BEHAVIORISMUL: CONTROVERSE I NOI DESCOPERIRI

Un efort major de a le a !"#$!ma d$ntre %e#a&$or$!m '$ "elelalte teor$$ ale (er!onal$t)*$$ a fo!t f)"+t de ,o#n Dollard '$ Neal M$ller- Ca '$ Ro er!. Dollard a "on!$derat foarte $m(ortant) at/t o%!er&a*$a "l$n$"). "/t '$ "er"etarea e0(er$mental) 1P!$#otera($a rele&) a!(e"te (er!onale ad/n"$ (e "are +n (a"$ent n+ le d$!"+t) 2ntr3+n la%orator. $ar "er"etarea de la%orator are a&antaj+l r$ or$$ 't$$n*$f$"e4S"o(+l l+$ Dollard '$ M$ller 12n "ontra!t "+ Ro er!4 a fo!t de a $nte ra a!(e"tele "ele ma$ $m(ortante d$n do+) teor$$ a(arent $re"on"$l$a%$le: teor$a l+$ 5re+d '$ teor$a l+$ Pa&lo&Teor$a l+$ Dollard '$ M$ller e!te "on!$derat) de o $m(ortan*) $!tor$") dator$t) efort+l+$ (e "are l3 a+ de(+! 2n a +n$f$"a do+) '"ol$ rad$"al d$fer$te. dar '$ (entr+ ") a $nfl+en*at +n alt %e#a&$or$!t foarte a(re"$at. an+(e (e Al%ert Band+ra 1Band+ra a mod$f$"at %e#a&$or$!m+l 2ntr3o d$re"*$e '$ ma$ e"le"t$"). a""ent+/nd $m(ortan*a "a+6elor "o n$t$&e ale "om(ortament+l+$. '$ an+me e0(e"tan*e. "red$n*e. /nd+r$4TEORIA LUI DOLLARD I MILLER Dollard '$ M$ller a+ "on!$derat "adr+l "l$n$" "a (e o !+r!) $m(ortant) de $nforma*$$. dar a+ 2m()rt)'$t '$ "on&$n erea l+$ S7$nner (otr$&$t ")re$a (r$n"$($$le de %a6) ale "om(ortament+l+$ +man (ot f$ de!"o(er$te (r$n !t+d$$ (e an$male. 2n la%oratorPr$n"$($$le de %a6) ale teor$e$ l+$ Dollard '$ M$ller: 8- Teama e!te 2n&)*at): S(re deo!e%$re de $m(+l!+r$le 2nn)!"+te 1foamea. !etea4. "are (ot f$ !at$!f)"+te. dar n+ '$ el$m$nate. an+m$te $m(+l!+r$ +mane !+nt 2n&)*ate '$ (ot f$ el$m$nate 1f+r$a. "+l(a%$l$tatea. ne&o$a de (+tere4Cel ma$ $m(ortant $m(+l! 2n&)*at e!te teama !a+ an0$etatea. "are (oate f$ o%*$n+t) (r$n !t$m+l$ ne+tr$ anter$or$- Dollard '$ M$ller a+ demon!trat a"ea!t) $dee (r$n e0(er$mente "+ 'o%olan$. '$ an+me teama de "om(art$ment+l al% d$n "+t$a l+$ S7$nner a re(re6entat n+ n+ma$ +n r)!(+n! o%*$n+t (r$ntr3+n !t$m+l "ond$*$onat a&er!$& 1al%4. "$ '$ +n $m(+l! 2n&)*at "are a fo!t "a(a%$l !) mot$&e6e no$ "om(ortamente- St$m+l+l al% a determ$nat at/t r)!(+n!+l de f+ ). "/t '$ $m(+l!+l 2n&)*at al fr$"$$ 1a"e!t t$( de "a+6al$tate $nter$oar) a fo!t re!($n! de S7$nner49- :n&)*area de t$( !t$m+l3r)!(+n! :n&)*area a(are at+n"$ "/nd !+nt 2nt)r$te "one0$+n$le d$ntre !t$m+l$$ !(e"$f$"$ '$ an+m$te r)!(+n!+r$ (e "are a"e't$a le o%*$n- :nt)r$rea e!te or$"e e&en$ment "are 2nt)re'te (ro%a%$l$tatea "a r)!(+n!+l !) !e re(ete- :nt)r$rea 2'$ real$6ea6) efe"tele f)r) "a !+%$e"t+l !) f$e "on't$ent '$ determ$n) $med$at r)!(+n!+l dor$t- Om+l 2n&a*) !)3'$ red+") $m(+l!+r$le 1(r$n !at$!fa"erea lor4 r)!(+n6/nd la !t$m+l$$ d$n med$+ "are !er&e!" dre(t !emnale- A!tfel. or$"e r)!(+n! "are "ond+"e la !at$!fa"erea $m(+l!+r$lor e!te ma$ (ro%a%$l !) a(ar) d$n no+ la a"ela'$ !emnalCom(ortament+l (oate f$ mot$&at de ma$ m+lte $m(+l!+r$ 1a'a "+m af$rma '$ 5re+d (r$n "on"e(t+l !)+ de !+(radeterm$nare4- De e0em(l+. 2ntr3+n e0(er$ment. o fet$*) a ")+tat %om%oana n+ n+ma$ (entr+ ") 2$ era foame. "$ '$ (entr+ a3l m+l*+m$ (e e0(er$mentator- Da") n$"$ +n $m(+l! n+ e!te a"t$&at. at+n"$ 2nt)r$rea '$ 2n&)*area !+nt $m(o!$%$le- Dollard '$ M$ller af$rma+ ") oamen$$ "are !+nt !at$!f)"+*$ 2n&a*) (ro!t- Dre(t +rmare. de6&oltarea !e %a6ea6) '$ (e fr+!tr)r$le (e "are le (r$m$m de la med$+Major$tatea r)!(+n!+r$lor '$ $m(+l!+r$lor 2n&)*ate !e &or !t$n e da") n+ !+nt 2n mod re(etat +rmate de 2nt)r$re- A!tfel. 2nt)r$rea e!te $m(ortant) n+ n+ma$ 2n "om(ortament+l de 2n&)*are.

"$ '$ 2n "el de men*$nere- An0$et)*$le '$ fr$"$le !+nt o e0"e(*$e 2n a"e!t "a6. (entr+ ") !+nt 2n&)*ate foarte re(ede '$ a+ o re6$!ten*) mare la !t$n ere;- Pro"e!e mentale 2nalte Com(ortament+l +man n+ "on!t) n+ma$ d$n r)!(+n!+r$ a+tomate la !t$m+l$ e0ter$or$. "$ $m(l$") '$ fenomene $nterne $m(ortante. '$ an+me lan*+r$ de /nd+r$Ca '$ <eor e =ell>. dar !(re deo!e%$re de S7$nner. Dollard '$ M$ller a+ "on!$derat "o n$*$$le "a f$$nd "a+6ale- De e0em(l+. da") +n !t+dent et$"#etea6) +n e0amen "a f$$nd foarte re+ 2na$nte de a3l !+!*$ne. at+n"$ a!ta &a f$ o "a+6) (entr+ "om(ortament+l l+$ an0$o! d$n t$m(+l e0amen+l+$- In&er!. da") 2l et$"#etea6) "a f$$nd +'or. el &a f$ 2n t$m(+l e0amen+l+$ "alm. (l$n de 2n"rederePro"e!ele mentale !+(er$oare determ$n) oamen$$ !) !e "om(orte ma$ ef$"$ent. j+de"/nd '$ (lan$f$"/nd d$na$nte a"*$+n$leOr$"e $m(ed$ment 2n "alea (ro"e!elor mentale !+(er$oare are "on!e"$n*e ra&e. a'a "+m !e 2nt/m(l) "+ re(r$marea. "are e!te fre"&ent) 2n (!$#o(atolo $e?- Teama '$ (!$#o(atolo $a Ca '$ (entr+ 5re+d. (!$#o(atolo $a la Dollard '$ M$ller !e datorea6) "onfl$"telor $n"on't$ente (+tern$"e "are 2'$ a+ or$ $nea 2n "o($l)r$e- A"e!te "onfl$"te !+nt 2n&)*ate de la ()r$n*$ '$ n+ !e datorea6) !tr+"t+r$lor '$ ener $$lor $ntra(!$#$"e- Dollard '$ M$ller "on!$der) ") e0$!t) ? !$t+a*$$ d$n "o($l)r$e "are a+ (ro%a%$l$tatea ma$ mare de a "a+6a 2n&)*area (ato en): a4 #r)n$rea %4 ed+"area toalete$ "4 ed+"a*$a !e0+al) d4 a"tele de f+r$e ale "o($l+l+$ De e0em(l+. da") "o($l+l e!te l)!at nem/n"at '$ (l/n /nd. at+n"$ fr$"a de 2nfometare !e &a eneral$6a. $ar "o($l+l &a 2n&)*a !) rea"*$one6e d$!(ro(or*$onat la or$"e fel de $m(+l!+r$ 1&a de&en$ $m(+l!$&4- Hr)n$rea la t$m( '$ al$nt+l mame$ aj+t) la !t)(/n$rea a"e!te$ 2n&)*)r$ (ato ene '$ determ$n) "a mama !) de&$n) +n 2nt)r$tor (o6$t$& !e"+ndarAlt e0em(l+: da") ()r$n*$$ rea"*$onea6) "+ f+r$e e0"e!$&) 2n ed+"area toalete$. a"e!t l+"r+ &a enera 2n&)*area +nor fr$"$ (+tern$"e. "#$ar '$ fa*) de ()r$n*$$ 2n'$'$Dollard '$ M$ller a+ a""e(tat $m(ortan*a !e0+al$t)*$$ $nfant$le '$ a+ fo!t de a"ord "+ "om(le0+l l+$ Oed$(. (e "are l3a+ e0(l$"at a!tfel: tat)l "are 2'$ tratea6) "o($l+l "a (e +n r$&al !a+ mama "are "a+t) "om(en!are emo*$onal) de la f$+l !)+ (entr+ fr+!tr)r$le !ale &or "a+6a "a $m(+l!+l !e0+al al "o($l+l+$ !) de&$n) !emnal+l "e determ$n) fr$"a $nten!) @ an0$etatea de "a!trareA"ea!ta !e &a eneral$6a 2n rela*$$le ad+lte '$ &a (ro&o"a $m(oten*) 1!e0+al) !a+ (!$#olo $")4R)!(+n!+r$le a re!$&e ale "o($l+l+$ la fr+!trare determ$n) de m+lte or$ (ede(!e !e&ere '$ at+n"$ an0$etatea !e (oate eneral$6a. "ond+"/nd la t$m$d$tate e0"e!$&)5r$"$le '$ "onfl$"tele 2n&)*ate 2n "o($l)r$e de&$n 2n mod a+tomat $n"on't$ente- :n a"e!te "ond$*$$. ele !+nt foarte re+ de re6ol&at dator$t) $n"a(a"$t)*$$ de a +t$l$6a l$m%aj+l (entr+ a le $dent$f$"a "ore"tCa '$ =aren Horne>. Dollard '$ M$ller a+ d$!t$n! "ore"t 2ntre "onfl$"te "on't$ente 1normale4 '$ "onfl$"te $n"on't$ente 1"are joa") +n rol major 2n (!$#o(atolo $e4-

A- P!$#otera($a Refer$tor la (!$#otera($e. Dollard '$ M$ller. 2n "ontra!t "+ to*$ %e#a&$or$'t$$. a+ af$rmat ") !$m(tomele n+ (ot f$ rem$!e f)r) tratament+l "a+6elor anter$oare- Dre(t +rmare. 2n o($n$a lor. (!$#otera($a tre%+$e !) a%$l$te6e (a"$en*$$ !)3'$ red+") fr$"$le $ra*$onale. !) a%andone6e r)!(+n!+l de re(r$mare '$ !) 2n"ea() !) a(l$"e (ro"e!ele mentale !+(er$oare la (ro%lemele lor emo*$onaleE$ a+ (+! a""ent (e ad+"erea mater$al+l+$ $n"on't$ent 2n "on't$ent 1a%ordarea lor e!te fre+d$an)4- Re6$!ten*ele !+nt de()'$te 2n&)*/nd (a"$ent+l !) et$"#ete6e "ore"t mater$al+l re(r$mat '$ !) d$!"r$m$ne6e %$ne 2ntre (re6ent '$ tre"+tContr$%+*$$le teor$e$ l+$ Dollard '$ M$ller Teor$a l+$ Dollard '$ M$ller a def$n$t re(r$marea f)r) "on!tr+"tele fre+d$ene E+3S$ne3S+(rae+A a""ent+at '$ "lar$f$"at do+) &ar$a%$le $m(ortante: an0$etatea '$ "onfl$"t+l A atra! aten*$a a!+(ra $m(ortan*e$ 2n&)*)r$$ !o"$ale-