THE ARTICLE (Articolul)

1. The indefinite article - a/an (articolul nehotărât):

a /ə/ = un, o când urmează un cuvânt care începe cu o consoană ,h sonor sau u citit /ju /
e.g. a boy = un băiat
a girl = o fată
a hospital = un spital
a university = o universitate

an / ə n / = un, o când urmează un cuvânt care începe cu o vocală (a,e,i,o,u, h mut)

e.g. an artist = un artist
an engineer = un inginer
an ice-cream = o îngheţată
an orange = o portocală
an hour = o oră
an umbrella = o umbrelă

2. The definite article – the

the /ðə/ când urmează un cuvânt care începe cu o consoană , h sonor sau u citit /ju /
e.g. the boy = băiatul
the girl = fata
the hospital = spitalul
the university = universitatea

the /ði/ când urmează un cuvânt care începe cu o vocală sau h mut
e. g. the artist = artistul
the engineer = inginerul
the ice-cream = îngheţata
the orange = portocala
the hour = ora
the umbrella = umbrela

THE DEMONSTRATIVES (Pronumele şi adjectivul demonstrativ)

this / ðis / = acesta, aceasta

these / ði:z / = aceştia, acestea
that / ðæt / = acela, aceea
those / ðəuz / = aceia, acelea

THE GENITIVE (Genitivul)

1. FOR PEOPLE (pentru persoane) ‘s

e.g. Mary ’s mother the boys ’ mother

mama Mariei mama băieţilor

2. FOR THINGS (pentru lucruri) of

e.g. the door of the house

uşa casei
THE SUBJECT PRONOUN

Sing. I I = eu
II you = tu
III he = el
she = ea
it = el/ea (impersonal)
Pl. I we = noi
II you = voi
III they = ei /ele

THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Sing. I my … = …meu, …mea, …mei, …mele

II your … = …tău, …ta, …tăi, …tale
III his … = …lui
her … = … ei
its … = …lui/ ei
Pl. I our ... = …nostru, …noastră, …noştri, …noastre
II your … = … vostru, …voastră, …voştri, …voastre
III their … = …lor

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pluralul substantivelor)

IRREGULAR PLURALS (Pluraluri neregulate)

+s e.g. 1 boy – 2 boys
1 girl – 3 girls
1 cat – 4 cats person – people (persoană – persoane/ lume/ oameni)
man – men (bărbat – bărbaţi)
-o, -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh + es woman – women ( femeie – femei)
e.g. 1 tomato – 2 tomatoes
child – children (copil- copii)
1 bus - 4 buses
1 box – 5 boxes
1 match – 2 matches foot – feet (picior – picioare)
1 brush – 3 brushes tooth – teeth ( dinte – dinţi)

cons + y → i + es goose – geese (gâscă – gâşte)

e.g. 1 party – 2 parties mouse – mice (şoarece – şoareci)
1 country – 3 countries
louse – lice (păduche – păduchi)
-f/-fe → v + es
e.g. 1 wolf – 4 wolves fish – fish (peşte – peşti)
1 life – 7 lives deer – deer (căprioară – căprioare)
sheep – sheep (oaie – oi)
THE VERB ‘TO BE’ (VERBUL ‘A FI’)

AFFIRMATIVE
Sing. I I am I’m = Eu sunt
II You are You’re = Tu eşti
III He is He’s = El este
She is She’s = Ea este
It is It’s = El/Ea este
Pl. I We are We’re = Noi suntem
II You are You’re = Voi sunteţi
III They are They ‘re = Ei/Ele sunt

INTERROGATIVE (QUESTIONS)
Sing. I Am I? = Sunt eu ?
SHORT ANSWERS:
II Are you ? = Eşti tu ?
III Is he ? = Este el ?
Q: Are you a doctor?
Is she ? = Este ea?
A: Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Is it ? = Este el/ea ?
Pl. I Are we ? = Suntem noi ?
Q: Is Meredith a doctor?
II Are you? = Sunteţi voi ?
A: Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
III Are they? = Sunt ei/ele ?

NEGATIVE
Sing. I I am not I’m not = Eu nu sunt
II You are not You aren’t = Tu nu eşti
III He is not He isn’t = El nu este
She is not She isn’t = Ea nu este
It is not It isn’t = El/Ea nu este
Pl. I We are not We aren’t = Noi nu suntem
II You are not You aren’t = Voi nu sunteţi
III They are not They aren’t = Ei/Ele nu sunt

ALTE SENSURI:

1. În limba engleză nu folosim verbul “ a avea” când vorbim despre vârstă, ci verbul “ a fi” (‘to be’)

How old + to be ( interrogative)?

How old are you? = Câţi ani ai tu ?
I am ten (years old). = Eu am 10 ani.

2. Alte expresii:

To be + hungry = a-i fi foame

thirsty = a-i fi sete
hot = a-i fi cald
cold = a-i fi frig

I am hungry and he is thirsty. = Mie îmi este foame şi lui îi este sete.
THE VERB ‘TO HAVE GOT’ (VERBUL ‘A AVEA’)

AFFIRMATIVE
Sing. I I have got I’ve got = Eu am
II You have got You’ve got = Tu ai
III He has got He’s got = El are
She has got She’s got = Ea are
It has got It’s got = El/ Ea are
Pl. I We have got We’ve got = Noi avem
II You have got You’ve got = Voi aveţi
III They have got They’ve got = Ei/Ele au

INTERROGATIVE (QUESTIONS)
Sing. I Have I got? =Am eu?
SHORT ANSWERS:
II Have you got? = Ai tu?
III Has he got? = Are el? Q: Have you got a pen?
Has she got? = Are ea? A: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Has it got? = Are el/ea?
Pl. I Have we got? = Avem noi? Q: Has Mary got a book?
II Have you got? = Aveţi voi? A: Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.
III Have they got? = Au ei/ele?

NEGATIVE
Sing. I I have not got I haven’t got = Eu nu am
II You have not got You haven’t got = Tu nu ai
III He has not got He hasn’t got = El nu are
She has not got She hasn’t got = Ea nu are
It has not got It hasn’t got = El/Ea nu are
Pl. I We have not got We haven’t got = Noi nu avem
II You have not got You haven’t got = Voi nu aveti
III They have not got They haven’t got = Ei/Ele nu au

ALTE SENSURI:
 to have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ a pizza/ a coffee = a servi micul dejun/ prânzul/ cina/ o pizza/ o cafea
 to have a bath/ a shower = a face baie/ duş
 to have a party = a da o petrecere
 to have a picnic/ a barbecue = a merge la picnic/ grătar
 to have fun = a se distra
 to have to = a trebui

Cu aceste sensuri verbul se conjugă ca si restul verbelor din limba engleză:

A: He has a shower every day.
I: Does he have a shower every day?
N: He doesn’t have a shower every day.