Vitamina E (tocoferolul)

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Din componenta vitaminei E fac parte 8 tocoferoii, toti avand aceleasi actiuni fiziologice, mai activ si mai eficace fiind insa alfatocoferolul, in functie de care, de altfel, se si stabileste necesarul in vitamina E si, in mod normal, si continutul diferitelor alimente in aceasta valoroasa trofina. Fiind puternic antioxidant, tocoferolul are un rol important in protejarea vitaminei A, a carotenilor si a uleiurilor vegetale. De asemenea, vitamina E intervine favorabil in reproducere, in asigurarea functionarii normale a glandelor sexuale si a celor endocrine, inlesneste depozitarea glicogenului in ficat si in muschi, inclusiv in muschiul cardiac. Tocoferolul are urmatoarele proprietati:

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intervine in metabolismul grasimilor, al calciului si al fosforului, ca si in sinteza proteinelor; limiteaza producerea de colesterol; controleaza eliminarea apei din organism; previne imbatranirea celulelor; intareste si protejeaza inima si arterele impotriva insta larii aterosclerozei; fortifica musculatura si tesutul conjunctiv, ca si functia sexuala si capacitatile mintale; actioneaza pozitiv asupra circulatiei sanguine periferice si a regenerarii pielii; are efect diuretic si hipotensiv; ajuta la preintampinarea producerii avorturilor; scade riscul instalarii ischemiilor cardiace; atenueaza ritmul procesului de imbatranire; este eficient in diabetul zaharat, arsuri si rani greu vindecabile, atrofie testiculara, ovariana si uterina, impotenta, sterilitate feminina si masculina; o amelioreaza ritmul de dezvoltare a organelor genitale la pubertate; o intervine in caz de menstruatii dureroase, tulburari de menopauza, tulburari de crestere la copii, in miocardite, angina pectorala si insuficienta cardiaca, ateroscleroza (cu exceptia hipotensivilor), putand atenua chiar si simptomele afectiunilor deja instalate ; o are rol benefic in tratarea eczemelor, acneei, psoriazisului, miopiei evolutive, a opacifierii cristalinului si cataractei, ca si in boala Parkinson etc. In plus, tocoferolul asigura protectia vaselor sanguine, globulelor rosii, a plamanilor si a ficatului, in hepatita cronica si in cea epidemica. Tot el mareste puterea de aparare a organismului fata de infectii, fiind si anticancerigen. Aceasta vitamina poate fi administrata cu eficienta si nou-nascutilor prematur, femeilor in caz de avort spontan, in unele anemii la copii, ca si in arterita, tromboflebita, ulcere varicoase, afectiuni reumatice inflamatorii, distrofii musculare etc. De asemenea, administrarea vitaminei E duce la importante ameliorari in diferite afectiuni cardiovasculare, in special in durerile cardiace si in starile de sufocare, preintampina formarea cheagurilor de sange si contribuie la dizolvarea acestora. Datorita virtutilor sanogen-terapeutice pe care le are, tocoferolul este denumit si "vitamina sanatatii".

Necesarul zilnic de vitamina E

Exprimarea activitatii biologice a vitaminei E se face in miligrame sau in unitati internationale (U.I.). La barbatii adulti, necesarul zilnic de tocoferol este de cea 25 mg, direct proportional cu varsta si cu cantitatea de acizi polinesaturati existenti in alimentele consumate, putand fi asigurat, in general, de o ratie alimentara echilibrata. Sarcina si alaptarea cresc necesarul de vitamina E. in conditii de nematernitate, femeile au nevoie de mai putina vitamina E decat barbatii. Un aport sporit de vitamina E le este necesar persoanelor varstnice. De asemenea, ea trebuie administrata nou-nascutilor, pana la aparitia propriei flore intestinale, deoarece laptele matern e foarte sarac in tocoferol. In ultima vreme, dupa unii autori, se estimeaza ca necesarul in vitamina E este mult mai mic. Clorul din apa de la robinet, laxativele cu ulei mineral, maternitatea si menopauza, toate necesita sporirea aportului de vitamina E.

Carenta de vitamina E duce la distrofii musculare si la aparitia unor leziuni nervoase, precum si la instalarea atero-sclerozei. La femei, hipovitaminoza E poate produce avort spontan. Trebuie amintit si faptul ca insuficienta vitaminica respectiva provoaca boli ale muschilor si ale nervilor, iar cantitatea de colesterol creste in sange si in muschi. Tulburarile produse in organism de carenta de vitamina E sunt reversibile la femei si ireversibile la barbati. La adulti, aceasta carenta vitaminica produce si o usoara scadere a duratei de viata a globulelor rosii. Eficacitatea tocoferolului sporeste prin asocierea acestuia cu vitaminele A, B, si C, cu inozitolul, precum si prin aportul de mangan si seleniu. Tocoferolul intensifica activitatea vitaminei A. In aprovizionarea organismului cu vitamina E, trebuie tinut cont si de faptul ca absorbtia intestinala a acesteia din alimentele consumate este de numai cea 30%. Carenta de vitamina E se intalneste mai des la batrani si la malnutriti, in inflamatii cronice, diferite boli cronice etc. Hipervitaminoza E apare la doze farmaceutice foarte mari (300-800 mg/zi), ea putand produce oligospermie, ca si azo-spermie, in cazul barbatilor, iar la femei - involutie ovariana si tulburari ale ciclului menstrual. Vitamina E este solubila in grasimi si in alcool, dar insolubila in apa. Ea rezista la caldura pana la cea 250C si e sensibila la lumina si la oxigen. Temperaturile foarte ridicate, ca si cele foarte coborate reduc cu pana la doua treimi cantitatea de tocoferol continuta in vegetale si in uleiuri. Tocoferolul este distrus prin pasteurizarea si prin uscarea laptelui (lapte praf), prin contactul alimentelor cu bicarbonat de sodiu si prin pastrarea acestora timp mai indelungat. Astfel, carnea pastrata la frigider pierde, in cateva zile, toata cantitatea de vitamina E de care dispunea initial. In faina alba, continutul in aceasta vitamina e cu cea 80% mai scazut decat in faina integrala. Pierderi importante de vitamina E au loc in cazul rafinarii diferitelor produse alimentare. Tocmai din acest motiv, se recomanda ca uleiurile vegetale sa fie obtinute prin presare la rece, si nu prin rafinare, operatie care se face la temperaturi ridicate.

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Neither vitamin E nor vitamin C supplements reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events in a large, long-term study of male physicians, according to a study in the November 12 issue of JAMA. The article is being released early online November 9 to coincide with the scientific presentation of the study findings at the American Heart Association meeting. Most adults in the United States have taken vitamin supplements in the past year, according to background information provided by the authors. "Basic research studies suggest that vitamin E, vitamin C, and other antioxidants reduce cardiovascular disease by trapping organic free radicals, by deactivating excited oxygen molecules, or both, to prevent tissue damage." Some previous observational studies have supported a role for vitamin E in cardiovascular disease prevention. Some previous observational studies have also shown a role for vitamin C in reducing coronary heart disease risk. In this study, known as the Physicians' Health Study II, Howard D. Sesso, Sc.D, M.P.H., and colleagues from Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and School of Public Health and VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, assessed the effects of vitamin E and vitamin C supplements on the risk of major cardiovascular disease events among 14,641 male physicians. These physicians were 50 years or older and at low risk of cardiovascular disease at the beginning of the study in 1997, and 754 (5.1 percent) had prevalent cardiovascular disease. The study participants were randomized to receive 400 IU of vitamin E every other day or a placebo and 500 mg of vitamin C daily or a placebo. "During a mean (average) follow-up of 8 years, there were 1,245 confirmed major cardiovascular events," the researchers report. There were 511 total myocardial infarctions (heart attacks), 464 total strokes, and 509 cardiovascular deaths, with some men experiencing multiple events. A total of 1,661 men died during follow-up. Compared with placebo, neither vitamin E nor vitamin C had an effect on the prevention of major cardiovascular events. "Neither vitamin E nor vitamin C had a

significant effect on total mortality, but vitamin E was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke." In conclusion the authors write: "In this large, long-term trial of male physicians, neither vitamin E nor vitamin C supplementation reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events. These data provide no support for the use of these supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older men."

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Ultimele studii realizate ridica un semn de intrebare in privinta unei sperante de viata mai mari la cei ce fol vitamine. Dupa verificarea aleatorie a 70 de studii privind efectele suplimentelor cu vitamine sau antioxidanti, cercetatorii din Danemarca admit ca nu exista nici o dovada certa care sa justifice folosirea vitaminelor pentru prelungirea vietii. Mai mult decat atat, gasesc dovezi care atesta ca unele dintre ele : vitamina A, vitamina E , carotenul scurteaza durata de viata. Verificarea studiilor a fost facuta de Dr Christian Gluud, profesor asociat si seful departamentului din Copenhaga al centrului de cercetare clinica si University Hospital, impreuna cu colegii sai. Studiul este publicat in The Cochrane Library si arata fapul ca vitaminele A si E, folosite pentru efectul antioxidant, distrug si sitemul de aparare al organismului si astfel, durata de viata scade cu pana la 16 %. Chiar daca fructele proaspete si legumele sunt singurele surse de antioxidanti naturali, cei mai multi oameni nu mananca suficient in fiecare zi. Oricum, nu este clar daca administrarea de suplimente are acelasi efect cu o dieta sanatoasa. Antioxidantii sunt folositi pentru neutralizarea efectelor nocive ale radicalilor liberi. Studiul arata ca acestia ar putea interfera cu procesele de aparare ale organismului. Gluud a mai precizat ca carotenul si vitamina E cresc mortalitatea in comparatie cu placebo. Cercetarea include studii pe adulti sanatosi dar si pe adulti diagnosticati. S-au exclus studiile pe copii, femei insarcinate, persoane cu boli acute sau maligne. Suplimentele au fost folosite pentru inlocuirea deficientelor cunoscute de nutrienti. Se arata ca vitamina C nu este nociva dar nici nu previne bolile. Catherine Collins, reprezentanta a British Dietetic Association gaseste studiul ca fiind foarte ingrijorator , insistand asupra unei evidente mai riguroase. Vitaminele se pot achizitiona din unitati specializate foarte usor, insa ca si la alte medicamente precum paracetamolul, ar trebui bine cunoscut dozajul maxim admis. www.medicalnewstoday.com

=www.pubmedcenter.nih.gov= In nature, eight substances have been found to have vitamin E activity: -, -, - and tocopherol; and -, -, - and -tocotrienol. Yet, of all papers on vitamin E listed in PubMed less than 1% relate to tocotrienols. The abundance of -tocopherol in the human body and the comparable efficiency of all vitamin E molecules as antioxidants, led biologists to neglect the non-tocopherol vitamin E molecules as topics for basic and clinical research. Recent developments warrant a serious reconsideration of this conventional wisdom. Tocotrienols possess powerful neuroprotective, anti-cancer and cholesterol lowering properties that are often not exhibited by tocopherols. Current developments in vitamin E research clearly indicate that members of the vitamin E family are not redundant with respect to their biological functions. -Tocotrienol, -tocopherol, and -tocotrienol have emerged as vitamin E molecules with functions in health and disease that are clearly distinct from that of -tocopherol. At nanomolar concentration, tocotrienol, not -tocopherol, prevents neurodegeneration. On a concentration basis, this finding represents the most potent of all biological functions exhibited by any natural vitamin E molecule. An expanding body of evidence support that members of the vitamin E family are functionally unique. In recognition of this fact, title claims in manuscripts should be limited to the specific form of vitamin E studied. For example, evidence for toxicity of a specific form of tocopherol in excess may not be used to conclude that highdosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Such conclusion incorrectly implies that tocotrienols are toxic as well under conditions where tocotrienols were not even considered. The current state of knowledge warrants strategic investment into the lesser known forms of vitamin E. This will enable prudent selection of the appropriate vitamin E molecule for studies addressing a specific need.

In nature, eight substances have been found to have vitamin E activity: -, -, - and tocopherol; and -, -, - and -tocotrienol. Yet, of all papers on vitamin E listed in PubMed less than 1% relate to tocotrienols. The abundance of -tocopherol in the human body and the comparable efficiency of all vitamin E molecules as antioxidants, led biologists to neglect the non-tocopherol vitamin E molecules as topics for basic and clinical research. Recent developments warrant a serious reconsideration of this conventional wisdom. Tocotrienols possess powerful neuroprotective, anti-cancer and cholesterol lowering properties that are often not exhibited by tocopherols. Current developments in vitamin E research clearly indicate that members of the vitamin E family are not redundant with respect to their biological functions. -Tocotrienol, -tocopherol, and -tocotrienol have emerged as vitamin E molecules with functions in health and disease that are clearly distinct from that of -tocopherol. At nanomolar concentration, tocotrienol, not -tocopherol, prevents neurodegeneration. On a concentration basis, this finding represents the most potent of all biological functions exhibited by any natural vitamin E molecule. An expanding body of evidence support that members of the vitamin E family are functionally unique. In recognition of this fact, title claims in manuscripts

should be limited to the specific form of vitamin E studied. For example, evidence for toxicity of a specific form of tocopherol in excess may not be used to conclude that highdosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Such conclusion incorrectly implies that tocotrienols are toxic as well under conditions where tocotrienols were not even considered. The current state of knowledge warrants strategic investment into the lesser known forms of vitamin E. This will enable prudent selection of the appropriate vitamin E molecule for studies addressing a specific need.

In nature, eight substances have been found to have vitamin E activity: -, -, - and tocopherol; and -, -, - and -tocotrienol. Yet, of all papers on vitamin E listed in PubMed less than 1% relate to tocotrienols. The abundance of -tocopherol in the human body and the comparable efficiency of all vitamin E molecules as antioxidants, led biologists to neglect the non-tocopherol vitamin E molecules as topics for basic and clinical research. Recent developments warrant a serious reconsideration of this conventional wisdom. Tocotrienols possess powerful neuroprotective, anti-cancer and cholesterol lowering properties that are often not exhibited by tocopherols. Current developments in vitamin E research clearly indicate that members of the vitamin E family are not redundant with respect to their biological functions. -Tocotrienol, -tocopherol, and -tocotrienol have emerged as vitamin E molecules with functions in health and disease that are clearly distinct from that of -tocopherol. At nanomolar concentration, tocotrienol, not -tocopherol, prevents neurodegeneration. On a concentration basis, this finding represents the most potent of all biological functions exhibited by any natural vitamin E molecule. An expanding body of evidence support that members of the vitamin E family are functionally unique. In recognition of this fact, title claims in manuscripts should be limited to the specific form of vitamin E studied. For example, evidence for toxicity of a specific form of tocopherol in excess may not be used to conclude that highdosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Such conclusion incorrectly implies that tocotrienols are toxic as well under conditions where tocotrienols were not even considered. The current state of knowledge warrants strategic investment into the lesser known forms of vitamin E. This will enable prudent selection of the appropriate vitamin E molecule for studies addressing a specific need.

Chemical Compound Name: 1406-18-4(Vitamin E) http://www.mdconsult.com