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ARITMII CARDIACE
BRADIARITMII
TAHIARITMII
ARITMII CARDIACE
BRADIARITMII
MOTIVE DE STUDIU AL ARITMIILOR CARDIACE
ARITMIE CARDIACĂ
TAHIARITMII
PRESIUNE ARTERIALĂ MICĂ
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
PULMONARĂ SISTEMICĂ
ȘOC CARDIOGEN
SINCOPĂ
?
MOARTE SUBITĂ
MOTIVE DE STUDIU AL ARITMIILOR CARDIACE
ARITMIE CARDIACĂ
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
SISTEMICĂ PULMONARĂ
INSUFICIENȚĂ
CARDIACĂ DISPNEE … EDEM PULMONAR ACUT
DREAPTĂ
MOTIVE DE STUDIU AL ARITMIILOR CARDIACE
ARITMIE CARDIACĂ
TAHIARITMII
CONSUM MIOCARDIC DE OXIGEN CRESCUT
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
ANGINĂ PECTORALĂ … INFARCT MIOCARDIC ACUT
MOTIVE DE STUDIU AL ARITMIILOR CARDIACE
ARITMIE CARDIACĂ
TAHIARITMII
VITEZĂ MICĂ DE CIRCULAȚIE A SÂNGELUI
INTRACARDIACĂ INTRAVASCULARĂ
MOTIVE DE STUDIU AL ARITMIILOR CARDIACE
ARITMIE CARDIACĂ
TAHIARITMII
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
ASIMPTOMATICĂ PALPITAȚII
RELAȚIA DINTRE ARITMIILE CARDIACE ȘI PALPITAȚII
TAHIARITMII
3 1 2
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
1 = mulțimea pacienților cu aritmii cardiace care includ palpitațiile printre simptome;
2 = mulțimea pacienților cu aritmii cardiace fără palpitații;
3 = mulțimea pacienților cu palpitații fără suport aritmic.
FACTORI DETERMINANȚI FUNDAMENTALI AI PROGNOSTICULUI ARITMIILOR CARDIACE
ANOMALIE
CARDIACĂ
TAHIARITMII
STRUCTURALĂ
SIMPTOME ȘI SEMNE
AMENINȚĂTOARE
VITAL: ORTOPNEE,
TAHIARITMII
1 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD STRUCTURAL ANORMAL
2 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
3 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD ANORMAL
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
4 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
5 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ, CU SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE NON-ARITMICE
6 = SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE DE VIAȚĂ, DE CAUZĂ NON-CARDIACĂ
7 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ ÎN RITM SINUSAL ȘI ASIMPTOMATICĂ
CATEGORII DE ARITMII CARDIACE, ÎN FUNCȚIE DE SUPORTUL ANATOMIC
STRUCTURAL ȘI DE SEVERITATEA SIMPTOMELOR
TAHIARITMII
1 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD STRUCTURAL ANORMAL
2 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
3 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD ANORMAL
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
4 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
5 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ, CU SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE NON-ARITMICE
6 = SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE DE VIAȚĂ, DE CAUZĂ NON-CARDIACĂ
7 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ ÎN RITM SINUSAL ȘI ASIMPTOMATICĂ
CATEGORII DE ARITMII CARDIACE, ÎN FUNCȚIE DE SUPORTUL ANATOMIC
STRUCTURAL ȘI DE SEVERITATEA SIMPTOMELOR
TAHIARITMII
1 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD STRUCTURAL ANORMAL
2 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
3 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD ANORMAL
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
4 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
5 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ, CU SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE NON-ARITMICE
6 = SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE DE VIAȚĂ, DE CAUZĂ NON-CARDIACĂ
7 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ ÎN RITM SINUSAL ȘI ASIMPTOMATICĂ
CATEGORII DE ARITMII CARDIACE, ÎN FUNCȚIE DE SUPORTUL ANATOMIC
STRUCTURAL ȘI DE SEVERITATEA SIMPTOMELOR
TAHIARITMII
1 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD STRUCTURAL ANORMAL
2 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
3 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD ANORMAL
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
4 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD APARENT
NORMAL
5 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ, CU SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE NON-ARITMICE
6 = SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE DE VIAȚĂ, DE CAUZĂ NON-CARDIACĂ
7 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ ÎN RITM SINUSAL ȘI ASIMPTOMATICĂ
CATEGORII DE ARITMII CARDIACE, ÎN FUNCȚIE DE SUPORTUL ANATOMIC
STRUCTURAL ȘI DE SEVERITATEA SIMPTOMELOR
TAHIARITMII
1 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD STRUCTURAL ANORMAL
2 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
3 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD ANORMAL
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
4 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
5 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ, CU SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE NON-
ARITMICE
6 = SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE DE VIAȚĂ, DE CAUZĂ NON-CARDIACĂ
7 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ ÎN RITM SINUSAL ȘI ASIMPTOMATICĂ
STENOZĂ AORTICĂ VALVULARĂ SEVERĂ CU
EDEM PULMONAR ACUT ÎN RITM SINUSAL
CATEGORII DE ARITMII CARDIACE, ÎN FUNCȚIE DE SUPORTUL ANATOMIC
STRUCTURAL ȘI DE SEVERITATEA SIMPTOMELOR
TAHIARITMII
1 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD STRUCTURAL ANORMAL
2 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
3 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD ANORMAL
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
4 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
5 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ, CU SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE NON-ARITMICE
6 = SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE DE VIAȚĂ, DE CAUZĂ NON-CARDIACĂ
7 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ ÎN RITM SINUSAL ȘI ASIMPTOMATICĂ
ȘOC HEMORAGIC
CATEGORII DE ARITMII CARDIACE, ÎN FUNCȚIE DE SUPORTUL ANATOMIC
STRUCTURAL ȘI DE SEVERITATEA SIMPTOMELOR
TAHIARITMII
1 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD STRUCTURAL ANORMAL
2 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ AMENINȚĂTOARE VITAL, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
3 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD ANORMAL
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
4 = ARITMIE CARDIACĂ FĂRĂ SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE, PE CORD APARENT NORMAL
5 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ, CU SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE NON-ARITMICE
6 = SIMPTOME AMENINȚĂTOARE DE VIAȚĂ, DE CAUZĂ NON-CARDIACĂ
7 = BOALĂ CARDIACĂ STRUCTURALĂ ÎN RITM SINUSAL ȘI ASIMPTOMATICĂ
20
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA,
RESTING ELECTROCARDIOGRAM: IF PRESENT WHILE
TO DOCUMENT THERECORDING THE
ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND:
ULTRASOUND TOFOR
TO LOOK LOOK FOR AANATOMIC
A CARDIAC CARDIAC ANATOMIC
ABNORMALITY ABNORMALITY
POSSIBLY POSSIBLY
ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
ASSESS THE RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY
2.TO EVALUATE ASSOCIATED
THE PULMONARY VENOUS WITH
STASIS POSSIBLY THE ARRHYTHMIA,
ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE 3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SERUM K SERUM
+
ARRHYTHMIA, HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
+2
Mg , Ca +2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
CHEST X-RAY IN ARRHYTHMIA
LAURENTIU LUCACI
HYPERKALAEMIA
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
PREDISPOSES TO FAVOURS
HYPERTHYROIDISM HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH:
TSH
HYPOTHYROIDISM
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPERTHYROIDISM HYPOTHYROIDISM
FAVOURS ATRIAL
FAVOURS
FAVOURS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA
BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
FIBRILLATION,
BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
SINUS BRADYCARDIA
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
WITH HIGH
VENTRICULAR RATE
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENTBY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM
ALMOST
DIGOXIN LEVEL:
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
FEVER MAY TRIGGERINFECTIOUSTACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
INFECTIOUS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELLOR NON-INFECTIOUS
COUNT MYOCARDITIS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE MAY CAUSE
OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA ARRHYTHMIAS
IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TROPONINS, TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CREATINKINASE-MB CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT:
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE
TROPONINS,
MYOCARDITIS
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS, CREATINKINASE-MB:
TROPONINS,
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
INJURY
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO
ARRHYTHMIA
MYOCARDITIS,
AMBULATORY ECG AS CAUSES OF THE
TO DOCUMENT CARDIACNOT
THE ARRHYTHMIA ARRHYTHMIA
PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY
AMBULATORY ECG
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING (HOLTER):
TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
TO DOCUMENT
MONITORING (HOLTER) THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
CAROTID ECG
AMBULATORY SINUS MASSAGE:
TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
AND 2/1 ATRIAL FLUTTER,
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANTTACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
CAROTID SINUS PRESSURE
ON THE RIGHT SIDE
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST:
TILT TEST
TO REVEAL TO REVEAL
THE VAGAL THE VAGAL
INDUCED INDUCED BRADYCARDIA
BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL IN SYNCOPE
VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT THEM BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
USEFUL ANALYSIS IN ARRHYTHMIAS
12 LEAD RESTING TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA, IF PRESENT BY CHANCE WHILE RECORDING THE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND TO LOOK FOR A CARDIAC ANATOMIC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ARRHYTHMIA
CHEST X-RAY 1.TO HYPOTHESIZE THE CARDIAC ABNORMALITY POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH AND TO ASSESS THE
RADIOLOGIC CARDIOMEGALY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
2.TO EVALUATE THE PULMONARY VENOUS STASIS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARRHYTHMIA,
3.TO LOOK FOR PULMONARY FEATURES OF THE EXTRACARDIAC CAUSE OF THE ARRHYTHMIA
SERUM K+ SERUM HYPOKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
Mg+2, Ca+2 HYPERKALAEMIA PREDISPOSES TO HEART BLOCK / SINUS ARREST
LAURENTIU LUCACI
TSH
SERUM DIGOXIN LEVEL
HYPERTHYROIDISM FAVOURS ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,
HYPOTHYROIDISM FAVOURS BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
ALMOST ANY ARRHYTHMIA MAY ARISE FROM DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS FEVER MAY TRIGGER TACHYARRHYTHMIAS,
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT
TROPONINS,
CREATINKINASE-MB
INFECTIOUS OR NON-INFECTIOUS MYOCARDITIS MAY CAUSE ARRHYTHMIAS
NEUTROPHILIA IN CASE OF INFECTION, EOSINOPHILIA IN CASE OF EOSINOPHILIC MYOCARDITIS
TO DIAGNOSE MYOCARDIAL INJURY DUE TO MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, OR DUE TO MYOCARDITIS, AS
CAUSES OF THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
AMBULATORY ECG TO DOCUMENT THE ARRHYTHMIA NOT PROVEN BY THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
MONITORING (HOLTER)
CAROTID SINUS MASSAGE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA AND 2/1 ATRIAL
FLUTTER,
TO STOP AN ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODAL REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA EPISODE,
TO DIAGNOSE THE CAROTID SINUS SYNDROME
TILT TEST TO REVEAL THE VAGAL INDUCED BRADYCARDIA IN VAGAL SYNCOPE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY:
TO ARGUE INDUCIBLE
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDY TO ARRHYTHMIAS AND TO TREAT
ARGUE INDUCIBLE ARRHYTHMIAS THEM
AND TO TREATBY ABLATION
THEM TECHNIQUES
BY ABLATION TECHNIQUES
Aritmii frecvente si importante
• Extrasistolele supraventriculare si ventriculare
•
• TAHIARITMII
Fibrilatia atriala
Flutter-ul atrial
• Tahicardia paroxistica supraventriculara
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
Tahicardia ventriculara (inclusiv torsada varfurilor)
Blocurile atrioventriculare
• Aritmii in sindromul WPW
41
Clasificarea Vaughan-Williams a antiaritmicelor ( I )
TAHIARITMII
CLASA ACTIUNEA PE CANALE / MODIFICAREA MAJORA FIBRELE TINTA EXEMPLE
RECEPTORI
A PA
IA Na+, K+ Prelungirea moderata A,V, P, WPW, QUI, PROCA,
a conducerii si a NAV () DISO
repolarizarii
IB Na+ Scurtarea minima a P, V LIDO, MEXI,
repolarizarii FEN, RANO
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
IC
II
Na+
Prelungirea marcata a
conducerii
Scaderea
automatismului
NSA, NAV, A, V,
P, WPW
NSA NAV
ENCA, FLECA,
PROPA, MORI
blocant
42
CLASIFICAREA VAUGHAN – WILLIAMS A ANTIARITMICELOR
CLASA EXEMPLE
IA CHINIDINA, DISOPIRAMIDA
IB LIDOCAINA
IC FLECAINIDA, PROPAFENONA
II BETABLOCANTE
IVB ADENOZINA
Clasificarea Vaughan-Williams a antiaritmicelor ( II )
IA IB IC
TAHIARITMII
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
II III IV
44
Topografia actiunilor antiaritmice
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
•
amiodarona (III), sotalol (III),
adenozina (IV A);
Ventriculi: IA, IB, IC, II, III;
• Cale accesorie: IA, IC, amiodarona (III).
45
Efecte electrice toxice si proaritmii
TAHIARITMII
BS, BAV, ASISTOLA
TORSADA VARFURILOR
Conducere 1/1 in fA/FA non
WPW
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
Cresterea fvm a fA/FA cu
WPW
IC IA
Digoxin
ascunse in NAV;
Blocarea NAV si lipsa
blocarii caii accesorii
Reintrare ventriculara
Administarrea eronata a
digoxinului / blocantului
Ca+2, in locul SEE urgent
Ischemia miocardica
SEE la pacientul digitalizat
46
Masuri de prevenire a proaritmiilor (I)
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
•
3.Cauta si trateaza eventuali factori favorizanti extracardiaci:
diselectrolitemii (K+), O2, hipersimpaticotonia (inclusiv T3/T4),
bradicardia de fond (inclusiv medicamente bradicardizante);
• 4.In fA / FA fara WPW, administreaza digoxin / blocant / antiCa+2
• inainte de inceperea flecainidei, chinidinei, disopiramidei;
• 5.In fA / FA cu WPW, digoxinul, anticalcicul si blocantul sunt
• STRICT INTERZISE !
47
Masuri de prevenire a proaritmiilor (II)
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
•
10.Anumite antiaritmice pot modifica pragul de stimulare cardiaca
de catre pacemaker;
11.Ambitia de a suprima orice activitate ectopica este fie Irealizabila,
• fie Irelevanta, fie Imprudenta. Sa nu tratezi simple extrasistole pe cord
• aparent normal.
• Alegerea antiaritmicului si a dozei reprezinta un compromis intre
• eficienta si toxicitate. Alegerea antiaritmicului trebuie sa fie ghidata
• mai degraba de siguranta, decat de eficienta.
48
EXAMPLE OF PROARRHYTHMIA: 1/1 ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION OF ATRIAL FLUTTER,
WHILE ATTEMPTING TO CONVERT IT TO SINUS RHYTHM, USING PROPAFENONE
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
EXAMPLE OF PROARRHYTHMIA: 1/1 ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION OF ATRIAL FLUTTER,
WHILE ATTEMPTING TO CONVERT IT TO SINUS RHYTHM, USING PROPAFENONE
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
EXAMPLE OF PROARRHYTHMIA: 1/1 ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION OF ATRIAL FLUTTER,
WHILE ATTEMPTING TO CONVERT IT TO SINUS RHYTHM, USING PROPAFENONE
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
1/1 ATRIAL FLUTTER, HEART RATE 200/MIN
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM USEFULNESS TO LOOK FOR PRO-ARRHYTHMIA SIGNS
AFTER CONVERSION TO SINUS RHYTHM
RR interval
to calculate
heart rate
QT interval
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM USEFULNESS TO LOOK FOR PRO-ARRHYTHMIA SIGNS
AFTER CONVERSION TO SINUS RHYTHM
RR interval too long = QT interval too long for heart rate =
sinus bradycardia risk of torsades de pointes
due to antiarrhythmic drug due to antiarrhythmic drug
RR interval
to calculate
heart rate
QT interval
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
PR interval too long = AV block
due to antiarrhythmic drug
risk of ventricular tachycardia
due to antiarrhythmic drug
RITMUL SINUSAL
1.Există unde P, pozitive în derivațiile DII, DIII și aVF, cu morfologie si axă constante
în fiecare derivație în parte.
TAHIARITMII
2.Frecvența undelor P are la adult o valoare cuprinsă între 60/minut și 100/minut și
este relativ constantă (intervalele PP variază unul față de altul cu mai puțin de 10%
sau, în termeni absoluți, diferența dintre intervalul PP maxim și cel minim
observate pe traseul analizat este mai mică de 0.12 secunde). Intervalul valorilor
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
normale ale frecvenței ritmului sinusal depinde de vârstă (vezi tabelul frecvențelor
cardiace normale în funcție de vârstă).
TAHIARITMII
Complex QRS prematur, de obicei cu morfologie similară morfologiei restului
complexelor QRS de origine sinusală, precedat de o undă P’ cu morfologie adeseori
diferită de morfologia undelor P sinusale. În cazul în care unda P’ este foarte precoce,
ea poate găsi nodul atrioventricular în perioada refractară și se blochează, nemaifiind
urmată de complex QRS. Prin urmare, esența extrasistolei atriale este unda P’
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
prematură, în raport cu ritmul undelor P sinusale, indiferent dacă ea este urmată de
complex QRS sau nu, în funcție de precocitatea ei față de unda P sinusală precedentă.
EXTRASISTOLĂ ATRIALĂ
EXTRASISTOLA VENTRICULARĂ
TAHIARITMII
aceeași morfologie (se numesc monomorfe), sau cel puțin două
morfologii distincte (se numesc polimorfe). Pe baza morfologiei
complexului QRS se poate afirma, cu oarecare probabilitate,
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
originea extrasistolei, și anume : ESV cu morfologie de BRS are
probabil originea în ventriculul drept, ESV cu morfologie de BRD
are probabil originea în ventriculul stâng, ESV cu complex QRS
pozitiv în toate derivațiile precordiale are probabil originea în
porțiunea bazală a septului interventricular, ESV cu complex
QRS negativ în toate derivațiile precordiale are probabil
originea la vârful inimii.
EXTRASISTOLA VENTRICULARĂ
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
Extrasistola ventriculară suficient de precoce, astfel încât
apare pe vârful sau pe panta descendentă a undei T a bătăii
sinusale precedente se numește extrasistolă ventriculară cu
« fenomen R / T ». Extrasistolele polimorfe, cele grupate și
cele cu fenomen « R / T » sunt considerate cu risc de
declanșare a unei tahicardii ventriculare / fibrilații
ventriculare, în special dacă apar pe o inimă cu leziuni
structurale semnificative.
EXTRASISTOLE VENTRICULARE
MONOMORFE BIGEMINATE
CUPLET VENTRICULAR
FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ
www.shutterstock.com
FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ
TAHIARITMII
FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ (fA): Unde « f » atriale neregulate, cu frecvența medie
între 400 și 600 / minut, conduse la ventriculi tot în mod neregulat, cu o
frecvență medie mai mică (de obicei sub 200 bătăi/minut), cu complexe QRS
cu morfologie similară cu cea a complexelor QRS de origine sinusală.
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ
FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ
TAHIARITMII
anomalie cardiaca structurala;
• 3.angina poate indica leziuni coronariene coexistente;
• 4.AIT / AVC / embolie arteriala periferica;
• Gradarea simptomelor (Scala European Heart Rhythm Association
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
modificata)
• EHRA I ………….Simptome absente…….…………………………fara simptome;
• EHRA IIa …….. Simptome usoare ………… activitatea zilnica neafectata;
• EHRA IIb ………simptome moderate…… pacient deranjat de simptome;
• EHRA III ……….Simptome severe…………………. activitatea zilnica afectata;
• EHRA IV …......Simptome foarte severe………activitatea zilnica intrerupta.
FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ
• TAHIARITMII
• Clasificarea fA: paroxistica / persistenta / permanenta;
prim diagnostic / persistenta de lunga durata;
• Obiectiv: ritm cardiac neregulat, cu intensitate variabila a ZI, cu deficit de
puls arterial radial, cu atat mai mare cu cat fc este mai inalta;
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
• Complicatii majore: 1.EMBOLIA SISTEMICA
• 2.sincopa…moartea subita in caz de asociere cu BAV III sau cu WPW
FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ
TAHIARITMII
• Riscul embolic al fA:
• Ritm sinusal……… ……..0.2%pe an;
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
• fA anticoagulata….. ……..1% pe an;
• fA neanticoagulata.. ……..5% pe an;
• fA cu antecedente AVC…25% pe an.
Fibrilatia atriala (I): conversia de urgenta
•
•
•
TAHIARITMII
B. fA paroxistica, debut < 48 h (cert) si fara risc embolic major:
inceperea corectiei factorilor favorizanti (febra, hipokaliemie, deshidratare …);
heparina 5000 UI bolus iv;
• ideal: control al absentei trombilor intraatriali prin ecocardiografie transesofagiana;
•
•
•
•
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
cardiopatie structurala (ICC /IMA /AS): AMIO pev 5 mg/kg in 1–2 ore, apoi 50 mg/h (max 1 g/zi)
fara cardiopatie structurala: optiuni:
1. PROPA pev 2 mg/kg in 10 min, sau 450-600 mg po doza unica (”pill in the pocket”);
2. FLECA pev 2 mg/kg in 10 min, sau 200-300 mg po doza unica (”pill in the pocket”);
• + controlul frecventei ventriculare cu blocant NAV;
• 3. IBUTILIDA 1 mg iv in 10 min, eventual repetata dupa 10 minute (risc torsada vârfurilor);
• 4. VERNAKALANT 3 mg/kg in 10 min, iar dupa 15 min inca 2 mg/kg in 10 min.
• conversie electrica, daca cea chimica nu a reusit.
•
68
Fibrilatia atriala (II): conversia electiva
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
• 5.internare cu 1-2 zile inaintea conversiei si verificare INR in caz de folosire a AVK;
• 6.daca exista cardiopatie ischemica: SOTA 80 mg2/zi 160mg2/zi;
• 7. Daca nu exista leziuni cardiace structurale:
• a. PROPAFENONA 150 mg3/zi 300mg 3/zi;
• b. FLECAINIDA 100 mg 2/zi 150 mg 2/zi + controlul fvm cu blocant NAV;
• c. DRONEDARONA 400 mg x 2/zi;
• d. SOTALOL 80 - 160 mg x 2/zi.
• 8.Este posibila conversia chimica, favorizata de medicamentele de mai sus.
• Daca aceasta nu se produce, atunci cardioversie electrica.
69
Fibrilatia atriala (III): profilaxia recurentelor
• 1. Optiuni antiaritmic:
• a. cardiopatie structurala (ICC/HVS/post IMA/valvulopatie): AMIO 200-400 mg/zi;
•
•
TAHIARITMII
b. absenta leziunilor cardiace structurale :PROPA/FLECA/SOTA/DRONE;
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
3. Dupa 4 saptamani, anticoagularea se continua in urmatoarele cazuri:
a. risc embolic mare;
• b. recidive frecvente (episoade silentioase ramase de multe ori necunoscute);
• c. fA permanentizata.
70
FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ
TAHIARITMII
1.HIPERTENSIUNEA ARTERIALĂ;
2.INSUFICIENȚA CARDIACĂ;
3.CARDIOMIOPATIILE;
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
4.HIPERTIROIDIA;
5.VALVULOPATIILE;
6.DIABETUL ZAHARAT;
7.SINDROMUL DE APNEE OBSTRUCTIVĂ ÎN SOMN;
8.BOALA RENALĂ CRONICĂ;
9.CAUZĂ GENETICĂ.
Fibrilatia atriala (IV): optiuni non-farmacologice
•
TAHIARITMII
2. modularea NAV (=ablatia caii alfa) ± stimulator VVI (5%) + anticoagulant;
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
•
4. chirurgie: a. izolarea AS;
b. labirint;
72
Fibrilatia atriala (V): controlul frecventei ventriculare
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
2. amiodarona 300 mg iv diluat in 250 mL G5% in 30 – 60 min, 200 mg po/zi
”ultima resursă”
73
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL AND HYBRID RHYTHM CONTROL OPTIONS
LAURENTIU LUCACI
patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on the background of sick sinus syndrome
and/or atrioventricular block; b)ventricular pacemaker (VVI) with perennial
anticoagulation, in case of permanent atrial Medtronic
fibrillation with 3rd degree irreversible
atrioventricular block.
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
3.Surgery = Cox maze III/IV procedure divides the walls of both atria in a labyrinth
(bounded by a network of insulating borders) designed to prevent the fibrillatory activity
and still allow the sino-atrial node impulse to capture the majority of atrial myocardium
and finally to reach the atrioventricular node. The isolating borders are lines made up of
myocardial cells, drawn either by surgical incisions, followed by sewing (Cox maze III), or
by different types of ablation procedures (cryoablation / radiofrequency / high intensity
Mayo Clinic
focused ultrasound) (Cox maze IV). OAC is continued for at least 8 weeks afterwards, but
should be perennial in patients with high risk of stroke.
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL AND HYBRID RHYTHM CONTROL OPTIONS
LAURENTIU LUCACI
patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on the background of sick sinus syndrome
and/or atrioventricular block; b)ventricular pacemaker (VVI) with perennial
anticoagulation, in case of permanent atrial fibrillation with 3rd degree irreversible
atrioventricular block.
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
3.Surgery = Cox maze III/IV procedure divides the walls of both atria in a labyrinth
(bounded by a network of insulating borders) designed to prevent the fibrillatory activity
and still allow the sino-atrial node impulse to capture the majority of atrial myocardium
and finally to reach the atrioventricular node. The isolating borders are lines made up of
myocardial cells, drawn either by surgical incisions, followed by sewing (Cox maze III), or
by different types of ablation procedures (cryoablation / radiofrequency / high intensity
focused ultrasound) (Cox maze IV). OAC is continued for at least 8 weeks afterwards, but
should be perennial in patients with high risk of stroke.
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL AND HYBRID RHYTHM CONTROL OPTIONS
LAURENTIU LUCACI
patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on the background of sick sinus syndrome
and/or atrioventricular block; b)ventricular pacemaker (VVI) with perennial
anticoagulation, in case of permanent
Afib.com atrial fibrillation with 3rd degree irreversible
atrioventricular block.
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
Clinical Gate
3.Surgery = Cox maze III/IV procedure divides the walls of both atria in a labyrinth
(bounded by a network of insulating borders) designed to prevent the fibrillatory activity
and still allow the sino-atrial node impulse to capture the majority of atrial myocardium
and finally to reach the atrioventricular node. The isolating borders are lines made up of
myocardial cells, drawn either by surgical incisions, followed by sewing (Cox maze III), or
by different types of ablation procedures (cryoablation / radiofrequency / high intensity
focused ultrasound) (Cox maze IV). OAC is continued for at least 8 weeks afterwards, but
should be perennial in patients with high risk of stroke.
EVALUAREA RISCURILOR TROMBOTIC ȘI HEMORAGIC
ÎN FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ NON-VALVULARĂ
SCORUL CHA2DS2-VASc de risc trombotic SCORUL HAS-BLED de risc hemoragic
al fibrilatiei atriale non-valvulare al tratamentului anticoagulant oral (dezvoltat pentru AVK)
ELEMENTUL SCORULUI PUNCTAJ ELEMENTUL SCORULUI PUNCTAJ
INSUFICIENȚA CARDIACĂ CONGESTIVĂ /
DISFUNCȚIA VENTRICULARĂ STÂNGĂ
HIPERTENSIUNEA ARTERIALĂ
(TAS peste 160 mmHg)
H 1
1
SISTOLICĂ CEL PUȚIN MODERATĂ
(FEVS sub 40%) C FUNCȚIILE RENALĂ (1) și HEPATICĂ (2) ANORMALE
A 1 sau 2
(câte un punct pentru fiecare funcție anormală)
HIPERTENSIUNEA ARTERIALĂ (140/90 de
cel putin doua ori, sau tratament anti HTA)H
1
ACCIDENT VASCULAR CEREBRAL S 1
VÂRSTA cel putin 75 ani A 2
SÂNGERARE (3) B 1
DIABETUL ZAHARAT (125 mg% a jeune,
sau tratament antidiabetic) D 1 INR LABIL (TTR sub 60%) L 1
NU
CHA2DS2-VASc
0 1 2
ANTICOAGULANT ANTICOAGULANT
ORAL UTIL ORAL INDICAT
FĂRĂ
ANTICOAGULANT ȘI ANTICOAGULANTE
FĂRĂ ORALE ANTIVITAMINE K
ANTIAGREGANT NON-ANTIVITAMINĂ K
PLACHETAR
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS- European Heart Journal 2016; 37: 2893–2962
ANTICOAGULANTE FOLOSITE ÎN FIBRILAȚIA ATRIALĂ
DOZA ZILNICĂ
TAHIARITMII
DENUMIREA COMERCIALĂ ȘI
CATEGORIA MOLECULA DOZA TABLETEI / ÎN FIBRILAȚIA PRECAUȚII
FLACONULUI ATRIALĂ
PARENTERALE
LAURENȚIU LUCACIHEPARINE
FRACȚIONATE
ENOXAPARINA
NADROPARINA
CLEXANE 0.2 / 0.4 / 0.6 / 0.8
mL
FRAXIPARINE 0.3 / 0.4 / 0.6 /
0.8 mL
Insuficiența renală
Insuficiența renală
ANTIVITAMINE
TROMBOSTOP 2 mg
ACENOCUMAROL INR 2 - 3 Insuficiența hepatică
SINTROM 4 mg
K
1 / 2 / 2.5 / 4 / 5 / 7.5
WARFARINĂ INR 2 - 3 Insuficiența hepatică
/ 10 mg
ORALE
NON-ANTIVITAMINE
Insuficiența renală
APIXABAN ELIQUIS 2.5 mg 5 mg x 2 / zi
K
TAHIARITMII
DENUMIREA COMERCIALĂ ȘI
CATEGORIA MOLECULA stenoza mitrală
DOZA TABLETEI /și în protezele valvulare PRECAUȚII
ÎN FIBRILAȚIA mecanice
FLACONULUI ATRIALĂ
PARENTERALE
LAURENȚIU LUCACIHEPARINE
FRACȚIONATE
ENOXAPARINA
NADROPARINA
CLEXANE 0.2 / 0.4 / 0.6 / 0.8
mL
FRAXIPARINE 0.3 / 0.4 / 0.6 /
0.8 mL
Insuficiența renală
Insuficiența renală
ANTIVITAMINE
TROMBOSTOP 2 mg
ACENOCUMAROL INR 2 - 3 Insuficiența hepatică
SINTROM 4 mg
K
1 / 2 / 2.5 / 4 / 5 / 7.5
WARFARINĂ INR 2 - 3 Insuficiența hepatică
/ 10 mg
ORALE
NON-ANTIVITAMINE
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
•
3.Reluarea functiei electrice a AS are loc intre 6 h si 6 zile dupa conversie, iar
reluarea functiei mecanice a AS poate avea loc dupa cateva luni de zile
formarea trombilor poate continua si dupa conversia la RS
• a. anticoagularea este necesara dupa conversie (uneori pana la 6 luni);
• b. absenta trombului in urechiusa stanga la TEE nu garanteaza absenta
• emboliei de regularizare;
• 4.Dupa conversie, DC scade la 33% din pacienti si isi revine la 333 h (o luna);
• EPA poate apare la 3 ore post conversie.
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Fibrilatia atriala (VIII): observatii
TAHIARITMII
•
• 6. Pentru profilaxia recurentelor, exista mai multe optiuni AA f(etiologia fA):
• a. insuficienta cardiaca: amiodarona ablatia prin cateter;
• b. ischemia miocardica, valvulopatii, HVS neobisnuita: amiodarona / sotalol /
•
•
•
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
dronedarona ablatia prin cateter;
c. cord aparent normal: (propafenona / flecainida /sotalol / dronedarona)
ablatia prin cateter;
• 7. Debutul fA este adeseori imprecis si marea majoritate a episoadelor fA
• sunt asimptomatice;
85
Fibrilatia atriala (IX): observatii
TAHIARITMII
inainte de interventia chirurgicala. Betablocantul / amiodarona pot preveni fA
postoperatorie;
9. fA in sarcina: sunt permise: digoxinul si betablocantul (exceptand atenololul) pentru
controlul frecventei ventriculare, flecainida si sotalolul pentru conversia chimica si
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
pentru mentinerea ritmului sinusal, heparina nefractionata si heparinele fractionate
pentru anticoagulare;
10. fA in sindromul WPW: conversie electrica urgenta la ritm sinusal, apoi ablatie prin
radiofrecventa a caii accesorii. Propafenona, procainamida si ajmalina sunt permise.
Amiodarona este sigura doar pe cale orala. Digoxinul, verapamilul si diltiazemul sunt
interzise.
FLUTTER – UL ATRIAL
Unde « F » atriale regulate, fără linie isoelectrică între ele, având forma unor « dinți de
TAHIARITMII
fierăstrău » (observate cel mai bine în derivațiile DII, DIII, aVF și V1), cu o frecvență
constantă (pentru un pacient dat), din intervalul 250–350 / minut și conduse la
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
ventriculi într-un raport aritmetic simplu 2 / 1 sau 3 / 1 sau 4 / 1, cu complexe QRS cu
morfologie similară cu cea a complexelor QRS de origine sinusală.
FLUTTER ATRIAL
MECANISMUL FLUTTER-ULUI ATRIAL
UNDĂ DE FLUTTER ATRIAL TIPIC, PROIECȚIA CĂII UNDEI
INELUL TRICUSPIDIAN DEPLASÂNDU-SE ÎN JURUL FLUTTER-ULUI ATRIAL
ORIFICIULUI TRICUSPIDIAN, PE O DIRECȚIE ÎN SPAȚIU
DE OBICEI ÎN SENS ANTIORAR,
PRIVIT DINSPRE VÂRFUL INIMII
ORIFICIUL
TRICUSPIDIAN
ACEASTĂ DIRECȚIE ÎN SPAȚIU
POATE FI, DE EXEMPLU,
O DERIVAȚIE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAFICĂ
PROIECȚIA CĂII UNDEI
FLUTTER-ULUI ATRIAL
TIMP
TAHIARITMII
PE O DIRECȚIE ÎN SPAȚIU
F F F
SPAȚIU
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
DERIVAȚIILE
ELECTROCARDIOGRAFICE ÎN CARE
UNDA FLUTTER-ULUI ATRIAL TIPIC
SE VEDE CEL MAI BINE SUNT COPLANARE CU
RITM REGULAT AL UNDELOR F, FĂRĂ INTERVAL ISOELECTRIC
ÎNTRE ELE, VIZIBILE OPTIM ÎN DII, DIII ȘI aVF
CIRCUITUL DE REINTRARE: DII, DIII ȘI aVF
Clinica flutter-ului atrial (FA)
• Anamneza FA: 1. 0…palpitatii+/-dispnee;
• 2.dispneea severa (EPA) si sincopa pot indica frecvente
•
TAHIARITMII
cardiace extreme si/sau anomalie cardiaca structurala (obstructie,
regurgitare, disfunctie VS);
3.angina poate indica leziuni coronariene coexistente;
• Obiectiv FA cu conducere AV regulata: ritm cardiac regulat
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
(aprox.150/min), cu intensitate constanta a ZI si pulsatii jugulare regulate
rapide (aprox. 300/minut), cu scadere in trepte si pasagera a frecventei
cardiace la MSC;
• Complicatii majore: sincopa in caz de asociere cu BAV III sau cu WPW;
89
Flutter-ul atrial (I): tratamentul electric
•
TAHIARITMII SEE1(=25-50J) 2/3RS, 1/3fA; SEE2: fA RS;
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
•
b. digitalizat: pacing atrial rapid (electrod esofagian sau in AD);
c. optiune de stimulare atriala rapida prin electrodul atrial al
stimulatorului, la purtatorul de stimulator cardiac definitiv –
• - alternativa la conversia prin soc electric extern;
90
Flutter-ul atrial (II): tratament farmacologic
• 1.Controlul frecventei ventriculare
• a.principii: deoarece conducerea ascunsa in NAV este mai redusa decat in fA,
• fvm a FA este adeseori mai greu de controlat decat in cazul fA;
•
TAHIARITMII
unele AA pot creste fvm inainte de conversie, fie prin efect
• vagolitic (diso qui proca, fleca), fie prin scaderea conducerii
• ascunse, datorita incetinirii undelor de flutter;
• blocantul NAV poate fi administrat izolat, sau ca asociat
• obligatoriu la AA susceptibile de crestere a fvm;
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
•
•
•
Administrarea blocantului NAV poate produce: scaderea fvm,
‘degradarea’ FA in fA, conversia la RS.
b.optiuni: 1. metoprolol 2 .5 – 10 mg iv , 100 – 200 mg po/zi /
diltiazem 15 – 25 mg iv bolus, 180 – 360 mg po / zi /
verapamil 2 .5 – 10 mg iv, 120 – 360 mg po/zi
+/- digoxin 0 .5 mg iv (max 1 .5 mg iv/24 h), 0 .0625 – 0.25 mg po/zi,
2. amiodarona 300 mg iv diluat in 250 mL G5% in 30 – 60 min, 200 mg po/zi
3. adenozina iv (utila in dg FATPSV).
91
Flutter-ul atrial (III): tratament farmacologic
TAHIARITMII
• 3.Profilaxia recurentelor: IA / IC / III si tratamentul cauzei;
LAURENȚIU LUCACI
• 4.Anticoagularea: obligatorie, la fel ca in fibrilatia atriala.
92