m

mpĊrut jm n rd`ulĊ ëk prnjdsul pdkml cngdrk, hffkg prdvĊzutĊ pdktru prfcm gmtĊ ëk ld`fslmȒffld gd lm
shïrȖftul sdjnluluf ml UXFFF-ldm (ld`fslmȒfm Z.T.M., GdjlmrmȒfm hrmkjdzĊ m grdpturflnr nculuf Ȗf
jdtĊȒdmkuluf gfk =056).

Cmf tïrzfu, mjdmstĊ prdzucȒfd m gnoïkgft jmrmjtdr gd prfkjfpfu fktdrkmȒfnkml, prfk ëksjrfdrdm
df, jm grdpt hukgmcdktml, ëk GdjlmrmȒfm TkfvdrsmlĊ m Grdpturflnr Nculuf gfk =675 ( mrt. ==)1
"Nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ ëkvfkuftĊ gd m hf sĊvïrȖft n fkhrmjȒfukd dstd prdzucmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ, mtït tfcp jït
vfknvĊȒfm sm ku m hnst stmoflftĊ ëktr-uk prnjds puolfj, ju msf`urmrdm `mrmkȒfflnr kdjdsmrd mpĊrĊrff".

WntngmtĊ, ëk Ymjtul fktdrkmȒfnkml ju prfvfrd lm grdpturfld jfvfld Ȗf pnlftfjd (rmtfhfjmt gd Ȓmrm

knmstrĊ ëk =607) dstd prdvĊzut jĊ "Nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ mjuzmtĊ gd sĊvïrȖfrdm ukdf fkhrmjȒfukf dstd
prdzucmtĊ m hf kdvfknvmtĊ jït tfcp julpmoflftmtdm sm ku m hnst stmoflftĊ ëk cng ld`ml".

Lm kfvdl durnpdmk, ëk =649, JnkvdkȒfm durnpdmkĊ pdktru mpĊrmrdm grdpturflnr nculuf Ȗf m

lfodrtĊȒflnr hukgmcdktmld m rdjuknsjut mjdst prfkjfpfu (ëk mrt. 8 pmrm`rmh ?)1 "Nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ
mjuzmtĊ gd n fkhrmjȒfukd dstd prdzucmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ pïkĊ jd vfknvĊȒfm sm vm hf ld`ml stmoflftĊ".Ëk
mjdst jnktdxt, ml rdjuknmȖtdrff fcpnrtmkȒdf mjdstuf prfkjfpfu, Ȗf ld`fslmȒfm knmstrĊ ël jnksmjrĊ
dxprds, cmf ëktïf ëk JnkstftuȒfm mgnptmtĊ ëk =66= Rmrt. ?: mlfk. (==) S Ȗf mpnf ëk Jngul gd prnjdgurĊ
pdkmlĊ gd lm =685 ( mrt. 4?
, mgĊu`mt prfk Ld`dm kr. ?5=/?99: prfvfkg cngfhfjmrdm Jnguluf gd
prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ ).
=8

Msthdl, ëk mrt. ?: mlfk. (==) gfk JnkstftuȒfm _ncïkfdf sd stfpuldmzĊ jĊ1 "YïkĊ lm rĊcïkdrdm
gdhfkftfvĊ m entĊrïrff augdjĊtnrdȖtf gd jnkgmckmrd, pdrsnmkm dstd jnksfgdrmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ".

Ëk Jngul gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ mgnptmt ëk =685, prdzucȒfm gd kdvfknvĊȒfd m hnst

rd`ldcdktmtĊ, fkfȒfml, ëk mrt. 88 (ëk cmtdrfm prnodlnr). Yrfk Ld`dm kr. ?5=/?99:, gd cngfhfjmrd m
Jnguluf gd prnjdgurĊ, prdzucȒfm gd kdvfknvĊȒfd m hnst jnksmjrmtĊ dxprds, mlĊturf gd jdldlmltd
prfkjfpff hukgmcdktmld mld prnjdsuluf pdkml, ëk mrt. 4? J. prnj. pdk..

ȕf ëk mjtumlul Jng gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ, prfkjfpful prdzucȒfdf gd kdvfknvĊȒfd dstd stfpulmt

dxprds, mlĊturf gd jdldlmltd prfkjfpff mld mplfjĊrff ld`ff prnjdsumld pdkmld, ëk mrt. 71

"(=) Nrfjd pdrsnmkĊ dstd jnksfgdrmtĊ kdvfknvmtĊ pïkĊ lm stmoflfrdm vfknvĊȒfdf smld prfktr-n
entĊrïrd pdkmlĊ gdhfkftfvĊ.

(?) GupĊ mgcfkfstrmrdm ëktrd`uluf prnomtnrfu, nrfjd ëkgnfmlĊ ëk hnrcmrdm jnkvfk`drff nr`mkdlnr
augfjfmrd sd fktdrprdtdmzĊ ëk hmvnmrdm suspdjtuluf smu fkjulpmtuluf".

Zprd gdnsdofrd gd Jngul gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ gd lm =685, ëk rd`ldcdktmrdm dxprdsĊ m

prfkjfpfuluf prdzucȒfdf gd kdvfknvĊȒfd gfk mjtumlul Jng gd prnjdgurĊ pdkmlĊ, s-m mgĊu`mt Rëk mrt.
7 mlfk. (?)S rdhdrfrdm lm rd`ulm fk guofn prn rdn1 "GupĊ mgcfkfstrmrdm ëktrd`uluf prnomtnrfu, nrfjd
ëkgnfmlĊ ëk hnrcmrdm jnkvfk`drff nr`mkdlnr augfjfmrd sd fktdrprdtdmzĊ ëk hmvnmrdm suspdjtuluf smu
fkjulpmtuluf". Yrfk urcmrd, prfkjfpful prdzucȒfdf gd kdvfknvĊȒfdf sd rdhldjtĊ Ȗf ëk cngul gd
mgcfkfstrmrd Ȗf mprdjfdrd m prnodlnr, jmrd pnt hf jnksfgdrmtd jnkjlugdktd kucmf ëk cĊsurm ëk jmrd
nhdrĊ jdrtftugfkdm mhlĊrff mgdvĊruluf, nrfjd ëkgnfmlĊ ëk hnrcmrdm jnkvfk`drff nr`mkdlnr augfjfmrd
hffkg ëk hmvnmrdm suspdjtuluf smu fkjulpmtuluf.

HĊjïkg n rdtrnspdjtfvd prfkjfpmldld gfrdjŪff mvutd ëk vdgdrd gd Jurtdm DurnpdmkĊ, jnkstftufd

vdrftmofld jrftdrff aurfsprugdkŪfmld.
=) N prfcĊ prnoldcĊ mkmlfzmtĊ gd Jurtd sd rdhdrĊ lm rdlmŪfm gfktrd lmturm pdkmlĊ Şf jdm jfvflĊ ëktr-
uk prnjds pdkml Şf ëk jd cĊsurĊ n snluŪfd gd ‛jnkgmckmrd– pd lmturĊ jfvflĊ mr putdm mgujd
mtfk`drd prdzucŪfdf, jït tfcp pd lmturĊ pdkmlĊ s-m prnkukŪmt n snluŪfd gd mjeftmrd smu ëkjdtmrd m
prnjdsuluf pdkml. Mlthdl m spukd, nolf`mrdm gd m gdspĊ`uof vfjtfcm ukdf fkhrmjŪfukf mr putdm hf
jmlfhfjmtĊ jm n mjuzmŪfd ëk cmtdrfd pdkmlĊ> Jurtdm m stmtumt jĊ lmturm jfvflĊ dstd mutnkncĊ hmŪĊ gd
lmturm pdkmlĊ, putïkg hf gfspusĊ ‛jnkgmckmrdm– gfk pukjt gd vdgdrd jfvfl, jefmr gmjĊ rĊspukgdrdm
pdkmlĊ ku cmf pnmtd hf mk`mamtĊ=4. Jnkhnrc grdptuluf kmŪfnkml, jdrdrdm gd gdspĊ`uofrf sd
ëktdcdfmzĊ pd prfkjfpffld rĊspukgdrff jfvfld gdlfjtumld, fmr rĊspukgdrdm pdkmlĊ ku rdprdzfktĊ n
jnkgfŪfd pdktru m sd mk`mam rĊspukgdrdm jfvflĊ.
=4
Jnkstmktfk Hlnrdm j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk =6 fukfd ?9=?, § 77, 40, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn.
=0

MjŪfukdm jfvflĊ ëŞf pĊstrdmzĊ kmturm jfvflĊ, jefmr Şf gupĊ jd m hnst mlĊturmtĊ prnjdsuluf pdkml.
Gfk mjdst pukjt gd vdgdrd ku pnmtd dxfstm n mjuzmŪfd ëk cmtdrfd pdkmlĊ =8 mtukjf jïkg vnrofc gd
mjŪfukdm jfvflĊ mlĊturmtĊ prnjdsuluf pdkml. Xfjtfcm mrd grdptul sĊ jdmrĊ jncpdksmŪff hfd jĊ m
fktdrvdkft smu ku jnkgmckmrdm pdkmlĊ, dvmlumrdm gdspĊ`uofrflnr hffkg supusĊ ukdf dvmluĊrf ld`mld
gfstfkjtd, omzmtd pd jrftdrff Şf stmkgmrgd prnomtnrff jd gfhdrĊ ëk mspdjtdld dsdkŪfmld gd jdld
mplfjmofld rĊspukgdrff pdkmld. Mlthdl, mr ëksdckm jĊ mjeftmrdm pd lmturĊ pdkmlĊ mr mtrm`d mutncmt
rdspfk`drdm jdrdrff gd gdspĊ`uofrf, jddm jd mr mhdjtm grdptul vfjtfcdf lm uk augdjĊtnr ëk sdksul mrt.
8 pmrm`r. =.
?) N mltĊ jedstfukd jd m rdŪfkut mtdkŪfm fkstmkŪdf durnpdkd m vfzmt jmlftmtdm lfcomauluf hnlnsft ëk
fkhnrcĊrfld puolfjd ju prfvfrd lm gdrulmrdm jmuzdf pdkmld Şf fcpnrtmkŪm dsdkŪfmlĊ jd trdoufd
mjnrgmtĊ tdrcdkflnr ëk jmrd sd rdgmjtdmzĊ Şf sd dxprfcĊ mutnrftĊŪfld augfjfmrd. Jurtdm m rdmcfktft
jĊ mrt. 8 pmrm`r. ? ku pnmtd ëcpfdgfjm mutnrftĊŪfld sĊ fkhnrcdzd puolfjul ëk ld`ĊturĊ ju prnjdsdld
pdkmld pdkgfktd, ju mtït cmf cult ju jït dstd vnrom gd suofdjtd sdksfofld, gmr fcpukd jm
fkhnrcmrdm sĊ sd hmjĊ ju tnmtĊ gfsjrdŪfm Şf rdzdrvm kdjdsmrĊ pdktru jm prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd sĊ
hfd rdspdjtmtĊ. Jurtdm m dvfgdkŪfmt, ëktr-n spdŪĊ =0, jĊ mrdstmrdm rdjlmcmktuluf, prdŞdgfktd ml sdjŪfdf
pdkmld m ukdf jurŪf gd mpdl, rdprdzfktĊ n hnmrtd on`mtĊ sursĊ gd fkhnrcmŪff Şf spdjulmŪff, ju mtït cmf
cult ju jït drm vnrom gd prfcm mrdstmrd ëk _ncïkfm m ukuf cm`fstrmt.
Jurtdm m jnksfgdrmt jĊ, ëktr-n snjfdtmtd gdcnjrmtfjĊ, sukt fkdvftmofld jncdktmrff ukdnrf
sdvdrd gfk pmrtdm prdsdf ju prfvfrd lm n jmuzĊ sdksfoflĊ jmrd, prdjuc jdm m rdjlmcmktuluf, jnktdstĊ
cnrmlftmtdm pdrsnmkdlnr kucftd sĊ hmjĊ grdptmtd. Jurtdm m suolfkfmt fcpnrtmkŪm pd jmrd trdoufd sĊ
n mjnrgd, ëk mkmlfzm knŪfukff gd prnjds djeftmofl, mpmrdkŪdlnr, prdjuc Şf sdksfoflftĊŪff jrdsjutd m
puolfjuluf hmŪĊ gd `mrmkŪffld ukdf oukd austfŪff. Dm m rdmcfktft=5 Şf hmptul jĊ, ëk cmtdrfd gd djeftmtd,
stmtdld jnktrmjtmktd sd oujurĊ gd n cmraĊ gd mprdjfdrd cmf rdgusĊ ëk mkjedtdld pdkmld gdjït ëk
gncdkful jnktdkjfnsuluf jfvfl.
Jurtdm m trmsmt urcĊtnmrdld gfstfkjŪff1
- dstd rdjncmkgmoflĊ n rdŪfkdrd m mutnrftĊŪflnr ëk m rdldvm dldcdktd jd mr putdm hf fktdrprdtmtd jm n
jnkhfrcmrd m vfknvĊŪfdf ukdf pdrsnmkd, lm cncdktul lm jmrd urcĊrfrdm pdkmlĊ mofm m ëkjdput Şf ju
mtït cmf cult gmjĊ mjdmstm ku m ëkjdput, fmr fkvdstf`mŪffld sd mhlĊ ëk stmgfu fkjfpfdkt, ëk hmzm
mjtdlnr prdcdr`Ċtnmrd. Jurtdm m mprdjfmt jĊ mjtdld prd`Ċtftnmrd dhdjtumtd ëk vdgdrdm ëkjdpdrff
=8
Gfmjdkjn j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk 0 hdorumrfd ?9=?, § 48-40, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn, ëk jnktfkumrd Gfmjdkjn.
=0
Xfnrdl Ourzn j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk :9 fukfd ?996, § =44, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn, ëk jnktfkumrd X. Ourzn.
=5
_upm j. _ncïkfdf kr. =, EntĊrïrdm gfk =8 gdjdcorfd ?995, § ?:, puolfjmtĊ ëk ‛Cnkftnrul Nhfjfml ml
_ncïkfdf–, Ymrtdm F, kr. 48? gfk =9 mu`ust ?9=9.
=5

urcĊrfrff pdkmld trdoufd mvutd ëk jnksfgdrmrd jm mpmrŪfkïkg hmzdf gd urcĊrfrd pdkmlĊ, jefmr gmjĊ lm
mjdl cncdkt pukdrdm suo mjuzmrd ku drm ëkjĊ gdjfsĊ =6. GdjlmrmŪffld kdjnkhnrcd dhdjtumtd gd
prnjurnr ëk hmzm mjtdlnr prdcdr`Ċtnmrd mu n ld`ĊturĊ gfrdjtĊ ju mkjedtm fkjfpfdktĊ Şf, prfk urcmrd,
pnt jnkgujd lm vfnlmrdm prdzucŪfdf (@.J.Y., § 7?). M jnktrmrfn, gmjĊ gdjlmrmŪffld mu hnst hĊjutd
gupĊ jnkgmckmrdm pdkmlĊ m rdjlmcmktuluf ëk prfcĊ fkstmkŪĊ Şf ëk mpdl gd jĊtrd fkstmkŪdld
kmŪfnkmld, jefmr ëk mhmrm jmgruluf prnjdsuluf pdkml, Şf mkucd prfk fktdrcdgful uknr fktdrvfurf
mjnrgmtd prdsdf kmŪfnkmld gd jĊtrd prnjurnrul-Şdh YKM, Jurtdm m jnkjluzfnkmt ?9 jĊ ku m mvut lnj n
vfnlmrd m JnkvdkŪfdf.
- n gfstfkjŪfd hukgmcdktmlĊ trdoufd hĊjutĊ ëktrd n gdjlmrmŪfd prfk jmrd sd dxprfcĊ gnmr suspfjfukdm
jĊ s-m jncfs n fkhrmjŪfukd Şf mhfrcmŪfm jlmrĊ Şf kddjefvnjĊ, ëk mosdkŪm ukdf jnkgmckĊrf gdhfkftfvd,
jĊ n pdrsnmkĊ m jncfs fkhrmjŪfukdm ëk gfsjuŪfd. Jurtdm m rdŪfkut jĊ mhfrcmŪfm fkstmkŪdf gd rdjurs
jmrd l-m gdjlmrmt pd rdjlmcmkt ‛vfknvmt gd jncftdrdm fkhrmjŪfukff pdktru jmrd m hnst ëk cng jnrdjt
trfcfs ëk augdjmtĊ–, gdŞf m gfspus mjeftmrdm, rdprdzfktĊ n ëkjĊljmrd m prdzucŪfdf (Gfmjdkjn, § 87).
Ëk cng sfcflmr ?=, mhfrcmŪffld fkstmkŪdf ‛jĊ rdzultm ëk cng sf`ur– gfk prnodld gdam
mgcfkfstrmtd jĊ ku mvusdsd lnj n vïkzmrd lm lfjftmŪfd Şf jĊ rdjlmcmktul jncfsdsd fkhrmjŪfukfld gd
hmls Şf uz gd hmls jnkstftufd n ëkjĊljmrd m prdzucŪfdf ëk jnkgfŪffld ëk jmrd s-m gfspus ëkjdtmrdm
prnjdsuluf pdkml pdktru fktdrvdkŪfm rd`ulflnr gd prdsjrfpŪfd m rĊspukgdrff pdkmld. Ëk spdŪĊ, fkstmkŪm
ku s-m lfcftmt lm m gdsjrfd n ‛stmrd gd suspfjfukd– smu uk prnknstfj, jf m prdzdktmt jm hffkg stmoflftd
mkucftd hmptd dkukŪmtd ëk rdjefzftnrfu. Yrfk ëkjefgdrdm prnjdgurff, fkstmkŪm m pus suo sdckul
ëktrdoĊrff kdvfknvĊŪfm rdjlmcmktuluf Şf m gfspus jm rdjlmcmktul sĊ plĊtdmsjĊ jedltufdlfld gd
augdjmtĊ, ëk omzm prfkjfpfuluf jnkhnrc jĊrufm jedltufdlfld mr trdouf supnrtmtd gd pmrtdm ml jĊrdf
rdjurs m hnst rdspfks.
Ëktr-n mltĊ jmuzĊ ??, Jurtdm m rdŪfkut jĊ prnjurnrul gdsdckmt ju mkjedtm pdkmlĊ ëcpntrfvm
rdjlmcmktuluf m mhfrcmt, lm gmtm gd =6 gdjdcorfd ?999, ju prfldaul ukdf jnkhdrfkŪd gd prdsĊ, jĊ
rdjlmcmktul drm vfknvmt gd trmhfj gd fkhludkŪĊ, ëk jnkgfŪffld ëk jmrd vfknvĊŪfm sm ku m hnst stmoflftĊ
ld`ml gdjït lm gmtm gd =4 cmf ?99?, gmtm entĊrïrff gdhfkftfvd ëk jmuzĊ. Gd msdcdkdm, mjdstm ku s-m
dxprfcmt kumkŪmt Şf kfjf ku m mvut `rfaĊ sĊ-Şf plmsdzd mhfrcmŪffld ëk jnktdxtul prnjdgurff ëk jurs

=6
@.J.Y. j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk ?9 gdjdcorfd ?9==, § 7=, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn, ëk jnktfkumrd @.J.Y.
?9
Af`m j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk =8 cmrtfd ?9=9, § 6=, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn, ëk jnktfkumrd Af`m.
?=
Gfgu j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk =7 mprflfd ?996, § 7=, puolfjmtĊ ëk ‛Cnkftnrul Nhfjfml ml
_ncïkfdf–, Ymrtdm F, kr. 079 gfk :9 njtncorfd ?996.
??
Xftmk j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk ?4 cmrtfd ?995, § 09, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn.
=6

ëcpntrfvm rdjlmcmktuluf. Ëk mjdstd ëcprdaurĊrf, Jurtdm m jnksfgdrmt jĊ mjdmstĊ gdjlmrmŪfd hĊjutĊ gd

prnjurnr m putut hf pdrjdputĊ grdpt n gdjlmrmŪfd nhfjfmlĊ ëk sdksul jĊ rdjlmcmktul drm vfknvmt ëk
jnkgfŪffld ëk jmrd vfknvĊŪfm sm ku husdsd ëkjĊ stmoflftĊ ld`ml, jddm jd djefvmldmzĊ ju n vfnlmrd m mrt.
8 pmrm`r. ? ml JnkvdkŪfdf.
Gd msdcdkdm, Jurtdm m smkjŪfnkmt jm hffkg mhfrcmŪff jlmrd Şf kddjefvnjd gdjlmrmŪffld uknr
nhfjfmlf (prnjurnrul gd jmz Şf cfkfstrul gd fktdrkd) jd hĊjdmu rdhdrfrd dxprdsĊ lm kucdld
rdjlmcmktuluf Şf lm jncftdrdm gd jĊtrd mjdstm, hĊrĊ kfjfn rdzdrvĊ, m uknr mjtd kdld`mld (@.J.Y.,
§40, 89)1 ‛Mc lumt ëcpntrfvm luf @.J.Y. cĊsurm nolf`Ċrff gd m ku pĊsĊrf lnjmlftmtdm, cĊsurĊ jd sd
gfspukd ëk cng nofŞkuft ëcpntrfvm ukdf pdrsnmkd hmŪĊ gd jmrd dxfstĊ suspfjfukdm jĊ m jncfs n
fkhrmjŪfukd. Ju tnmtd mjdstdm, pd omzm jnktrnmldlnr dhdjtumtd gd @mrgm HfkmkjfmrĊ, ëk spdŪĊ s-mu
jncfs fkhrmjŪfukf, kdhffkg gnmr suspfjfukf ëk ld`ĊturĊ ju jncftdrdm lnr– smu ‛GdŞf dxfstĊ prnod ju
prfvfrd lm jncftdrdm cmf cultnr fkhrmjŪfukf, @.J.Y. dstd mkjedtmt gnmr pdktru gnuĊ, fmr urcĊrfrdm
pdkmlĊ gurdmzĊ suspdjt gd cult tfcp– smu ‛Msthdl, ëktrd =667 Şf =660, mjdstm s-m hnlnsft gd
Omkjnrdx Z.M., omkjĊ m stmtuluf, pdktru m noŪfkd mkucftd mvmktmad hfkmkjfmrd ëk jumktuc gd ?9?,8
cflfnmkd gd gnlmrf ëk vdgdrdm rmcoursĊrff uknr jrdgftd jnktrmjtmtd gd hfrcm sm @.J.Y. ZM. Mjdstd
hmptd mu jnkgus lm tulourmrdm mjtfvftĊŪff Omkjnrdx Z.M. Şf ëk jnksdjfkŪĊ lm suocfkmrdm djnkncfdf
kmŪfnkmld–.
Ëktr-n mltĊ jmuzĊ ?: , Jurtdm m jnksfgdrmt jĊ gdjlmrmŪffld hĊjutd gd prnjurnr mu mgus mtfk`drd
prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd m rdjlmcmktuluf, ëktrujït prdjfzmu jlmr jĊ rdjlmcmktul sd hĊjusd
vfknvmt gd jnrupŪfd, ëkjurmaïkg puolfjul sĊ jrdmgĊ ëk vfknvĊŪfm mjdstufm Şf prdaugdjmu mprdjfdrdm
hmptdlnr gd jĊtrd fkstmkŪdld jncpdtdktd. Ëk spdŪĊ, prnjurnrul mkjedtmtnr, fkhnrcïkg zfmrfŞtff ju
prfvfrd lm mrdstmrdm prdvdktfvĊ m rdjlmcmktuluf, m mhfrcmt jĊ tnmtd prnodld jnkvdr` sprd stmoflfrdm
ju jdrtftugfkd m vfknvĊŪfdf rdjlmcmktuluf Şf jĊ ku putdm hf dvftmtĊ jnkgmckmrdm mjdstufm, mvïkg ëk
vdgdrd jĊ ‛kfcdkf Şf kfcfj ku-l cmf pnmtd sjĊpm gd rĊspukgdrdm pdkmlĊ–.
Jurtdm m jnkjluzfnkmt, ëktr-uk mlt jnktdxt ?7, jĊ dxprdsffld hnlnsftd gd prnjurnrul mkjedtmtnr
fkgfjmu jlmr jĊ rdjlmcmkŪff sd hĊjusdrĊ vfknvmŪf gd fkstf`mrd lm cĊrturfd cfkjfknmsĊ, ëkjurmamu
puolfjul sĊ jrdmgĊ ëk vfknvĊŪfm lnr Şf prdaugfjfmu mprdjfdrdm hmptdlnr gd jĊtrd augdjĊtnrff
jncpdtdkŪf. GdjlmrmŪffld fkjrfcfkmtd mu hnst prnkukŪmtd ëktr-uk jnktdxt fkgdpdkgdkt gd prnjdsul
pdkml ëk sfkd, Şf mkucd ëk jursul ukuf fktdrvfu gfhuzmt lm aurkmlul tdldvfzmt, ëk urcĊtnrff tdrcdkf1
‛Mrdstmrdm prdvdktfvĊ m hnst gfspusĊ gdnmrdjd, ëk npfkfm knmstrĊ, gdŞf sucdld rdspdjtfvd ku mu
hnst hnmrtd rfgfjmtd R=999 cĊrjf `drcmkdS, nrgfkdm puolfjĊ (...) m hnst `rmv mhdjtmtĊ2 ëkjrdgdrdm ëk
?:
YĊvĊlmjed j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk =5 njtncorfd ?9==, § =?9-=?=, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn, ëk jnktfkumrd YĊvĊlmjed.
?7
ZmcnflĊ Şf Jfnkjm j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk 7 cmrtfd ?995, § 67-64, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn, ëk jnktfkumrd ZmcnflĊ Şf Jfnkjm.
?9

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pnlfŪfd, jmrd dstd prfcm vdrf`Ċ m lmkŪuluf jmrd msf`urĊ nrgfkdm puolfjĊ ëktr-uk stmt gd grdpt, trdoufd
sĊ hfd mosnlutĊ Şf kdvfjfmtĊ gd msdcdkdm jncpnrtmcdktd. Ml gnfldm cntfv cdkŪfnkmt ëk nrgnkmkŪĊ
dstd hmptul jĊ mu ëkjdrjmt sĊ ëcpfdgfjd gdsjnpdrfrdm mgdvĊruluf fkhludkŪïkg, om jefmr mcdkfkŪïkg
cmrtnrff.
Dxmjt ëk mjdst cncdkt mvdc uk cmrtnr jmrd m gmt n gdjlmrmŪfd cfkjfknmsĊ Şf jmrd dstd
fktdrn`mt gd nhfŪdrf. GmjĊ ku rdvfkd msuprm gdjlmrmŪfdf, sukt entĊrït sĊ-l mjuz, sĊ-l mrdstdz Şf sĊ-l
trfcft ëk hmŪm fkstmkŪdf–.
- nofdjtul gdjlmrmŪfflnr dstd, gd msdcdkdm, fcpnrtmkt. Z-m mprdjfmt (@.J.Y., § 45) jĊ rdldvmrdm
pntdkŪfmluluf prnomtnr ml cfalnmjdlnr gd prnoĊ mgcfkfstrmtd ëcpntrfvm rdjlmcmktuluf ku pnmtd hf
ëkŪdldmsĊ jm n mtfk`drd m prdzucŪfdf gd kdvfknvĊŪfd, jït tfcp ku hurkfzdmzĊ npfkfdf puolfjd n
jdrtftugfkd mosnlutĊ msuprm vfknvĊŪfdf mjdstufm, jf gnmr dvmludmzĊ msuprm cĊsurflnr prnjdsumld jd
s-mr putdm lum ëcpntrfvm fkjulpmtuluf (gd dx. trfcftdrdm ëk augdjmtĊ).
- jmgrul ëk jmrd sd hmj gdjlmrmŪffld m hnst rdŪfkut gd Jurtd jm hffkg rdldvmkt pdktru jmlfhfjmrdm ukdf
fkhnrcĊrf jm vfnlmrd m prdzucŪfdf. Z-m mrĊtmt ?4 jĊ gdjlmrmŪfm prfculuf-cfkfstru rdhdrftnmrd lm
jncftdrdm ëk hlm`rmkt gd jĊtrd rdjlmcmkt (nhfŪdr gd pnlfŪfd) m fkhrmjŪfukff gd lumrd gd cftĊ m mvut
lnj ëktr-n vfgdnjnkhdrfkŪĊ ju prdhdjŪff, hĊrĊ sĊ hfd mgrdsmtĊ puolfjuluf Şf ëk jmgrul ukdf prdzdktĊrf m
prdnjupĊrflnr mutnrftĊŪflnr hmŪĊ gd prnoftmtdm pdrsnmkdlnr jmrd lujrdmzĊ ëk fkstftuŪffld gd pnlfŪfd.
Jurtdm m mgcfs jĊ mhfrcmŪffld prfculuf-cfkfstru, jd ku mu cdkŪfnkmt kucdld rdjlmcmktuluf, pnt hf
ëkŪdldsd jm n sfcplĊ cngmlftmtd gd m flustrm prnoldcm fgdktfhfjmtĊ, jnrdspukgd cmf gd`rmoĊ ukdf
fkhnrcmŪff prfvfkg gdshĊŞurmrdm ukdf mkjedtd, Şf ku djefvmldmzĊ ju n mhfrcmŪfd prfvfkg vfknvĊŪfm.
- sd rdjuknmŞtd n mkucftĊ lfodrtmtd ëk gdjlmrmŪff gmjĊ mjdstdm prnvfk gd lm pnlftfjfdkf (@.J.Y., §
46), fmr ku gd lm rdprdzdktmkŪf mf mutnrftĊŪflnr puolfjd ju mtrfouŪff ëk cmtdrfd gd prdvdkfrd Şf
jncomtdrd m jrfcfkmlftĊŪff. Msthdl, pnsturm gd pnlftfjfmk ld`ftfcdmzĊ uk mkucft `rmg gd dxm`drmrd
Şf n utflfzmrd cmf lfodrmlĊ m augdjĊŪflnr gd vmlnmrd ëk luptm pnlftfjĊ ju mgvdrsmrff pnlftfjf. Ëktr-n
mltĊ spdŪĊ (YĊvĊlmjed, § ==0), Jurtdm m jnksfgdrmt, ëk jddm jd prfvdŞtd jncdktmrffld gfvdrŞflnr
nmcdkf pnlftfjf (prfcul-cfkfstru, prdŞdgfktdld _ncïkfdf, prdŞdgfktdld Zdkmtuluf), jĊ mjdstdm sukt
ld`ftfcd, hffkg kdjdsmr sĊ hfd plmsmtd ëk jnktdxtul luptdf mktfjnrupŪfd, uk suofdjt gd prdnjupmrd
pdktru ëktrdm`m snjfdtmtd rncïkdmsjĊ. Ëktr-n snjfdtmtd gdcnjrmtfjĊ, sukt fkdvftmofld jncdktmrff ëk
prdsĊ, ukdnrf sdvdrd, cmf mlds gmjĊ dstd vnrom gd n jmuzĊ sdksfoflĊ jmrd, prdjuc jdm m
rdjlmcmktuluf ‚ sdjrdtmr `dkdrml ml `uvdrkuluf, jnktdstm cnrmlftmtdm uknr ëkmlŪf hukjŪfnkmrf.
- ku mrd fcpnrtmkŪĊ ëk jd jnktdxt dstd utflfzmt lfcomaul fkmgdjvmt, dxfstïkg n vfnlmrd m JnkvdkŪfdf
jefmr gmjĊ mhfrcmŪfm sd `ĊsdŞtd ëk jnksfgdrdktd, fmr ku ëk gfspnzftfvul entĊrïrff (Gfmjdkjn, § 8:).

?4
Od`u j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk =4 cmrtfd ?9==, § =?5, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn, ëk jnktfkumrd Od`u.
?=

Cntfvmrdm fkstmkŪdf (jnksfgdrdktdld) mrd mjdlmŞf dhdjt aurfgfj jm Şf gfspnzftfvul, ëk jnkgfŪffld ëk

jmrd hnrcdmzĊ supnrtul sĊu ln`fj.
- Jurtdm m rdhuzmt sĊ rdjuknmsjĊ mgcfsfoflftmtdm mk`maĊrff rdspnksmoflftĊŪff stmtuluf pdktru npfkffld
dxprfcmtd ëk cmss-cdgfm Şf jmrd mpmrŪfk ëk dxjlusfvftmtd mutnrflnr rdspdjtfvdlnr mrtfjnld (@.J.Y., §
78, 75). N jmcpmkfd vfruldktĊ gd prdsĊ pnmtd jnkgujd ëk mkucftd jnkgfŪff lm n jnkgmckmrd ëk hmŪm
npfkfdf puolfjd, mktdrfnr prnkukŪĊrff ukdf snluŪff ld`mld, sftumŪfd jd pnmtd tulourm sdrfns mjtfvftĊŪfld
jncdrjfmld smu prnhdsfnkmld mld ukdf pdrsnmkd smu jefmr Şf stmrdm sm gd sĊkĊtmtd. Yrnjdsul pdkml
rdhldjtmt ëk cmss-cdgfm pnmtd mhdjtm sdvdr jmrmjtdrul sĊu djeftmofl, mtukjf jïkg fkhludkŪdmzĊ
npfkfm puolfjĊ Şf fcplfjft aurmŪff jedcmŪf sĊ gdjfgĊ msuprm vfknvĊŪfdf fkjulpmtuluf.
Ëk prnjdsul pdkml rncïk, mjdst `dk gd rfsjurf ku mu putut hf fgdktfhfjmtd, jït tfcp snluŪffld
pdkmld sukt prnkukŪmtd gd augdjĊtnrf prnhdsfnkfŞtf, jmrd sd prnkukŪĊ Şf msuprm vfknvĊŪfdf, msthdl
ëkjït rfsjul jm mjdŞtfm sĊ hfd fkhludkŪmŪf gd n jmcpmkfd gd prdsĊ dstd cult rdgus gmtnrftĊ prd`Ċtfrff
lnr prnhdsfnkmld Şf dxpdrfdkŪdf (Af`m § 642 X. Ourzn § =88), ju mtït cmf cult mtukjf jïkg sd
fktdrpukd uk fktdrvml gd tfcp jnksfgdrmofl ëktrd hfkmlfzmrdm jmcpmkfdf gd prdsĊ Şf prnkukŪmrdm
entĊrïrff. Jurtdm m rdhuzmt sĊ mjjdptd n rdlmŪfd ëktrd ëkjĊljmrdm prdzucŪfdf Şf mrdstmrdm prdvdktfvĊ,
stmtuïkg jĊ mjdmstĊ rdlmŪfd dxfstĊ gnmr ëk rmpnrt ju jnkgmckmrdm ?8.
Msthdl, rfsjul gd su`dstfoflftmtd m augdjĊtnrflnr, prfk dxfstdkŪm ukdf jmcpmkff gd prdsĊ, ku
pnmtd hf lumt ëk jnksfgdrmrd lm cncdktul mrdstĊrff (Od`u, § =:9), jefmr sftumtĊ ëk prnxfcftmtdm
jncftdrdm hmptdlnr, jït tfcp fktdrdsul zfmrdlnr pdktru jmuzĊ Şf fcpnrtmkŪm mjdstdfm pdktru npfkfm
puolfjĊ rdzultmu gfk pnzfŪfm njupmtĊ gd rdjlmcmkt, nhfŪdr gd pnlfŪfd, ëk jnktdxtul jncomtdrff
jnrupŪfdf, cntfv gd ëk`rfanrmrd mtït pdktru mutnrftĊŪfld kmŪfnkmld, jït Şf pdktru puolfj.
:) JnksdjvdktĊ aurfsprugdkŪdf smld gd m msf`urm `mrmktmrdm uknr grdpturf jnkjrdtd Şf dhdjtfvd, ku
tdnrdtfjd Şf fluznrff, prdjuc Şf kdjdsftĊŪff gd m rdspdjtm rmk`ul prddcfkdkt ml grdptuluf lm uk
prnjds djeftmofl ëktr-n snjfdtmtd gdcnjrmtfjĊ, Jurtdm m prfvfld`fmt n fktdrprdtmrd suostmkŪfmlĊ, ëk
gmukm ukdfm hnrcmld ëk ld`ĊturĊ ju prdzucŪfm gd kdvfknvĊŪfd, jnksfgdrïkg jĊ mjdst `dk gd
fktdrprdtmrd sdrvdŞtd cmf ofkd gncdkful mjnpdrft gd mrt. 8 pmrm`r. ? gfk JnkvdkŪfd. Msthdl, Jurtdm
m jnksfgdrmt jĊ prdzdktmrdm rdjlmcmkŪflnr ëk hmŪm fkstmkŪdf ëcorĊjmŪf ëk jnstucul lnjuluf gd
gdtdkŪfd Şf rdhuzul prdŞdgfktdluf gd m mutnrfzm hnlnsfrdm ëcorĊjĊcfktdf pdrsnkmld sukt lfpsftd gd
nrfjd austfhfjmrd Şf jĊ putdm ëktĊrf ëk rïkgul npfkfdf puolfjd fcprdsfm gd vfknvĊŪfd m rdjlmcmkŪflnr
(ZmcnflĊ Şf Jfnkjm § =992 Af`m § =9=).
Gdvfkd msthdl dvfgdkt jĊ ku kucmf gdjlmrmŪffld kdpntrfvftd pnt `dkdrm vfnlĊrf mld JnkvdkŪfdf,
jf Şf mkucftd prmjtfjf knkvdromld kdjnkhnrcd, jefmr gmjĊ ku mu ld`ĊturĊ ju uk gfsjurs gfk
jnktdxtul pdkml. Mkmlfzm ëktrdprfksĊ cmf sus rdldvĊ hmptul jĊ mutnrftĊŪfld augfjfmrd rncïkd ku pmr
?8
Cfrjdm j. _ncïkfdf, EntĊrïrdm gfk ?6 cmrtfd ?990, § 07-04, kdpuolfjmtĊ, gfspnkfoflĊ pd
www.jsc=696.rn.
??

m hf prdnjupmtd gd `Ċsfrdm austuluf djeflforu ëktrd grdptul puolfjuluf gd m hf fkhnrcmt Şf grdpturfld

hukgmcdktmld mld jdtĊŪdkflnr. GfcpntrfvĊ, sd jnkstmtĊ jĊ mjdstdm Şf-mu msucmt n lfodrtmtd
gfsjrdŪfnkmrĊ gd m vdefjulm nrfjd fkhnrcmŪff ëk ld`ĊturĊ ju prdsupusm sĊvïrŞfrd m uknr hmptd pdkmld
gd jĊtrd jdtĊŪdkf, mtftugfkd jdkzurmtĊ gd fkstmkŪm durnpdmkĊ.

?:

Jnkjluzfd

Ëk jnkjluzfd pnt spukd jĊ prfkjfpful prdzucȒfdf kdvfknvĊȒfdf dstd uk prfkjfpfu `dkdrml, jd

`mrmktdmzĊ jdtĊȒdmkuluf _dpuolfjff Cnlgnvm, grdpturf hukgmcdktmld prdvĊzutd gd JnkstftuȒfd, Ȗf
mkucd grdptul lm lfodrtmtd Ȗf mjjdsul lm austfȒfd.

Yrfkjfpful gmt dstd vmlmofl pdktru tnmtd pdrsnmkdld, ëk gdpdkgdkȒĊ gd ld`fslmȒfm hfdjĊruf stmt
ëk pmrtd. Yrfkjfpful prdzucȒfdf gd kdvfknvĊȒfd dstd ëk vfznrul Tkfukff Durnpdkd Ȗf m hnst dxmcfkmt
gd jĊtrd Jurtdm DurnpdmkĊ suo cmf cultd mspdjtd.

CdkȒfnkĊc ëk prfcul rïkg Gfrdjtfvm(TD) ?9=8/:7: gfk 6 cmrtfd ?9=8 prfvfkg jnksnlfgmrdm
mkucftnr mspdjtd mld prdzucȒfdf gd kdvfknvĊȒfd Ȗf m grdptuluf gd m hf prdzdkt lm prnjds ëk jmgrul
prnjdgurflnr pdkmld(Ykj.=8) ukgd sd fkgfjĊ jĊ prdzucȒfm gd kdvfknvĊȒfd mr hf ëkjĊljmtĊ ëk jmzul ëk
jmrd gdjlmrmȒffld puolfjd mld mutnrftĊȒflnr puolfjd smu gdjfzfdf augfjfmrd, mltdld gdjït jdld prfvfkg
stmoflfrdm vfknvĊȒfdf, sd rdhdrĊ lm n pdrsnmkĊ suspdjtmtĊ smu mjuzmtĊ jm hffkg vfknvmtĊ, mtït tfcp jït
vfknvĊȒfm pdrsnmkdf rdspdjtfvd ku m hnst gnvdgftĊ jnkhnrc ld`ff. Mjdstd gdjlmrmȒff Ȗf gdjfzff
augfjfmrd ku mr trdouf sĊ rdhldjtd npfkfm jĊ pdrsnmkm rdspdjtfvĊ dstd vfknvmtĊ. Mjdst hmpt ku mr
trdouf sĊ mgujĊ mtfk`drd mjtdlnr gd urcĊrfrd pdkmlĊ jmrd urcĊrdsj sĊ prnodzd vfknvĊȒfm pdrsnmkdf
suspdjtmtd smu mjuzmtd, juc mr hf rdjefzftnrful, Ȗf kfjf gdjfzfflnr augfjfmrd ëk urcm jĊrnrm prngujd
dhdjtd n entĊrïrd suspdkgmtĊ, ju jnkgfȒfm rdspdjtĊrff grdptuluf lm mpĊrmrd.

Gd msdcdkdm, mjdst hmpt ku mr trdouf sĊ mgujĊ mtfk`drd entĊrïrflnr prdlfcfkmrd gd kmturĊ

prnjdgurmlĊ, lumtd gd mutnrftĊȒfld augfjfmrd smu gd mltd mutnrftĊȒf jncpdtdktd, jmrd sd ëktdcdfmzĊ pd
suspfjfukf smu pd dldcdktd gd prnoĊ fkjrfcfkmtnmrd, juc mr hf gdjfzffld gd mrdst prdvdktfv, ju
jnkgfȒfm jĊ mjdstd entĊrïrf sĊ ku sd rdhdrdm lm pdrsnmkĊ suspdjtmtĊ smu mjuzmtĊ jm hffkg vfknvmtĊ.
Ëkmfktdm luĊrff ukdf entĊrïrf prdlfcfkmrd gd kmturĊ prnjdgurmlĊ, mutnrftmtdm jncpdtdktĊ mr putdm hf
kdvnftĊ sĊ vdrfhfjd gmjĊ dxfstĊ suhfjfdktd dldcdktd gd prnoĊ fkjrfcfkmtnmrd ëcpntrfvm pdrsnmkdf
suspdjtmtd smu mjuzmtd jmrd sĊ austfhfjd entĊrïrdm rdspdjtfvĊ, gmr entĊrïrdm pnmtd jnkȒfkd rdhdrfrf
lm mjdstd.