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Ra
ha
Rd
Mrul
cg
Gasin
hg
x1
z1
Mrul
Ga
Gacos
a
z2
x2
b
L
(4.1)
FR = Ga f +
unde:
- Ga=12753 N
- f=0,02
- =1,225 kg/m3
- cx=0,3
- A=2,142 m2
- g=9,81 m/s2
-
-a=
dv
dt
G
1
dv
cx A v 2 + a
2
g
dt
48
(4.2)
: greutatea automobilului;
: coeficientul rezistenei la rulare;
: densitatea aerului;
: coeficientul de rezisten al aerului;
: aria transversal;
: acceleraia gravitaional;
: coeficientul de influen al maselor n micare de
rotaie;
: acceleraia autovehiculului.
:
:
:
:
:
M i cv i o t M i tr t
=
rd
rd
(4.3)
Fora disponibil sau fora excedentar care poate fi folosit la nvingerea rezistenelor
drumului i la accelerarea autovehiculului este:
1
Fex = FR Ra = FR c x A v 2
2
(4.4)
Valorile forei la roat i a forei excedentare pentru fiecare treapt de vitez sunt date n
tabelul IV.1.
Bilanul de traciune i caracteristica de traciune sunt prezentate grafic n figurile IV.2 i
IV.3.
49
M
89.39
94.35
101.09
106.97
111.98
116.14
119.44
121.87
123.45
124.17
124.21
124.06
123.59
122.82
121.74
120.34
118.64
116.63
114.31
111.68
108.74
105.48
105.10
103.15
101.09
98.94
96.70
94.35
V1
1.73
2.16
2.81
3.46
4.10
4.75
5.40
6.05
6.69
7.34
7.56
7.95
8.34
8.72
9.11
9.50
9.89
10.28
10.67
11.06
11.45
11.83
11.88
12.09
12.31
12.52
12.74
12.96
FR1
3928.22
4146.57
4442.60
4700.84
4921.29
5103.95
5248.82
5355.89
5425.18
5456.67
5458.77
5451.97
5431.56
5397.55
5349.93
5288.71
5213.88
5125.45
5023.41
4907.77
4778.52
4635.67
4618.96
4532.88
4442.60
4348.12
4249.44
4146.57
RA1
1.17
1.84
3.10
4.70
6.63
8.88
11.47
14.39
17.64
21.22
22.48
24.86
27.35
29.96
32.69
35.53
38.50
41.59
44.79
48.11
51.56
55.12
55.52
57.56
59.63
61.74
63.89
66.07
V2
2.68
3.36
4.36
5.37
6.38
7.38
8.39
9.40
10.40
11.41
11.74
12.35
12.95
13.56
14.16
14.76
15.37
15.97
16.58
17.18
17.78
18.39
18.46
18.79
19.13
19.46
19.80
20.13
FR2
2528.03
2668.55
2859.06
3025.25
3167.13
3284.68
3377.91
3446.82
3491.41
3511.67
3513.02
3508.65
3495.51
3473.62
3442.98
3403.58
3355.42
3298.51
3232.85
3158.43
3075.25
2983.31
2972.56
2917.16
2859.06
2798.26
2734.75
2668.55
RA2
2.84
4.43
7.49
11.34
16.00
21.45
27.70
34.74
42.59
51.23
54.29
60.01
66.03
72.33
78.92
85.80
92.96
100.41
108.15
116.17
124.48
133.08
134.06
138.98
143.98
149.08
154.26
159.54
V3
4.17
5.21
6.78
8.34
9.91
11.47
13.03
14.60
16.16
17.73
18.25
19.19
20.13
21.06
22.00
22.94
23.88
24.82
25.76
26.70
27.63
28.57
28.68
29.20
29.72
30.24
30.76
31.28
FR3
1626.93
1717.36
1839.97
1946.92
2038.22
2113.87
2173.87
2218.22
2246.92
2259.96
2260.83
2258.01
2249.56
2235.47
2215.75
2190.39
2159.40
2122.78
2080.52
2032.62
1979.09
1919.93
1913.01
1877.36
1839.97
1800.84
1759.97
1717.36
RA3
6.85
10.70
18.08
27.39
38.63
51.79
66.88
83.89
102.83
123.69
131.08
144.91
159.43
174.64
190.55
207.15
224.45
242.44
261.12
280.50
300.57
321.33
323.68
335.56
347.65
359.95
372.47
385.20
V4
6.48
8.10
10.53
12.96
15.39
17.82
20.25
22.69
25.12
27.55
28.36
29.81
31.27
32.73
34.19
35.65
37.11
38.56
40.02
41.48
42.94
44.40
44.56
45.37
46.18
46.99
47.80
48.61
FR4
1047.02
1105.22
1184.12
1252.95
1311.71
1360.40
1399.01
1427.55
1446.02
1454.41
1454.97
1453.16
1447.72
1438.65
1425.96
1409.64
1389.70
1366.13
1338.93
1308.11
1273.66
1235.58
1231.13
1208.18
1184.12
1158.94
1132.64
1105.22
RA4
16.53
25.84
43.66
66.14
93.27
125.04
161.47
202.55
248.28
298.66
316.48
349.87
384.94
421.68
460.09
500.17
541.93
585.37
630.48
677.26
725.72
775.85
781.52
810.20
839.39
869.10
899.33
930.07
1600
1200
FR4
800
Ra+Rr
400
0
0
12
16
20
24
v [m/s]
28
32
36
40
44
48
50
8000
7000
6000
Fr [N]
5000
FR
4000
Ra+Rr
3000
2000
1000
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
V [m/s]
(4.5)
: randamentul transmisiei;
: puterea efectiv a motorului;
: puterea necesar nvingerii rezistenelor la rulare;
: puterea necesar nvingerii rezistenelor la urcarea pantei;
: puterea necesar nvingerii rezistenei aerului;
: puterea necesar nvingerii rezistenelor la demarare;
Caracteristica puterilor reprezint curba de variaie a puterii la roile motoare PR ale
autovehiculului n funcie de viteza de deplasare a acestuia, v, pentru toate treptele din cutia de
vitez.
Valorile puterii la roile motoare sunt data n tabelul IV.2.
Bilanul de putere i caracteristica puterilor sunt prezentate grafic n figurile IV.4 i IV.5.
51
P
7.49
9.88
13.76
17.92
22.28
26.75
31.27
35.73
40.07
44.21
45.52
47.81
49.96
51.96
53.79
55.45
56.90
58.13
59.13
59.87
60.35
60.53
60.53
60.48
60.34
60.09
59.74
59.28
PR
6.96
9.19
12.80
16.67
20.72
24.88
29.08
33.23
37.27
41.11
42.34
44.46
46.46
48.32
50.03
51.57
52.92
54.06
54.99
55.68
56.12
56.29
56.29
56.25
56.11
55.88
55.56
55.13
Pr
1.3225
1.6532
2.1491
2.6451
3.1410
3.6370
4.1329
4.6289
5.1248
5.6208
5.7861
6.0837
6.3812
6.6788
6.9764
7.2739
7.5715
7.8691
8.1666
8.4642
8.7618
9.0594
9.0924
9.2577
9.4231
9.5884
9.7537
9.9190
Pcsi
0.1323
0.1653
0.2149
0.2645
0.3141
0.3637
0.4133
0.4629
0.5125
0.5621
0.5786
0.6084
0.6381
0.6679
0.6976
0.7274
0.7572
0.7869
0.8167
0.8464
0.8762
0.9059
0.9092
0.9258
0.9423
0.9588
0.9754
0.9919
Pa+Pr
1.4297
1.8625
2.6090
3.5024
4.5767
5.8657
7.4035
9.2237
11.3605
13.8477
14.7605
16.5151
18.4194
20.4808
22.7067
25.1042
27.6808
30.4437
33.4003
36.5580
39.9239
43.5056
43.9171
46.0167
48.1867
50.4282
52.7425
55.1310
70
60
50
P [Kw]
P
PR
40
Pr
30
Pcsi
Pa+Pr
20
10
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
V[m/s]
32
36
40
44
48
52
70.00
60.00
PR [Kw ]
50.00
40.00
Pr
Pa+Pr
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
V [m/s]
dv
Fex = FR Ra = Ga +
g dt
(4.6)
Fex FR Ra
dv
=
=+
Ga
Ga
g dt
(4.7)
FR k A v 2
Ga
(4.8)
53
(4.9)
Pentru o treapt oarecare din cutia de viteze, factorul dinamic se calculeaz cu relaia:
k A v 2
i k2
Ga
FR i k
Dk =
(4.10)
Fex1
3927.04
4144.73
4439.50
4696.14
4914.67
5095.07
5237.35
5341.50
5407.54
5435.45
5436.29
5427.11
5404.21
5367.59
5317.25
5253.18
5175.38
5083.86
4978.62
4859.66
4726.97
4580.55
4563.44
4475.32
4382.97
4286.38
4185.55
4080.49
D1
0.3079
0.3250
0.3481
0.3682
0.3854
0.3995
0.4107
0.4188
0.4240
0.4262
0.4263
0.4256
0.4238
0.4209
0.4169
0.4119
0.4058
0.3986
0.3904
0.3811
0.3707
0.3592
0.3578
0.3509
0.3437
0.3361
0.3282
0.3200
V2
2.68
3.36
4.36
5.37
6.38
7.38
8.39
9.40
10.40
11.41
11.74
12.35
12.95
13.56
14.16
14.76
15.37
15.97
16.58
17.18
17.78
18.39
18.46
18.79
19.13
19.46
19.80
20.13
Fex2
2525.19
2664.12
2851.57
3013.91
3151.13
3263.23
3350.21
3412.07
3448.82
3460.44
3458.74
3448.63
3429.48
3401.29
3364.06
3317.78
3262.47
3198.10
3124.70
3042.25
2950.76
2850.23
2838.50
2778.19
2715.08
2649.18
2580.49
2509.01
D2
0.1980
0.2089
0.2236
0.2363
0.2471
0.2559
0.2627
0.2676
0.2704
0.2713
0.2712
0.2704
0.2689
0.2667
0.2638
0.2602
0.2558
0.2508
0.2450
0.2386
0.2314
0.2235
0.2226
0.2178
0.2129
0.2077
0.2023
0.1967
V3
4.17
5.21
6.78
8.34
9.91
11.47
13.03
14.60
16.16
17.73
18.25
19.19
20.13
21.06
22.00
22.94
23.88
24.82
25.76
26.70
27.63
28.57
28.68
29.20
29.72
30.24
30.76
31.28
Fex3
1620.08
1706.66
1821.88
1919.53
1999.60
2062.09
2107.00
2134.33
2144.09
2136.27
2129.75
2113.11
2090.13
2060.83
2025.20
1983.24
1934.95
1880.34
1819.40
1752.13
1678.53
1598.60
1589.33
1541.80
1492.32
1440.88
1387.50
1332.16
D3
0.1270
0.1338
0.1429
0.1505
0.1568
0.1617
0.1652
0.1674
0.1681
0.1675
0.1670
0.1657
0.1639
0.1616
0.1588
0.1555
0.1517
0.1474
0.1427
0.1374
0.1316
0.1254
0.1246
0.1209
0.1170
0.1130
0.1088
0.1045
V4
6.48
8.10
10.53
12.96
15.39
17.82
20.25
22.69
25.12
27.55
28.36
29.81
31.27
32.73
34.19
35.65
37.11
38.56
40.02
41.48
42.94
44.40
44.56
45.37
46.18
46.99
47.80
48.61
Fex4
1030.48
1079.38
1140.46
1186.81
1218.44
1235.35
1237.54
1225.00
1197.74
1155.75
1138.49
1103.28
1062.78
1016.98
965.87
909.47
847.76
780.76
708.45
630.85
547.94
459.73
449.61
397.99
344.73
289.84
233.31
175.14
D4
0.0808
0.0846
0.0894
0.0931
0.0955
0.0969
0.0970
0.0961
0.0939
0.0906
0.0893
0.0865
0.0833
0.0797
0.0757
0.0713
0.0665
0.0612
0.0556
0.0495
0.0430
0.0360
0.0353
0.0312
0.0270
0.0227
0.0183
0.0137
54
2.5
a[m/s^2]
1.5
0.5
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
V[m/s]
(4.11)
unde:
- Zm : reaciunea normal la puntea motoare.
Introducnd aceast valoare n expresia factorului dinamic i avnd n vedere c patinarea
apare cnd viteza de deplasare este mic, se obine factorul dinamic limitat de aderen
D =
Zm k A v 2
Ga
(4.12)
a Ga cos
L hg
(4.13)
55
Valorile ale factorului dinamic limitat de aderen sunt date n tabelul IV.4.
Tabelul IV.4 Factorul dinamic limitat de aderen
V
6.48
10.53
12.96
15.39
17.82
20.25
22.69
25.12
27.55
29.81
32.73
37.11
41.48
44.40
46.99
47.80
48.61
Ra
16.53
43.66
66.14
93.27
125.04
161.47
202.55
248.28
298.66
349.87
421.68
541.93
677.26
775.85
869.10
899.33
930.07
FI*Zm1
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
5466.74
Dfi1
0.4274
0.4252
0.4235
0.4213
0.4189
0.4160
0.4128
0.4092
0.4052
0.4012
0.3956
0.3862
0.3756
0.3678
0.3605
0.3581
0.3557
FI*Zm2
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
3547.24
Dfi2
0.2769
0.2747
0.2730
0.2708
0.2683
0.2655
0.2623
0.2587
0.2547
0.2507
0.2451
0.2357
0.2250
0.2173
0.2100
0.2076
0.2052
FI*Zm3
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
2360.64
Dfi3
0.1838
0.1817
0.1799
0.1778
0.1753
0.1724
0.1692
0.1656
0.1617
0.1577
0.1520
0.1426
0.1320
0.1243
0.1170
0.1146
0.1122
FI*Zm4
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
1195.85
Dfi4
0.0925
0.0903
0.0886
0.0865
0.0840
0.0811
0.0779
0.0743
0.0704
0.0663
0.0607
0.0513
0.0407
0.0329
0.0256
0.0233
0.0208
Valorile coeficientului de aderen pentru care s-a calculat factorul dinamic limitat de aderen
sunt:
- 1=0,8; 2=0,55; 3=0,38; 4=0,2
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
D
Dfi
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
V [m/s]
44
48
56
dv
g
= (D )
dt
(4.15)
unde:
-D
: coeficientul dinamic;
2
- g=10 m/s : acceleraia gravitaional;
-
: coeficientul de influen a maselor n micare de rotaie;
- = sin+f sin : coeficientul de rezisten la naintare al drumului.
Acceleraia autovehiculului este direct proporional cu diferena (D-), deci este cu att
mai mare cu ct factorul dinamic este mai mare i invers proporional cu coeficientul de influen
a maselor n micare de rotaie .
Determinm acceleraiile pentru un drum orizontal, =00, rezult c, coeficientul de
rezisten la naintare al drumului este:
=f=0,02
Valorile acceleraiilor i a inverselor acceleraiilor sunt prezentate n tabelul IV.4.
Caracteristica acceleraiilor este prezentat n figura IV.7, iar caracteristica inversului
acceleraiilor este prezentat n figur IV.8.
57
D1
a1
1/a1
V2
D2
a2
1/a2
V3
D3
a3
1/a3
v4
D4
a4
1/a4
1.73
0.308
2.017
0.496
2.684
0.198
1.517
0.659
4.171
0.127
1.012
0.988
6.48
0.081
0.614
1.628
2.16
0.325
2.135
0.468
3.355
0.209
1.608
0.622
5.214
0.134
1.074
0.931
8.10
0.085
0.651
1.537
2.81
0.348
2.295
0.436
4.362
0.224
1.730
0.578
6.778
0.143
1.156
0.865
10.53
0.089
0.696
1.437
3.46
0.368
2.434
0.411
5.369
0.236
1.836
0.545
8.342
0.151
1.226
0.816
12.96
0.093
0.730
1.369
4.10
0.385
2.552
0.392
6.375
0.247
1.926
0.519
9.907
0.157
1.283
0.779
15.39
0.096
0.754
1.326
4.75
0.400
2.650
0.377
7.382
0.256
1.999
0.500
11.471
0.162
1.328
0.753
17.82
0.097
0.767
1.305
5.40
0.411
2.727
0.367
8.389
0.263
2.056
0.486
13.035
0.165
1.360
0.735
20.25
0.097
0.768
1.302
6.05
0.419
2.783
0.359
9.395
0.268
2.096
0.477
14.599
0.167
1.379
0.725
22.69
0.096
0.759
1.318
6.69
0.424
2.819
0.355
10.402
0.270
2.120
0.472
16.163
0.168
1.386
0.721
25.12
0.094
0.739
1.354
7.34
0.426
2.834
0.353
11.409
0.271
2.128
0.470
17.728
0.168
1.381
0.724
27.55
0.091
0.707
1.414
7.56
0.426
2.835
0.353
11.744
0.271
2.127
0.470
18.249
0.167
1.376
0.727
28.36
0.089
0.695
1.440
7.95
0.426
2.830
0.353
12.348
0.270
2.120
0.472
19.188
0.166
1.364
0.733
29.81
0.087
0.668
1.496
8.34
0.424
2.817
0.355
12.952
0.269
2.108
0.474
20.126
0.164
1.348
0.742
31.27
0.083
0.638
1.567
8.72
0.421
2.798
0.357
13.556
0.267
2.089
0.479
21.065
0.162
1.327
0.754
32.73
0.080
0.604
1.655
9.11
0.417
2.770
0.361
14.160
0.264
2.065
0.484
22.003
0.159
1.301
0.769
34.19
0.076
0.566
1.766
9.50
0.412
2.736
0.366
14.764
0.260
2.035
0.491
22.942
0.156
1.271
0.787
35.65
0.071
0.524
1.907
9.89
0.406
2.693
0.371
15.368
0.256
1.999
0.500
23.880
0.152
1.237
0.809
37.11
0.066
0.478
2.090
10.28
0.399
2.644
0.378
15.972
0.251
1.957
0.511
24.819
0.147
1.198
0.835
38.56
0.061
0.429
2.333
10.67
0.390
2.587
0.387
16.576
0.245
1.909
0.524
25.757
0.143
1.154
0.866
40.02
0.056
0.375
2.667
11.06
0.381
2.522
0.396
17.180
0.239
1.855
0.539
26.696
0.137
1.106
0.904
41.48
0.049
0.317
3.152
11.45
0.371
2.450
0.408
17.784
0.231
1.795
0.557
27.634
0.132
1.054
0.949
42.94
0.043
0.256
3.912
11.83
0.359
2.371
0.422
18.388
0.223
1.729
0.578
28.573
0.125
0.996
1.004
44.40
0.036
0.190
5.262
11.88
0.358
2.362
0.423
18.455
0.223
1.722
0.581
28.677
0.125
0.990
1.010
44.56
0.035
0.183
5.479
12.09
0.351
2.314
0.432
18.791
0.218
1.682
0.594
29.198
0.121
0.956
1.046
45.37
0.031
0.144
6.937
12.31
0.344
2.264
0.442
19.126
0.213
1.641
0.609
29.720
0.117
0.920
1.086
46.18
0.027
0.105
9.564
12.52
0.336
2.212
0.452
19.462
0.208
1.598
0.626
30.241
0.113
0.884
1.132
46.99
0.023
0.064
15.683
12.74
0.328
2.157
0.464
19.797
0.202
1.553
0.644
30.763
0.109
0.846
1.183
47.80
0.018
0.022
45.984
12.96
0.320
2.100
0.476
20.133
0.197
1.506
0.664
31.284
0.104
0.806
1.241
48.61
0.014
0.015
66.667
58
2,5
1,5
0,5
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
V[m/s]
1/a [s^2/m]
a[m/s^2]
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
V[m/s]
40
44
48
59
[s
1
a
v
/m
Ai
v0 Timpul de demarare
vnse calculeaz cu formula:
td =
n
1
Ai
a b i =1
(4.16)
unde:
-a
: scara de proporionalitate a inversului acceleraiei;
-b
: scara de proporionalitate a vitezei;
1
- Ai = v i a b
: aria trapezelor elementare.
a
Valorile timpului de demarare sunt prezentate n tabelul IV.6, iar graficul timpului de
demarare este prezentat n figura IV.10.
IV.5.2 Determinarea spaiului de demarare
Prin timp de demarare se nelege distana parcurs de autovehicul n timpul demarajului.
Se calculeaz cu formula:
t [s]
ti
Ai
n
1
Sd =
Ai
b k i =1
(4.17)
v [m/s]
unde:
- k=1 : scara de proporionalitate a
timpului;
- b=1 : scara de proporionalitate a vitezei;
- Ai = v t i k b : aria trapezelor
Fig.IV.11. Determinarea spaiului
vn
de demarare.
60
Valorile spaiului de demarare sunt prezentate n tabelul IV.6, iar graficul timpului de
demarare este prezentat n figura IV.12.
Tabelul IV.6. Timpul i spaiul de demarare
V
0
2.283
2.854
3.71
4.566
5.423
6.279
7.135
7.991
8.847
9.704
9.989
10.5
11.02
11.53
12.04
12.56
13.07
13.59
14.1
14.61
15.13
15.64
15.7
15.98
16.27
16.55
16.84
17.12
18.51
19.24
19.96
20.69
1/a
dAi
0.434
0.4101
0.3816
0.3599
0.3433
0.3307
0.3215
0.3151
0.3113
0.3097
0.3098
0.3104
0.3119
0.3142
0.3175
0.3216
0.3269
0.3332
0.3407
0.3497
0.3602
0.3726
0.3741
0.3821
0.3907
0.4002
0.4107
0.4221
0.437
0.4468
0.4584
0.4723
14.8645
3.51124
4.90129
4.62235
4.40911
4.24778
4.12914
4.047
3.99741
3.97806
1.32605
2.39191
2.40334
2.42137
2.4463
2.47854
2.51866
2.56739
2.62568
2.69471
2.77599
2.87144
0.32034
1.63563
1.67278
1.71347
1.75808
1.80709
9.07244
4.87453
5.00192
5.15279
td
dAi'
0.990969 40.7264
1.225052 12.02529
1.551804 21.8217
1.859961 25.32897
2.153902 28.69058
2.437087 32.00515
2.712363 35.35365
2.982163 38.80845
3.248657 42.43993
3.513861 46.32175
3.602264 15.89506
3.761725 30.1458
3.921947 31.77147
4.083372 33.50252
4.246458 35.35544
4.411694 37.34935
4.579605 39.50661
4.750765 41.85375
4.92581 44.42257
5.105457 47.25158
5.290523 50.38809
5.481952 53.89084
5.503308 6.033965
5.61235 31.36959
5.723869 32.65497
5.8381 34.036
5.955306 35.52434
6.075779 37.13358
6.680608 201.4967
7.005577 112.517
7.339038 119.8236
7.682558 127.9355
Sd
2.71509
3.51678
4.97156
6.66016
8.57286
10.7065
13.0634
15.6507
18.48
21.5681
22.6278
24.6375
26.7556
28.9891
31.3461
33.8361
36.4699
39.2601
42.2216
45.3717
48.7309
52.3237
52.7259
54.8172
56.9942
59.2633
61.6316
64.1072
77.5403
85.0414
93.0296
101.559
V
21.42
22.15
22.23
22.63
23.03
23.44
23.84
24.25
26.21
27.24
28.27
29.30
30.33
31.36
31.47
32.04
32.61
33.19
33.76
34.33
37.11
38.56
40.02
41.48
42.94
44.40
44.56
45.37
46.18
46.99
47.80
48.61
1/a
0.4886
0.5078
0.5102
0.5226
0.5362
0.5512
0.5677
0.586
0.6509
0.6716
0.6964
0.726
0.7615
0.804
0.8093
0.8373
0.8686
0.9038
0.9434
0.9883
1.2336
1.3241
1.4389
1.5875
1.7855
2.0601
2.0972
2.3097
2.5798
2.9342
3.4187
66.667
dAi
5.33086
5.54092
0.6185
3.16763
3.2502
3.34109
3.44133
3.55218
19.134
10.3762
10.7594
11.2168
11.7638
12.4217
1.3892
7.18656
7.45537
7.75696
8.09695
8.48233
51.3484
28.9652
31.476
34.7264
39.0576
45.0652
5.09747
28.0688
31.3516
35.6586
41.547
810.185
td
8.03794
8.40734
8.44857
8.65975
8.87643
9.09917
9.32859
9.56540
10.84
11.5327
12.2500
12.9978
13.7820
14.610
14.7028
15.1819
15.6789
16.1960
16.7358
17.3013
20.7245
22.655
24.75
27.0690
29.6729
32.6772
33.0171
34.8883
36.9784
39.3557
42.1255
96.1378
dAi'
137.0099
147.2451
16.49605
86.0204
89.83876
93.97107
98.45937
103.3534
601.7171
339.1306
364.9545
394.3296
428.1003
467.3942
52.46256
276.3319
291.7869
308.9169
328.0163
349.4528
2286.43
1340.446
1511.723
1728.601
2012.553
2400.972
272.5732
1528.191
1737.404
2010.75
2383.183
47260.8
Sd
110.693
120.509
121.609
127.343
133.333
139.597
146.161
153.052
193.166
215.775
240.105
266.394
294.934
326.093
329.591
348.013
367.465
388.06
409.928
433.225
585.653
675.016
775.798
891.038
1025.21
1185.27
1203.44
1305.32
1421.15
1555.2
1714.08
4864.8
61
20
td [s]
15
10
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
16
20
24
28
v [m/s]
400
350
300
Sd [m]
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
12
v [m/s]
62
g
( + p )
(4.18)
unde:
-
: coeficientul maselor de rotaie n timpul frnrii cu
motorul decuplat;
-
: coeficientul de aderen;
-p
: nclinarea drumului.
Dac n timpul frnrii, autovehiculul se deplaseaz pe un drum orizontal, =00, iar
motorul fiind decuplat, coeficientul 1, deceleraia maxim este:
af max = g
(4.19)
unde:
- =0,8
- g=10 m/s2
IV.6.2. Determinarea spaiului de frnare
Considerm c frnarea se face pe un teren orizontal cu motorul decuplat, =00, 1,
spaiul de frnare minim se determin cu relaia:
s f min =
v i2 v f2
2 af max
unde:
- vi
: viteza iniial;
- vf
: viteza final.
(4.20)
63
v i2
af max
(4.21)
Valorile spaiului de frnare sunt date n tabelul IV.7, iar graficul este n prezentat n figura
IV.13.
IV.6.3. Determinarea timpului de frnare
Dac frnarea se face pn la oprire, pe un drum orizontal, cu decuplarea motorului, timpul
de frnare minim pn la oprire este:
tf =
vi
g
(4.22)
Valorile timpului de frnare sunt date n tabelul IV.7, iar graficul este n prezentat n figura
IV.14.
Tabelul IV.7 Timpul i spaiul de frnare
v
sf
tf
0
1.728
2.159
2.807
3.455
4.103
4.751
5.399
6.046
6.694
7.342
7.558
7.947
8.335
8.724
9.113
9.502
9.89
10.28
10.67
11.06
11.45
11.83
11.88
12.09
12.31
12.52
12.74
12.96
15.37
15.97
16.58
0
0.2132
0.3331
0.5629
0.8527
1.2024
1.6121
2.0818
2.6114
3.201
3.8505
4.0803
4.5108
4.9629
5.4365
5.9318
6.4486
6.987
7.547
8.1285
8.7317
9.3564
10.003
10.076
10.446
10.822
11.205
11.595
11.991
16.87
18.222
19.626
0
0.2467944
0.3084929
0.4010408
0.4935887
0.5861366
0.6786845
0.7712324
0.8637802
0.9563281
1.048876
1.0797253
1.135254
1.1907827
1.2463115
1.3018402
1.3573689
1.4128977
1.4684264
1.5239551
1.5794839
1.6350126
1.6905413
1.6967112
1.7275605
1.7584098
1.7892591
1.8201083
1.8509576
2.1954542
2.2817384
2.3680227
17.18
21.083
2.4543069
v
17.78
18.39
18.46
18.79
19.13
19.46
19.8
20.13
23.88
24.82
25.76
26.7
27.63
28.57
28.68
29.2
29.72
30.24
30.76
31.28
37.11
38.56
40.02
41.48
42.94
44.4
44.56
45.37
46.18
46.99
47.8
48.61
sf
22.591
24.152
24.328
25.221
26.13
27.055
27.996
28.953
40.733
43.997
47.388
50.904
54.546
58.314
58.741
60.896
63.09
65.323
67.595
69.906
98.349
106.23
114.42
122.91
131.7
140.8
141.83
147.03
152.33
157.72
163.21
168.79
tf
2.5405911
2.6268753
2.6364625
2.6843982
2.7323338
2.7802695
2.8282052
2.8761409
3.4114425
3.5455167
3.6795909
3.813665
3.9477392
4.0818133
4.0967105
4.1711961
4.2456818
4.3201674
4.394653
4.4691387
5.3009259
5.5092593
5.7175926
5.9259259
6.1342593
6.3425926
6.3657407
6.4814815
6.5972222
6.712963
6.8287037
6.9444444
64
5
4,5
4
3,5
tf [s]
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
20
24
28
v [m/s]
60
50
sf [m]
40
30
20
10
0
0
12
16
v [m/s]