Aplicatii Matrice

COLEGIUL GRIGORE ANTIPA BACU
PROFESOR CONSTANTIN CIOFU

MATRICE
Exerciii rezolvate
1. S se determine numerele reale x,y astfel nct s avem ndeplinit
egalitatea
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
6 3
1 1 x
x y 3
1 x 3 y
2
.
Rezolvare.
Matricile sunt egale dac elementele corespunztoare sunt egale, adic
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
5 1
3 1 3 1 6 4 5 0
,
11 5 6 6 6
x x
y x x x x x x x
y y y x y x y x
= = + = + + = + + =

= = = = + = +

2. Fie
2
B , A M e (),
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 1
2 1
B ,
1 1
1 1
A .
S se calculeze: , B A+ ( ) BA AB Tr , BA AB , B , A
2 2
.
Rezolvare.
1 1 1 2 2 3
1 1 1 0 2 1
A B
| | | | | |
+ = + =
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
;
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2
A
| | + +
| || | | |
= = =
|
| | |
+ +
\ .\ . \ .
\ .
;
2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 3 2
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 2
B
+ + | || | | | | |
= = =
| | | |
+ +
\ .\ . \ . \ .
;
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 0 0 2
A B
| || | | |
= =
| | |
\ .\ . \ .
;
2 2 3 1 1 3
0 2 1 1 1 1
A B B A
| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
;
( ) 1 1 0 Tr AB BA = + = .
3. Fie matricea
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 1
0 1
A ,
2
A M e (). S se calculeze
3 2
A , A i
( ) A f , unde ( )
2
2 3
I x 2 x x x f + = .
Rezolvare.
2
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 2 1 2 3 4
A
| || | | |
= =
| | |

\ .\ . \ .
,
3 2
1 0 1 0 1 0
3 4 1 2 7 8
A A A
| || | | |
= = =
| | |

\ .\ . \ .
;
( )
3 2
2
5 0
2
12 17
f A A A A I
| |
= + =
|
\ .
.
4. Se consider matricele A i B, a.
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
3 2
1 1
B A i
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
4 2
3 4
B A 2 .
S se calculeze: BA , AB i
2 2
B A .
Rezolvare
1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3
3 2
0 1
4 3 4 3
2 2
2 4 2 4
A B A B
A
A B A B
| | | |
+ = =
| |

| |
\ . \ .
=

|
| | | |
\ .

+ = + =
| |

\ . \ .

4 3 3 2 2 1
2
2 4 0 1 2 2
B
| | | | | |
= =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
; etc.
5. S se calculeze suma de matrici:
( )
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
n
1 k
2
1 k k
k
2
k
1
1
.
Rezolvare.
Notm
( )
( )
2
2
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 2 1
1 2 1
n n n
n
k k k
n n n
k
k k k
k k
k k
S
k k
k k
= = =
=
= = =
| |
|
| |
|
= =
|
|
|
\ .

|
\ .

;
( )
1 1
1
1 1 1 .... 1 ; 1 2 .... ;
2
n n
k k
n
n n
n k n
= =
+
= + + + = = + + + =

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1
1 2 1
1 2 .... ;
6
n
k
n n n
k n
=
+ +
= + + + =
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1
1
6 2
n n n n
k k k k
n n n n n
k k k k k k
= = = =
+ + +
= = = =

( ) ( )
2
1
1
2 1
1
2 3 3
n n
n n
n

+
+
| |
=
|
\ .
.
6. Se consider matricele
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 y
x 2
A i
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x 2 5
3 y
B . S se determine
x,y astfel nct
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
6 19
2 14
AB .
Rezolvare.
2 2
2 2
2 3 14 1 2 5 2 6 2 5 2 6
3 5 2 16 9 15 6 3 15 6 3
x y y x x y x x
AB
y x y x y y x y
| | | | + + | || | | |
= = =
| | | | |
+ +
\ .\ . \ . \ . \ .
2
2
2
2
5 2 14 5 2 14
6 3 6
2 16 2 2
4 2
15 19
6 3 6 4
x y x y
x y
x x
x y
y
x y y
+ = + =

=
= =

= =
+ =

= =

.
7. S se determine
2
A M e () astfel nct
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 1
1 0
A
2
.
Rezolvare.
2
2
2
a b a b a b a bc ab bd
A A
c d c d c d ac cd d bc
| | + + | | | || |
= = =
| | | |
+ +
\ . \ .\ . \ .
.
innd cont de faptul c
2
0 1
1 0
A
| |
=
|
\ .
avem de rezolvat
sistemul:
( )
( )
2
2
0
0
0
0
a bc
b a d
c a d
d bc
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
;
2 2
a d a d = = .
Caz 1. Dac a=d
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 2 2
2 1 ,
2 2 2
1
4
b
a
ab
ac c a c d b
a
a bc
a
a
=

= = = = = =

=
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
A
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
.
Caz 1. Dac ( ) 0 0 1 a d b a d = + = = , fals.
8. Fie
)
`
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = M R x /
x cos x sin
x sin x cos
A
x
.
(i) S se calculeze e n , A
n
x
*;
(ii) S se arate c funcia f:M{ } R x / x sin i x cos z
x
e + = , ( )
x x
z A f =
verific egalitile:
- ( ) ( ) ( )
y x y x
A f A f A A f + = +
- ( ) ( ) ( )
y x y x
A f A f A A f = , M e
y x
A , A .
Rezolvare.
(i) Fie
cos sin cos sin
,
sin cos sin cos
x y
x x y y
A A
x x y y
| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos sin
sin cos
x y x y
x y x y
A A A
x y x y
+
| | + +
= =
|
+ +
\ .
.....
cos sin
......
sin cos
n
x x x x x x x nx
n n
nx nx
A A A A A A
nx nx
+ + +
| |
= = = =
|
\ .

;
(ii)
( )
cos sin cos sin
sin cos sin cos
x y
x x y y
f A A f
x x y y
| |
| | | |
+ = + =
|
| |

\ . \ .
\ .
( ) ( )
cos cos sin sin
cos cos sin sin
sin sin cos cos
x y x y
f x y i x y
x y x y
| | + + | |
= = + + + =
|
|
+
\ .
\ .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin cos sin
x y
x i x y i y f A f A = + + + = + ;
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin
x y x y x y
f A A f A z x y i x y
+ +
= = = + + + =
( )( ) ( ) ( )
cos sin cos sin
x y x y
x i x y i y z z f A f A = + + = =
9. S se calculeze
n
A , unde
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 0
2 1 0
0 2 1
A .
Rezolvare
Metoda 1
2
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 4 4
0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 4
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
A A A
| | | | | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
3 2
1 4 4 1 2 0 1 6 12
0 1 4 0 1 2 0 1 6
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
A A A
| | | | | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
.
Presupunem c:
1 1
1
1
1 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
n n n n
n n
n n
a b a b
A a A a
+ +
+
+
| | | |
| |
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
, unde
1 1
2, 0 a b = = (1);
Dar
1
1 1 2 0 1 2 2
0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
n n n n n
n n
n n
a b a a b
A A A a a
+
+ +
| || | | |
| | |
= = = +
| | |
| | |
\ .\ . \ .
(2);
Din (1) i (2)
1 1
2 , 2
n n n n n
a a b b a
+ +
= + = + .
1
2
k k
a a
+
= + .
Dm valori lui k de la 1 la n i obinem:
2 1
1 2 k a a = = +
3 2
2 2 k a a = = +
..............................
1
2
n n
k n a a
+
= = +
Adunnd pe vertical toate relaiile avem:
1 1
2 2 .... 2 2 2
n
n
a a n
+
| |
= + + + + = +
|
\ .
.
nlocuind n relaia
1
2 2 2 2 2
n n n n
a a n a a n
+
= + + = + = .
1
2
k k k
b b a
+
=
Dm valori lui k de la 1 la n i obinem:
2 1 1
1 2 k b b a = =
3 2 2
2 2 k b b a = =
..............................
1 1
1 2
n n n
k n b b a

= =
1
2
n n n
k n b b a
+
= =
Adunnd pe vertical toate relaiile avem: ( )
1 1 1 1
2 ....
n n
b b a a a
+
= + + +
( ) ( )
1
4 1 2 ... 2 1
n
b n n n
+
= + + + = +
nlocuind n relaia ( )
1
2 2 1
n n n n
b b a b n n
+
= =
Deci
( ) 1 2 2 1
0 1 2
0 0 1
n
n n n
A n
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
.
Metoda 2. Se scrie matricea A ca o sum de dou matrice care prin
nmulire comut i aplicm binomul lui Newton.
3
3 3
1 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0
0 1 2 0 0 2 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
B I
A A B I I B
| | | | | |
| | |
= = + = + = +
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

( )
1 1 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
...........
n
n n n n
n n
A I B I C I B C I B

= + = + + +
2 3 2
0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 ; 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B B B B B B
| || | | | | |
| | | |
= = = = =
| | | |
| | | |
\ .\ . \ . \ .
3 4 5
3
....
n
B B B B O = = = = = . innd cont de faptul c
2
3 3 3
....
n
I I I = = =
avem:
( )
( )
1
1 2
1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 4
2
1
0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2
2
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
n
n n
n
n n
A n n
| |
|
| | | | | |
|
| | |
= + + = |
| | |
|
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
|
|
\ .
.
10. Folosind metoda induciei matematice s se calculeze
n
A , unde
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x x
0 x
A .
Rezolvare.
2 3
2 3
2 2 3 3
0 0 0 0
,
2 3
x x x x
A A A A
x x x x x x x x
| | | | | || |
= = = =
| | | |
\ .\ . \ . \ .
Presupunem c
0
n
n
n n
x
A
nx x
| |
=
|
\ .
I. n=1
0 x
A
x x
| |
=
|
\ .
, adevrat;
II. Presupunem
0
k
k
k k
x
A
kx x
| |
=
|
\ .
adevrat
Demonstrm
( )
1
1
1 1
0
1
k
k
k k
x
A
k x x
+
+
+ +
| |
=
|
|
+
\ .
adevrat
( )
1
1
1 1
0 0 0
1
k k
k k
k k k k
x x x
A A A
x x k x x kx x
+
+
+ +
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
|
+
\ . \ . \ .
Din I i II
0
n
n
n n
x
A
nx x
| |
=
|
\ .
, n*.
11. Fie
3 0 2
0 1 0
2 0 3
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
. S se calculeze
n
A .
Rezolvare.
3
1 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 2 , 0 0 0
0 0 1 2 0 2 1 0 1
A I B B
| | | | | |
| | |
= + = + =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 2
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 ...........
n
n n n n
n n
A I B I C I B C I B

= + = + + +
2 3 2
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 2 4 0 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 ; 0 0 0 4 2
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 2 4 0 4
B B B B B
| || | | | | |
| | | |
= = = = = =
| | | |
| | | |
\ .\ . \ . \ .
Presupunem
1
2
n n
B B
=
I. B B 1 n = = ;
II. Presupunem
1
2
k k
B B
= adevrat ;
Demonstrm
1
2
k k
B B
+
= adevrat;
( )
1 1 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2
k k k k k k
B B B B B B B B
+
= = = = =
Din I i II
1
2
n n
B B
= , n*.
1 1 1 1 3 2 1
3 3
2 ... 2 2 2 ... 2
n n n n n n
n n n n n
A I C B C B I C B C B C B
= + + + = + + + + =
( ) ( )
1 3 2 1 1 2 2
3 3
1
2 2 ... 2 4 4 ... 4
2
n n n n
n n n n n n
I B C C C I B C C C
= + + + + = + + + + =
( )
( ) 3
5 1 5 1
0
2 2
1
4 1 1 0 1 0
2
5 1 5 1
0
2 2
n n
n
n n
I B
| | +
|
|
= + + =
|
|
+
|
|
\ .
.
12. Fie matricea
5 4
4 3
A
| |
=
|

\ .
.
(i) S se determine a, b pentru care
2
2
A aA bI = + ;
(ii) Artai c ( )
2
1
n
A nA n I = + , n*.
Rezolvare.
(i)
2
2
A aA bI = + ;
2
5 4 5 4 9 8
4 3 4 3 8 7
A A A
| || | | |
= = =
| | |

\ .\ . \ .
9 8 5 4 1 0 9 8 5 4
8 7 4 3 0 1 8 7 4 3
a b a
a b
a a b
+ | | | | | | | | | |
= + =
| | | | |
+
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
2, 1 a b = = . Deci
2
2
A aA bI = + .
(ii) ( )
2
1
n
A nA n I = +
I. A A 1 n = = ;
II. Presupunem ( )
2
1
k
A kA k I = + adevrat
Demonstrm ( ) ( )
1
2
1
k
A k A k I
+
= + + adevrat
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
2 2
1 1 2 1
k k
A A A kA k I A kA k A k A I k A
+
( = = + = + = + =

( ) ( )
2
1 k A k I = + + .
Din I i II ( )
2
1
n
A nA n I = + .
Exerciii propuse
1. S se calculeze produsele de matrici n urmtoarele cazuri:
a)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 2
1 0
B ,
0 2
1 1
A ;
b)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
1
2
0
1
1
B ,
1
1
3
2
0
1
A ;
c)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
2
1
B ,
2
1
1
1
0
1
A ;
d)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
0
2
0
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
0
B ,
1
2
2
1
3
1
A ;
e)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
y sin y cos
y cos y sin
B ,
x sin x cos
x cos x sin
A ;
f)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 2
i 2 i
B ,
i 2 0
i i 1
A ;
g)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 0 0
2 1 2
1 4 1
B ,
2 3 4
3 2 0
2 1 1
A ;
h)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 1 2
5 4 3
2 3 1
B ,
2 5 6
3 2 5
1 1 2
A ;
i)
2 2 1
1 2 4
3 1 1
, 2 3 2
5 1 2
3 1 4
1 3 2
A B
| |
| |
|
|
|
= =
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
.
2. Fie matricile
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 1
0 1
B ,
1 0
3 1
A i ( )
2
2
I x 2 x 2 x f + = ;
Calculai: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) B A f ; B A f ; B f ; A f ; A B ; B A ; B ; A ; B A ; B A
2 2
+ + .
Indicaie. ( )
2 2
2
1 6 1 6
2 2
0 1 0 1
A A A f A A A I
| | | |
= = = + =
| |
\ . \ .
etc.
3. S se determine parametrii reali a, b, c, d pentru care matricea
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
d 7 2 1 c 5
b 3 4 3 a 2
A este nul
Indicaie.
2 3 4 3
5 1 2 7
a b
A
c d
| |
=
|

\ .
,
2
A O =
2 3 4 3 0 0
5 1 2 7 0 0
a b
c d
| | | |
=
| |

\ . \ .
3
;
2
a =
4 1 2
; ;
3 5 7
b c d = = =
4. S se rezolve sistemele matriceale:
a)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
7 5
3 1
B 2 A
4 3
2 1
B 2 A
; b)
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
7 7
5 2
B 5 A 2
2 2
3 5
B 3 A 5
;
Indicaie.
b)
5 3 25 15
5 3 25 15
2 2 10 10
31 0
31
31 31
2 5 6 15
2 5 6 15
7 7 21 21
A B A B
A
A B A B
| | | |
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
=

|
| | | |
\ .

+ = + =
| |

\ . \ .

1 0 0 1
;
1 1 1 1
A B
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
etc.
5. Fie funcia f:
2
M ()
2
M () i
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
1 2
2 1
B ;
1 2
2 1
A . S se
calculeze ( ) ( ) B f ; A f n cazurile:
a) ( ) 1 X 2 X X f
2
+ = ;
b) ( )
2
2 3
I X 3 X 2 X X f + = .
6. S se calculeze:
(i)
( ) ( )
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
n
1 k
3 2
1 k k
k
1 k k
k
3
k
2
1
;
(ii)
( ) ( )( )
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
n
1 k k
k
k
3
4
1 3
1 k 2 1 k 2
1
1 k k
1
.
Indicaie.
(i)
1
1
n
k
n
=
=
;
( )
1
1
2
n
k
n n
k
=
+
=
;
( )( )
2
1
1 2 1
6
n
k
n n n
k
=
+ +
=
;
( )
2
2
3
1
1
4
n
k
n n
k
=
+
=
;
( )
2
1 1 1
1
n n n
k k k
k k k k
= = =
+ = +

etc.
(ii)
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
n n n n
k k k k
k
k k k k k k n
= = = =
+
= = =
+ + + +

.
7. Dac e c \ este o rdcin de ordinul trei a unitii, s se calculeze:
=
+ |
|
.
|
\
|
c c
c c
n
1 k
2 k k 3
k 4 k
.
Indicaie.
( ) ( )
2 3 2 1 2 2 2
1
..... 1 1 0
n
k k k k k
k
c c c c c c c c c c c c c

=
= + + + + + + = + + + + + =

8. Fie matricile
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
y 1
x 1
A i
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 y
1 x
B . S se determine x, y astfel
nct A B B A = .
Indicaie
2
1 1 1
1 1 1
x x xy x x
AB
y y x y y
+ + | || | | |
= =
| | |
+ +
\ .\ . \ .
2
2
1
1
1; 1
1
1
xy x x
x y x
x y
x y y
xy y y
+ = +
+ = +
= =
+ = +
+ = +
sau
1; 1 x y = = .
9. Fie ( )
e
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = M R x /
1 0 0
2
x
- 1 x -
x 0 1
x A
2
.
a) S se arate c y x A A
y x
= = ;
b) S se arate c dac ( ) ( ) M y A , x A e atunci ( ) ( ) M y A x A e ;
c) S se calculeze ( ) e n , x A
n
*;
d) S se arate c funcia f:M, ( ) ( ) x A x f = este bijectiv i
( ) ( ) ( ) y f x f y x f = + , x, y.
Indicaie.
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) A x A y A x y = + ; c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ..... ...
n
n ori
n ori
A x A x A x A x x
| |
= = + + = |
|
\ .
( )
2 2
1 0 nx
n x
-nx 1 -
2
0 0 1
A nx
| |
|
|
= =
|
|
\ .
.
10. S se calculeze
n
A , n cazurile:
a)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0
0 1
A ; b)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 1
1 0
A ; c)
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
0 1
1 0
A ; d)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 1
1 1
A ;
e)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 x
x 0
A
Indicaie.
a)
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
2 3
1 0 1 0
1 0
;
0 1
0 1 0 1
A A
| | | |
| |
| | = = =
|
| |

\ .
\ . \ .
.
Se demonstreaz prin metoda induciei matematice c
( )
1 0
0 1
n
n
n
A
| |
| =
|
\ .
;
e)
cos sin
2 2
sin cos
2 2
n n
n n
A x
n n
t t
t t
| |
|
= |
|
|
\ .
, n*. Se demonstreaz prin inducie
matematic c:
2
2
, 4
, 4 1
, 4 2
, 4 3
n
n
n
n
n
x I n k
x A n k
A
x I n k
x A n k
=
= +
=

= +
= +
;
11. S se calculeze
n
A , n, 2 n > , dac
1 3
3 1
A
| |
= |
|
\ .
.
Indicaie.
2 2
2 2 1 3
cos sin cos sin
3 3 3 3 2 2
2 2 ; 2
2 2
3 1
sin cos sin cos
3 3 3 3
2 2
A A
t t t t
t t t t
| |
| | | |

|
| |
|
= = = | |
|
| |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
.
Se demonstreaz prin inducie matematic c
cos sin
3 3
2
sin cos
3 3
n n
n n
A
n n
t t
t t
| |
|
= |
|
|
\ .
.
12. S se calculeze
n
A , n, 2 n > , n cazurile:
a)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 1 1
A ; b)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 1 1
A ; c)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 1
2 1 0
3 2 1
A ;
d)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1
A ; e)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
A ; f)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1
A ;
(vii)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 0 0
2 2 0
1 1 3
A ; (viii)
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
A .
Indicaie.
a)
( ) 1
1
2
0 1
0 0 1
n
n n
n
A n
| |
|
|
= |
|
|
|
\ .
; d)
1
0
0 0 , 2
0
n n
n n
n n
n n
a a
A a a
a a
| |
|
= =
|
|
\ .
;
e)
3
2
, 3
, 3 1
, 3 2
n
I n k
A A n k
A n k
=
= = +
= +

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