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C. Dobjanschi
Ho(eostazia glucozei
C3H6O3 C6H12O6 glucoza (aldohexoza) fructoza (cetohexoza) Transporteri de glucoza: G !T"1# G !T"2# G !T"3# G !T"$# G !T"%# GLUT-4:insulinosensitiv &uschi scheletici &iocard 'dipocite gliceraldehida dihidroxiacetona
Provenienta g !"o#ei
G !"o#a $ang!ina % vena &orta' a($or(tie inte$tina a)* ' g i"ogeno i#a + g !"oneogene#a G !"o#a ,,$to"ata- $!( .or/a 0e g i"ogen
&eta,olizarea glucozei
-li(inarile de glucoza
.ancreasul endocrin
PANCREASUL NORMAL "ontine 7 1 /i . In$! e Langer8an$ 9 6: 0in /a$a g an0! ara; 4arietatea 0e "e ! e in$! are1 Ti& B in$! ino$e"retante A $e"retante 0e g !"agon D $o/ato$tatina PP &o i&e&ti0 &an"reati"
Circuitul glucozei
3ecretia de insulina
Sti/! ! &rin"i&a a $e"retiei 0e in$! ina e$te re&re#entat 0e g !"o#a $ang!ina Mo0! atori ai $e"retiei 0e in$! ina1
G !"agon In$! in So/ato$tatin ISLET HORMONES G !"agon < = = In$! in < < So/ato$tatin < < < NUTRIENTS>METABOLITES G !"o$e < = = A/ino a"i0$ = = = Fatt? a"i0$ < = = NEURAL MEDIATORS ' A0renergi" = < < ' A0renergi" = = = C8o inergi" = = < GUT HORMONES Ga$trin = = C8o e"?$to@inin = = Ga$tri" in8i(itor? &e&ti0e= = &e&ti0e= GLP1 = = A Se"retin = = = Ga$trin're ea$ing &e&ti0eB A 4a$oa"tive inte$tina &e&ti0e =
<
= =
= =
= ' $ti/! ate$ re ea$e* < ' in8i(it$ re ea$e* A % 8a$ no e..e"t. ' T8e a/&8i(ian eC!iva ent, (o/(e$in, o.ten i$ !$e0 eD&eri/enta ?
/eceptorul insulinic
The Expert Committee on the Diagn.and Classif. of Diabetes Mellitus (from the ADA) Diab.Care !!"# $ol %& suppl '
Diabetuldeti"&'screening
creeningul iniial Screeningul iniial1 1 Deter/inarea Deter/inarea g g i"e/iei i"e/iei 0in 0in $Enge $Enge e e "a&i "a&i ar ar "! "! aF!tor! aF!tor! g g !"o/etr! !"o/etr! !i !i 3**
J J K.L K.L //o //o >L >L
<100 <100 mg/dl mg/dl
13%
1%$
n.ir/area n.ir/area re#! re#! tate tate or or &rin &rin 0eter/inarea 0eter/inarea g g i"e/iei i"e/iei a a Fe!n Fe!n 9 9 a(ora a(ora
Diabetuldeti"&'screening
Confirmarea Confirmarea diagnosticului: diagnosticului: va va ori ori e eg g i"e/iei i"e/iei a a Fe!n Fe!n
IFG IFG $e $e re"o/an0M re"o/an0M Te$t! Te$t! 0e 0e to to eranIM eranIM a ag g !"o#a !"o#a ora ora M M
DIABETULdeti"&'screening
Confirmarea Confirmarea diagnosticului: diagnosticului: Te$t Te$t 0e 0e to to eranIM eranIM a a g g !"o#a !"o#a ora ora M M
N.O N.O a a 11.1 11.1 //o //o >L >L
&a"ient &a"ient ne0ia(eti" ne0ia(eti" n! n! $e $e a"Iionea#a a"Iionea#a &a"ient &a"ient "! "! 0ia(et 0ia(et
IGT IGT
(riteriidedia#nosti$
51'>-T! ?'H'/'T
TTGO" interpretare: glice(ie ,azal8 )*++%#,dl: la 2h )*4+%#,dl 2O/&' *++-*&)*4+ 10G *++-*&*4+-*.. 10GA1GT /i,sau 0*&0&++ 51'>-T ?'H'/'T
ADA !!* glu/ose toleran/e +,- . impaired fasting +-T . impaired glu/ose
TT ! s" "#"c$%"a&a dimin"a$a, d%'a minim 8 o(" d" ("'a%s calo(ic)'os$ noc$%(n*+ ,n %l$im"l" - &il" an$"(ioa(" $"s$%l%i, s%bi"c$%l .a a."a o di"$a lib"(a, c% %n con$in%$ minim d" 150g /C+ C% 24 o(" inain$"a $"s$%l%i 0 ni."l obisn%i$ al ac$i.i$a$ii #i&ic"+ 1" .o( cons"mna m"dica$ia, '("&"n$a %n"i s$a(i #"b(il" sa% al$a a#"c$i%n" c" 'oa$" in#l%"n$a TT !+ 2% s" #%m"a&a si s" 'as$("a&a ("'aos+ ,ni$ial s" ("col$"a&a o '(oba ba&ala d" sang", a'oi s" ing"(a in -5 min. 35g gl%c. anhid(a di&ol.a$a in 250--00 ml a'a+ 4a 2 o(" d%'a ac"as$a s" ("col$"a&a a do%a glic"mi".
So!r"e
C a$$i.i"ation
W ! +,+ (199() '5' (2**3) W ! +,+ (199( '5' (2**3 ) W ! W ! W ! +,+ (199() +,+ (2&&3)
-m.aired glucose tolerance (-G1) -m.aired glucose homeostasis (-G ) ,iabetes mellitus (,2)
"PG#$%1 (11&) ' 2 h PG # (%) (1*&) "PG#$%1 (11&) 0.G)%=6 (1**) "PG 0$%1 (11&) and # (%& (12$)'2h PG# (%) (1*&) "PG0$%1 (11&) and #(%& (12$) 0.G)%=6 (1**) and )B=* (126) "PG#(%& (12$) ' 2h PG 0(%) and # 11%1 (2&& -"G or -G1 "PG0(%& (12$) or 2h PG 011%1 (2&&) "PG0(%& (12$) "PG0(%& (12$*
4alues are e5.ressed as 6enous .lasma glucose "PG = /asting .lasma glucose7 2h PG = t8o hour .ost9load .lasma glucose (1mmol:; = 1) mg:dl)
$iper licemie Alterarea toleranei la gluc. Glicemie bazal modificat Diabet zaharat Nu Necesit necesit insulin insulin pentru control Necesit insulin pentru supravieuire
5ia,etul gestational
5efinitie: 12ri$e#raddetulburarede #li$ore#lare$udebutsau"ri%a re$unoastereinti%"ulsar$inii3
3creening si diagnostic
1ndicatie (aCora D fe(ei cu risc crescut de a dez9olta dia,et gestational: E o,eze E diagnostic anterior de dia,et gestational E antecedente heredocolaterale de dia,et zaharat &o(entul opti( D sapta(anile 2$"2F de sarcina G diagnostic intr-o etapa D prin efectuarea de TTGO D la fe(eile cu risc crescut G diagnostic in doua etape: " screening initial cu %* g glucoza ad(inistrata oral si deter(inarea glice(iei la 1 ora# " la fe(eile cu glice(ie @ 1$* (gH se face confir(are prin TTGO
PAUZA
1ncidenta sezoniera 5? tip 1 6arf de aparitie la grupa de 9arsta 1*"1$ ani K J*H din cazurile de 5? diagnosticate pana la 3* ani sunt 5? tip1 /isc de aparitie a 5? tip1 la rudele de gradul 1: %"1*H
5aci"n$ii c% D6$i'1 n"c"si$a ins%lina '"n$(% s%'(a.i"$%i("+ 7ajo(i$a$"a 'aci"n$ilo( s%n$ $in"(i, insa "8is$a ca&%(i d" D6$i'1 si la > 65 ani+ 1im'$oma$ologia clasica "s$" '("&"n$a, %n"o(i inso$i$a d" scad"(" 'ond"(ala si in$ol"(an$a dig"s$i.a+ '"(ioada '("diagnos$ica sc%($a+ 9nii 'aci"n$i 'o$ '("&"n$a o '"(ioada d" ,,("misi":, d%'a inc"'"("a ins%lino$"(a'i"i+ 5aci"n$ii c% D6$i'1 d"&.ol$a in '(inci'al com'lica$ii c(onic" mic(o.asc%la(")n"#(o'a$i",("$ino'a$i",n"%(o'a$i"*+ 7o($ali$a$"a in D6$i'1- d" 4-3o(i mai ma(" d"ca$ in 'o'%la$ia g"n"(ala)d"c"s '(in ,;C $"(minala sa% accid"n$ ac%$ co(ona(ian*
Etio&atogenia DZ ti&1
Fa"torii Geneti"i ,, gene 0e $!$"e&ti(i itate,, gene &rote"toareRegi!nea HLA (rat $"!rt "ro/o#o/ L 9a e e DRP $i>$a! DRQ* DRO ; Regi!nea genei in$! inei "ro/o#o/ 11
Fa"torii 0e Me0i! ,a/torul 0iral1 <n$"(o.i(%s%(i=Co8sac>i" ?,@4 ;%b"olic Ci$om"galo.i(%s 9(lian <'s$"in-@a(( Aa(ic"la-6os$"( ,a/tori alimentari1
MAR3ERI DE AUTOIMUNITATE
ANTICORPI ANTIINSULINA ANTI' GAD LK>LN* ANTI CELULA INSULARA % ICALH* ANTI TRANSPORTER GLUC. % GLUT6
@ensibilitate la insulina normal Aeto?a la debut !be?itate Pro.ortie + AC 1ransmitere B *& C ca si in .o.ulatie D )&C = 1&C non9mendeliana
.acientii cu 5? tip 2 pot sa prezinte la de,ut si(pto(atologia clasica (polidipsie: poliurie: polifagie: scadere ponderala) sau pot fi asi(pto(atici !neori: 5? tip 2 poate fi diagnosticat odata cu co(plicatiile cronice 1n general: pacientii cu 5? tip 2 nu dez9olta cetoacidoza decat in conditii exceptionale (infectii: trau(atis(e: stress chirurgical) .acientii cu 5? tip 2 pot sa dez9olte co(plicatii cronice (icroangiopate si (acroangiopate 5ecesul poate sur9eni (ai ales ca ur(are a co(plicatiilor cronice (acroangiopate (1&': '6C)
.ersoane o,eze: (ai ales cele cu o,ezitate a,do(inal8 .ersoane cu antecedente heredocolaterale de dia,et zaharat 6Qrsta @ $% ani 'nu(ite (inorit8;i etnice .ersoane cu afectare coronarian8 preexistent8: afectare cere,ro9ascular8: ,oala arterial8 periferic8 sau HT' .ersoane cu dislipide(ie 0e(ei cu istoric de dia,et gesta;ional sau (acroso(ie 0e(ei o,eze cu ,oala o9arelor polichistice .ersoane cunoscute anterior cu 1GT+10G=
+D, !!)