DESPRE CONCURENA COMERCIAL, CA INSTITUIE A DREPTULUI CONCURENEI 1. Definie i clasificare N i!nea "e c nc!ren# c $ercial# are $ai $!

l%e acce&i!ni. 1. As%fel, 'n%r( acce&i!ne )eneral#, &rin *c nc!ren# se 'nele)e c nfr!n%are 'n%re %en"ine a"+erse care c n+er) s&re acelai sc &,. -n &lan s cial, c nc!rena & a%e fi canali.a%# s&re "e.+ l%area i &#s%rarea fiinei fiec#r!i in"i+i" /'n aceas%# acce&i!ne, c nc!rena are 'n +e"ere c nflic%!l in%er!$an0. -n aceas%# r"ine "e i"ei, %re1!ie rein!% c#, "ei c nc!rena se asea$#n# f ar%e $!l% c! e$!laia, % %!i es%e "iferi%# "e aceas%a. As%fel, e$!laia 'nsea$n# 'ncercarea "e a %e 'n%rece &e %ine 'ns!i 'n%rec2n"!(l &e cel#lal%, f#r# 'ns# a(i an!la ef r%!rile sa! a(l 'nl#%!ra. S&re "e se1ire "e aceas%a, c nc!rena es%e % % 'ncercare / 'n%recere0 "e a 'n%rece, "e a(l "e&#i &e !n al%!l, "ar aceas%# 'ncercare se +a s l"a fie c3iar c! eli$inarea a"+ersar!l!i, as%fel 'nc2% s!cces!l c2%i)#% r!l!i e f n"a% &e ins!cces!l a"+ersar!l!i 'nfr2n%, fie " ar c! sc a%erea %e$& rar# "in c $&e%iie aa"+ersar!l!i. -n acce&i!nea ec n $ic#, c nc!rena es%e califica%# ca !n fac% r $ % r care re)lea.# cererea i fer%a i "e%er$in# i infl!enea.# "i+i.i!nea s cial# a $!ncii. Deci, ea 'n"e&line%e !n r l "e re)!la% r al ac%i+i%#ii ec n $ice. Ca $ " s&ecial "e r)ani.are a &ieei, c nc!rena &res!&!ne li1er%a%ea "e "eci.ie, a!% n $ia f!nci nal# 'n "esf#!rarea &r "!ciei i a circ!laiei $#rf!ril r, f#r# in%er+enia ne4!s%ifica%# a a!% ri%#ii. Pre$isa f!n"a$en%al# &en%r! 'n"e&linirea r l!l!i c nc!renei "e a r)ani.a &iaa es%e e5is%ena i $anifes%area &r &rie%#ii &ri+a%e as!&ra $i4l acel r "e $!nc# i a 1iec%el r $!ncii. C nc!rena c $ercial#, ca n i!ne i ins%i%!ie s&ecific# "re&%!l!i c nc!renei c $erciale, se & a%e $anifes%a a%2% 'n &lan in%ern, c2% i 'n &lan in%ernai nal. -n a$1ele &lan!ri %r#s#%!rile "efini% rii ale c nc!renei c $erciale s!n% ase$#n#% are. As%fel, 'n%r( "efiniie, &rin 6c nc!ren# se 'nele)e l!&%a "!s# a%2% &e &lan nai nal, c2% i in%ernai nal 'n%re fir$ele ca&i%alis%e "e &r "!cie, c $erciale, 1ancare e%c, 'n sc &!l reali.#rii !n r &r fi%!ri c2% $ai $ari, ca !r$are a aca&ar#rii !n r se)$en%e % % $ai lar)i "e &ia# i, 'n c nsecin#, a s& ririi + l!$!l!i "e afaceri,. Aceas%# "efiniie s!r&rin"e a%2% $i4l c!l &rin care se reali.ea.# c nc!rena, a"ic# c nfr!n%area "in%re a)enii ec n $ici, c2% i finali%a%ea ac%i+i%#ii aces% ra, a"ic# $a5i$i.area &r fi%!l!i. Pe "e al%# &ar%e, "efiniia $ai s!s ci%a%# s!r&rin"e i s%ra%e)ia c $ercianil r /a c nc!renil r0 i an!$e, %en"ina "e aca&arare "e c %e c2% $ai $ari "e &ia#. -n fine, efec%!l &rinci&al al c nc!renei, es%e c n%r l!l !n r sec% are c2% $ai $ari ale &ieei carac%eris%ice a !n!i an!$i% &r "!s. Definiia ci%a%#, $i%e, 'ns#, s# se refere la clien%el#, &en%r! c2%i)area i &#s%rarea c#reia se "!ce, 'n &rinci&al, l!&%a "in%re ri+ali i care c ns%i%!ie finali%a%ea &rinci&al# a l!&%ei "in%re a)enii ec n $ici. Se & a%e c ncl!.i na7 1. C nc!rena es%e c nfr!n%are &e &ia# 'n%re a)enii ec n $ici care "esf# ar# ac%i+i%#i ec n $ice i"en%ice sa! ase$#n#% are8

9. C nfr!n%area c nc!renial# & a%e a+ea l c " ar 'n sec% arele "e ac%i+i%a%e !n"e es%e &er$is &rin le)e8 4 c!l cererii i al fer%ei /li1er%a%ea c $er!l!i0, e5cl!.2n"!(se " $eniile e5ce&%a%e &rin le)e sa! &rin c n+enia &#ril r8 :. Sc &!l c nc!renei c $erciale es%e !n!l "!1l! i an!$e7 sc &!l i$e"ia%, care c ns%# 'n c2%i)area i &#s%rarea clien%elei8 sc &!l $e"ia% sa! in"irec% i care c ns%# 'n ren%a1ili.area &r &riei 'n%re&rin"eri /$a5i$i.area &r fi%!ril r0. C nc!rena, &rin ra& r%area sa la n r$ele 4!ri"ice /incl!si+ la cele c n+eni nale0 i la !.anele c $erciale, & a%e fi carac%eri.a%#ca fiin" lici%# sa! in%er.is#. C nc!rena lici%# es%e c nsi"era%# acel %i& "e c nc!ren# 'n care, 'n " $eniile &e care le)ea le las# "esc3ise c $&e%iiei a)eniil r ec n $ici, ace%ia se 1!c!r# "e fac!l%a%ea "e&lin# /"re&%!l0 "e a se c nfr!n%a &e &ia#, "ar c! 1!n#(cre"in#, 'n res&ec%!l re)!lil r "e "e n% l )ie &r fesi nal#. C nc!rena lici%# %re1!ie s# ai1# ca &re c!&are &!nerea 'n circ!laie a !n r &r "!se c! &re!ri c2% $ai $ici i "e cali%a%e s!&eri ar# /&r $ +area in%eresel r le)i%i$e ale c ns!$a% ril r0. C nc!rena in%er.is# se & a%e $anifes%a 'n an!$i%e " $enii "e ac%i+i%a%e, care &rin le)e sa! c n+enia &#ril r, s!n% s!s%rase li1erei c nc!rene. A"!c2n" a%in)ere e5ercii!l!i "re&%!l!i la li1era c nc!ren#, aces%e " $enii s!s%rase li1erei c nc!rene, s!n% "e s%ric%# in%er&re%are i a&licare. 9. D $eniile 'n care se & a%e e5erci%a c nc!rena lici%# -n &as c! e+ l!ia s cie%#ii r $2ne%i & s%("ece$1ris%e, "e la ec n $ia "e s%a% s&re ec n $ia "e &ia#, " $eniile 'n care es%e &er$is# li1er c nc!rena a! c!n sc!% e+ l!ie )ra"!al# "ar ascen"en%#. As%fel, "e la s!$arele &re+e"eri ale Decre%!l!i(Le)e nr. ;<=1>>? &ri+in" r)ani.area i "esf #!rarea !n r ac%i+i%#i ec n $ice &e 1a.a li1eri inia%i+e, ale @.A. nr.9?1=1>>?i @.A. nr. 1:9:=1>>? /aces%e !l%i$e " !# ac%e n r$a%i+e fiin" e$ise 'n a&licarea "ecre%!l!i(le)e a$in%i%0 care li$i%a! sec% arele ec n $ice 'n care se &!%ea! r)ani.a ac%i+i%#i &ri+a%e "e &r "!cie i "e &res%#ri "eser+icii, s(a a4!ns, 'n &re.en%, ca 'n 1a.a &re+e"eril r ar%. 1 "in Le)ea nr.;?B=9??: &ri+in" r)ani.area i "esf#!rarea !n r ac%i+i%#i ec n $ice "e c#%re &ers ane fi.ice /aces% ac% n r$a%i+, 'n%re %i$&, a f s% a1r )a% C 'n % %ali%a%e ( &rin Le)ea nr. :??=9??<0 aces%e ca%e) rii "e &ers ane, ce%#eni r $2ni sa! ce%#eni ai s%a%el r $e$1re ale Uni!nii E!r &ene i ai cel rlal%e s%a%e a&arin2n" s&ai!l!i ec n $ic e!r &ean, s# & a%# fi a!% ri.a%e s# "esf# are ac%i+i%#i ec n $ice 'n % a%e " $eniile, $eseriile i c!&aiile, c! e5ce&ia cel r s%a1ili%e sa! in%er.ise &rin le)i s&eciale. -n $ " si$ilar, & %ri+i% &re+e"eril r ar%. 1 "in Le)ea nr. :1=1>>? &ri+in" s cie%#ile c $erciale, c! $ "ific#rile i c $&le%#rile !l%eri are, rice &ers an# fi.ic# sa! 4!ri"ic# se & % as cial i & % c ns%i%!i s cie%#i c $erciale, 'n c n"iiile le)ii. Aa"ar, 'n &re.en%, sfera ac%i+i%#il r ce & % c ns%i%!i 1iec% al li1erei c nc!rene c ns%i%!ie % a%e ac%ele "e c $er re)le$en%a%e "e C "!l ci+il ri &rin le)i s&eciale sa! c3iar i acelea care "ei n! s!n% re)le$en%a%e &rin ac%e n r$a%i+e, &rin sc &!l l r, 'n%r!nesc cerinele, " c%rinare "e a fi c nsi"era%e ac%e=fa&%e "e c $er 1iec%i+e. -n aces% sens "e "e se1i%# !%ili%a%e ( 'n a rien%a &i!nile cel r in%eresai ( es%e aa n!$i%!l n $encla% r CAEN /clasificarea ac%i+i%#il r "in ec n $ia nai nal#0 a&r 1a% &rin 3 %#r2re a A!+ern!l!i. Meni n#$, 'ns#, c# n! % a%e ca%e) riile, "e ac%i+i%#i c nin!%e "e CAEN, a! na%!ra "e ac%i+i%#i ec n $ice iar !nele "in%re cele ec n $ice & % fi e5erci%a%e

n!$ai 'n c n"iii s&eciale "e a!% ri.are, c!$ ar fi ac%i+i%a%ea 1ancar#, "e asi)!r#ri, in+es%iiile i in%er$e"ierile financiare, ac%i+i%a%ea "e ar3i%ec%, far$acis% e%c. De "e se1i%# i$& r%an# &en%r! clarificarea i "eli$i%area " $eniil r care s!n% "esc3ise li1erei c nc!rene, fa# "e cele 'n care c nc!rena se & a%e e5erci%a 'n $ " res%ric%i+ sa! c3iar "el c s!n% c2%e+a ac%e n r$a%i+e c!$ ar fi7 Le)ea nr. :1=1>>D &ri+in" re)i$!l $ n & l!l!i "e s%a%, Le)ea nr.19>=1>>D &ri+in" %rans& r%!l&e c#ile fera%e r $2ne, Le)ea nr. 1B=1>>D &ri+in" re)i$!l ar$el r "e f c i al $!niiil r, Le)ea nr. E:=1>>D &ri+in" ser+iciile & %ale, C "!l Sil+ic e%c. -n c ncl!.ie, 'n &re.en%, 'n ara n as%r#, 'n c nc r"an# c! e5i)enele ec n $iei "e &ia#, re)!la es%e li1era c nc!ren#, c! c2%e+a e5ce&ii s%ric% re)le$en%a%e "e !nele le)i s&eciale. :. D $eniile 'n care c nc!rena c $ercial# c3iar nes%# n! es%e &er$is# P %ri+i% "is& .iiil r le)ale 'n +i) are es%e res%r2ns# ri in%er.is# c nc!rena 'n !r$#% arele " $enii7 A. S%a%!%!l f rei "e $!nc# Aa c!$ re$arca " c%rina aces% s%a%!% a e+ l!a% 'n "ec!rs!l %i$&!l!i, "e la li1era c nc!ren# &2n# la e5cl!"erea c nc!renei /% %al#0 'n aces% " $eni!. Referin"!(se la li1era c nc!ren#, 'n $a%eria f rei "e $!nc#, !n cele1r! ec n $is% al sec l!l!i FIF, Da+i" Ricar" , 'n%r( l!crare a sa "in 1E1B, s&!nea c# 6la fel ca rice al% c n%rac%, salariile /ra& r%!rile "e $!nc#0 %re1!ie s# fie s!&!se c nc!renei "e&line i li1ere a &ieei, f#r# s# fie nici "a%# '$&ie"ica%# &rin aci!nea )!+ern!l!i,. A+2n" la 1a.# as%fel "e c nce&ie, li1era c nc!ren# 'n aces% " $eni! a a%ras "!&# sine e5acer1are a ri%$!l!i i in%ensi%#ii $!ncii, &rec!$ i "e%eri rare f#r# &rece"en%, 'n sec l!l al FlF(lea, a c n"iiil r "e +ia# i "e $!nc# ale $!nci% ril r, i aceas%a &en%r! c#, &a%r nii, 'n ) ana l r "!&# $a5i$i.area &r fi%!ril r, i$&!nea! $!nci% ril r &r )ra$e "e l!cr! % % $ai l!n)i i salarii % % $ai $ici. -n e& ca c n%e$& ran#, %en"ina )eneral#, es%e aceea c#, e5ce&%2n" re&ar%iia f rei "e $!nc#, s# fie s!s%rase c nc!renei li1ere c! &ri+ire la ferirea i an)a4area f rei "e $!nc#, !r$#% arele sec% are7 &r %ecia $!ncii, "!ra%a .ilei "e l!cr!, re)i$!l c nce"iil r "e "i3n#, s%a1ilirea +2rs%ei "e &ensi nare &en%r! li$i%# "e +2rs%#, asi)!r#rile s ciale, salariile $ini$e. Aces%e &r 1le$e /" $enii0 s!n% re)le$en%a%e &rin n r$e i$&era%i+e. G. Des&re in%er.icerea ra& r%!ril r c nc!reniale "in%re c $ercian% i &re&!s sa! ali salariai Un al% " $eni! "e ra& r%!ri s cial ec n $ice 'n care, 'n &rinci&i!, c nc!rena es%e in%er.is# &rin "is& .iii le)ale ri c3iar &rin n r$e c n+eni nale, es%e acela al ra& r%!ril r "in%re c $ercian%!l &ers an# fi.ic# sa! 4!ri"ic# i &re&!ii s#i, ri, "e la ca. la ca., i "in%re c $ercianii &ers ane 4!ri"ice i ali salariai ai aces% ra. Pen%r! a &!%ea reali.a anali.# rele+an%# i c n+in)#% are a !nei as%fel "e in%er"icii "e c nc!ren#, %re1!ie %i!% c#, 'n &rinci&i!, !n a)en% ec n $ic se & a%e f l si &en%r! "esf#!rarea ac%i+i%#ii sale, 'n &rinci&i!, "e " !# ca%e) rii "e salariaii an!$e7 ( &re&!i c $erciali sa! &re&!i &en%r! c $er. ( ali salariai. C. Princi&alele re)!li &ri+in" &r 3i1iia /in%er"icia0 "e c nc!ren# 'n%re &a%r n, &e "e &ar%e, i &re&!ii s#i i ceilali salariai, &e "e al%# &ar%e. D c%rina i &rac%ica 4!"iciar# a! s%a1ili% i f r$!la% !r$#% arele re)!li &ri+in" c n"iiile 'n care f!nci nea.# &r 3i1iia "e c nc!ren# 'n%re &a%r n i &re&!ii i ceilali salariai ai aces%!ia, "!& #c!$ !r$ea.#7

1. In%er"icia "e c nc!ren# es%e +ala1il# &e % a%# "!ra%a c2% e5is%# ra& r%!ri 4!ri"ice "e &re&!enie sa! "e $!nc# /c3iar i "!&# 'nce%areaa ces% ra, 'n c n"i$ai s!s &re.en%a%e08 9. Pr 3i1iia "e c nc!ren# es%e "e fa&% inc $&a%i1ili%a%e /"ar n! a1s l!%#, "!&# c!$ a$ &reci.a%0 "e a e5erci%a c nc $i%en% " !# ac%i+i%#i salaria%e, &rin "er )are "e la & si1ili%a%ea crea%# "e n !l C " al $!ncii8 :. Pre&!s!l n! %re1!ie s# s#+2reasc# ac%e "e c nc!ren# in%er.is#, nici "irec% /e5erci%2n" &e c n% &r &ri! &erai!ni sa! al%e ne) !ri "e na%!ra acel!ia c! care es%e 'ns#rcina% i nici in"irec% /s# ia &ar%e &e s c %eala &r &rie sa! a al%!ia la afaceri ca cele e5e$&lifica%e efec%!a%e "e %eri (&ers ane fi.ice sa! &ers ane 4!ri"ice08 <. Pr 3i1iia ins%i%!i%# c nsacr# c nc!ren# in%er.is# i n! !na nel ial#. Pen%r! a se &!%ea c nsi"era 'nc#lca%# in%er"icia "e c nc!ren# %re1!ie ca, 'n%re c $er!l &re&!s!l!i i cel e5erci%a% "e &re&!s, 'n $ " "irec% sa! in"irec%, s# e5is%e !n an!$i% )ra" "e ase$#nare sa! si$ili%!"ine8 ;. Nici salariaii 1in!ii ai !n!i &a%r n, alii "ec2% &re&!ii &en%r! c $er, n! a! "re&%!l s#(l c nc!re.e &e c $ercian%!l an)a4a% r, " ar "ac# a! c n+eni% i insera% 'n c n%rac%ele l r in"i+i"!ale "e $!nc# cla!.e "e nec nc!ren# +ala1ile. -nc#lcarea !nei as%fel "e in%er"icii "e c nc!ren# & a%e fi califica%#, 'n acelai %i$&, ca nee5ec!%are a !nei 1li)aii c n%rac%!ale, "e na%!r# s# a%ra)# r#s&!n"erea c n%rac%!al#, c2% i ca fa&%# c n%ra+eni nal# "e c nc!ren# ne nes%# /aceas%# "in !r$# fa&%# fiin" sanci na1il# c3iar "ac# n! are 'n +e"ere 'nc#lcarea !nei cla!.e "e nec nc!ren#0. D. Re)!la c nsacra%# n! are carac%er ri)i" /are !n carac%er "is& .i%i+0, 'n a$1ele ca.!ri &a%r n!l &!%2n"!(se 'n+ i c! &re&!s!l sa! c! !n al% salaria% s# le &er$i%# ca aces%a s#(i e5erci%e c $er!l s#! c nc!r2n"!(l &e el. B. Sanci!nile &en%r! 'nc#lcarea in%er"iciei ar#%a%e i a celei &re+#.!%e "e ar%. <, alin. /10, li%era /a0, "in Le)ea nr.11=1>>1, s!n% "iferi%e. As%fel, sanci!nea 'n &ri$!l ca. & a%e c ns%a, fie 'n 1li)area &re&!s!l!i &en%r! c $er, 'n c n"iiile "re&%!l!i c $!n, la &la%a "e "a!ne in%erese c $&ensa% rii, fie 'n s!1s%i%!irea c $ercian%!l!i &a%r n &re&!s!l!i s#! s&re a c!le)e 1eneficiile &erai!nil r 'nc3eia%e f#r# "re&% "e c#%re aces%a "in !r$# c! %ere &ers ane. D. Pr 3i1irea c nc!renei 'n ra& r%!rile 'n%re s cie%#ile 'n n!$e c lec%i+ /S.N.C.0 i as ciaii care c $&!n. S cie%a%ea 'n n!$e c lec%i+es%e ceea ce se c3ea$# s cie%a%e "e &ers ane, 'n care 'ncre"erea reci&r c# 'n%re as ciai es%e "ecisi+#. Aa c!$ ar#%a, 'n $ " s!)es%i+ i eseniali.a%, a!% are, 6c nf r$ c nce&iei le)i!i% r!l!i n s%r! ac%!al, s cie%a%ea 'n n!$e c lec%i+ es%e &r % %i&!l s cie%#il r "e &ers ane, sa! 'n ali %er$eni, re&re.in%# %i&!l )eneral "e s cie%a%e c $ercial# "e aces% )en, iar n r$ele care c nsacr# c ns%i%!ie "re&%!l c $!n 'n " $eni!l s cie%#il r c $erciale. E. Pr 3i1irea c nc!renei '$& %ri+a s cie%#il r &e aci!ni /SA.0 i=sa! cel r c! r#s&!n"ere li$i%a%# /S.R.L.0 In%er"iciile "e c nc!ren# ins%i%!i%e "e Le)ea nr. :1=1>>? 'n $a%eria s cie%#il r c $erciale &e aci!ni i a cel r c! r#s&!n"ere li$i%a%#, in sea$a "e s&ecific!l $ "!l!i "e r)ani.are i f!nci nare al aces% r s cie%#i, care s!n% s cie%#i "e ca&i%al!ri, c!$ e ca.!l SA sa! "e ca&i%al!ri i &ers ane /3i1ri"e0 c!$ es%e ca.!l S.R.L. S&re "e se1ire "e S.N.C., aci narii 'n S.A. n! a! "re&%!l fiecare 'n &ar%e s# re&re.in%e s cie%a%ea sa! s# a"$inis%re.e &rin efec%!l le)ii, ci n!$ai "ac# a"!narea

)eneral# le +a c nferi aces% "re&%, 'ns# r# s&!n"erea fiec#r!ia "in%re ei, a%2% 'n ca.!l s cie%#ii &e aci!ni c2% i 'n cel al s cie%#ii c! r#s&!n"ere li$i%a%#, es%e #r$!ri%#, 'n a$1ele f r$e "e s cie%a%e, la c!an%!$!l a& r%!l!i s cial s!1scris i +#rsa%, 'n $ " in"i+i"!al. Der )area "e la aceas%# &r 3i1iie, c! al%e c!+in%e e+en%!ala &er$isi!ne "e a c nc!ra s cie%a%ea c! r#s&!n"ere li$i%a%#, %re1!ie s# e$ane "e la a"!narea as ciail r, iar n! "e la c nsili!l "e a"$inis%raie, ca 'n s cie%a%ea &e aci!ni,. C2% &ri+e%e re)i$!l 4!ri"ic al r#s&!n"erii &en%r! 'nc#lcarea in%er"iciei "e c nc!ren#, aces%a es%e i"en%ic c! cel anali.a%8 'n ca.!l s cie%#il r &e aci!ni /re+ carea ( sanci!ne &ers nal# (i %ra)erea la r#s&!n"ere &en%r! "a!ne (sanci!ne &a%ri$ nial#0. H. Pr 3i1irea c nc!renei '$& %ri+a s cie%#il r 'n c $an"i%# si$&l# i &e aci!ni in2n" sea$a "e s&ecific!l s cie%#ii 'n c $an"i%# si$&l# i a celei 'n c $an"i%# &e aci!ni, s cie%#i care a! ca ele$en% c $!n s&ecific, r#s&!n"erea neli$i%a%# " ar a as ciail r=aci naril r c $an"i%ai i c# " ar "in aceas%# ca%e) rie "e &ers ane & % fi n!$ii a"$inis%ra% rii, 1li)aia "e nec nc!ren# "irec%# sa! in"irec%# le re+ine n!$ai as ciail r c $an"i%ai res&ec%i+ aci naril r c $an"i%ai care s!n% s!&!i acel rai res%ricii ca as ciaii "in S.N.C. Aa c!$ re$arca " c%rina, 6"er )area "e la inci"ena "is& .iiil r le)ale referi% are la s cie%a%ea &e aci!ni se e5&lic# &rin fa&%!l c# r#s&!n"erea &en%r! &asi+!l s cial a c $an"i%ail r fiin" neli$i%a%#, ei "ein & .iie 4!ri"ic# si$ilar# c! a as ciail r "in s cie%a%ea 'n n!$e c lec%i+, "ar "iferi%# "e a aci naril r "in s cie%a%ea &e aci!ni,. Aa"ar, a%2% 'n ca.!l s cie%#ii 'n c $an"i%# si$&l# c2% i 'n cel al s cie%#ii 'n c $an"i%# &e aci!ni in%er"icia "e c nc!ren# fa# "e res&ec%i+ele s cie%#i se li$i%ea.# " ar la &ers ana as ciail r=aci naril r c! r#s&!n"ere neli$i%a%# /as ciaii c $an"i%ai i aci narii c $an"i%ai0 c3iar "ac# n! % i ace%ia s!n% i a"$inis%ra% ri i se 1a.ea.# &e '$&re4!rarea c# as%fel "e as ciai=aci nari a! r#s&!n"ere neli$i%a%# fa# %eri, la fel ca % i as ciaii s cie%#il r 'n n!$e c lec%i+ /a se +e"ea 'n aces% sens, &re+e"erile ar%. >? "in Le)ea nr. :1=1>>?, c! $ "ific#rile i c $&le%#rile !l%eri are, care fac %ri$i%ere, &rin%re al%ele, i la ar%. E;, 'n ceea ce 'i &ri+e%e &e as ciaii c $an"i%ai, ar%ic l care c ns%i%!ie se"i!l $a%eriei in%er"iciei "e c nc!ren 'n ra& r% c! s cie%a%ea 'n n!$e c lec%i+, &rec!$ i cele ale ar%. 1E:, alin. /90 ( 'n ca.!l s cie%#il r 'n c $an"i%# &e aci!ni ( care, la r2n"!l l r, fac %ri$i%ere la ar%. >?0.