CUPRINS

PARTEA GENERALA
CAPITOLUL I.
APLICAREA LEGII PENALE ROMNE N TIMP ....16
1. Activitatea legii penale ............................................................16
. P!incipi"l ne!et!#activitatii legii penale ..................................1$
.1 C#ntin"t"l %i &#'eni"l &e inci&enta al p!incipi"l"i
ne!et!#activitatii
.. E(ceptii &e la p!incipi"l ne!et!#activitatii
..1. Legea &e &e)inc!i'ina!e
... Legea &e a'ni%tie %a" &e g!atie!e
..*. Legea 'ai +av#!a,ila %t!ict# %en%"
*. Legea penala 'ai +av#!a,ila ................................................... *
*.1. Aplica!ea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nil#! ne&e+initiv ."&ecate
*.. Aplica!ea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile -n ca)"l
pe&ep%el#! &e+initive
/. Ult!aactivitatea legii penale. Legea .penala te'p#!a!a .. 0
CAPITOLUL II.
APLICAREA LEGII PENALE ROMNE N SPATIU ...... *1
1. C#n%i&e!atii gene!ale ............................................................. *1
. P!incipi"l te!it#!ialitatii legii penale !#'1ne ......................... *1
*. P!incipi"l pe!%#nalitatii legii penale !#'1ne ......................... **
/. P!incipi"l !ealitatii legii penale !#'1ne ................................. */
2. P!incipi"l "nive!%alitatii legii penale !#'1ne ........................ *6
CAPITOLUL III.
IN3RACTIUNEA 4 TRASATURI GENERALE .................. *$
CAPITOLUL I5.
IN3RACTIUNEA 4 3APTA PRE5A6UTA 7E LEGEA
PENALA .................................................................................... /1
1. O,iect"l in+!acti"nii ............................................................... /1
. S",iect"l in+!acti"nii ............................................................. /
.1. S",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii
.. S",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii
*. Lat"!a #,iectiva a in+!acti"nii ................................................. //
*.1. Acti"nea %a" inacti"nea
*.. U!'a!ea
*.*. Rap#!t"l &e ca")alitate
*./. Alte ele'ente &in %t!"ct"!a lat"!ii #,iective
/. Lat"!a %",iectiva a in+!acti"nii ............................................... /0
/.1. Intentia
/.1.1. St!"ct"!a intentiei
/.1.. 3#!'ele intentiei
/.. C"lpa
/..1. C"lpa c" p!eve&e!e
/... C"lpa +a!a p!eve&e!e
/.*. Intentia &epa%ita 8p!aete!intentia9
/./. Ele'ente %ec"n&a!e -n %t!"ct"!a lat"!ii %",iective :
'#,il"l %i %c#p"l
CAPITOLUL 5.
IN3RACTIUNEA 4 3APTA NE;USTI3ICATA.
CAU6ELE ;USTI3ICATI5E ................................................ 2$
1. P!eli'ina!ii ............................................................................ 2$
. Legiti'a apa!a!e .................................................................... 2$
.1. C#n&itiile atac"l"i
.. C#n&itiile apa!a!ii
.*. E+ectele legiti'ei apa!a!i
./. Legiti'a apa!a!e p!e)"'ata
*. Sta!ea &e nece%itate ................................................................ 62
*.1. C#n&itiile %ta!ii &e pe!ic#l
*.. C#n&itiile acti"nii &e %alva!e

*.*. E+ectele %ta!ii &e nece%itate
/. E(e!cita!ea "n"i &!ept %a" -n&eplini!ea "nei #,ligatii .... <1
2. C#n%i'ta'1nt"l pe!%#anei vata'ate....................................... <*
CAPITOLUL 5I.
IN3RACTIUNEA 4 3APTA IMPUTA=ILA PERSOANEI
CARE A COMIS:O.
CAU6ELE 7E NEIMPUTA=ILITATE ................................ <$
1. P!eli'ina!ii ............................................................................. <$
. Re%p#n%a,ilitatea.
Ca")ele ca!e -nlat"!a !e%p#n%a,ilitate .....................................<0
.1. Min#!itatea
.. I!e%p#n%a,ilitatea
.*. Int#(icatia
*. C"n#a%te!ea ca!acte!"l"i ne."%ti+icat al +aptei.
E!#a!ea ................................................................................... $*
*.1. A%pecte gene!ale
/. E(igi,ilitatea "nei c#n&"ite c#n+#!'e n#!'ei ."!i&ice.
Ca")e ca!e e(cl"& e(igi,ilitatea ............................................ $6
/.1. C#n%t!1nge!ea +i)ica
/.. C#n%t!1nge!ea '#!ala
/.*. E(ce%"l nei'p"ta,il
/./. Ca)"l +#!t"it
CAPITOLUL 5II.
3A6ELE IN3RACTIUNII INTENTIONATE ...................... 0
1. C#n%i&e!atii gene!ale .............................................................. 0
. Tentativa 8+a)a actel#! &e e(ec"ta!e9 ...................................... 0
.1. 7e+initia %i c#n&itiile gene!ale &e e(i%tenta
a tentativei
.. 3#!'ele tentativei
..1. Tentativa i&#nee %i tentativa nei&#nee
... Tentativa i'pe!+ecta%i tentativa pe!+ecta
.*. Sancti#na!ea tentativei
*
./. Ca")ele &e nepe&ep%i!e a tentativei
*. In+!acti"nea c#n%"'ata......................................................1>>
CAPITOLUL 5III.
UNITATEA 7E IN3RACTIUNE ......................................... 1>
1. C#n%i&e!atii gene!ale ............................................................ 1>
. In+!acti"nea %i'pla ............................................................... 1>
*. Unitatea nat"!ala c#lectiva.................................................... 1>*
*.1. A%pecte gene!ale. 7e+initie
*.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a "nitatii nat"!ale c#lective
*..1. Unitatea &e acti"ne
*... O'#genitatea ."!i&ica
*..*. Unitatea %",iect"l"i pa%iv
/. In+!acti"nea c#ntin"a ............................................................ 1>6
/.1. 7e+initie
/.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a in+!acti"nii c#ntin"e
/..1. E(i%tenta "n"i act &e e(ec"ta!e ca!e %e
p!el"nge%te -n ti'p
/... Unitatea ele'ent"l"i %",iectiv
/.*. C#n%"'a!ea %i ep"i)a!ea in+!acti"nii c#ntin"e
/./. Sancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii c#ntin"e
2. In+!acti"nea c#ntin"ata ......................................................... 1>$
2.1. 7e+initie %i nat"!a ."!i&ica
2.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate
2..1. Pl"!alitate &e acti"ni %a" inacti"ni %av1!%ite
la &i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'p
2... O'#genitatea ."!i&ica a acti"nil#! %a"
inacti"nil#!
2..*. Unitatea &e %",iect activ %i pa%iv
2../. Unitatea &e !e)#l"tie in+!acti#nala
2.*. In+!acti"ni ca!e n" p#t +i c#'i%e -n +#!'a c#ntin"ata
2.*.1. In+!acti"nile %av1!%ite &in c"lpa
2.*.. In+!acti"nile c" !e)"ltat in&ivi)i,il 8&e+initiv9
2.*.*. In+!acti"nile &e #,icei
2./. T!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#! al in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate
/
6. In+!acti"nea c#'ple(a .......................................................... 112
6.1. N#ti"ne
6.. St!"ct"!a %i c#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a in+!acti"nii
c#ntin"ate
6..1. Ca!acte!"l nece%a! al a,%#!,tiei
6... Ca!acte!"l &ete!'inat %a" &ete!'ina,il al
in+!acti"nii a,%#!,ite
6..*. 7i+e!enta &e pe!ic"l#)itate -nt!e cele &#"a
+apte
6.*. Sancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii c#'ple(e
<. In+!acti"nea &e #,icei ........................................................... 110
<.1. 7e+initia %i c#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a in+!acti"nii &e
#,icei
<.. C#n%"'a!ea %i ep"i)a!ea in+!acti"nii &e #,icei
<.*. Sancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii &e #,icei
<./. In+!acti"nile &e %i'pla !epeta!e
$. In+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva ......................................................... 1*
$.1. 7e+initie
$.. 3#!'a &e vin#vatie
$.*. M#'ent"l c#n%"'a!ii %i '#'ent"l ep"i)a!ii
$./. Sancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii p!#g!e%ive
CAPITOLUL I?.
PLURALITATEA 7E IN3RACTIUNI ................................ 16
1. C#n%i&e!atii gene!ale ............................................................ 16
1.1. 7e+initie
1.. 3#!'ele pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"ni
. C#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni ....................................................... 1<
.1. 7e+initie
.. C#n&itii &e e(i%tenta a c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni
.*. 3#!'ele c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni
.*.1. 7"pa n"'a!"l acti"nil#! %a" inacti"nil#!
.*.. 7"pa nat"!a in+!acti"nil#!
./. Sancti#na!ea c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni
./.1. Sancti#na!ea -n ca)"l pe!%#anei +i)ice
2
./.. Sancti#na!ea -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice
*. Reci&iva ............................................................................... 1*<
*.1. 7e+initie
*.. 3#!'ele !eci&ivei
*.*. Reci&iva p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ie
*.*.1. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a !eci&ivei
p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii
*.*.. Sancti#na!ea !eci&ivei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii
*./. Reci&iva p#%te(ec"t#!ie
*./.1. 7e+initie
*./.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a !eci&ivei
p#%te(ec"t#!ii
*./.*. Sancti#na!ea !eci&ivei 'a!i p#%te(ec"t#!ii
*.2. Reci&iva -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice
/. Pl"!alitatea inte!'e&ia!a ....................................................... 1/0
/.1. 7e+initie
/.. 7i%tinctii +ata &e c#nc"!% %i !eci&iva
/.*. Sancti#na!ea pl"!alitatii inte!'e&ia!e
CAPITOLUL ?.
PLURALITATEA 7E 3APTUITORI .................................. 121
1. 3#!'ele pl"!alitatii &e +apt"it#!i ........................................... 121
. Pl"!alitatea nat"!ala .............................................................. 121
*. Pl"!alitatea c#n%tit"ita .......................................................... 121
/. Pl"!alitatea #ca)i#nala 8pa!ticipatia9 .................................... 12
/.1. 7e+initie
/.. 3#!'ele pa!ticipatiei penale
/..1. A"t#!at"l
/... C#a"t#!at"l
/..*. In%tiga!ea
/../. C#'plicitatea
/.*. Pe&ep%i!ea pa!ticipatiei
/./. Pa!ticipatia i'p!#p!ie
6
CAPITOLUL ?I.
PE7EPSELE APLICA=ILE PERSOANEI 3I6ICE .......... 120
1. Pe&ep%ele p!incipale ..............................................................120
. Pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e ......................................................16/
*. Pe&ep%ele acce%#!ii ............................................................... 16$
CAPITOLUL ?II.
IN7I5I7UALI6AREA ;U7ICIARA A
PE7EPSELOR ........................................................................ 1<1
1. C!ite!ii gene!ale &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e ...................................... 1<1
. Ci!c"'%tantele aten"ante legale ........................................... 1<*
.1. Sta!ea &e p!#v#ca!e
.. 7epa%i!ea li'itel#! legiti'ei apa!a!i
.*. 7epa%i!ea li'itel#! %ta!ii &e nece%itate
*. Ci!c"'%tante aten"ante ."&icia!e ......................................... 1<2
/. Ci!c"'%tantele ag!avante ..................................................... 1<6
2. E+ectele ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"ante ...................................... 1<0
6. E+ectele ci!c"'%tantel#! ag!avante ...................................... 1$1
<. C#nc"!%"l -nt!e ca")ele &e ag!ava!e %i &e aten"a!e
a pe&ep%ei ............................................................................ 1$
CAPITOLUL ?III.
IN7I5I7UALI6AREA ;U7ICIARA A
E?ECUTARII PE7EPSELOR ............................................. 1$/
1. Ren"nta!ea la aplica!ea pe&ep%ei ......................................... 1$/
1.1. C#n&itiile -n ca!e %e p#ate &i%p"ne !en"nta!ea
1.. E+ectele !en"nta!ii la aplica!ea pe&ep%ei
. A'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei ................................................. 1$6
.1. C#n&itiile -n ca!e %e p#ate &i%p"ne a'1na!ea
aplica!ii pe&ep%ei
.. Regi'"l a'1na!ii aplica!ii pe&ep%ei
.*. E+ectele &i%p"ne!ii a'1na!ii aplica!ii pe&ep%ei
*. S"%pen&a!ea e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei %", %"p!aveg@e!e ............. 10>
*.1. C#n&itiile %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e
*.. Regi'"l %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e
<
*.*. Rev#ca!ea %i an"la!ea %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e
*./. E+ectele %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e
/. E(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei -nt!:"n penitencia! ............................... 10
/.1. Li,e!a!ea c#n&iti#nata
2. M#&alitati &e e(ec"ta!e ne!egle'entate
&e n#"l C#& penal ................................................................ 106
CAPITOLUL ?I5.
MASURILE 7E SIGURANTA ............................................. 10<
1. A%pecte gene!ale .................................................................. 10<
. O,liga!ea la t!ata'ent 'e&ical ............................................ 10<
*. Inte!na!ea 'e&icala .............................................................. 10$
/. Inte!)ice!ea "nei +"nctii %a" p!#+e%ii .................................... 10$
2. C#n+i%ca!ea %peciala ............................................................. 100
CAPITOLUL ?5.
MINORITATEA ..................................................................... >
1. Ma%"!ile e&"cative nep!ivative &e li,e!tate .......................... >
1.1. Stagi"l &e +#!'a!e civica
1.. S"p!aveg@e!ea
1.*. C#n%e'na!ea la %+1!%it &e %apta'1na
1./. A%i%ta!ea )ilnica
. Ma%"!ile e&"cative p!ivative &e li,e!tate .............................. >2
.1. Inte!na!ea -nt!:"n cent!" e&"cativ
.. Inte!na!ea -nt!:"n cent!" &e &etentie
*. T!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#! al pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"ni
-n ca)"l 'in#!"l"i ................................................................ ><
/. Alte pa!tic"la!itati ale !egi'"l"i %ancti#nat#!
al 'in#!"l"i .......................................................................... >$
CAPITOLUL ?5I.
RASPUN7EREA PENALA A
PERSOANEI ;URI7ICE ....................................................... >0
1. A%pecte gene!ale ................................................................... >0
. Pe!%#anele ."!i&ice ca!e p#t !a%p"n&e penal ......................... 1>
$
*. In+!acti"nile ce p#t +i %av1!%ite &e # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica ..... 11
/. C#n&itiile &e anga.a!e a !a%p"n&e!ii penale a pe!%#anei
."!i&ice ................................................................................. 1
2. Sancti"nile aplica,ile pe!%#anei ."!i&ice .............................. 1/
CAPITOLUL ?5II.
CAU6ELE CARE NLATURA
RASPUN7EREA PENALA ................................................... >
1. A'ni%tia ................................................................................ >
1.1. 7e+initie
1.. E+ectele a'ni%tiei
1..1. E+ectele a'ni%tiei antec#n&a'nat#!ii
1... E+ectele a'ni%tiei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii
1.*. Li'itele a'ni%tiei
1.*.1. Li'ita te'p#!ala
1.*.. Li'ita e+ectel#!
. P!e%c!iptia !a%p"n&e!ii penale ..............................................
*. Lip%a %a" !et!age!ea pl1nge!ii p!eala,ile........................ 2
/. 'paca!ea ....................................................................... <
CAPITOLUL ?5III.
CAU6ELE CARE NLATURA
E?ECUTAREA PE7EPSEI .................................................. 0
1. G!atie!ea................................................................................ 0
1.1. 7e+initie %i cla%i+ica!e
1.. E+ectele g!atie!ii
1.*. Li'itele g!atie!ii
. P!e%c!iptia e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei ............................................. *
CAPITOLUL ?I?.
CAU6ELE CARE NLATURA CONSECINTELE
CON7AMNARII. REA=ILITAREA ................................... */
1. 7e+initie %i '#&alitati ........................................................... */
. Rea,ilita!ea &e &!ept ............................................................. */
*. Rea,ilita!ea ."&ecat#!ea%ca .................................................. *2
0
PARTEA SPECIALA
CAPTOLUL I.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA 5IETII ....................................... *$
A!t. 1$0 O'#!"l cali+icat
A!t. 10 Uci&e!ea &in c"lpa
CAPTOLUL II.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA INTEGRITATII CORPORALE
SI A SANATATII ........... /
A!t. 10* L#vi!ea %a" alte vi#lente
A!t. 10/ 5ata'a!ea c#!p#!ala
A!t. 106 5ata'a!ea c#!p#!ala &in c"lpa
A!t. 10< Relele t!ata'ente aplicate 'in#!"l"i
CAPTOLUL III.
IN3RACTIUNI SA5RSITE ASUPRA UNUI
MEM=RU 7E 3AMILIE ...... 2>
A!t. 100 5i#lenta -n +a'ilie
CAPTOLUL I5.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA LI=ERTATII
PERSOANEI ....... 2
A!t. >2 Lip%i!ea &e li,e!tate -n '#& ilegal
A!t. >6 A'eninta!ea
A!t. >$ Aa!t"i!ea
CAPTOLUL 5.
TRA3ICUL SI E?PLOATAREA PERSOANELOR
5ULNERA=ILE ..... 26
A!t. 1* P!#(eneti%'"l
A!t. 1/ E(pl#ata!ea ce!%et#!iei
A!t. 12 3#l#%i!ea "n"i 'in#! -n %c#p &e ce!%et#!ie
A!t. 16 3#l#%i!ea %e!viciil#! "nei pe!%#ane e(pl#atate
1>
CAPTOLUL 5I.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA LI=ERTATII SI INTEGRITATII
SE?UALE ........... 6
A!t. 1$ 5i#l"l
A!t. 10 Ag!e%i"nea %e("ala
A!t. > Act"l %e("al c" "n 'in#!
A!t. 1 C#!"pe!ea %e("ala a 'in#!il#!
A!t. Rac#la!ea 'in#!il#! -n %c#p"!i %e("ale
A!t. * Aa!t"i!ea %e("ala
CAPTOLUL 5II.
IN3RACTIUNI CE A7UC ATINGERE
7OMICILIULUI SI 5IETII PRI5ATE ........... </
A!t. / 5i#la!ea &e &#'icili"
A!t. 2 5i#la!ea %e&i"l"i p!#+e%i#nal
A!t. 6 5i#la!ea vietii p!ivate
CAPTOLUL 5III.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA PATRIMONIULUI ...... $1
A!t. $ 3"!t"l
A!t. 0 3"!t"l cali+icat
A!t. *> 3"!t"l -n %c#p &e +#l#%inta
A!t. *1 Pe&ep%i!ea "n#! +"!t"!i la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila
A!t. ** T1l@a!ia
A!t. */ T1l@a!ia cali+icata
CAPTOLUL I?.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA PATRIMONIULUI
PRIN NESOCOTIREA NCRE7ERII ........ $0
A!t. *$ A,")"l &e -nc!e&e!e
A!t. *0 A,")"l &e -nc!e&e!e p!in +!a"&a!ea c!e&it#!il#!
A!t. / Ge%ti"nea +!a"&"l#a%a
A!t. // n%elaci"nea
A!t. /2 n%elaci"nea p!ivin& a%ig"!a!ile
A!t. /< E(pl#ata!ea pat!i'#niala a "nei pe!%#ane v"lne!a,ile
11
A!t. 2* 7i%t!"ge!ea
A!t. 2/ 7i%t!"ge!ea cali+icata
A!t. 22 7i%t!"ge!ea &in c"lpa
A!t. 26 T"l,"!a!ea &e p#%e%ie
CAPTOLUL ?.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA AUTORITATII .... *>*
A!t. 2< Ult!a."l
CAPTOLUL ?I.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA N3APTUIRII
;USTITIEI .............................................................................. *><
A!t. 66 Ne&en"nta!ea
A!t. 6< O'i%i"nea %e%i)a!ii
A!t. 6$ In&"ce!ea -n e!#a!e a #!ganel#! ."&icia!e
A!t. 60 3av#!i)a!ea +apt"it#!"l"i
A!t. <> Tain"i!ea
A!t. <1 O,%t!"cti#na!ea ."%titiei
A!t. < In+l"enta!ea &ecla!atiil#!
A!t. <* Ma!t"!ia 'incin#a%a
A!t. </ Ra),"na!ea pent!" a."t#!"l &at ."%titiei
A!t. <2 S"%t!age!ea %a" &i%t!"ge!ea &e p!#,e #!i &e -n%c!i%"!i
A!t. <6 P!e%i"ni a%"p!a ."%titiei
A!t. << C#'p!#'ite!ea inte!e%el#! ."%titiei
A!t. <$ ncalca!ea %#le'nitatii %e&intei
A!t. <0 Ult!a."l ."&icia!
A!t. $/ A%i%tenta %i !ep!e)enta!ea nel#iala
A!t. $< Ne!e%pecta!ea @#ta!1!il#! ."&ecat#!e%ti
A!t. $$ Nee(ec"ta!ea %ancti"nil#! penale
CAPTOLUL ?II.
IN3RACTIUNI 7E CORUPTIE ........................................... ***
A!t. $0 L"a!ea &e 'ita
A!t. 0 C"'pa!a!ea &e in+l"enta
1
CAPTOLUL ?III.
IN3RACTIUNI 7E SER5ICIU .... **$
A!t. 02 7elapi&a!ea
A!t. 0< A,")"l -n %e!vici"
A!t. 0$ Negli.enta -n %e!vici"
A!t. 00 3#l#%i!ea a,")iva a +"nctiei -n %c#p %e("al
A!t. *>> U)"!pa!ea +"nctiei
CAPTOLUL ?I5.
3ALSURI N NSCRISURI ... */2
A!t. *> 3al%"l 'ate!ial -n -n%c!i%"!i #+iciale
A!t. *1 3al%"l intelect"al
A!t. */ 3al%i+ica!ea "nei -n!egi%t!a!i te@nice
A!t. *2 3al%"l in+#!'atic
A!t. *< 3al%"l p!ivin& i&entitatea
CAPTOLUL ?5.
IN3RACTIUNI PRI5ITOARE LA REGIMUL STA=ILIT
PENTRU ALTE ACTI5ITATI
REGLEMENTATE 7E LEGE ............................................. *21
A!t. *21 Ca'ata
CAPTOLUL ?5I.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA OR7INII
SI LINISTII PU=LICE .......................................................... *2
A!t. *<> nce!ca!ea &e a &ete!'ina %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni
A!t. *<1 T"l,"!a!ea #!&inii %i lini%tii p",lice
A!t. *<2 Ult!a."l c#nt!a ,"nel#! '#!av"!i
CAPTOLUL ?5II.
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA 3AMILIEI ................................. *2<
A!t. *$> 'pie&ica!ea acce%"l"i la -nvata'1nt"l gene!al
#,ligat#!i"
1*
CU5NT NAINTE
Re&actat -n ca&!"l P!#iect"l"i C#ntin"a!ea a%i%tentei
te@nice pent!" c#n%#li&a!ea !etelei &e +#!'at#!i a SNG %i pent!"
-',"natati!ea a,ilitatil#! l#! &e p!e&a!e -n ceea ce p!ive%te n#"l
C#& civil %i n#"l C#& penalB 'an"al"l &e +ata !ep!e)inta # p!i'a
anali)a a ele'entel#! &e n#"tate a&"%e &e Legea n!. $6C>>0B +ata
&e p!eve&e!ile C#&"l"i penal -n vig#a!e. n ace%t c#nte(tB l"c!a!ea
%e &#!e%te "n in%t!"'ent &e l"c!" +acil %i e+icient -n -ntelege!ea %i
+i(a!ea p!incipalel#! in%tit"tii %i !egle'enta!i &in %+e!a &!ept"l"i
penalB a%a c"' a" +#%t ele c#nt"!ate &e n#"l C#& penal.
A&!e%at &e#p#t!iva +#!'at#!il#! %i c"!%antil#! SNGB
'an"al"l ac#pe!a at1t pa!tea gene!ala c1t %i pa!tea %peciala a
n#"l"i C#& penalB c#ntin1n& e(plicatii c#nci%e pe 'a!ginea
te(tel#! ace%t"iaB evit1n& inc"!%i"nile p"! te#!eticeB &a! %i
a%pectele ca!e a" gene!at &e.a %a" v#! gene!a c#nt!#ve!%e
&#ct!ina!e legate &e n#ile !egle'enta!i. S:a ac#!&atB -n %c@i',B #
atentie &e#%e,ita p!e)enta!ii c#'pa!ative a &i%p#)itiil#! -n vig#a!e
%i a cel#! p!#p"%e &e n#"l C#& penalB pent!" # ,"na -ntelege!e a
'#&i+ica!il#! #pe!ateB +a!a a negli.a p!e)enta!ea in%tit"tiil#! n#"
int!#&"%eB "ne#!i 'ai &i+icil &e -ntele% -n a,%enta "n#! e(plicatii
p!ivin& +inalitatea %i '#&"l l#! &e +"ncti#na!e. A%a &e pil&aB %:a
in%i%tat pe e(plica!ea n#ii c#nceptii p!ivin& in+!acti"nea %i a
ca")el#! ca!e e(cl"& e(i%tenta eiB pe n#"l 'ecani%' &e aplica!e a
pe&ep%ei a'en)ii ,a)at pe %i%te'"l )ilel#!:a'en&aB pe n#"l
t!ata'ent penal al pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"ni etc. n pl"%B ac#l#
"n&e %:a %i'tit nev#iaB e(plicatiile a" +#%t il"%t!ate c" e(e'pleB pe
,a)a ca!#!a %e p#t i'agina %i alte ca)"!i p!actice &e aplica!e a
n#il#! &i%p#)itiiB "tile -n activitatea &e +#!'a!e initiala %a"
c#ntin"a &in ca&!"l SNG.
n ceea ce p!ive%te pa!tea %peciala a n#"l"i C#& penalB
%pati"l li'itat al l"c!a!ii a pe!'i% a,#!&a!ea acel#! in+!acti"ni n#"
int!#&"%e -n C#& %i %",linie!ea '#&i+ica!il#! inte!venite -n
1/
c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al "n#! in+!acti"ni #!iB &i'p#t!ivaB
'entine!ea ele'entel#! c#n%tit"tive &in act"ala !egle'enta!eB +a!a
a %e avea p!etentia t!an%+#!'a!ii g@i&"l"i -nt!:"n 'an"al cla%ic &e
&!ept penal.
7e%i p!e#c"pa!ea p!incipala a a"t#!il#! a +#%t anali)a
ele'entel#! &e n#"tate a&"%e &e C#&"l penal p!#'"lgat -n >>0B
-n c"p!in%"l l"c!a!ii %i:a" ga%it l#c"l %i in%tit"tiile ca!e n" a"
%"+e!it '#&i+ica!iB pent!" a #+e!i "n in%t!"'ent &e l"c!" "nita! %i
c#'plet "tili)at#!il#! ace%t"i 'an"al.
A%a +iin&B l"c!a!ea &e +ata %e p#ate c#n%tit"i -nt!:"n
in%t!"'ent "til pent!" #!ice p!actician ca!e %e apleaca pent!"
p!i'a &ata a%"p!a !egle'enta!il#! n#"l"i C#& penalB -n
pe!%pectiva int!a!ii ace%t"ia -n vig#a!e.
A"t#!ii
12
PARTEA GENERALA
: Capit#l"l I :
APLICAREA LEGII PENALE ROMNE N TIMP
D 1. Activitatea legii penale
P!incipi"l activitatii legii penaleB c#n%ac!at ante!i#! &e a!t.
1> &in C#&"l penal -n vig#a!e 8&en"'it -n c#ntin"a!e C.p.9B a +#%t
!el"at +a!a '#&i+ica!i &e a!t. * &in n#"l C#& penal 8-n
c#ntin"a!e N.C.p.9. P#t!ivit ace%t"i te(tB legea penala %e aplica
in+!acti"nil#! %av1!%ite -n ti'p"l c1t ea %e a+la -n vig#a!e.
Pent!" # c#!ecta &eli'ita!e a li'itel#! &e inci&enta
te'p#!ala ale "nei legi penale t!e,"ie %a ave' -n ve&e!e
-nt#t&ea"na &#"a a%pecteE pe &e # pa!te pe!i#a&a &e ti'p c1t #
lege %e a+la -n vig#a!eB ia! pe &e alta pa!te '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii
in+!acti"nii.
n ce p!ive%te p!i'"l a%pectB pe!i#a&a &e activitate a "nei
legi e%te -n '#& inevita,il 'a!cata &e &#"a '#'enteE '#'ent"l
int!a!ii -n vig#a!e a legii %iB !e%pectivB '#'ent"l ie%i!ii ace%teia
&in vig#a!e.
Int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a legii penaleB ca &e alt+el a #!ica!ei
alte legiB a!e l#cB p#t!ivit a!t. <$ &in C#n%tit"tie la * )ile &e la &ata
p",lica!iiB %a" la # &ata "lte!i#a!a p!eva)"ta -n te(t"l ei. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B a!t. //6 N.C.p.B !e+e!it#! la int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a
n#"l"i C#& penal p!eve&e ca
p!e)ent"l c#& int!a -n vig#a!e la
&ata ca!e va +i %ta,ilita -n legea pent!" p"ne!ea -n aplica!e a
ace%t"iaB c" e(ceptia &i%p#)itiil#! alin. 89 %i alin. 8*9B ca!e int!a
-n vig#a!e la / )ile &e la &ata p",lica!ii -n M#nit#!"l O+icial al
R#'1nieiB Pa!tea IB a p!e)ent"l"i c#&.
7i%p#)itia &in a!t. <$ &in C#n%tit"tie n" e%te aplica,ila -n
ca)"l #!&#nantel#! &e "!genta ca!eB p#t!ivit a!t. 112 alin. 829 &in
C#n%tit"tieB int!a -n vig#a!e &"pa &ep"ne!ea l#! %p!e &e),ate!e -n
16
p!#ce&"!a &e "!genta la Ca'e!a c#'petenta %a +ie %e%i)ata%i
p",lica!ea l#! -n M#nit#!"l O+icial.
Ie%i!ea &in vig#a!e a legii a!e l#c &e !eg"la p!in a,!#ga!e.
A,!#ga!ea p#ate +i e(p!e%a %a" tacita. S"nte' -n p!e)enta "nei
a,!#ga!i e(p!e%e at"nci c1n& legea n#"a p!eve&e -n '#& e(plicit
ca # &i%p#)itie &in legea vec@e %e a,!#ga. Sp!e e(e'pl"B a!t. I pct.
62 &in Legea n!. <$C>>6 a p!eva)"t ca Fa!tic#l"l *>/ C.p. %e
a,!#gaG. A,!#ga!ea e(p!e%a p#ate +i c#nc!etaB at"nci c1n&
legi"it#!"l i&enti+ica%i 'enti#nea)a e(plicit te(tele ce "!'ea)a a
+i a,!#gateB %a" gene!ica at"nci c1n& legi"it#!"l %e li'itea)a la a
"tili)a # +#!'"la &e gen"l pe &ata int!a!ii -n vig#a!e a p!e)entei
legi %e a,!#ga #!ice &i%p#)itii c#nt!a!e. Acea%ta &in "!'a
'#&alitate %e ap!#pie &e a,!#ga!ea tacita.
Sit"atiei &e a,!#ga!e e(p!e%a t!e,"ie %a -i +ie a%i'ilata%i
!e%pinge!ea &e cat!e Pa!la'ent a #!&#nantei &e "!genta a&#ptata
&e G"ve!n.
A,!#ga!ea tacita %e !eali)ea)a p!in -nl#c"i!ea "nei
&i%p#)itii c" # alta p!eve&e!e legalaB ca!e &i%ciplinea)a e(act
aceea%i 'ate!ieB -n acela%i ca&!" %i c" aceea%i %",%tanta ca %i legea
vec@eB a%t+el -nc1t e%te &e la %ine -ntele% ca legea n#"a -nlat"!a
i'plicit legea vec@e. La +el ca %i -n ca)"l a,!#ga!ii e(p!e%eB %i
a,!#ga!ea tacita p#ate +i t#tala %a" pa!tiala.
O alta '#&alitate &e -nceta!e a e+ectel#! legii penale #
c#n%tit"ie a."nge!ea ei la te!'enB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla -n ca)"l legii
te'p#!a!e.
O n#!'a penala n" ie%e -n%a &in vig#a!e p!in &e%"et"&ine.
O!ic1t ti'p a! t!ece +a!a ca # n#!'a penala %a +ie aplicataB #!ic1te
+apte inc!i'inate &e ea a! +i +#%t c#'i%e +a!a a +i %ancti#nateB n#!'a
-n ca")a n" -%i pie!&e v#catia &e aplica!eB # c#n&a'na!e p"t1n& +i -n
#!ice '#'ent p!#n"ntata -n ,a)a ei.
n ceea ce p!ive%te &ete!'ina!ea '#'ent"l"i c#'ite!ii
in+!acti"nii p!#,le'a %e !e)#lva %i'pl" -n ca)"l acel#! in+!acti"ni a
ca!#! "!'a!e %e p!#&"ce -n c@ia! '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii acti"nii
p!eva)"te &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e. n ace%t ca)B '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii
in+!acti"nii va +i '#'ent"l -n ca!e a av"t l#c acti"neaB ia! legea
1<
aplica,ila va +i legea -n vig#a!e la acel '#'ent. Sp!e e(e'pl"B
legea aplica,ila -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e a'eninta!eB va +i legea -n
vig#a!e -n '#'ent"l !#%ti!ii a'eninta!il#! a&!e%ate victi'ei.
n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! &e !e)"ltatB ca!e p!e%"p"n p!#&"ce!ea
"nei "!'a!i 'ate!iale ce p#ate %"!veni la "n inte!val 'ai 'ic %a"
'ai 'a!e &e ti'p +ata &e '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii acti"niiB '#'ent"l %e
&ete!'ina p#t!ivit te#!iei acti"nii c#n+#!' ca!eia '#'ent"l
%av1!%i!ii in+!acti"nii e%te '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii act"l"i &e e(ec"ta!e %i
-n !ap#!t &e ace%t '#'ent %e &ete!'ina legea aplica,ila. n ca)"l
in+!acti"nil#! c" &"!ata &e c#n%"'a!e : in+!acti"nea c#ntin"aB
c#ntin"ata %a" &e #,icei : '#'ent"l -n !ap#!t &e ca!e %e &ete!'ina
legea aplica,ila e%te '#'ent"l ep"i)a!iiB a&ica '#'ent"l -n ca!e ia
%+1!%it acti"nea %a" a!e l#c "lti'"l act &e e(ec"ta!e. Sp!e e(e'pl"B
&aca # pe!%#ana e%te %ec@e%t!ata &e in+!act#! %", legea vec@eB &a!
p!iva!ea &e li,e!tate %e p!el"nge%te %i &"pa int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a legii
n#iB legea n#"a %e va aplica pent!" -nt!eaga in+!acti"ne c#ntin"aB
c@ia! &aca ea a -ncep"t %", legea vec@e.
D . P!incipi"l ne!et!#activitatii legii penale
.1. C#ntin"t"l %i &#'eni"l &e inci&enta al p!incipi"l"i
ne!et!#activitatii
O&ata c" a&#pta!ea C#n%tit"tiei &in 1001B p!incipi"l
ne!et!#activitatii legii a &evenit "n p!incipi" &e +#!ta
c#n%tit"ti#nala. P!incipi"l a +#%t c#n%ac!at e(plicit -n a!t. 11
C.p. ia! -n n#"l C#& penal %e !ega%e%te -n %t!"ct"!a p!incipi"l"i
legalitatii inc!i'ina!ii %i pe&ep%ei c#n%ac!at -n a!t. 1 4 N.C.p.
P!incipi"l ne!et!#activitatii legii penale vi)ea)a a%a&a! -n
p!i'"l !1n& legea penala inc!i'inat#a!e. O lege ca!e inc!i'inea)a
pent!" p!i'a &ata # +apta 4 %a" ca!e # !einc!i'inea)a &"pa #
pe!i#a&a -n ca!e legea penala n" a 'ai p!eva)"t:# 4 n" p#ate +i
aplicata &ec1t -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e +apta a +#%t %av1!%ita &"pa int!a!ea
-n vig#a!e a legii n#i.
1$
Reg"la ne!et!#activitatii n" %e li'itea)aB -n%aB la legea &e
inc!i'ina!eB ci e%te inci&enta -n ca)"l #!ica!ei legi ca!e p#ate
ag!ava %it"atia inc"lpat"l"i. A%t+elB legea ca!e 'a.#!ea)a pe&eap%a
pent!" +apta c#'i%aB legea ca!e in%tit"ie # ci!c"'%tanta ag!avantaB
legea ca!e +ace +apta "!'a!i,ila &in #+ici" &"pa ce ante!i#! e!a
"!'a!i,ila la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ilaB legea ca!e %"p!i'a #
ci!c"'%tanta aten"anta %a" !e&"ce e+ectele ace%teia n" v#! p"tea +i
aplicate &ec1t +aptel#! c#'i%e &"pa int!a!ea l#! -n vig#a!e.
M#&i+ica!ea +#!tei ."!i&ice a p!incipi"l"i ne!et!#activitatii
%i t!an%+#!'a!ea %a -nt!:"n p!incipi" c#n%tit"ti#nal n" e%te lip%ita
&e c#n%ecinte &i!ecte -n plan"l legi%latiei penale. A%t+elB # %e!ie
-nt!eaga &e legiB c#n%i&e!ate ante!i#! ca av1n& -nt#t&ea"na ca!acte!
!et!#activ %i:a" pie!&"t acea%ta ca!acte!i%ticaB +iin& -n p!e)ent
%"p"%e !egi'"l"i gene!al al legii penale.
A%t+elB ante!i#! int!a!ii -n vig#a!e a C#n%tit"tieiB p#t!ivit
a!t. 1 alin. C.p. e!a" &e aplica,ilitate !et!#activa
legile ca!e
p!eve&ea" 'a%"!i &e %ig"!anta
%i 'a%"!i e&"cative. N#"l C#&
penal a a,an&#nat acea%ta %#l"tieB p!eva)1n& -n a!t. alin. ca
n" %e p#ate l"a # 'a%"!a e&"cativa %a" # 'a%"!a &e %ig"!anta
&aca acea%ta n" e!a p!eva)"ta &e legea penala la &ata c1n&
+apta a +#%t %av1!%ita. n ace%t +elB !egle'enta!ea &in &!ept"l penal
a +#%t p"%a -n ac#!& c" p!eve&e!ile a!t. 12 alin. &in C#n%tit"tieB
ca!e %ta,ile%te c" val#a!e &e p!incipi" c#n%tit"ti#nal
ne!et!#activitatea legii -n gene!al.
O alta categ#!ie &e legi c#n%i&e!ate -n '#& t!a&iti#nal ca
av1n& aplica,ilitate !et!#activa # c#n%tit"ie legile inte!p!etative.
7"pa int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a C#n%tit"tieiB n" %e 'ai p#ate v#!,i &e #
!et!#activitate #,ligat#!ie nici -n ca)"l legii inte!p!etative. At"nci
c1n& inte!vine # lege inte!p!etativaB ca!e i'p"ne # alta inte!p!eta!e
&ec1t cea &ata &e ."!i%p!"&entaB legea inte!p!etativa i'p"ne "n alt
'#& &e aplica!e a n#!'ei inte!p!etate %i &evine ea -n%a%i i)v#! &e
&!ept. Pe cale &e c#n%ecintaB legea n" 'ai p#ate !et!#activa &ec1t -n
'a%"!a -n ca!e c!eea)a# %it"atie 'ai +av#!a,ilapent!" inc"lpat.
10
Legile ca!e p!eva& !egi'"l &e e(ec"ta!e a pe&ep%el#! e!a"
-n '#& t!a&iti#nal c#n%i&e!ate -n &#ct!ina ca +iin& &e aplicatie
!et!#activa. 7"pa int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a C#n%tit"tieiB %i ace%te legi %ia"
pie!&"t -n%a v#catia &e aplica!e !et!#activa nec#n&iti#nata. Legea
ca!e p!eve&e !egi'"l &e e(ec"ta!e al pe&ep%el#! %i:a pie!&"t
!et!#activitatea #,ligat#!ie %i ea va p"tea !et!#activaB la +el ca #!ice
alta lege penalaB n"'ai &aca e%te 'ai +av#!a,ila inc"lpat"l"i. Se
i'p"ne t#t"%i # p!eci)a!e -n ace%t c#nte(t. Av1n& -n ve&e!e ca
&!ept"l e(ec"ti#nal penal c"p!in&e &e#p#t!iva n#!'e &e &!ept penal
'ate!ial %i n#!'e &e p!#ce&"!aB !eg"la en"ntata n" p!ive%te &ec1t
&i%p#)itiile &e &!ept 'ate!ial. Sp!e e(e'pl"B &aca legea n#"a
'#&i+ica at1t +!acti"nile &e pe&eap%a ca!e t!e,"ie e(ec"tate pent!" a
p"tea ,ene+icia &e li,e!a!ea c#n&iti#nataB c1t %i p!#ce&"!a &e
e(a'ina!e a ce!e!ii &e li,e!a!eB n#!'ele !e+e!it#a!e la acea%ta
p!#ce&"!a v#! +i &e i'e&iata aplica!eB -n v!e'e ce n#!'ele
!e+e!it#a!e la +!acti"nile &e pe&eap%a v#! +i aplicate c#n+#!' legii
'ai +av#!a,ile.
n +ineB -n &#ct!ina%i ."!i%p!"&enta n" e(i%ta "n p"nct &e
ve&e!e "nita! !e+e!it#! la p#%i,ilitatea aplica!ii !et!#active a
&i%p#)itiil#! p!ivin& p!e%c!iptia. n ceea ce ne p!ive%te ne !alie' +a!a
!e)e!ve p"nct"l"i &e ve&e!e p#t!ivit ca!"ia %i legile !e+e!it#a!e la
p!e%c!iptie t!e,"ie %a %e %"p"na !eg"lil#! gene!ale ca!e g"ve!nea)a
aplica!ea legii penale -n ti'pB a%t+el ca n" %e 'ai p#ate v#!,i &e #!et!#activitate #,ligat#!ie -n ca)"l l#!.
nt!:a&eva!B p!in p!el"ngi!ea
te!'en"l"i &e p!e%c!iptie a!e l#c # a'pli+ica!e a &!ept"l"i %tat"l"i &e
a pe&ep%iB #!B "na &in !ati"nile p!incipi"l"i ne!et!#activitatii e%te
t#c'ai li'ita!ea ace%t"i &!ept %i a !e%t!1nge!ii c#!elative a
&!ept"!il#! %i li,e!tatil#! cetatean"l"i pe ca!e el # i'plica. Pe l1nga
c#'pati,ilitatea ei c" p!eve&e!ile a!t. 12 alin. 89 &in C#n%tit"tieB
acea%ta %#l"tie a!e &e.a # t!a&itie -n &!ept"l n#%t!"B ea +iin& e(plicit
c#n%ac!ata -n a!t. 2 &in C#&"l penal &in 10*6.
>
.. E(ceptii &e la p!incipi"l ne!et!#activitatii
..1. Legea &e &e)inc!i'ina!e
Ret!#activitatea legii &e &e)inc!i'ina!e e!a p!eva)"ta
e(p!e% &e a!t. 1 alin.1 C.p. %i e%te !el"ata -n aceea%i +#!'a &e
a!t. / N.C.p.B p#t!ivit ca!"ia legea penala n" %e aplica +aptel#!
%av1!%ite %", legea vec@eB &aca n" 'ai %"nt p!eva)"te &e legea
n#"a. n ace%t ca) e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%el#!B a 'a%"!il#! &e
%ig"!anta
%i a 'a%"!il#! e&"cative p!#n"ntate -n ,a)a legii
vec@iB p!ec"' %i t#ate c#n%ecintele penale ale @#ta!1!il#!
."&ecat#!e%ti p!ivit#a!e la ace%te +apteB -ncetea)a p!in int!a!ea -n
vig#a!e a legii n#i.
n "!'a &e)inc!i'ina!ii +apta p#ate ie%i c#'plet &in %+e!a
ilicit"l"i ."!i&ic %a" p#ate at!age %ancti"ni &e alta nat"!aB cel 'ai
a&e%ea c#nt!aventi#nala.
E+ectele a&#pta!ii legii &e &e)inc!i'ina!e v#! &epin&e &e
etapa p!#ce%"ala -n ca!e acea%ta inte!vine. A%t+elB &aca p!#ce%"l
penal pent!" +apta &e)inc!i'inata n" a -ncep"t p1na la int!a!ea -n
vig#a!e a legii n#iB el n" va 'ai -ncepe. 7aca p!#ce%"l a -ncep"tB el
va l"a %+1!%itB +ie p!in %c#ate!ea &e %", "!'a!i!e penala -n +a)a &e
"!'a!i!eB +ie p!in ac@ita!e -n +a)a &e ."&ecata. 7aca %:a p!#n"ntat
&e.a # @#ta!1!e &e+initiva &e c#n&a'na!eB e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei n" va
'ai -ncepe %a"B &"pa ca)B va -nceta la &ata int!a!ii -n vig#a!e a legii&e &e)inc!i'ina!e. n +ineB &aca
pe&eap%a a +#%t &e.a e(ec"tataB v#!
-nceta #!ice c#n%ecinte ca!e a! &ec"!ge &in acea%ta c#n&a'na!e.
T!e,"ieB -n%aB p!eci)at ca &e)inc!i'ina!ea n" a!e ca e+ect #
!ep"ne!e -n %it"atia ante!i#a!a a c#n&a'nat"l"i. A%t+elB a'en&a
platita ante!i#! inte!ventiei &e)inc!i'ina!ii n" %e va !e%tit"i %i n" %e
p#ate p"ne p!#,le'a ac#!&a!ii "n#! !epa!atii pent!" pe!i#a&a &e
&etentie e(ec"tata ante!i#! &e)inc!i'ina!ii. T#t a%t+elB pe&eap%a
&eg!a&a!ii 'ilita!e +iin& e(ec"tata la &ata !a'1ne!ii &e+initive a
@#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!eB &e)inc!i'ina!ea n" a!e ca e+ect
!e&#,1n&i!ea g!a&"l"i 'ilita! pie!&"t ca "!'a!e a c#n&a'na!ii.
1
... Legea &e a'ni%tie %a" &e g!atie!e
At1t legea &e a'ni%tieB c1t %i legea %a" &ec!et"l &e g!atie!eB
p!in -n%a%i nat"!a %i +inalitatea l#!B %"nt acte c" ca!acte! !et!#activB
ele nep"t1n& inte!veni &ec1t c" p!ivi!e la +apte c#'i%e ante!i#!
int!a!ii l#! -n vig#a!e.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B p#t!ivit a!t. 1 &in Legea n!. 2/6C>>
p!ivin& g!atie!ea %i p!#ce&"!a ac#!&a!ii g!atie!iiB g!atie!ea
c#lectiva p#ate avea ca #,iect n"'ai pe&ep%e aplicate &e in%tanta
pent!" +apte %av1!%ite ante!i#! &atei p!eva)"te -n legea &e g!atie!e.
7ate +iin& e+ectele ace%t#! acte &e cle'entaB n" -ncape -n%a
nici"n &",i" c" p!ivi!e la -nca&!a!ea l#! -n n#ti"nea &e Flege
penala 'ai +av#!a,ilaG lat# %en%"B a%t+el -nc1t aplica!ea l#!
!et!#activa n" a +#%t c" ni'ic a+ectata &e int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a
p!eve&e!il#! a!t. 12 alin. &in C#n%tit"tie.
..*. Legea 'ai +av#!a,ila %t!ict# %en%"
ntelege' p!in Flege 'ai +av#!a,ila
%t!ict# %en%"G in%tit"tia
!egle'entata &e &i%p#)itiile a!t.2:6 N.C.p. 8a!t. 1*:12 C.p.9.
P#%i,ilitatea ca ace%te legi %a !et!#active)e n" la%a nici# "!'a &e
-n&#iala &in '#'ent"l -n ca!e &i%p#)itiile c#n%tit"ti#nale a&'it
!et!#activitatea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile lat# %en%"B caci
aplica!ea p!eve&e!il#! a!t. 2:6 N.C.p. &"ce -nt#t&ea"na la c!ea!ea
"nei %it"atii 'ai "%#a!e pent!" +apt"it#!.
T!e,"ie %",liniatB -n%aB +apt"l ca legea 'ai +av#!a,ila
%t!ict# %en%" n" p!e%"p"ne -nt#t&ea"na # ip#te)a &e !et!#activitate.
E%te a&eva!at ca aplica!ea &i%p#)itiil#! a!t. 6 N.C.p. i'plica -n
'#& nece%a! !et!#activitatea legii penale n#iB &a! n" e%te 'ai p"tin
a&eva!at ca aplica!ea legii 'ai +av#!a,ile -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#!
ne&e+initiv ."&ecate 8a!t. 2 N.C.p.9 p!e%"p"ne +ie "n ca) &e
!et!#activitateB at"nci c1n& legea 'ai +av#!a,ila e%te legea n#"aB
+ie "n ca) &e "lt!aactivitateB -n %it"atia -n ca!e legea 'ai +av#!a,ila
e%te legea vec@e.

D *. Legea penala 'ai +av#!a,ila
3a!a a 'ai p!eci)a &e +ieca!e &ata ace%t l"c!"B -n acea%ta
%ecti"ne ne v#' #c"pa &e legea penala 'ai +av#!a,ila
%t!ict# %en%"B
a&ica &e in%tit"tia pe ca!e C#&"l penal # &e%e'nea)a c" acea%ta
&en"'i!e.
*.1. Aplica!ea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nil#! ne&e+initiv ."&ecate
P#t!ivit a!t. 2 alin.1 N.C.p. 8a!t. 1* C.p.9B -n ca)"l -n ca!e &e
la %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii p1na la ."&eca!ea &e+initiva a ca")ei a"
inte!venit "na %a" 'ai '"lte legi penaleB %e aplica legea cea 'ai
+av#!a,ila.
Aplica!ea ace%t"i te(t a!e ca p!e'i%a +apt"l ca t#ate legile
inc!i'inea)a
+apta c#'i%aB &a! # %ancti#nea)a &i+e!it. A%a +iin&B
pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta "n"i ca) &e aplica!e a legii penale 'ai
+av#!a,ile -n acea%ta ip#te)a e%te nece%a!a !e"ni!ea 'ai '"lt#!
c#n&itiiE
a9 %"cce%i"nea &e legi penale %a inte!vina -nt!e '#'ent"l
c#'ite!ii +aptei %i '#'ent"l ."&eca!ii &e+initive a in+!act#!"l"i
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e legea n#"a inte!vine &"pa c#n&a'na!ea
&e+initiva e%te p#%i,ila aplica!ea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ileB &a! -n
c#n&itiile %peciale p!eva)"te &e a!t. 6 N.C.p.B pe ca!e le v#'
e(a'ina -n %ecti"nea "!'at#a!e. 5a +iB -n%aB aplica,ila legea penala
'ai +av#!a,ila c#n+#!' a!t. 2 N.C.p. -n %it"atia -n ca!e @#ta!1!ea
&e+initiva a +#%t &e%+iintata-n "!'a "nei cai e(t!a#!&ina!e &e atacB ia!
legea n#"a a inte!venit -nainte &e p!#n"nta!ea "nei n#i @#ta!1!i
&e+initive -n "!'a !e."&eca!ii.
,9 t#ate legile %"cce%ive %a inc!i'ine)e +apta c#'i%a
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e "na &int!e legile inte!venite -nt!e
'#'ent"l c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii %i '#'ent"l c#n&a'na!ii n" 'ai
p!eve&e +apta ca in+!acti"ne n" %e p"ne p!#,le'a aplica!ii legii
penale 'ai +av#!a,ileB +iin& -n p!e)enta "nei &e)inc!i'ina!i.
*
c9 legile %"cce%ive inc!i'inea)a %a" %ancti#nea)a &i+e!it
+apta c#'i%a
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e t#ate legile %"cce%ive inc!i'inea)a%i
%ancti#nea)a -n acela%i '#& +apta c#'i%aB n" %e p"ne p!#,le'a "nei
legi penale 'ai +av#!a,ileB caci aplica!ea #!ica!eia &int!e ele
p!#&"ce acelea%i e+ecte -n p!ivinta inc"lpat"l"i. n ace%t ca)B %e
c#n%i&e!a ca -nca&!a!ea ."!i&ica %e va +ace p#t!ivit legii n#iB %#l"tie
ca!e +acilitea)a aplica!ea n#!'el#! ca!e a! inte!veni "lte!i#! c"
p!ivi!e la e(ec"ta!ea %ancti"nil#! %i ca!eB &e !eg"laB v#! +ace !e+e!i!e
la acea%ta lege. n pl"%B c#n&a'nat"l n" a! p"tea inv#ca v!e#
vata'a!e a &!ept"!il#! %ale p!in -nca&!a!ea +aptei p#t!ivit legii n#iB -n
'a%"!a -n ca!e p!in acea%ta n" i %:a -ng!e"nat -n nici"n +el %it"atia.
C!ite!ii &e &ete!'ina!e a legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile
5#' +i -n p!e)enta "n"i ca) &e aplica!e a legii penale 'ai
+av#!a,ile at"nci c1n& legea n#"a '#&i+ica '#&"l &e %ancti#na!e a
+apteiB c#n&itiile &e t!age!e la !a%p"n&e!eB !egi'"l e(ec"ta!ii
%ancti"nil#! etc.
A%t+elB 'enti#na' c" titl" e(e'pli+icativE
a9 '#&i+ica!ea c#n&itiil#! &e t!age!e la !a%p"n&e!e
n ca)"l -n ca!e "na &int!e legi p!eve&e # c#n&itie
%"pli'enta!a pent!" t!age!ea la !a%p"n&e!e penala a in+!act#!"l"i %i
acea%ta c#n&itie n" e%te -n&eplinitaB legea !e%pectiva va +i
c#n%i&e!ata ca +iin& lege 'ai +av#!a,ila. A%a &e pil&aB &aca p#t!ivit
"neia &int!e legi +apta %e "!'a!e%te la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ilaB ia!
p#t!ivit altei legi %e "!'a!e%te &in #+ici"B va +i 'ai +av#!a,ila legea
ca!e i'p"ne c#n&itia pl1nge!ii p!eala,ile. T#t a%t+elB va +i 'ai
+av#!a,ila legea ca!eE pe!'ite -'paca!eaH p!eve&e # ca")a &e
nepe&ep%i!e %a" &e !e&"ce!e a pe&ep%eiH p!eve&e "n te!'en &e
p!e%c!iptie 'ai %c"!t %a" pe!'ite -'plini!ea 'ai !api&a a te!'en"l"i
&e p!e%c!iptie 8%p!e e(e'pl"B n" p!eve&e # an"'ita ca")a &e
-nt!e!"pe!e9.
/
,9 '#&i+ica!ea !egi'"l"i %ancti#nat#!
At"nci c1n& legile %"cce%ive p!eva& pe&ep%e &i+e!iteB
&ete!'ina!ea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile %e va +ace av1n& -n ve&e!e
'ai -nt1i pe&eap%a p!incipala. 7aca cele &#"a legi p!eva& pe&ep%e
&in %pecii &i+e!iteB %e va avea -n ve&e!e ie!a!@i)a!ea legala a
pe&ep%el#!B c#n+#!' ca!eia a'en&a e%te 'ai +av#!a,ila &ec1t
pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii ca!e e%teB la !1n&"l ei 'ai +av#!a,ila &ec1t
&etenti"nea pe viata.
7i%p#)itia &in a!t. 2 N.C.p. a&"ce &#"a '#&i+ica!i
i'p#!tante +ata &e p!eve&e!ile a!t. 1* C.p.E
:-n p!i'"l !1n&B %e !en"nta la &i%p#)itia &in a!t. 1* alin. C.p.B
p#t!ivit ca!eia c1n& legea ante!i#a!a e%te 'ai +av#!a,ilaB pe&ep%ele
c#'ple'enta!e ca!e a" c#!e%p#n&ent -n legea penala n#"a %e
aplica -n c#ntin"t"l %i li'itele p!eva)"te &e acea%taB ia! cele ca!e
n" 'ai %"nt p!eva)"te &e legea penala n#"a n" %e 'ai aplica.
M#&i+ica!ea %:a i'p"% pent!" a evita !et!#activitatea "nei &i%p#)itii
penale 'ai %eve!e !e+e!it#a!e la pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!eB a%t+el ca
&"pa int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a n#"l"i C#& penal pe&ep%ele
c#'ple'enta!e %e v#! aplica -nt#t&ea"na p#t!ivit legii ca!e a +#%t
&ete!'inataca +iin& 'ai +av#!a,ila -n !ap#!t &e pe&eap%a p!incipala.
:a &#"a '#&i+ica!e c#n%ta -n c#'pleta!ea ip#te)el#! &e aplica!e a
legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile c" !e+e!i!e la actele &ecla!ate
nec#n%tit"ti#nale %a" la cele !e%pin%e &e Pa!la'ent. P#t!ivit a!t. 2
alin. N.C.p. &i%p#)itiile alin. 1 %e aplica%i actel#! n#!'ative #!i
p!eve&e!il#! &in ace%tea &ecla!ate nec#n%tit"ti#naleB p!ec"' %i
#!&#nantel#! &e "!genta ap!#,ate &e Pa!la'ent c" '#&i+ica!i
%a" c#'pleta!i #!i !e%pin%eB &aca -n ti'p"l c1n& ace%tea %:a"
a+lat -n vig#a!e a" c"p!in% &i%p#)itii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile. 7e%i
# lege &ecla!ata nec#n%tit"ti#nala %a" # #!&#nanta &e "!genta
!e%pin%a &e Pa!la'ent -%i -ncetea)a activitateaB ace%te acte v#! +i
l"ate -n calc"l la %ta,ili!ea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile %i p#t +i
aplicate c@ia! "lte!i#! -nceta!ii activitatii l#!B -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e a"
+#%t -n vig#a!e la v!e"n '#'ent c"p!in% -nt!e c#'ite!ea +aptei %i
2
."&eca!ea &e+initiva%i &aca a" +#%t 'ai +av#!a,ile -n !ap#!t c"
celelalte !egle'enta!i.
*.. Aplica!ea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile -n ca)"l pe&ep%el#!
&e+initive
n acea%ta 'ate!ieB n#"l C#& penal a&"ce # '#&i+ica!e
i'p#!tanta. 7aca %", i'pe!i"l C#&"l"i penal &in 1060 legi"it#!"l
n#%t!" a !egle'entat &#"a ip#te)e &e aplica!e a legii penale 'ai
+av#!a,ile -n ca)"l pe&ep%el#! &e+initiveE aplica!ea #,ligat#!ie %i
!e%pectiv aplica!ea +ac"ltativaB n#"l C#& penal n" a 'ai pa%t!at
&ec1t !egle'enta!ea ip#te)ei &e aplica!e #,ligat#!ie a legii penale
'ai +av#!a,ile. Rati"nea ace%tei '#&i+ica!i e%te legata &e
c#n%ac!a!ea e(plicita -n C#n%tit"tie a p!incipi"l"i %epa!atiei
p"te!il#! -n %tatB a%t+el ca %e i'p"nea %ta,ili!ea !elatiei -nt!e
p!incipi"l a"t#!itatii &e l"c!" ."&ecat %i aplica!ea legii penale 'ai+av#!a,ile -n ca)"l pe&ep%el#! &e+initive.
n '#& ce!tB p!incipi"l
c#n%tit"ti#nal en"ntat i'p"ne !e&"ce!ea la 'ini'"l nece%a! a
atinge!il#! a&"%e a"t#!itatii &e l"c!" ."&ecatB a%t+el ca #
!e%t!1nge!e a ace%tei a"t#!itati %e ."%ti+ica &#a! -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e
ea a!e la ,a)a t#t "n p!incipi" &e nat"!a c#n%tit"ti#nalaB c"' e%te
ca)"l p!incipi"l"i legalitatii pe&ep%ei. n c#n%ecintaB %:a #ptat
pent!" 'entine!ea !egle'enta!ii aplica!ii #,ligat#!ii a legii penale
'ai +av#!a,ile 8a!t. 69 %i !en"nta!ea la aplica!ea +ac"ltativa a
ace%tei legi -n ca)"l pe&ep%el#! &e+initiveB acea%ta &in "!'a
nep"t1n& +i ."%ti+icata p!in !ap#!ta!e la p!incipi"l legalitatii.
Aplica!ea legii penale 'ai +av#!a,ile -n ca)"l pe&ep%el#!
&e+initive !egle'entata &e a!t. 6 N.C.p. 8a!t. 1/ C.p.9B a!e ca p!e'i%a
+apt"l ca legea n#"aB inte!venita &"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a
@#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!eB p!eve&e pent!" +apta c#'i%a # %pecie &e
pe&eap%a 'ai "%#a!a &ec1t cea aplicata &e in%tanta %a"B &e%i p!eve&e
# pe&eap%a &in aceea%i %pecieB acea%ta a!e "n 'a(i' %pecial 'ai
!e&"% &ec1t pe&eap%a c#nc!et aplicata&e cat!e in%tanta.
Legi"it#!"l !egle'entea)a -n '#& &i%tinct 'ai '"lte %it"atii
-n ca!e legea n#"a 'ai +av#!a,ila%e aplica-n '#& #,ligat#!i"E
6
a9 &"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e la
pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii %a" a'en)iiB inte!vine # lege n#"a ca!e p!eve&e
"n 'a(i' %pecial 'ai !e&"% &ec1t pe&eap%a c#nc!et aplicata. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B pent!" +apta c#'i%aB legea vec@e p!eve&ea pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii &e la 1> la > &e aniB ia! in%tanta a aplicat # pe&eap%a &e
1$ ani -nc@i%#a!eH "lte!i#! inte!vine # lege n#"a ca!e p!eve&e pent!"
aceea%i +apta pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e la 1> la 12 ani. n ace%t ca)B
pe&eap%a aplicata %e !e&"ce -n '#& #,ligat#!i" p1na la 'a(i'"l
%pecial p!eva)"t &e legea n#"aB -n e(e'pl"l n#%t!" p1na la 12 ani.
,9 &aca &"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e
c#n&a'na!e la pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viataB inte!vine # lege n#"a
ca!e p!eve&e pent!" aceea%i +apta pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!iiB &etenti"nea
pe viata %e -nl#c"ie%te c" 'a(i'"l %pecial al pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii
p!eva)"t pent!" acea in+!acti"ne.
c9 &aca &"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a "nei @#ta!1!i &e
c#n&a'na!e la pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii inte!vine # lege n#"a ca!e
p!eve&e pent!" aceea%i +apta &#a! pe&eap%a a'en)iiB -nc@i%#a!ea %e
-nl#c"ie%te c" a'en&aB +a!a a %e p"tea &epa%i 'a(i'"l %pecial al
pe&ep%ei a'en)ii p!eva)"te pent!" acea in+!acti"ne. 7eciB &e
acea%ta &ata n" 'ai e%te #,ligat#!ie -nl#c"i!ea c" 'a(i'"l %pecial al
pe&ep%ei p!eva)"te &e legea n#"aB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla -n ip#te)a
p!ece&entaB ci in%tanta p#ate %a aplice # pe&eap%a c" a'en&a -nt!e
'ini'"l %i 'a(i'"l %pecial. Mai '"ltB tin1n& %ea'a &e pa!tea
e(ec"tata &in pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!iiB %e p#ate -nlat"!a -n t#t %a" -n pa!te
e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei a'en)ii. S#l"tia e%te pe &eplin ."%ti+icataB caci
-n ca)"l -n ca!e c#n&a'nat"l e(ec"ta%e ap!#ape integ!al pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii at"nci c1n& a inte!venit legea 'ai +av#!a,ilaB &aca a! +i
#,ligat %a e(ec"te %i a'en&aB i %:a! -ng!e"na %it"atiaB a."ng1n& %a
e(ec"te &#"a%ancti"ni pent!" aceea%i +apta.
n +ineB p#t!ivit a!t. 6 alin.< N.C.p.B !e&"ce!ea %a" -nl#c"i!ea
pe&ep%ei -n te'ei"l legii 'ai +av#!a,ile #pe!ea)a%i at"nci c1n&
pe&eap%a a +#%t &e.a e(ec"tata p1na -n '#'ent"l int!a!ii -n vig#a!e a
legii n#i. A%t+elB &aca in+!act#!"l a e(ec"tat 12 ani &e -nc@i%#a!e ia!
<
legea n#"a p!eve&e "n 'a(i' %pecial &e 1> aniB %e va c#n%i&e!a ca
pe!%#ana -n ca")a a e(ec"tat &#a! 1> ani. Acea%ta !e&"ce!e n" e%te
&#a! "na %i',#licaB ea p!#&"c1n& e+ecte -n legat"!a c" alte in%tit"tii
&e &!ept penal. A%t+elB !e&"ce!ea pe&ep%ei &e.a e(ec"tate p#ate avea
ca e+ect -'plini!ea 'ai !api&a a te!'en"l"i &e !ea,ilita!eB p#ate
e(cl"&e e(i%tenta p!i'"l"i te!'en al !eci&iveiB p#ate -nlat"!a "n
i'pe&i'ent la aplica!ea %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e etc.
O alta '#&i+ica!e a&"%a &e n#"l C#& penal p!ive%te
aplica!ea 'a%"!il#! e&"cative -n acea%ta ip#te)a.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1/ alin./ C.p.B pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!eB
'a%"!ile &e %ig"!anta
%i 'a%"!ile e&"cative nee(ec"tate %i
nep!eva)"te -n legea n#"a n" %e 'ai e(ec"taB ia! cele ca!e a"
c#!e%p#n&ent -n legea n#"a %e e(ec"ta -n c#ntin"t"l %i li'itele
p!eva)"te &e acea%ta lege. n a!t. 6 N.C.p.B 'ate!ia 'a%"!il#!
e&"cative a p!i'it # !egle'enta!e &i%tinctaB ele +iin& %ancti"ni
p!incipale %i nep"t1n& +i a%i'ilate pe&ep%el#! c#'ple'enta!e.
P#t!ivit a!t. 6 alin./B 'a%"!ile e&"cative nee(ec"tate %i
nep!eva)"te -n legea n#"a n" %e 'ai e(ec"taB ia! cele ca!e a"
c#!e%p#n&ent -n legea n#"a %e e(ec"ta -n c#ntin"t"l %i li'itele
p!eva)"te &e acea%taB &aca e%te 'ai +av#!a,ila.
7e a%e'eneaB %:a av"t -n ve&e!e ca legea 'ai +av#!a,ila
inte!venita &"pa c#n&a'na!ea &e+initiva %e ap!ecia)a -n p!i'"l
!1n& p!in !ap#!ta!e la %ancti"nea p!incipalaB c@ia! &aca pe&eap%a
c#'ple'enta!a %a" 'a%"!a &e %ig"!anta a! +i 'ai %eve!aB a%t+el ca
pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e &in legea vec@e ca!e a" c#!e%p#n&ent -n
legea n#"a %e e(ec"ta -n c#ntin"t"l %i li'itele p!eva)"te &e
acea%ta 8a!t. 6 alin.2 N.C.p.9. 7aca -n%a legea n#"a n" '#&i+ica
pe&eap%a p!incipalaB pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e %i 'a%"!ile &e
%ig"!antaB p!eva)"te &e a',ele legiB %e e(ec"ta -n li'itele legii
n#iB &aca ace%tea &in "!'a %"nt 'ai +av#!a,ile 8alin.69.
$
D /. Ult!aactivitatea legii penale. Legea penala te'p#!a!a
7aca !et!#activitatea legii p!e%"p"ne aplica!ea legii n#i c"
p!ivi!e la +apte c#'i%e ante!i#! int!a!ii %ale -n vig#a!eB
"lt!aactivitatea &e%e'nea)a %it"atia %i'et!ic #p"%aB !e%pectiv
ip#te)a -n ca!e # lege %e aplica &inc#l# &e '#'ent"l ie%i!ii ei &in
vig#a!eB c" p!ivi!e la +apte c#'i%e -n inte!val"l &e ti'p c1t %:a a+lat
-n vig#a!e.
A' va)"t &e.a ca aplica!ea legii 'ai +av#!a,ile -n ca")ele -n
ca!e n" %:a p!#n"ntat -nca # @#ta!1!e &e+initiva &e c#n&a'na!e p#ate
&ete!'ina aplica!ea "lt!aactiva a legii penaleB at"nci c1n& legea 'ai
+av#!a,ila e%te cea vec@e. Ip#te)a tipica &e lege penala "lt!aactiva #
c#n%tit"ieB -n%aB p#t!ivit &#ct!ineiB legea penala te'p#!a!a.
N#"l C#& penal n" a&"ce '#&i+ica!i &e +#n& -n p!ivinta
!egi'"l"i legii te'p#!a!eB &a! incl"&e # &e+initie a ace%teiaB
p!el"1n& a%t+el la nivel legi%lativ &e+initia c" ca!e &#ct!ina #pe!a %i
%", i'pe!i"l C#&"l"i penal ante!i#!. A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. < alin.
N.C.p.B legea penala te'p#!a!a e%te legea penala ca!e p!eve&e
&ata ie%i!ii ei &in vig#a!e %a" a ca!ei aplica!e e%te li'itata p!in
nat"!a te'p#!a!a a %it"atiei ca!e a i'p"% a&#pta!ea %a.
N#ti"nea &e lege penala te'p#!a!aB a%a c"' e%te &e+inita &e
te(t"l citatB ac#pe!a &#"a categ#!ii &e legi penaleE legea penala
te'p#!a!a p!#p!i":)i%a
%i legea penala e(cepti#nala. S"nte' -n
p!e)enta "nei legi te'p#!a!e p!#p!i":)i%e at"nci c1n& legea -n ca")a
a!e p!eva)"t e(plicitB &in c@ia! '#'ent"l a&#pta!ii %aleB '#'ent"l
ie%i!ii &in vig#a!e. Legea penala e(cepti#nala e%te a&#ptata -n
-'p!e."!a!i e(cepti#nale 8%ta!e &e a%e&i"B %ta!e &e "!gentaB cala'itati
nat"!ale etc.9 ia! &"!ata a+la!ii ei -n vig#a!e c#inci&e c" pe!i#a&a c1t
%e 'entine acea%ta %ta!e. n ace%t ca) ca!acte!"l te'p#!a! !e)"lta%i
&in c#ntin"t"l e(p"ne!ii &e '#tiveB "n&e %e +ace !e+e!i!e la
-'p!e."!a!ea ca!e a &ete!'inat a&#pta!ea legii -n ca")a.
P#t!ivit a!t. < alin.1 N.C.p. 8a!t. 16 C.p.9B legea penala
te'p#!a!a %e aplica in+!acti"nii %av1!%ite -n ti'p"l c1t ea %e a+la -n
vig#a!eB c@ia! &aca +apta n" a +#%t "!'a!ita %a" ."&ecata -n ace%t
0
inte!val &e ti'p. n c#n%ecintaB c@ia! &aca legea %", i'pe!i"l ca!eia
%e ."&eca in+!acti"nea a! +i 'ai +av#!a,ilaB ea n" va +i aplica,ila -n
%petaB in+!acti"nea +iin& %ancti#nata p#t!ivit legii te'p#!a!e %",
i'pe!i"l ca!eia a +#%t c#'i%a.
Av1n& -n ve&e!eB pe &e # pa!teB +apt"l ca &ata ie%i!ii &in
vig#a!e a legii e%te &inainte c"n#%c"taB ia! pe &e alta pa!teB
-'p!e."!a!ea caB &e !eg"laB ace%te legi !a'1n -n vig#a!e # pe!i#a&a
%c"!ta &e ti'pB -n a,%enta p#%i,ilitatii &e aplica!e "lt!aactivaB
&i%p#)itia legala -n ca")a n" a! 'ai ap"ca %a +ie nici#&ata aplicata.
Ult!aactivitatea e%te nece%a!a -n ace%t ca) %i &at#!ita +apt"l"i ca -n
cele 'ai '"lte ca)"!i legea penala te'p#!a!a in%tit"ie "n t!ata'ent
%ancti#nat#! ag!avat %a" inc!i'inea)a n#i +apteB a%t+el ca legea ca!e
%"cce&e legii te'p#!a!e a! +i 'ai +av#!a,ila.
*>
: CAPITOLUL II :
APLICAREA LEGII PENALE ROMNE N SPATIU
D 1. C#n%i&e!atii gene!ale
Legea penalaB ca &e alt+el #!ice legeB e%te e(p!e%ia
%"ve!anitatii %tat"l"i ca!e a ela,#!at:# %i # aplica%iB &in acea%ta
ca")aB ea e%te inevita,il li'itata la %pati"l c" p!ivi!e la ca!e %tat"l
-n ca")a -%i e(e!cita %"ve!anitatea. 7e aceeaB -n p!incipi"B
aplica!ea legii penale a "n"i %tat n" %e p#ate e(tin&e &inc#l# &e
+!#ntie!ele ace%t"ia. A%t+elB nici"n %tat n" p#ate !ecla'a &!ept"l &e
a inte!veniB p!in aplica!ea n#!'el#! %ale penaleB pe te!it#!i"l alt"i
%tatB c@ia! &aca pe!%#ana "!'a!ita %e a+la pe ace%t te!it#!i".
C" t#ate ace%teaB !eg"la li'ita!ii c#'petentei penale a "n"i
%tat la in+!acti"nile c#'i%e pe te!it#!i"l %a" a c"n#%c"t &e:a l"ng"l
ti'p"l"i # an"'ita +le(i,ili)a!eB pent!" a pe!'ite !ep!e%i"nii
penale "n !a%p"n% e+icient -n +ata p!#v#ca!il#! venite &in pa!tea
c!i'inalitatii c#nte'p#!ane. nt!:a&eva!B "%"!inta c" ca!e %e
&epla%ea)a a%ta)i pe!%#anele &e pe "n te!it#!i" pe alt"l &ete!'ina
# '#,ilitate c!e%c"ta a in+!act#!il#!. n ace%te c#n&itiiB &aca legea
penala a "n"i %tat a! !a'1ne li'itata %t!ict la in+!acti"nile c#'i%e
pe te!it#!i"l acel"i %tatB n" a! +i g!e" pent!" in+!act#!i %a %e
%"%t!aga &e %", inci&enta legii penaleB pa!a%in& te!it#!i"l "n&e a"
c#'i% in+!acti"neaB i'e&iat &"pa %av1!%i!ea ace%teia.
D . P!incipi"l te!it#!ialitatii legii penale !#'1ne
P!incipi" &e ,a)a -n 'ate!ia aplica!ii legii penale !#'1ne
-n %pati"B te!it#!ialitatea e%te c#n%ac!ata e(plicit -n a!t. $ N.C.p.
8a!t. * C.p.9 p#t!ivit ca!"ia legea penala %e aplica in+!acti"nil#!
%av1!%ite pe te!it#!i"l R#'1niei.
P#t!ivit a!t. $ alin. N.C.p.B p!in te!it#!i"l R#'1niei %e
-ntelege -ntin&e!ea &e pa'1ntB 'a!ea te!it#!iala%i apele c" %#l"lB
%",%#l"l %i %pati"l ae!ianB c"p!in%e -nt!e +!#ntie!ele &e %tat.
*1
3ac pa!te &in te!it#!i"l ta!ii %e&iile !ep!e)entantel#!
&ipl#'atice %i c#n%"la!e ac!e&itate -n R#'1nia. P!in "!'a!eB "n
in+!act#! !e+"giat -n l#cal"l "nei a',a%a&e %t!aine &in R#'1nia
!a'1ne pe te!it#!i"l ta!ii n#a%t!eB ia! %e+"l 'i%i"nii &ipl#'atice -l
p#ate !e'ite &i!ect a"t#!itatil#! !#'1ne 4 +a!a a %e !ec"!ge la #
p!#ce&"!a &e e(t!a&a!e 4 %i va +i ."&ecat -n ,a)a p!incipi"l"i
te!it#!ialitatii.
P#t!ivit a!t. $ alin.* N.C.p.B p!in in+!acti"ne c#'i%a pe
te!it#!i"l ta!ii %e -ntelege %i #!ice in+!acti"ne c#'i%a pe # nava %",
pavili#n !#'1ne%c #!i pe # ae!#nava -n'at!ic"lata -n R#'1nia.
n 'ate!ia l#cali)a!ii -n %pati" a in+!acti"niiB legi%latia
n#a%t!a c#n%ac!a a%ta)i te#!ia ",ic"itatii. T!e,"ie %e'nalat -n
ace%t c#nte(t +apt"l ca n#"l C#& penal a&"ce # e(tin&e!e a
&#'eni"l"i &e inci&enta a !eg"lii ",ic"itatii +ata &e
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a.
A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. 1/* alin. C.p.B in+!acti"nea %e
c#n%i&e!a %av1!%ita pe te!it#!i"l ta!ii %i at"nci c1n& pe ace%t
te!it#!i" #!i pe # nava #!i ae!#nava !#'1na %:a e+ect"at n"'ai "n
act &e e(ec"ta!e %a" %:a p!#&"% !e)"ltat"l in+!acti"nii. A!t. $ alin./
N.C.p. &i%p"ne ca in+!acti"nea %e c#n%i&e!a %av1!%ita pe
te!it#!i"l R#'1niei %i at"nci c1n& pe ace%t te!it#!i" #!i pe # nava
%", pavili#n !#'1ne%c %a" pe # ae!#nava -n'at!ic"lata -n
R#'1nia %:a e+ect"at "n act &e e(ec"ta!eB &e in%tiga!e %a" &e
c#'plicitateB #!i %:a p!#&"%B c@ia! -n pa!teB !e)"ltat"l
in+!acti"nii.
n ,a)a ace%t"i p!incipi"B in%tantele !#'1ne v#! +i
c#'petente -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! -ncep"te pe te!it#!i"l R#'1niei
&a! c#n%"'ate #!i ep"i)ate -n %t!ainatateB -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#!
ca!e a" p!#&"% &#a! !e)"ltat"l pe te!it#!i"l ta!ii n#a%t!eB &a! %i -n
%it"atii ne!egle'entate &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B -n ca!e pe
te!it#!i"l R#'1niei a av"t l#c &#a! "n act &e pa!ticipatie
8in%tiga!eB c#'plicitate9 ia! act"l &e e(ec"ta!e %i !e)"ltat"l a"
av"t l#c -n %t!ainatate.
*
Pent!" aplica!ea legii penale !#'1ne -n ,a)a p!incipi"l"i
te!it#!ialitatii n" inte!e%ea)a nici cetatenia in+!act#!"l"i %i nici
&i%p#)itiile legii penale &in ta!a &e #!igine a ace%t"ia.
D *. P!incipi"l pe!%#nalitatii legii penale !#'1ne
Aplica!ea legii penale !#'1ne pe ,a)a p!incipi"l"i
pe!%#nalitatii a +#%t !evi)"ita -nt!:# 'anie!a %e'ni+icativa p!in
p!eve&e!ile n#"l"i C#& penal.
P#t!ivit a!t. 0 N.C.p. legea penala !#'1na %e aplica
in+!acti"nil#! %av1!%ite -n a+a!a te!it#!i"l"i ta!ii &e cat!e "n
cetatean !#'1n %a" &e # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica !#'1naB &aca
pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e legea !#'1na e%te &etenti"nea pe viata
#!i -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e 1> ani. n celelalte ca)"!iB legea
penala !#'1na %e aplica in+!acti"nil#! %av1!%ite -n a+a!a
te!it#!i"l"i ta!ii &e cat!e "n cetatean !#'1n %a" &e # pe!%#ana
."!i&ica !#'1naB &aca +apta e%te p!eva)"ta ca in+!acti"ne %i &e
legea penala a ta!ii "n&e a +#%t %av1!%ita #!i &aca a +#%t c#'i%a
-nt!:"n l#c ca!e n" e%te %"p"% ."!i%&ictiei nici"n"i %tat.
P#t!ivit vec@ii !egle'enta!iB c"p!in%a -n a!t. / C.p.B legea
penala !#'1na %e aplica in+!acti"nil#! %av1!%ite -n a+a!a te!it#!i"l"i
ta!iiB &aca +apt"it#!"l e!a cetatean !#'1n %a" &acaB neav1n& nici#
cetatenieB avea &#'icili"l -n ta!a.
P!int!e '#&i+ica!ile a&"%e &e n#"l C#& penal p#t +i
'enti#nateE
:!en"nta!ea la aplica!ea legii penale !#'1ne -n ,a)a ace%t"i
p!incipi" at"nci c1n& in+!acti"nea a +#%t c#'i%a &e "n apat!i&
c" &#'icili"l -n ta!aH &at +iin& ca apat!i)ii p#t +i e(t!a&atiC!e'i%i
+a!a a #pe!a !e%t!ictiile e(i%tente -n ca)"l cetatenil#! !#'1niB n" %e
'ai ."%ti+ica 'entine!ea l#! -n %+e!a &e inci&enta a ace%t"i
p!incipi"H
:incl"&e!ea in+!acti"nil#! c#'i%e -n %t!ainatate &e # pe!%#ana
."!i&ica !#'1na -n %+e!a &e inci&enta a ace%t"i p!incipi"H
**
inaplica,ilitatea ace%t"i p!incipi" -n ca)"l pe!%#anel#! ."!i&ice e!a
# lac"na %capata -n vec@ea !egle'enta!eH
:int!#&"ce!ea ce!intei &",lei inc!i'ina!i pent!" in+!acti"nile &e
'ai 'ica g!avitate 8%ancti#nate c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e cel
'"lt 1> ani %a" c" a'en&a9 c#'i%e pe te!it#!i"l alt"i %tatH #
a%e'enea c#n&iti#na!e a +#%t ce!"ta &e '"lt ti'p &e &#ct!inaB
pent!" a evita %ancti#na!ea cetatean"l"i !#'1n pent!" +apte
c#'i%e -n %t!ainatate ca!e %"nt pe!+ect licite pe te!it#!i"l "n&e a"
+#%t %av1!%ite.
:c#n&iti#na!ea p"ne!ii -n 'i%ca!e a acti"nii penale &e
a"t#!i)a!ea p!eala,ila a p!#c"!#!"l"i gene!al al pa!c@et"l"i &e
pe l1nga c"!tea &e apel -n a ca!ei !a)a te!it#!iala %e a+la
pa!c@et"l 'ai -nt1i %e%i)at %a"B &"pa ca)B a p!#c"!#!"l"i gene!al
al Pa!c@et"l"i &e pe l1nga nalta C"!te &e Ca%atie %i ;"%titie
8a!t. 0 alin.* N.C.p.9. C#n&itia a +#%t int!#&"%a pent!" a evita
-nca!ca!ea in"tila a #!ganel#! ."&icia!e !#'1ne c" ca")e ca!e n"
v#! p"tea +i %#l"ti#nate nici#&ata &at#!ita i'p#%i,ilitatii
in%t!"'enta!ii l#!. A"t#!i)a!ea %e &a &e !eg"la &e cat!e p!#c"!#!"l
gene!al al pa!c@et"l"i &e pe l1nga c"!tea &e apel -n a ca!ei !a)a
te!it#!iala %e a+la pa!c@et"l 'ai -nt1i %e%i)at. P!in e(ceptieB
a"t#!i)a!ea t!e,"ie &ata &e p!#c"!#!"l gene!al al Pa!c@et"l"i &e pe
l1nga nalta C"!te &e Ca%atie %i ;"%titieB at"nci c1n& ."&eca!ea
in+!acti"nii a! +i &e c#'petenta ace%tei in%tante.
Pent!" aplica!ea legii penale !#'1ne -n ,a)a p!incipi"l"i
pe!%#nalitatii e%te nece%a! ca pe!%#ana -n ca")a %a +ie cetatean
!#'1n at1t la &ata c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii c1t %i la &ata ."&eca!ii.
D /. P!incipi"l !ealitatii legii penale !#'1ne
Ace%t p!incipi" &ete!'ina inci&enta legii penale !#'1ne n"
-n c#n%i&e!a!ea calitatii %",iect"l"i activ al in+!acti"niiB ci -n
!ap#!t &e %",iect"l pa%iv.
Si -n acea%ta 'ate!ie n#"l C#& penal a&"ce c1teva
'#&i+ica!i +ata &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a.
*/
P#t!ivit a!t. 1> N.C.p.B legea penala !#'1na %e aplica
in+!acti"nil#! %av1!%ite -n a+a!a te!it#!i"l"i ta!ii &e cat!e "n
cetatean %t!ain %a" # pe!%#ana +a!a cetatenieB c#nt!a %tat"l"i
!#'1nB c#nt!a "n"i cetatean !#'1n #!i a "nei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice
!#'1ne.
C#n+#!' a!t. 2 C.p.B legea penala %e aplica in+!acti"nil#!
%av1!%ite -n a+a!a te!it#!i"l"i ta!iiB c#nt!a %ig"!antei %tat"l"i !#'1n
%a" c#nt!a vietii "n"i cetatean !#'1nB #!i p!in ca!e %:a a&"% #
vata'a!e g!ava integ!itatii c#!p#!ale %a" %anatatii "n"i cetatean
!#'1nB c1n& %"nt %av1!%ite &e "n cetatean %t!ain %a" &e # pe!%#ana
+a!a cetatenie ca!e n" &#'icilia)a pe te!it#!i"l ta!ii.
P!int!e '#&i+ica!ile a&"%e &e n#"a !egle'enta!e
'enti#na'E
:a&"ce!ea -n %+e!a &e inci&enta a p!incipi"l"i !ealitatii a
#!ica!ei in+!acti"ni c#'i%e -n %t!ainatate c#nt!a Stat"l"i !#'1nB
a "n"i cetatean !#'1n %a" a "nei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice !#'1neB
pent!" a evita %it"atiile -n ca!e %:a! i'p"ne inte!ventia legii
penale !#'1neB &a! acea%ta n" e%te p#%i,ila &at#!ita
ne-nca&!a!ii in+!acti"nii -n categ#!iile !e%t!ictive !egle'entate
&e C#&"l penal &in 1060. S:a" av"t -n ve&e!e -n ace%t c#nte(t 'ai
ale% in+!acti"nile &e c!i'inalitate #!gani)ata ca!e %"nt c#'i%e -n
%t!ainatate c#nt!a "n"i cetatean !#'1n #!i c#nt!a %tat"l"i !#'1nB
+a!a a vi)a -n%a viata %a" integ!itatea c#!p#!ala a cetatean"l"iB
!e%pectiv %ig"!anta nati#nala 8lip%i!e &e li,e!tateB t!a+ic &e 'in#!iB
+!a"&e in+#!'atice etc.9H
:a +#%t incl"%a%i pe!%#ana ."!i&ica !#'1na p!int!e p#%i,ilii
%",iecti pa%ivi ai in+!acti"niiH
:%",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i %i "n apat!i& c"
&#'icili"l -n ta!aH %#l"tia %e i'p"nea ca "!'a!e a '#&i+ica!ii
#pe!ate -n p!ivinta p!incipi"l"i pe!%#nalitatiiB ca!e n" 'ai p!ive%te
-n n#"a !egle'enta!e %i in+!acti"nile c#'i%e &e apat!i)ii c"
&#'icili"l -n R#'1nia.
*2
:in+!acti"nea p#ate +i "!'a!ita &e a"t#!itatile !#'1ne n"'ai -n
'a%"!a -n ca!e n" +ace #,iect"l "nei p!#ce&"!i ."&icia!e -n
%tat"l pe te!it#!i"l ca!"ia %:a c#'i% 8a!t. 1> alin. N.C.p.9.
5icti'a t!e,"ie %a ai,a calitatea &e cetatean !#'1n at1t -n
'#'ent"l c#'ite!ii in+!acti"niiB c1t %i la &ata ."&eca!ii
in+!act#!"l"i.
N#"a !egle'enta!e 'entine c#n&itia a"t#!i)a!ii p!eala,ile
&e cat!e P!#c"!#!"l gene!al al Pa!c@et"l"i &e pe l1nga CC;B av1n&
-n ve&e!e +apt"l ca "!'a!i!ea %i ."&eca!ea ace%t#! in+!acti"ni
p!e%"p"ne -n '#& nece%a! # c##pe!a!e c" a"t#!itatile ."&icia!e ale
%tat"l"i pe al ca!"i te!it#!i" a +#%t c#'i%a in+!acti"neaB p!ec"' %i
nece%itatea ap!ecie!ii #p#!t"nitatii "n"i a%e'enea &e'e!% -n
c#nte(t"l !elatiil#! ,ilate!ale.
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e %"nt -n&eplinite c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e
a!t. 1> N.C.p.B legea penala !#'1na %e va aplica in&i+e!ent &e
p!eve&e!ile legii penale %t!aine 4 ne+iin& nece%a!a c#n&itia &",lei
inc!i'ina!i 4 %i in&i+e!ent &aca in+!act#!"l %e a+la %a" n" pe
te!it#!i"l ta!ii.
D 2. P!incipi"l "nive!%alitatii legii penale !#'1ne
Regle'enta!ea p!incipi"l"i "nive!%alitatii legii penale
!#'1ne a +#%t c#'plet !eg1n&ita -n n#"l C#& penalB av1n& -n
ve&e!e ca &i%p#)itiile -n 'ate!ie ale C#&"l"i penal &in 1060B &e%i
pa! a c#n+e!i # c#'petenta e(t!e' &e la!ga #!ganel#! ."&icia!e
!#'1neB n" a" +#%t aplicate -n p!actica -n cele pat!" &ecenii &e
la int!a!ea l#! -n vig#a!e. N#"a +#!'"la!e a p!incipi"l"i
"nive!%alitatii ci!c"'%c!ie 'ai e(act %+e!a %a &e inci&entaB
li'it1n&:# la %it"atiile -n ca!e inte!ventia legii penale !#'1ne %e
i'p"ne -n c#n%i&e!a!ea "n#! anga.a'ente a%"'ate -n plan
inte!nati#nal.
P#t!ivit a!t. 11 N.C.p.B legea penala !#'1na %e aplica%i
alt#! in+!acti"ni &ec1t cel#! p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1>B %av1!%ite -n
a+a!a te!it#!i"l"i ta!ii &e "n cetatean %t!ain %a" # pe!%#ana +a!a
*6
cetatenieB ca!e %e a+la &e ,"nav#ie pe te!it#!i"l R#'1nieiB -n
"!'at#a!ele ca)"!iE
a9 %:a %av1!%it # in+!acti"ne pe ca!e %tat"l !#'1n %i:a
a%"'at #,ligatia %a # !ep!i'e -n te'ei"l "n"i t!atat
inte!nati#nalB in&i+e!ent &aca e%te p!eva)"ta %a" n" &e legea
penala a %tat"l"i pe al ca!"i te!it#!i" a +#%t c#'i%aH
,9 %:a ce!"t e(t!a&a!ea %a" p!e&a!ea in+!act#!"l"i %i
acea%ta a +#%t !e+")ata.
n vec@ea !egle'enta!eB te(t"l a!t. 6 C.p. p!eve&ea ca legea
penala !#'1na %e aplica%i alt#! in+!acti"ni &ec1t cel#! p!eva)"te
-n a!t. 2B %av1!%ite -n a+a!a te!it#!i"l"i ta!iiB &e "n cetatean %t!ain
%a" &e # pe!%#ana +a!a cetatenie ca!e n" &#'icilia)a pe te!it#!i"l
ta!iiB &aca +apta e%te p!eva)"ta ca in+!acti"ne %i &e legea penala a
ta!ii "n&e a +#%t %av1!%ita ia! +apt"it#!"l %e a+la -n ta!a.
Inaplica,ilitatea legii !#'1ne pe '#tiv ca p#t!ivit legii
%tat"l"i -n ca!e %:a %av1!%it in+!acti"neaB e(i%ta # ca")a ca!e
-'pie&ica p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a acti"nii penale %a" c#ntin"a!ea
p!#ce%"l"i penal #!i e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%eiB %a" ca pe&eap%a a +#%t
e(ec"tata #!i e%te c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tata a +#%t !e%t!1n%a &e
n#"l C#& penal la ip#te)a p!eva)"ta la lit. ,9B a%t+el ca ea n" 'ai
p!ive%te -nt!eg &#'eni"l &e inci&enta al ace%t"i p!incipi". S#l"tia
e%te +i!ea%caB &at +iin& ca at"nci c1n& Stat"l !#'1n %i:a a%"'at
p!int!:# c#nventie inte!nati#nala #,ligatia &e a !ep!i'a # an"'ita
in+!acti"neB c#'petenta "nive!%ala t!e,"ie e(e!citata c@ia! %i
at"nci c1n& %tat"l "n&e in+!acti"nea a +#%t %av1!%ita in%tit"ie
#,%tac#le p!#ce&"!ale %a" !ec"!ge la c#n&a'na!i +#!'ale.
n %c@i',B n#"l C#& penal n" 'ai in%tit"ie e(ceptii &e la
c#n&itia a+la!ii v#l"nta!e a in+!act#!"l"i pe te!it#!i"l ta!ii a%a
c"' +acea a!t. 6 alin. C.p. T!e,"ieB -n%aB !e'a!cat +apt"l ca
in+!acti"nile vi)ate &e !e%pectiva e(cepta!e int!a -n p!e)ent %",
inci&enta p!incipi"l"i !ealitatii.
*<
: Capit#l"l III :
IN3RACTIUNEA 4 TRASATURI GENERALE
7e+initia %i t!a%at"!ile gene!ale ale in+!acti"nii
!ep!e)inta "n"l &in p"nctele -n ca!e n#"l C#& penal a&"ce #
!e+#!'a p!#+"n&aB &"c1n& la !ea%e)a!ea -nt!egii te#!ii gene!ale
a in+!acti"nii -n &!ept"l penal !#'1n.
P#t!ivit vec@ii &e+initiiB c#n%ac!ata &e a!t. 1< alin. 1 C.p.B
in+!acti"nea e!a +apta ca!e p!e)inta pe!ic#l %#cialB %av1!%ita c"
vin#vatie %i p!eva)"ta &e legea penala. P#!nin& &e la &e+initia
legalaB in+!acti"nea %e ca!acte!i)a p!in t!ei t!a%at"!i +"n&a'entaleE
p!eve&e!ea -n legea penalaB pe!ic#l"l %#cial %i vin#vatia.
P#t!ivit a!t. 12 alin.1 N.C.p.B in+!acti"nea e%te +apta
p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB %av1!%ita c" vin#vatieB ne."%ti+icata%i
i'p"ta,ila pe!%#anei ca!e a %av1!%it:#.
P!i'a c#n%tata!e ca!e %e p#ate +ace e%te aceea ca
n#"l C#&
penal !en"nta la pe!ic#l"l %#cial ca t!a%at"!a gene!ala a
in+!acti"niiB t!a%at"!a %peci+ica legi%latiil#! &e in%pi!atie %#vieticaB
+a!a legat"!a c" t!a&itiile &!ept"l"i n#%t!" penal. Ren"nta!ea la
!egle'enta!ea pe!ic#l"l"i %#cial 4 %i i'plicit la categ#!ia +aptel#!
ca!e n" p!e)inta pe!ic#l"l %#cial al in+!acti"nii 4 n" at!age &"pa
%ine a&"ce!ea -n %+e!a in+!acti"nii pe&ep%i,ile a "n#! +apte va&it
lip%ite &e g!avitateB caci %it"atia ace%t#!a %e va !e)#lvaB -n
c#nte(t"l !egle'enta!il#! "n"i n#" C#& &e p!#ce&"!a penalaB pe
,a)a p!incipi"l"i #p#!t"nitatii "!'a!i!ii penale.
P!eve&e!ea +aptei -n legea penala p!e%"p"ne ce!inta ca
+apta c#nc!et %av1!%itaB ce "!'ea)a a +i cali+icata ca in+!acti"neB %a
c#!e%p"n&a -nt!":t#t"l &e%c!ie!ii pe ca!e legi"it#!"l # +ace -n
n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e. Acea%ta c#!e%p#n&enta %e !eali)ea)a at1t -n
plan"l ele'entel#! &e +act"!a #,iectiva 8acti"neB "!'a!eB calitatea
%",iect"l"i activ %a" pa%iv etc.9 c1t %i al ele'entel#! &e +act"!a
%",iectiva 8+#!'a &e vin#vatie9. A%a &e pil&aB &aca %e c#'ite &in
c"lpa l"a!ea "n"i ,"n al alt"iaB %e va &eci&eB p!in !ap#!ta!e la
*$
in+!acti"nea &e +"!tB ca +apta c#'i%a n" e%te p!eva)"ta &e legea
penalaB caci legi"it#!"l a inc!i'inat l"a!ea "n"i ,"n al alt"ia
n"'ai at"nci c1n& e%te %av1!%ita c" intentie. C" t#ate ace%teaB
pent!" a %",linia i'p#!tanta ele'ent"l"i %",iectiv -n %t!"ct"!a
in+!acti"nii %i a evita #!ice necla!itati -n inte!p!eta!ea &e+initieiB %:a
c#n%i&e!at nece%a! ca vin#vatia %a +ie 'enti#nata e(plicit -n
c"p!in%"l &e+initiei. A%a&a!B n#ti"nea &e vin#vatie ca!e apa!e -n
&e+initia in+!acti"nii &in a!t. 12 N.C.p.B %e !e+e!a la vin#vatia
ce!"ta &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"niiB %",
+#!'a intentieiB a intentiei &epa%ite %a" a c"lpei.
Ca!acte!"l ne."%ti+icat al +aptei p!eva)"te &e legea penala
p!e%"p"ne ca acea%ta n" e%te pe!'i%a &e #!&inea ."!i&icaB c" alte
c"vinte a!e "n ca!acte! ilicit. A%t+elB e%te p#%i,il ca # +apta &e%i
p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB %a n" +ie ilicitaB -nt!"c1t %av1!%i!ea ei
e%te pe!'i%a &e # n#!'a legala. Sp!e e(e'pl"B "ci&e!ea "nei
pe!%#ane -n legiti'a apa!a!e c#!e%p"n&e -nt!":t#t"l &e%c!ie!ii
!eali)ate &e legi"it#! -n te(t"l ca!e inc!i'inea)a #'#!"lB &a! +apta
n" a!e ca!acte! ilicit pent!" ca legea a"t#!i)ea)a %av1!%i!ea ei -n
c#n&itiile &ate. 'p!e."!a!ile ca!e -nlat"!a ca!acte!"l ne."%ti+icat al
+aptei %"nt !egle'entate 4 %", &en"'i!ea &e ca")e ."%ti+icative 4
-nt!:"n capit#l &i%tinct.
Ulti'a t!a%at"!a gene!ala a in+!acti"nii e%te ca!acte!"l
i'p"ta,il. Pent!" ca # +apta %a at!aga !a%p"n&e!ea penalaB n" e%te
%"+icient ca ea %a c#!e%p"n&a &e%c!ie!ii !eali)ate &e legi"it#! -n
n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e %i %a +ie ne."%ti+icataB ci t!e,"ie %a p#ata +i
i'p"tata +apt"it#!"l"iB a&ica ace%t"ia %a -i p#ata +i !ep!#%ata
%av1!%i!ea ei. Pent!" ca acea%ta i'p"ta,ilitate %a p#ata +i a&"%a -n
&i%c"tieB %"nt nece%a!e an"'ite p!e'i%eB %i an"'eE +apt"it#!"l %a +i
av"t !ep!e)enta!ea acti"nil#! %a" inacti"nil#! %ale %i %a p#ata +i
%tap1n pe ele 8%a n" +i acti#nat -n c#n&itiile i!e%p#n%a,ilitatiiB
int#(icatiei %a" 'in#!itatii9H +apt"it#!"l %a +i av"t p#%i,ilitatea %a
acti#ne)e -n c#n+#!'itate c" ce!intele legale 8%a n" +i +#%t
c#n%t!1n% la c#'ite!ea +aptei p!eva)"te &e legea penalaB %a n" %e +i
c#n+!"ntat c" # -'p!e."!a!e i'p!evi)i,ila9H +apt"it#!"l %a +i av"t
!ep!e)enta!ea ca!acte!"l"i ilicit al +aptei 8%a n" %e +i a+lat -n
*0
e!#a!e9. I'p"ta,ilitatea %e %",%tit"ie a%t+el vin#vatiei c#n%ac!ate
ca t!a%at"!a gene!ala a in+!acti"nii &e a!t. 1< C.p.B 'a!c1n& %i
a&#pta!ea te#!iei n#!'ative a%"p!a vin#vatiei -n l#c"l te#!iei
p%i@#l#gice ca!e a g"ve!nat acea%ta 'ate!ie p1na ac"'. Ca")ele
ca!e -nlat"!a p!e'i%ele i'p"ta,ilitatii %"nt !egle'entate &i%tinctB
%", &en"'i!ea &e ca")e &e nei'p"ta,ilitate.
/>
: Capit#l"l I5 :
IN3RACTIUNEA 4 3APTA PRE5A6UTA 7E LEGEA
PENALA
P!eve&e!ea +aptei -n legea penala %e !ap#!tea)a -n p!incipal
la "!'at#a!ele ele'enteE %",iect"lB #,iect"lB lat"!a #,iectiva
%i
lat"!a %",iectiva. Sp!e e(e'pl"B inc!i'ina!ea #'#!"l"i p!e%"p"ne
# %e!ie &e c#n&itii pe ca!e t!e,"ie %a le -n&eplinea%ca #!ice +apta
c#nc!eta pent!" a +i cali+icata ca ata!e. Ace%tea %"ntE %a e(i%te #
acti"ne &e "ci&e!e ca!e &ete!'ina '#a!tea 8ele'ent #,iectiv9B %a
+ie c#'i%a intenti#nat 8ele'ent %",iectiv9B %a +ie e(e!citata a%"p!a
"nei pe!%#ane -n viata 8#,iect %i %",iect pa%iv9B %a +ie c#'i%a &e #
pe!%#ana +i)ica %a" ."!i&ica 8%",iect activ9.
D 1. O,iect"l in+!acti"nii
n lite!at"!a &e %pecialitate %e +ace &i%tinctia -nt!e #,iect"l
."!i&ic %i #,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii.
P!in #,iect ."!i&ic al in+!acti"nii v#' -ntelege val#a!ea
%#ciala p!#te.ata &e n#!'a ."!i&ica penala%i ca!eia i %e a&"ce
atinge!e p!in c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nii 8&!ept"l la viata -n ca)"l
#'#!"l"iB &!ept"l la invi#la,ilitatea &#'icili"l"i -n ca)"l vi#la!ii
&e &#'icili" etc.9.
O,iect"l 'ate!ial !ep!e)inta l"c!"l %a" +iinta -'p#t!iva
ca!"ia %e -n&!eapta ne'i.l#cit acti"nea %a" inacti"nea ce a&"ce
atinge!e #,iect"l"i ."!i&ic %i ca!e e%te vata'at -n integ!itatea %a #!i
pe!iclitat ca "!'a!e a ace%tei acti"ni. O,iect"l 'ate!ial p#ate
c#n%ta -nt!:"n l"c!" 8,"n"l %"%t!a%B -n ca)"l +"!t"l"i9B -n c#!p"l
"nei pe!%#ane -n viata 8-n ca)"l vi#l"l"iB #'#!"l"i9B -nt!:"n
ca&av!" 8-n ca)"l p!#+ana!ii &e '#!'inte9 etc.
Av1n& -n ve&e!e +apt"l ca n" t#ate in+!acti"nile p!e%"p"n
e(i%tenta "n"i #,iect 'ate!ialB ace%ta %ta la ,a)a cla%i+ica!ii
in+!acti"nil#! -n in+!acti"ni 'ate!iale %i in+!acti"ni +#!'ale.
In+!acti"nile 'ate!iale %"nt +aptele ca!acte!i)ate &e e(i%tenta "n"i
/1
#,iect 'ate!ialB a%"p!a ca!"ia %e -n&!eapta acti"nea %a" inacti"nea.
S"nt in+!acti"ni 'ate!ialeE #'#!"lB +"!t"lB vi#l"lB a,")"l &e
-nc!e&e!eB "lt!a."l c#'i% p!in vi#lentaB t#!t"!a etc. Sp!e &e#%e,i!e
&e in+!acti"nile 'ate!ialeB in+!acti"nile +#!'ale n" p!e%"p"n
e(i%tenta "n"i #,iect 'ate!ialB -n ca)"l l#! val#a!ea %#ciala
#c!#tita ne+iin& %t!1n% legata &e "n an"'it l"c!". S"nte' -n
p!e)enta "nei in+!acti"ni +#!'ale -n ca)"l t!a&a!iiB &iv"lga!ii
%ec!et"l"i p!#+e%i#nalB eva&a!ii -n +#!'a %i'pla etc.
D . S",iect"l in+!acti"nii
S",iect"l in+!acti"nii e%te pe!%#ana ca!e c#'ite acti"nea
%a" inacti"nea in+!acti#nala #!i pe!%#ana -'p#t!iva ca!eia %e
-n&!eapta acea%ta acti"ne %a" inacti"ne. 7e aceeaB # p!i'a
&i%tinctie ca!e t!e,"ie +ac"ta -n acea%ta 'ate!ie vi)ea)a
&eli'ita!ea %",iect"l"i activ &e %",iect"l pa%iv.
.1. S",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii
S",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii e%te pe!%#ana ca!e c#'ite #
+apta c#n+#!'a +aptei &e%c!i%a -n n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e.
A%a c"' !e)"lta &in &e+initia &ataB %",iect"l activ al
in+!acti"nii t!e,"ie %a +ie -n '#& nece%a! # pe!%#ana. 7aca -n '#&
t!a&iti#nal %",iect"l activ e!a # pe!%#ana +i)icaB #&ata c" int!a!ea
-n vig#a!e a Legii n!. <$C>>6B a +#%t c#n%ac!ata%i -n &!ept"l
n#%t!" !a%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB a%t+el ca -n p!e)ent
%",iect activ p#ate +i %i pe!%#ana ."!i&ica. N#"l C#& penal !eia -n
e%enta &i%p#)itiile ante!i#a!e p!ivin& !a%p"n&e!ea penala a
pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB a%a c"' v#' ve&ea -nt!:# %ecti"ne "!'at#a!e.
n !ap#!t &e %",iect"l activB in+!acti"nile %e cla%i+ica -n
in+!acti"ni c" %",iect activ gene!al %i in+!acti"ni c" %",iect activ
%pecial.
In+!acti"nile c" %",iect activ gene!al %"nt cele ca!eB
p#t!ivit n#!'ei &e inc!i'ina!eB p#t +i c#'i%e &e #!ice pe!%#anaB
+a!a ca ace%teia %a i %e cea!a # calitate %peciala. S"nt a%t+el &e
/
in+!acti"niE +"!t"lB #'#!"lB +al%i+ica!ea &e '#ne&e etc.B ele p"t1n&
+i %av1!%ite &e #!ice pe!%#ana.
In+!acti"nile c" %",iect activ %pecial %"ntB -n%aB in+!acti"ni
ca!e n" p#t +i c#'i%e &ec1t &e # pe!%#ana ce &etine calitatea
p!eva)"ta -n n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e. Sp!e e(e'pl"B in+!acti"nea &e
&e)e!ta!e n" p#ate +i %av1!%ita &ec1t &e "n 'ilita!B &elapi&a!ea n"
p#ate +i c#'i%a &ec1t &e # pe!%#ana ce a!e calitatea &e +"ncti#na!
p",lic ca!e a&'ini%t!ea)a %a" ge%ti#nea)a ,"n"!i etc.
.. S",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii
S",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii e%te pe!%#ana tit"la!a a
val#!ii %#ciale ca!e c#n%tit"ie #,iect"l ."!i&ic al in+!acti"nii.
S",iect"l pa%iv n" t!e,"ie c#n+"n&at c" pe!%#ana
p!e."&iciataB n#ti"ne ca!e &e%e'nea)a #!ice pe!%#ana ca!e -n "!'a
c#'ite!ii "nei in+!acti"ni a %"+e!it "n p!e."&ici". 7e cele 'ai
'"lte #!i calitatea &e %",iect pa%iv %i cea &e pe!%#ana p!e."&iciata
%e -nt!"ne%c -n aceea%i pe!%#anaB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla -n ca)"l
+"!t"l"i. Alte#!i -n%aB cele &#"a calitati apa!tin "n#! pe!%#ane&i+e!ite. n ca)"l #'#!"l"iB %",iect"l pa%iv al
in+!acti"nii e%te
pe!%#ana "ci%aB -n v!e'e ce pe!%#anele p!e."&iciate %"ntB %p!e
e(e'pl"B pe!%#anele a+late -n -nt!etine!ea victi'ei.
n +"nctie &e %",iect"l pa%ivB &i%tinge' in+!acti"ni c"
%",iect pa%iv gene!al %i in+!acti"ni c" %",iect pa%iv %pecial. S"nt
in+!acti"ni c" %",iect pa%iv gene!al acele in+!acti"ni -n ca)"l
ca!#!a val#a!ea %#ciala #c!#tita p#ate apa!tine #!ica!ei pe!%#aneB
a%t+el ca #!icine p#ate +i %",iect pa%iv. Sp!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l
+"!t"l"iB #'#!"l"iB a'eninta!ii ave' in+!acti"ni c" %",iect pa%iv
gene!al. S"nt in+!acti"ni c" %",iect pa%iv %pecial acele in+!acti"ni
-n ca)"l ca!#!a legea p!eve&e # an"'ita calitate %peciala a
%",iect"l"i pa%iv. Acea%ta calitate p#ate &ete!'ina -n%a%i e(i%tenta
in+!acti"nii 4 -n a,%enta ei +apta +iin& licita 4 a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla
-n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e c#!"pe!e %e("ala a 'in#!il#!B %a" p#ate +i
ca")a &e ag!ava!e a !a%p"n&e!ii penaleB %p!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l
/*
in+!acti"nii &e #'#! c#'i% a%"p!a "nei +e'ei g!avi&e 8a!t. 1$0 lit.
g9 N.C.p.9.
D *. Lat"!a #,iectiva a in+!acti"nii
7#ct!ina n#a%t!a !eg!"pea)a -n '#& t!a&iti#nal %",
&en"'i!ea &e lat"!a #,iectivaB t!ei ele'ente e%entiale ale
inc!i'ina!ii tipE acti"nea %a" inacti"neaB "!'a!ea %i !ap#!t"l &e
ca")alitate. 5#' "!'a %i n#i acea%ta %t!"ct"!aB anali)1n& %"cce%iv
cele t!ei ele'ente.
*.1. Acti"nea %a" inacti"nea
Acti"nea e%te # 'i%ca!e a c#!p"l"i apta %a le)e)e val#a!ea
%#ciala p!#te.ata &e n#!'a penala. P!in 'i%ca!e c#!p#!ala "!'ea)a
a %e -ntelegeB &e !eg"laB # 'i%ca!e a 'e',!el#!B &a! ea %e p#ate &e
a%e'enea c#nc!eti)a %i -n c"vinteB -nt!:# %c@i',a!e a 'i'icii etc.
Acti"nea p#ate +i !eali)ata p!int!:"n %ing"! act %a" p!in 'ai
'"lte acte &e e(ec"ta!e. Sp!e e(e'pl"B # pe!%#ana p#ate +i "ci%a
p!int!:# %ing"!a l#vit"!a %a" p!in aplica!ea -n '#& %"cce%iv a 'ai
'"lt#! l#vit"!i.
Inacti"nea a +#%t &e+inita ca ne!eali)a!ea "nei acti"ni
p#%i,ile pe ca!e %",iect"l avea #,ligatia ."!i&ica &e a # !eali)a %a"
ca nee+ect"a!ea "nei acti"ni a%teptate &in pa!tea "nei pe!%#ane.
n +"nctie &e '#&alitatea &e !eali)a!e a lat"!ii #,iectiveB
in+!acti"nile %e cla%i+ica a%a&a! -n in+!acti"ni c#'i%iveB %av1!%ite
p!int!:# acti"neB %i in+!acti"ni #'i%iveB c#'i%e p!int!:# inacti"ne.
La !1n&"l l#!B in+!acti"nile #'i%ive %"nt cla%i+icate -n lite!at"!a &e
%pecialitate -n in+!acti"ni #'i%ive p!#p!ii %i in+!acti"ni #'i%ive
i'p!#p!ii 8c#'i%ive p!in #'i%i"ne9.
In+!acti"nile #'i%ive p!#p!ii c#n%ta" -n ne-n&eplini!ea "nei
#,ligatii i'p"%e &e legeB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla -n ca)"l
ne&en"nta!ii 8a!t. 66 N.C.p.9B al #'i%i"nii %e%i)a!ii 8a!t. 6<
N.C.p.9 %a" al la%a!ii +a!a a."t#! a "nei pe!%#ane a+late -n
&i+ic"ltate 8a!t. >* N.C.p.9. n ca)"l ace%t#! in+!acti"niB
//
inacti"nea ca '#&alitate &e %av1!%i!e e%te p!eva)"ta e(plicit &e
legea penala.
In+!acti"nile #'i%ive i'p!#p!ii 8c#'i%ive p!in #'i%i"ne9
a" la ,a)a # inc!i'ina!e c#'i%ivaB &a! !e)"ltat"l p!eva)"t &e
n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e p#ate +i -n c#nc!et p!#&"% %i p!int!:#
inacti"neB +a!a ca acea%ta %a +ie e(p!e% p!eva)"ta &e n#!'a &e
inc!i'ina!e. A%t+elB ceea ce ca!acte!i)ea)a ace%te in+!acti"ni e%te
+apt"l ca %",iect"l n" -'pie&ica p!#&"ce!ea "n"i !e)"ltat pe ca!eB
p#t!ivit legii avea #,ligatia &e a:l -'pie&ica.
E(e'pl"E # 'a'a ia @#ta!1!ea &e a:l "ci&e pe n#"l na%c"t
p!in neac#!&a!ea &e @!ana. n ace%t ca)B &e%i te(t"l &e lege 8a!t.
1$$ N.C.p.9 p!eve&e c#'ite!ea +aptei p!in acti"ne : "ci&e!e : -n
c#nc!et ea %e p#ate c#'ite %i p!int!:# inacti"ne 8-n %petaB
neac#!&a!ea &e @!ana9.
n 'ate!ia in+!acti"nil#! c#'i%ive p!in #'i%i"ne n#"l
C#& penal a&"ce # '#&i+ica!e e(t!e' &e i'p#!tanta. C#&"l
penal &in 1060 %e ca!acte!i)a p!in a,%enta #!ica!ei p!eve&e!i legale
!e+e!it#a!e la in+!acti"nile c#'i%ive p!in #'i%i"neB ceea ce a +ac"t
ca ace%tea %a %e ,"c"!e &#a! &e !ec"n#a%te!ea pe cale
."!i%p!"&entiala%i &#ct!ina!a. A%t+elB at1t lite!at"!a &e %pecialitate
c1t %i p!actica ."&icia!a a&'itea" a%i'ila!ea inacti"nii c" acti"nea
at"nci c1n& e(i%ta # #,ligatie legala %a" c#nt!act"ala &e a acti#na.
O a%e'enea p#%t"!a e!a p"tin c#'pati,ila c" e(igentele
p!incipi"l"i legalitatii inc!i'ina!iiB &at +iin& caB &e%i legea
p!eve&ea &#a! acti"nea ca '#&alitate &e c#'ite!eB -n an"'ite
%it"atii %i inacti"nea p"tea &"ce la anga.a!ea !a%p"n&e!ii penale.
7e aceeaB n#"l C#& penal a a&"% # !egle'enta!e -n
'ate!ieB %ta,ilin& -n ce %it"atii inacti"nea e%te a%i'ilata acti"nii.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1< N.C.p.B in+!acti"nea c#'i%iva ca!e
p!e%"p"ne p!#&"ce!ea "n"i !e)"ltat %e c#n%i&e!a %av1!%ita%i
p!in #'i%i"neB c1n&E
a9 e(i%ta # #,ligatie legala %a" c#nt!act"ala &e a acti#naH
/2
,9 a"t#!"l #'i%i"niiB p!int!:# acti"ne %a" inacti"ne ante!i#a!aB
a c!eat pent!" val#a!ea %#ciala p!#te.ata # %ta!e &e pe!ic#l ca!e a
-nle%nit p!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"i.
O,ligatia legala %a" c#nt!act"ala &e a acti#na p#ate &ec"!ge &inE
a9 # legat"!a nat"!ala. E%te ca)"l 'e',!il#! &e +a'ilieB
-nt!e ca!e e(i%ta #,ligatia !ecip!#ca &e a evita p!#&"ce!ea "n#!
"!'a!i vata'at#a!e pent!" viata %a" integ!itatea c#!p#!ala.
S"nte'B &e pil&aB -n p!e)enta "nei #,ligatii legale &e a acti#na -n
ca)"l 'a'ei ca!e t!e,"ie %a -l @!anea%ca%i %a -l p!#te.e)e pe n#"l
na%c"tB a%t+el ca &aca ea n" -%i -n&epline%te acea%ta #,ligatieB ia!
c#pil"l &ece&ea)a v#' +i -n p!e)enta "nei in+!acti"ni &e #'#! %a"
"ci&e!e &in c"lpa %av1!%ita p!in inacti"ne.
,9 # legat"!a %t!1n%a &e c#'"nitate. n ace%t c#nte(t e%te
av"ta -n ve&e!e at1t Fc#'"nitatea &e viataGB c1t %i Fc#'"nitatea &e
!i%cGB ia! #,ligatia &e a%i%tenta &ec"!ge &in !elatiile &e &epen&enta
%i -nc!e&e!e !ecip!#ca ca!e t!e,"ie %a e(i%te -n a%t+el &e
-'p!e."!a!i. Se va !etineB pe ace%t te'eiB e(i%tenta "nei #,ligatii &e
a acti#na -n ca)"l c#nviet"i!ii a &#"a pe!%#aneB #!i -n ca)"l
p!actica!ii -n c#'"n a "n#! %p#!t"!i pe!ic"l#a%e 8alpini%' etc.9.
c9 a%"'a!ea v#l"nta!a a #,ligatiei &e p!#tectie. Pe acea%ta
,a)a %e i&enti+ica #,ligatia &e a acti#na -n ca)"l 'e&ic"l"i ce
t!e,"ie %a -l t!ate)e pe pacient"l pe ca!e -l a!e -n g!i.aB -n ca)"l
in%t!"ct#!"l"i &e -n#t -n p!ivinta c#piil#! ca!e "!'ea)a c"!%"!ile
%", -n&!"'a!ea %aB -n ca)"l -nt!etinat#!"l"i ca!e %i:a a%"'at p!int!"n
c#nt!act #,ligatia &e -nt!etine!eB -n ca)"l ,#nei ca!e t!e,"ie %a
ai,a g!i.a &e c#pil -n a,%enta pa!intil#! etc.
&9 #,ligatia &e c#nt!#l a%"p!a "nei %"!%e &e pe!ic#l.
3"n&a'enta!ea "nei #,ligatii legale &e a acti#na -n ace%t ca)
p#!ne%te &e la i&eea ca cel ce a!e -n %tap1ni!e "n ,"n ce p#ate
p!e)enta "n pe!ic#l pent!" val#!ile %#ciale #c!#tite &e legea penala
/6
e%te #,ligat %a ia t#ate 'a%"!ile !e)#na,ile pent!" a p!eveni #
event"ala le)a!e a ace%t#! val#!i. A%a &e pil&aB &etinat#!"l "n"i
c1ine ca!e n" "tili)ea)a le%a%i ,#tnita c" #ca)ia pli',a!ii ace%t"ia
-n l#c"!i p",liceB !a%p"n&e pent!" vata'a!ea c#!p#!ala p!#v#cata
&e c1ine "nei alte pe!%#ane.
e9 acti"nea ante!i#a!a. 3"n&a'enta!ea "nei #,ligatii &e a
acti#na %e p#ate +ace %i pe ,a)a "nei acti"ni ante!i#a!e pe!ic"l#a%e
c#'i%e &e a"t#!. Se p#!ne%te -n ace%t ca) &e la p!e'i%a ca #
pe!%#ana ce a c#'i% # acti"ne p!in ca!e a c!eat # %ta!e &e pe!ic#l
pent!" alt"l e%te tin"ta %a ia t#ate 'a%"!ile ce %e i'p"n pent!" a
p!eveni 'ate!iali)a!ea acel"i pe!ic#l -nt!:# "!'a!e p!eva)"ta &e
legea penala. A%t+elB &aca # pe!%#ana %apa # g!#apa -n t!#t"a!"l
&in +ata p#!tii pent!" a !e'e&ia # &e+ecti"ne la c#n&"cta &e
ali'enta!e c" apaB p!in acti"nea %a c!eea)a # %ta!e &e pe!ic#l
pent!" integ!itatea +i)ica a cel#! ca!e t!ec p!in )#na. n c#n%ecintaB
&aca "lte!i#! la%a g!#apa ne%e'nali)ata%i neac#pe!ita pe%te
n#apte ia! "n t!ecat#! ca&e -n g!#apaB cel ca!e a %apat:# va
!a%p"n&e pent!" vata'a!ile c#!p#!ale %a" &ece%"l victi'ei.
*.. U!'a!ea
n &#ct!ina %:a p!#p"% "tili)a!ea +ie a &#i te!'eni &i%tinctiB
+ie a &#"a %en%"!i 4 "n"l la!g %i alt"l !e%t!1n% 4 pent!" n#ti"nea &e
F"!'a!eG. A%t+elB "!'a!ea a! &e%e'na atinge!ea a&"%a val#!ii
%#ciale #c!#tite 8"!'a!ea -n c#nceptia ."!i&ica9B -n v!e'e ce
!e)"ltat"l %a" "!'a!ea -n %en% !e%t!1n% a! &e%e'na '#&i+ica!ea
p!#&"%a -n !ealitatea -nc#n."!at#a!e 8"!'a!ea -n %en% nat"!ali%tic9.
Pe acea%ta ,a)aB %e p#ate a+i!'a ca "!'a!ea e(i%ta -n ca)"l
#!ica!ei in+!acti"niB -n v!e'e ce !e)"ltat"l a! +i %peci+ic acel#!
in+!acti"ni pent!" ca!e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e p!eve&e nece%itatea
e(i%tentei "nei '#&i+ica!i -n !ealitatea e(te!i#a!a.
Pe ,a)a ace%tei c#nceptii %e p#ate !eali)a # cla%i+ica!e a
in+!acti"nil#! -n +"nctie &e "!'a!ea p!#&"%aB +ac1n&":%e &i%tinctie
/<
-n &#ct!ina -nt!e in+!acti"nile &e !e)"ltat %i in+!acti"nile &e
pe!ic#l.
In+!acti"nile &e !e)"ltat %"nt cele ca!e p!#&"c "n !e)"ltat
'ate!ialB # '#&i+ica!e +i)icaB pe!cepti,ila -n !ealitatea
-nc#n."!at#a!e. S"nt in+!acti"ni &e !e)"ltat #'#!"lB +"!t"lB
vata'a!ea c#!p#!ala etc.
In+!acti"nile &e pe!ic#l %"nt acelea ca!e n" p!e%"p"n #
"!'a!e 'ate!ialaB "!'a!ea l#! c#nc!eti)1n&":%e -nt!:# %ta!e &e
pe!ic#l pent!" val#a!ea p!#te.ata p!in n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e. 7e
pil&aB c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ni &e pe!ic#l t!a&a!eaB ne!e%pecta!ea
!egi'"l"i a!'el#! %i '"nitiil#!B a'eninta!ea etc.
*.*. Rap#!t"l &e ca")alitate
Pent!" a p"tea v#!,i &e # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala
n" e%te %"+icient %a %e c#n%tate ca %:a c#'i% # acti"ne %a"
inacti"ne &int!e cele p!eva)"te -n n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e %i ca
e(i%ta !e)"ltat"l 'ate!ial p!eva)"t &e aceea%i n#!'a. E%te -n pl"%
nece%a! %a %e &e'#n%t!e)e ca !e%pectiv"l !e)"ltat e%te c#n%ecinta
acti"nii %a" inacti"niiB c" alte c"vinte %a %e c#n%tate e(i%tenta "n"i
!ap#!t &e ca")alitate -nt!e acti"ne %i "!'a!e.
Rap#!t"l &e ca")alitate n" apa!e 'enti#nat e(plicit -n
n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB %i nici n" %e ,"c"!a &e # !egle'enta!e -n
pa!tea gene!ala a C#&"l"i penal. n c#n%ecintaB n#"l C#& penal n"
a&"ce '#&i+ica!i -n %+e!a ca")alitatii %i a c!ite!iil#! %i te#!iil#!
ela,#!ate pent!" %ta,ili!ea ace%teiaB '#tiv pent!" ca!e n" v#'
in%i%ta -n ace%t c#nte(t a%"p!a l#!B +ac1n& t!i'ite!e la l"c!a!ile
te#!etice p",licate %", i'pe!i"l C#&"l"i penal &in 1060 ca!e
t!atea)a acea%ta p!#,le'atica.
*./. Alte ele'ente &in %t!"ct"!a lat"!ii #,iective
Alat"!i &e cele t!ei ele'ente p!incipale p!e)entate ante!i#!B
c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"niiB !egle'entat &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB 'ai
p#ate c#ntine %i alte ele'enteB p!ivin& l#c"lB ti'p"lB '#&"l %i
/$
'i.l#acele &e c#'ite!e a in+!acti"nii. E%te evi&ent ca #!ice
in+!acti"ne %e c#'ite -nt!:"n an"'it l#cB la "n an"'it '#'entB
-nt!:"n an"'it '#& %i +#l#%in& an"'ite 'i.l#ace. Acea%ta n"
-n%ea'naB -n%aB ca ele'entele 'enti#nate +ac -nt#t&ea"na pa!te
&in c#ntin"t"l legal al in+!acti"niiB ci &#a! at"nci c1n& ele %"ntce!"te &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e. n ace%t
ca)B pent!" a v#!,i &e #
+apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB t!e,"ie c#n%tatat ca +apta %:a
c#'i% -n p!e)enta -'p!e."!a!il#! 'enti#nate.
T#ate ace%te ele'ente p#t apa!ea +ie ca ele'ente
c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii 4 -n a,%enta l#! +apta neat!ag1n&
inci&enta legii penale 4 +ie ca -'p!e."!a!i ca!e '#&i+ica
!a%p"n&e!ea penalaB &e !eg"la -n %en%"l ag!ava!ii ace%teia.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B l#c"l c#'ite!ii in+!acti"niiB e%te ele'ent
c#n%tit"tiv -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e "lt!a. c#nt!a ,"nel#! '#!av"!i
8a!t. *<2 N.C.p.9 4 +apta t!e,"in& %a +ie c#'i%a
-n p",lic 4 %i
!e%pectiv c#n%tit"ie ele'ent &e ag!ava!e -n ca)"l +"!t"l"i %av1!%it
-nt!:"n 'i.l#c &e t!an%p#!t -n c#'"n 8a!t. 0 alin. 1 lit. a9
N.C.p.9.
7e a%e'eneaB &i%t!"ge!ea ,"n"l"i p!#p!i" n" c#n%tit"ieB &e
!eg"laB in+!acti"neB &a! &aca acea%ta %e !eali)ea)a p!in incen&ie!eB
e(pl#)ie %a" alte a%e'enea 'i.l#ace %i &aca !e)"lta pe!ic#l p",licB
+apta va ca&ea %", inci&enta legii penale 8a!t. 2* alin. / %i 2
N.C.p.9. Alte#!iB '#&"l %i 'i.l#acele &e c#'ite!e a in+!acti"nii
c#n%tit"ie ca")e &e ag!ava!e a !a%p"n&e!iiB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla -n
ca)"l -n%elaci"nii c#'i%e p!in 'i.l#ace +!a"&"l#a%e 8a!t. // alin.
N.C.p.9.
D /. Lat"!a %",iectiva a in+!acti"nii
n '#& #,i%n"itB -n ca&!"l lat"!ii %",iective &#ct!ina
!#'1na i&enti+ica "n ele'ent p!incipal :ele'ent"l %",iectiv
8vin#vatia9 : la ca!e %e p#t a&a"ga "ne#!i alte ele'ente :'#,il"l
%i %c#p"l in+!acti"nii.
La !1n&"l eiB vin#vatia c"n#a%te 'ai '"lte +#!'e. S",
ace%t a%pectB n#"l C#& penal a&"ce # '#&i+ica!eB -n %en%"l
/0
c#n%ac!a!ii e(plicite -n a!t. 16 N.C.p.B alat"!i &e intentie %i
c"lpaB !egle'entate %i &e a!t. 10 C.P.B a intentiei &epa%ite
8p!aete!intentiei9
/.1. Intentia
Regle'enta!ea +#!'el#! intentiei c#n%ac!ata -n a!t. 16
N.C.p. e%te i&entica c" cea c#ntin"ta -n a!t. 10 C.p.B a%a -nc1t n"
v#' +ace &ec1t %"ccinte p!eci)a!i -n legat"!a c" acea%ta.
P#t!ivit a!t. 16 N.C.p.B +apta e%te c#'i%a c" intentie at"nci
c1n& in+!act#!"l p!eve&e !e)"ltat"l +aptei %ale %i &#!e%te %a"
accepta p#%i,ilitatea p!#&"ce!ii ace%t"ia.
/.1.1. St!"ct"!a intentiei
n %t!"ct"!a intentiei %e p#t i&enti+ica &#a! &#"a ele'enteE
ele'ent"l intelectiv %i ele'ent"l v#litiv.
Ele'ent"l intelectiv : &en"'it &e legi"it#!"l n#%t!"
p!eve&e!e : %e !ap#!tea)aB p#t!ivit &e+initiei &in a!t. 16 N.C.p.B
&#a! la !e)"ltat"l +aptei. n !ealitateB ele'ent"l intelectiv
p!e%"p"ne c"n#a%te!ea &e cat!e a"t#! a t"t"!#! ele'entel#! ce
ca!acte!i)ea)a +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB 'ai e(act a t"t"!#!
ele'entel#! &e +act"!a #,iectiva &e a ca!#! -nt!"ni!e &epin&e
e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii. A%t+elB -n ca)"l "nei in+!acti"ni &e #'#!B
+apt"it#!"l t!e,"ie %a%tie ca acti"nea %a e%te %"%cepti,ila %a
p!#&"ca '#a!tea "nei pe!%#aneB ca victi'a e%te # pe!%#ana -n viata
etc.
Ele'ent"l v#litiv !ep!e)inta p#)itia %",iectiva a a"t#!"l"i
+ata &e "!'a!ea a%"p!a ca!eia p#a!ta +act#!"l intelectiv. Pent!" a +i
-n p!e)enta intentieiB e%te nece%a! ca a"t#!"l %a &#!ea%ca %a" %a
accepte p!#&"ce!ea "!'a!ii ca !e)"ltat al acti"nii %ale.
E(i%tenta ele'ent"l"i v#litiv %e ap!ecia)a -n !ap#!t &e
ele'entele #,iective ce ca!acte!i)ea)a %ta!ea &e +apt.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B %ta,ili!ea intentiei &e a "ci&e %e +ace -n
+"nctie &e in%t!"'ent"l +#l#%it pent!" le)a!ea victi'eiB &e )#na
2>
vi)ata &e l#vit"!aB &e n"'a!"l %i inten%itatea l#vit"!il#!B &e %ta!ea
+i)ica a victi'eiB &e !ap#!t"l &e +#!te -nt!e a"t#! %i victi'a etc.
E%te i'p#!tant &e %",liniat +apt"l ca t!e,"ie av"ta -n ve&e!e )#na
vi)ata &e l#vit"!a%i n" )#na e+ectiv le)ata. 7e pil&aB -nt!:# %peta
%:a !etin"t ca inc"lpat"l a -nce!cat %a l#vea%ca victi'a c" %apa -n
capB &a! acea%ta a pa!at l#vit"!a c" "n ci#'agB a%t+el ca a +#%t
l#vita c" %apa pe%te '1na c" ca!e tinea ci#'ag"lB +iin&":i !ete)at
"n &eget. Ulte!i#! victi'a a &ece&at ca "!'a!e a "n#! c#'plicatii
%"!venite -n ev#l"tia !anii &e la &eget. I'p#!tanta pent!" %ta,ili!ea
ele'ent"l"i v#litiv aici e%te )#na vi)ata &e l#vit"!a : -n %peta )#na
cap"l"i :%i n" )#na e+ectiv le)ataB ca!e n" c#ntine #!gane vitale %i
ca!e n" a! p"tea !eleva e(i%tenta intentiei &e a "ci&e. n
c#n%ecintaB %e p#ate %p"ne ca -n %peta inc"lpat"l a acti#nat c"
intentie.
/.1.. 3#!'ele intentiei
A9 intentia &i!ecta%i intentia in&i!ecta
n +"nctie &e inten%itatea ele'ent"l"i v#litiv !ap#!tat la
"!'a!ea p!eva)"ta &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB e%te p#%i,ila
&eli'ita!ea cel#! &#"a +#!'e p!incipale ale intentieiE intentia
&i!ecta
%i intentia in&i!ecta 8event"ala9.
a9 Intentia &i!ecta
Intentia &i!ecta e(i%ta at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l &#!e%te
p!#&"ce!ea "!'a!ii p!eva)"te &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e. A%a %e
-nt1'pla at"nci c1n&B %p!e e(e'pl"B a"t#!"l -'p"%ca victi'a -n
cap &e la 'ica &i%tanta %a" -i aplica # l#vit"!a &e c"tit -n )#na
ini'ii #!i # l#vit"!a &e t#p#! -n cap.
Intentia &i!ecta %e va !etine c@ia! &aca p!#&"ce!ea
!e)"ltat"l"i n" e%te ce!taB ci &#a! p#%i,ila pent!" a"t#!B -n 'a%"!a
-n ca!e el &#!e%te p!#&"ce!ea ace%t"i !e)"ltat. A%a &e pil&aB &aca
victi'a %e a+la la &i%tanta 'a!e &e a"t#!B ia! ace%ta %tie ca n" e%te
"n ,"n t!agat#! c" a!'aB "ci&e!ea victi'ei p!in -'p"%ca!e n" e%te
21
ce!ta. C" t#ate ace%teaB -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e a"t#!"l &e%c@i&e +#c"l
a%"p!a victi'eiB e%te p#%i,ila !etine!ea intentiei &i!ecte.
,9 Intentia in&i!ecta 8event"ala9
P#t!ivit a!t. 16 N.C.p.B intentia event"ala e(i%ta at"nci c1n&
a"t#!"l p!eve&e !e)"ltat"l +aptei %ale %iB &e%i n":l "!'a!e%teB
accepta p#%i,ilitatea p!#&"ce!ii l"i.
n acea%ta ip#te)aB a"t#!"l p!eve&e &e +apt cel p"tin &#"a
"!'a!iE # "!'a!e pe ca!e # &#!e%te %i ca!e p#ate %a +ie %a" %a n" +ie
p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB %i # "!'a!e p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB
pe ca!e n" # &#!e%teB &a! a ca!ei !eali)a!e apa!e ca +iin& p#%i,ila%i
e%te acceptata &e a"t#!.
E(i%taB &e pil&aB intentie event"ala -n ip#te)a -n ca!e
inc"lpat"lB intenti#n1n& %a p!#te.e)e "n te!en c"ltivatB -'p#t!iva
atac"l"i ani'alel#! %al,aticeB -l -'p!e.'"ie%te c" "n ga!& 'etalic
pe ca!e -l c#nectea)a la !etea"a &e &i%t!i,"tie a ene!giei elect!ice.
7aca # alta pe!%#ana atinge !e%pectiv"l ga!& %i &ece&ea)aB %e va
!etine -n %a!cina inc"lpat"l"i # in+!acti"ne &e #'#! c#'i%a c"
intentie event"ala. n ace%t ca)B inc"lpat"l a p!eva)"t &#"a "!'a!iE
# "!'a!e ce!ta%i &#!itaB nep!eva)"ta &e legea penala 4 p!#te.a!ea
c"lt"!il#! ag!ic#le 4 %i # a &#"a "!'a!eB p#%i,ila%i p!eva)"ta &e
legea penala 4 &ece%"l "nei pe!%#ane ca!e a! atinge ga!&"l 4
"!'a!e pe ca!e n" a &#!it:#B &a! i:a +#%t in&i+e!ent &aca %e va
p!#&"ce.
E%teB -n%aB p#%i,il ca %i "!'a!ea &#!ita %a +ie p!eva)"ta &e
legea penala. Sp!e e(e'pl"B inc"lpat"l &#!e%te %a -i aplice #
c#!ectie victi'eiB &a! &at#!ita n"'a!"l"i %i inten%itatii l#vit"!il#!
p!eve&e %i accepta ca victi'a a! p"tea %a &ece&e)e. n ace%t ca)
at1t "!'a!ea &#!ita 4 ca")a!ea &e %"+e!inte +i)ice victi'ei :B c1t %i
"!'a!ea acceptata 4 &ece%"l 4 %"nt p!eva)"te &e legea penala.
2
=9 Intentia %p#ntana%i intentia p!e'e&itata
a9 Intentia %p#ntana
8!epentina9
Acea%ta +#!'a a intentiei %e ca!acte!i)ea)a p!in &#"a
ele'ente p!incipaleE @#ta!1!ea e%te l"ata -nt!:# %ta!e &e t"l,"!a!e
%a" e'#tie %i ea e%te p"%a i'e&iat -n e(ec"ta!e. Sp!e e(e'pl"B
inc"lpat"l e%te l#vit c" p"'n"l &e cat!e victi'aB ca")1n&":i:%e
a%t+el # %ta!e &e t"l,"!a!eB ia! ace%ta !ip#%tea)a aplic1n&":i
ag!e%#!"l"i # l#vit"!a &e c"tit. O'#!"l c#'i% -n ace%te c#n&itii va
+i ca!acte!i)at &e # intentie %p#ntana.
Intentia %p#ntana e%te # ca")a &e aten"a!e a !a%p"n&e!ii
penale %i ea apa!e !egle'entata at1t -n pa!tea gene!ala a C#&"l"i :
int!1n& -n %t!"ct"!a ci!c"'%tantei aten"ante a %ta!ii &e p!#v#ca!e
8a!t. <2 lit. a9 N.C.p.9 :B c1t %i -n pa!tea %pecialaB &e pil&a -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nii &e "ci&e!e %a" vata'a!e a n#":na%c"t"l"i c#'i%a &e
cat!e 'a'a 8a!t. >> N.C.p.9.
,9 Intentia p!e'e&itata
Intentia p!e'e&itata %e %it"ea)a pe # p#)itie &ia'et!al
#p"%a +ata &e intentia !epentina. A%t+elB -n ca)"l intentiei
p!e'e&itateB a"t#!"l ia @#ta!1!ea -n %ta!e &e !elativ cal'B ia! p1na
la '#'ent"l p"ne!ii ei -n e(ec"ta!e %e %c"!ge "n ti'p 'ai
-n&el"ngat. =ine-ntele%B pe &"!ata ace%t"i inte!val &e ti'pB
@#ta!1!ea in+!acti#nala %e 'entine %i c@ia! %e c#n%#li&ea)a.
C#'ite!ea "nei in+!acti"ni ca!acte!i)ate &e intentie
p!e'e&itata p!e%"p"ne &e !eg"la%i # p!egati!e a ace%teiaB
in&i+e!ent &aca p!egati!ea -',!aca +#!'a "n#! acte 'ate!iale 4
p!#c"!a!ea &e in%t!"'ente 4 %a" intelect"ale 4 c"lege!ea &e
in+#!'atiiB anali)a!ea t"t"!#! va!iantel#! &e c#'ite!e etc. T!e,"ie
%",liniatB -n%aB ca p!e'e&ita!ea n" e%te c#n&iti#nata &e e+ect"a!ea
"n#! acte &e p!egati!eB caci ea e%te p#%i,ila%i -n ca)"l "n#!
in+!acti"ni ca!e n" %"nt %"%cepti,ile &e a%t+el &e acte. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l "nei in+!acti"ni c#'i%ive p!in #'i%i"ne 4
"ci&e!ea n#"l"i:na%c"t &e cat!e 'a'a p!in neac#!&a!ea &e @!ana 4
n" e%te p#%i,ila e+ect"a!ea &e acte 'ate!iale &e p!egati!eB &a!
2*
in+!acti"nea e%teB &e !eg"laB p!e'e&itata. 7e aceeaB %e p#ate
a+i!'a ca actele &e p!egati!e n" c#n&iti#nea)a e(i%tenta
p!e'e&ita!iiB ci &#a! a."ta la &#ve&i!ea ace%teia.
Intentia p!e'e&itata at!age # ag!ava!e a !a%p"n&e!ii penale
+ata &e intentia -n +#!'a %a &e ,a)aB &#ve&in& # atinge!e 'ai
accent"ata a val#!ii #c!#tite &e n#!'a penala. n &!ept"l n#%t!"
p!e'e&ita!ea apa!e ca # ci!c"'%tanta ag!avanta legala -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nii &e #'#! cali+icat 8a!t. 1$0 lit.a9 N.C.p.9.
/.. C"lpa
n &!ept"l n#%t!"B p#t!ivit a!t. 16 N.C.p.B ca!e !eia
c#ntin"t"l a!t. 10 C.p.B in+!acti"nea e%te c#'i%a &in c"lpa at"nci
c1n& a"t#!"l p!eve&e !e)"ltat"l +aptei %ale &a! n" -l acceptaB
%#c#tin& +a!a te'ei ca n" %e va p!#&"ceB #!i c1n& n" p!eve&e
!e)"ltat"l &e%i p"tea %i t!e,"ia %a -l p!eva&a.
Legi"it#!"l !#'1n a c#n%ac!at a%t+el # &i%tinctie
t!a&iti#nala -nt!e &#"a p!incipale +#!'e ale c"lpeiE c"lpa c"
p!eve&e!e %i c"lpa +a!a p!eve&e!e.
/..1. C"lpa c" p!eve&e!e
E(i%ta c"lpa c" p!eve&e!e at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l p!eve&e ca #
p#%i,ila "!'a!e a +aptei %ale p!#&"ce!ea "nei "!'a!i vata'at#a!e
pent!" val#a!ea %#ciala #c!#titaB &a! c#n%i&e!a ca acea%ta "!'a!e
n" %e va p!#&"ce -n c#nc!et.
E(e'pl"l cla%ic &e c"lpa c" p!eve&e!e -l !ep!e)inta ca)"l
Fa!"ncat#!"l"i &e c"titeG &e la ci!cB ca!eB -n !eali)a!ea n"'a!"l"i
%a"B a!"nca &e la &i%tanta c"tite ce "!'ea)a a %e -n+ige -nt!:"n
pan#"B c1t 'ai ap!#ape &e c#!p"l pa!tene!"l"i %a". n ace%t ca)B
a"t#!"l p!eve&e p#%i,ilitatea !ani!ii pa!tene!"l"iB &a! c#n%i&e!a ca
acea%ta "!'a!e n" %e va !eali)a. 7aca t#t"%i "!'a!ea p!eva)"ta
%"!vineB v#' +i -n p!e)enta "nei c"lpe c" p!eve&e!e.
Si -n ca)"l c"lpei c" p!eve&e!eB la +el ca -n %it"atia intentiei
event"aleB a"t#!"l p!eve&e &#"a "!'a!iE # "!'a!e &#!itaB ca!e
2/
p#ate +i licita %a" ilicita%i # a &#"a "!'a!eB pe ca!e n" # &#!e%teB
c#n%i&e!1n& ca ea n" %e va p!#&"ce. Sp!e e(e'pl"B # pe!%#ana
a+lata la v1nat#a!eB ve&e "n ani'al la &i%tanta 'ica &e "n c#leg &e
v1nat#a!eB &a! &eci&e %a t!agaB %#c#tin& ca va !e"%i %a evite !ani!ea
c#leg"l"i. 7aca ace%ta e%te t#t"%i !anitB +apta va +i c#'i%a &in
c"lpa c" p!eve&e!e. n ace%t ca)B "!'a!ea &#!ita : "ci&e!ea
ani'al"l"i : p#ate +i licita 8&aca v1nat#a!ea %e &e%+a%"!a legal9 %a"
p#ate +i # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala 8&acaB &e pil&aB a"t#!"l
n" avea pe!'i% &e v1nat#a!e9B -n%a "!'a!ea ne&#!ita : !ani!ea
c#leg"l"i : e%te -nt#t&ea"na p!eva)"ta &e legea penala.
C!ite!i"l &e &eli'ita!e a c"lpei c" p!eve&e!e +ata &e
intentia event"ala +#!'"lat &e &#ct!ina n#a%t!a p#!ne%te &e la
+apt"l ca -n ca)"l c"lpei c" p!eve&e!eB c#nvinge!ea a"t#!"l"i ca
!e)"ltat"l n" %e va p!#&"ce %e ,a)ea)a pe an"'ite -'p!e."!a!i
#,iectiveB pe ca!e -n%aB -n c#nc!etB le eval"ea)a -n '#& e!#nat.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B c#n&"cat#!"l a"t# ca!e %e anga.ea)a -n &epa%i!e
-nt!:# c"!,a +a!a vi)i,ilitateB p!eve&e p#%i,ilitatea c#'ite!ii "n"i
acci&ent -n ca)"l -n ca!e "n a"t#ve@ic"l vine pe c#nt!a%en%B &a! n"
accepta acea%ta p#%i,ilitateB ,a)1n&":%e pe -'p!e."!a!i c"' a! +iE
c"n#a%te!ea !e%pectivei p#!ti"ni &e &!"'B vite)a c" ca!e 'a%ina
!a%p"n&e la c#'en)iB e(pe!ienta %a -n c#n&"ce!e etc. 7aca t#t"%i
acci&ent"l a!e l#cB -n %a!cina %#+e!"l"i %e va !etine a%t+el # c"lpa%i
n" # intentie event"ala.
7aca -n%a nep!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"i n" e%te # c#nvinge!e
,a)ata pe a%t+el &e -'p!e."!a!i &e +act"!a #,iectivaB ci # %i'pla
%pe!antaB &epen&enta &e @a)a!&B v#' +i -n p!e)enta "nei intentii
event"ale.
/... C"lpa +a!a p!eve&e!e
P#t!ivit a!t. 16 N.C.p.B e(i%ta c"lpa +a!a p!eve&e!e at"nci
c1n& a"t#!"l n" a p!eva)"t !e)"ltat"l +aptei %aleB c" t#ate ca
t!e,"ia %i p"tea %a -l p!eva&a.
C"lpa +a!a p!eve&e!e e%te %ing"!a +#!'a a vin#vatiei ca!eia
-i lip%e%te p!eve&e!ea "!'a!ii pe!ic"l#a%e. S"nte'B %p!e e(e'pl"B
22
-n p!e)enta "nei c"lpe +a!a p!eve&e!e -n ca)"l 'a'ei ca!e ie%e &in
ca%aB "it1n& -n ca'e!aB la -n&e'1na c#piil#! 'iciB "n !ecipient
c#ntin1n& # %",%tanta t#(ica c" ca!e l"c!a%e ante!i#!. n 'a%"!a -n
ca!e "n"l &int!e c#pii c#n%"'a !e%pectiva %",%tanta
%i &ece&ea)aB
-n %a!cina 'a'ei %e va !etine # c"lpa +a!a p!eve&e!eB caci n" a
p!eva)"t "!'a!eaB &e%i p"tea %i t!e,"ia %a # p!eva&a.
P#t!ivit &e+initiei &ate &e C#&"l n#%t!" penalB pent!" a +i -n
p!e)enta c"lpei +a!a p!eve&e!eB pe l1nga lip%a -n c#nc!et a
p!eve&e!iiB 'ai t!e,"ie c#n%tatata e(i%tenta a &#"a ele'enteE
#,ligatia &e p!eve&e!e %iB !e%pectivB p#%i,ilitatea &e p!eve&e!e.
O,ligatia &e p!eve&e!e %e leaga &e e(i%tenta "nei #,ligatii
&e &iligenta i'p"%e %",iect"l"iB #,ligatie c"p!in%a -nt!:"n act
n#!'ativ %a" &ec"!g1n& &int!:# !eg"la &e c#n&"ita ne%c!i%a.
n ceea ce p!ive%te p#%i,ilitatea &e p!eve&e!eB ea %e
anali)ea)a p!in !ap#!ta!e la -'p!e."!a!ile c#nc!ete -n ca!e %:a
&e%+a%"!at acti"nea %i la ca!acte!i%ticile %",iective ale a"t#!"l"i. Se
va avea a%t+el -n ve&e!e g!a&"l &e p!egati!e p!#+e%i#nalaB
e(pe!ienta &e viataB an"'ite ca!acte!i%tici +i)ice etc.
/.*. Intentia &epa%ita 8p!aete!intentia9
A%a c"' a' 'enti#natB n#"l C#& penal c#n%ac!a e(plicit
acea%ta +#!'a 'i(ta a vin#vatieiB c!eata p!in c#',ina!ea "n#!
ele'ente apa!tin1n& intentiei %i c"lpei.
P#t!ivit a!t. 16 alin.2 N.C.p.B e(i%ta intentie &epa%ita c1n&
+apta c#n%t1n& -nt!:# acti"ne %a" inacti"ne intenti#nata p!#&"ce
"n !e)"ltat 'ai g!avB ca!e %e &at#!ea)a c"lpei +apt"it#!"l"i.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B a"t#!"l aplica victi'ei # l#vit"!a c"
p"'n"lB ia! acea%ta %e &e)ec@ili,!ea)aB ca&eB %"+e!a # le)i"ne
c!aniana%i &ece&ea)a. P!in "!'a!eB -n %t!"ct"!a p!aete!intentiei
v#' avea &#"a +#!'e &e vin#vatie %"p!ap"%eE # intentieB c"
p!ivi!e la !e)"ltat"l &#!it 8l#vi!ea9B %i # c"lpa c" p!ivi!e la
!e)"ltat"l 'ai g!avB e+ectiv p!#&"% 8'#a!tea victi'ei9.
T!e,"ie %",liniat -n ace%t c#nte(t +apt"l ca pent!" a +i -n
p!e)enta p!aete!intentiei e%te %"+icient ca acti"nea &e ,a)a %a +ie
26
p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB in&i+e!ent &e g!avitatea ei. A%t+elB "n
%i'pl" act &e vi#lentaB %"%cepti,il &e -nca&!a!e -n &i%p#)itiile a!t.
10* alin.1 N.C.p.B c@ia! c#'i% -n gl"'aB va int!a -n %t!"ct"!a
p!aete!intentiei -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e a ca")at "n !e)"ltat 'ai g!av.
/./. Ele'ente %ec"n&a!e -n %t!"ct"!a lat"!ii %",iective '#,il"l
%i %c#p"l
Sc#p"l in+!acti"nii n" apa!e ca ele'ent c#n%tit"tiv &ec1t -n
%it"atia -n ca!e el e%te p!eva)"t -n '#& e(p!e% -n n#!'a &e
inc!i'ina!eB ca) -n ca!e e%te n"'it %i %c#p %pecial.
Sc#p"lB -n %t!"ct"!a inc!i'ina!iiB p#ate apa!ea at1t ca
ele'ent c#n%tit"tiv al +aptei &e ,a)aB c1t %i ca ele'ent al +#!'ei
ag!avate. Sp!e e(e'pl"B %c#p"l e%te "n ele'ent c#n%tit"tiv -n
ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e +"!t 8a!t. $ alin.1 N.C.p.9 : &aca l"a!ea
,"n"l"i n" %:a +ac"t -n %c#p"l -n%"%i!iiB +apta n" va c#n%tit"i +"!t :
%a" -n ca)"l a%#cie!ii -n ve&e!ea c#'ite!ii &e in+!acti"niB caci -n
a,%enta %c#p"l"i ilicitB a%#cie!ea n" a!e !elevanta penala. Sc#p"l
apa!eB -n %c@i',B ca "n ele'ent &e ag!ava!e -n ca)"l #'#!"l"i
c#'i% pent!" a -nle%ni %a" a a%c"n&e # alta in+!acti"ne 8a!t. 1$0 lit.
&9 N.C.p.9.
La !1n&"l %a"B '#,il"l in+!acti"nii : !ep!e)entat &e
ele'ent"l ca!e -l &ete!'ina pe in+!act#! %a acti#ne)e : &evine "n
ele'ent c#n%tit"tiv &#a! at"nci c1n& e%te p!eva)"t &e n#!'a &e
inc!i'ina!e. La +el ca %i %c#p"lB '#,il"l p#ate apa!ea ca ele'ent
c#n%tit"tiv al +#!'ei &e ,a)a a in+!acti"nii %a" ca # ca")a &e
ag!ava!e. M#,il"l c#n%tit"ie ele'ent al +#!'ei &e ,a)a a
in+!acti"nii -n ca)"l a,")"l"i -n %e!vici" 8a!t. 0< alin. N.C.p.9 :
c1n& -ng!a&i!ea e(e!citi"l"i "n#! &!ept"!i %e +ace pe te'ei &e
nati#nalitateB !a%aB %e( %a" !eligie :%i !ep!e)inta "n ele'ent &e
ag!ava!e -n ca)"l #'#!"l"i c#'i% &in inte!e% 'ate!ial 8a!t. 1$0 lit.
,9 N.C.p.9.
2<
: CAPITOLUL 5 :
IN3RACTIUNEA : 3APTA NE;USTI3ICATA.
CAU6ELE ;USTI3ICATI5E
D 1. P!eli'ina!ii
O&ata c#n%tatat ca +apta e%te p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB
a&ica -nt!"ni!ea t"t"!#! ele'entel#! p!eva)"te &e n#!'a &e
inc!i'ina!eB "!'at#!"l pa% -n %ta,ili!ea e(i%tentei in+!acti"nii -l
c#n%tit"ie %ta,ili!ea ca!acte!"l"i ne."%ti+icat al +apteiB c" alte
c"vinte a -'p!e."!a!ii ca acea%ta a!e ca!acte! ilicit. Ca!acte!"l
ne."%ti+icat p!e%"p"ne # c#nt!a&ictie -nt!e +apta c#'i%a%i #!&inea
."!i&icaB c" alte c"vinte +apta n" e%te a"t#!i)ata &e # &i%p#)itie
legala.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B n#"l C#& penal
c#n%ac!a e(plicit n#ti"nea &e Fca")a ."%ti+icativaG. 7e
a%e'eneaB %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e C#&"l ante!i#! ca!e !egle'enta
&#a! &#"a &int!e ca")ele ."%ti+icative 8legiti'a apa!a!e %i %ta!ea
&e nece%itate9B n#"l C#& penal a c#n%ac!at e(plicit %i alte &#"a
ca")e ."%ti+icative ce p1na ac"' e!a" c#n%i&e!ate ca")e
e(t!alegale 4 c#n%i'ta'1nt"l pe!%#anei vata'ate %i !e%pectiv
e(e!cita!ea "n"i &!ept %i -n&eplini!ea "nei #,ligatii.
D . Legiti'a apa!a!e
C#n+#!' a!t. 10 alin. N.C.p.B e%te -n legiti'a apa!a!e
pe!%#ana ca!e %av1!%e%te +apta pent!" a -nlat"!a "n atac 'ate!ialB
&i!ectB i'e&iat %i in."%tB ca!e p"ne -n pe!ic#l pe!%#ana %aB a
alt"iaB &!ept"!ile ace%t#!a %a" "n inte!e% gene!alB &aca apa!a!ea
e%te p!#p#!ti#nala c" g!avitatea atac"l"i.
n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB c#n%ac!ata &e a!t. // alin.
C.p.B e!a -n %ta!e &e legiti'a apa!a!e acela ca!e %av1!%e%te +apta
pent!" a -nlat"!a "n atac 'ate!ialB &i!ectB i'e&iat %i in."%tB
2$
-n&!eptat -'p#t!iva %aB a alt"ia %a" -'p#t!iva "n"i inte!e% #,%te%c
%i ca!e p"ne -n pe!ic#l g!av pe!%#ana %a" &!ept"!ile cel"i atacat #!i
inte!e%"l #,%te%c.
A%a c"' %e p#ate #,%e!va &in %i'pla c#'pa!a!e a cel#!
&#"a te(teB n#"l C#& penal a !en"ntat la c#n&itia pe!ic#l"l"i
g!av p!#&"% &e atacB g!avitatea atac"l"i "!'1n& ai +i l"ata -n
calc"l pent!" ap!ecie!ea c#n&itiei p!#p#!ti#nalitatii. n ace%t +elB
%e e(tin&e p#%i,ilitatea inv#ca!ii ca")ei ."%ti+icative a legiti'ei
apa!a!i %i c" p!ivi!e la +apte ca!e %", !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a
e!a" e(cl"%e &e plan# &at#!ita +apt"l"i ca atac"l n" p!#&"cea "n
pe!ic#l g!av. A%a &e pil&aB &aca victi'a i:a aplicat inc"lpat"l"i
'ai '"lte l#vit"!i c" pal'a pe%te +ataB ia! ace%ta a !ip#%tat c" #
l#vit"!a &e p"'n ca!e a &ete!'inat -nceta!ea atac"l"iB %",
i'pe!i"l C#&"l"i penal &in 1060 +apta inc"lpat"l"i n" p"tea +i
anali)ata pe te!en"l legiti'ei apa!a!iB c@ia! &aca n" a ca")at #
vata'a!e c#!p#!alaB &e#a!ece l#vit"!ile c" pal'a pe%te +ata n"
p"nea" -n pe!ic#l g!av integ!itatea +i)ica a inc"lpat"l"i. n ,a)a
n#"l"i C#& penalB +apta inc"lpat"l"i p#ate +i ."%ti+icata -n 'a%"!a
-n ca!e n" a p!#&"% "!'a!i &i%p!#p#!ti#nate -n !ap#!t c" cele
p!#&"%e &e atac.
.1. C#n&itiile atac"l"i
A%a c"' !e)"lta &in &i%p#)itiile a!t. 10 alin. C.p.B atac"l
t!e,"ie %a +ie 'ate!ialB &i!ectB i'e&iatB in."%t %i %a %e -n&!epte
-'p#t!iva val#!il#! %#ciale a!atate &e a!t. //. Ace%te c#n&itii %e
!ega%ea" %i -n !egle'enta!ea C#&"l"i penal &in 1060.
a9 ca!acte!"l 'ate!ial al atac"l"i
Ca!acte!"l 'ate!ial al atac"l"i p!e%"p"ne ca ace%ta t!e,"ie
%a +ie e(e!citat p!in 'i.l#ace +i)ice %i %a %e -n&!epte -'p#t!iva
e(i%tentei +i)ice a val#!ii %#ciale #c!#tite. Atac"l e%te 'ate!ial
at"nci c1n& pent!" e+ect"a!ea l"i %e !ec"!ge la vi#lenta +i)icaB c"
%a" +a!a +#l#%i!ea "n#! 'i.l#ace #+en%ive 8a!'eB na!c#ticeB
ani'ale &!e%ate etc.9. P!in "!'a!eB at"nci c1n& ag!e%i"nea c#n%ta
20
e(cl"%iv -n c"vinteB %c!ie!i n" %e p#ate v#!,i &e "n atac 'ate!ial
ca!e %a legiti'e)e # apa!a!e -n %en%"l a!t. 10 N.C.p.
T!e,"ie %",liniatB -n%aB ca%i #'i%i"nea p#ate c#n%tit"i "n
atacB -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e ea c!eea)a "n pe!ic#l pent!" val#a!ea
%#ciala #c!#tita. A%a %e -nt1'pla -n ca)"l anga.at"l"i %#cietatii &e
t!an%p#!t +e!#via! ca!e n" %c@i',a 'aca)"lB &in &#!inta p!#&"ce!ii
"n"i acci&ent. 7aca # alta pe!%#ana inte!vine %i e(e!cita vi#lente
a%"p!a ace%t"i %ala!iat pent!" a p"tea %c@i',a ea 'aca)"lB v#' +i
-n p!e)enta "nei +apte c#'i%e -n legiti'a apa!a!e.
,9 ca!acte!"l &i!ect al atac"l"i
Atac"l e%te &i!ect at"nci c1n& %e p"ne -n pe!ic#l ne'i.l#cit
val#!a!ea %#ciala #c!#tita. Acea%ta c#n&itie n" t!e,"ieB -n%aB
-ntelea%a -n %en%"l #,ligativitatii "n"i c#ntact &i!ect al ag!e%#!"l"i
c" #,iect"l ca!e -nc#!p#!ea)a val#a!ea %#ciala #c!#tita. A%t+elB va
e(i%ta "n atac &i!ect %i at"nci c1n& atacat#!"l -ncea!ca %a %c"+"n&e
# ,a!ca -n ca!e %e a+la # pe!%#ana ce n" %tie %a -n#ate.
Atac"l n" va +iB -n%aB &i!ect -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e -nt!e ag!e%#!
%i #,iect"l ca!e -nc#!p#!ea)a val#a!ea #c!#tita e(i%ta "n #,%tac#l
pe ca!e ace%ta n" -l p#ate &epa%i 8"n )i&B # p#a!ta -nc"iata %a" "n
%pati" +#a!te 'a!e9. 7e%ig"!B %e v#! avea -n ve&e!e 'i.l#acele &e
atac &e ca!e &i%p"nea -n c#nc!et ag!e%#!"lB pent!" a &eci&e &aca
#,%tac#l"l e!a -nt!:a&eva! # pie&ica %e!i#a%a -n calea ace%t"ia.
c9 ca!acte!"l i'e&iat al atac"l"i
Ca!acte!"l i'e&iat al atac"l"i p!e%"p"ne ca ace%ta t!e,"ie
%a +ie i'inent %a" -n c"!% &e &e%+a%"!a!e. Pent!" ca atac"l %a +ie
i'inentB t!e,"ie ca &eclan%a!ea l"i %a c#n%tit"ie # ce!tit"&ine %i n"
# %i'pla event"alitate.
n ceea ce p!ive%te atac"l -n c"!% &e &e%+a%"!a!eB ace%ta
legiti'ea)a # apa!a!e at1ta ti'p c1t n" %:a ep"i)at. 7in '#'ent"l
-n ca!e atac"l a -ncetat n" %e 'ai p#ate v#!,i &e # apa!a!e
legiti'a.
6>
&9 ca!acte!"l in."%t al atac"l"i
Ca!acte!"l in."%t al atac"l"i p!e%"p"ne lip%a a"t#!i)a!ii
ace%t"ia &e cat!e #!&inea ."!i&icaB a%t+el caB at"nci c1n& act"l a!e
l#c -n ,a)a legiiB n" %e p#ate v#!,i &e "n atac in."%t. C@ia! &aca
act"l -n %ine e%te a"t#!i)at &e legeB ca!acte!"l ."%t %e 'entine &#a!
at1ta ti'p c1t el !a'1ne -n ca&!"l li'itel#! i'p"%e &e lege. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B p#t!ivit &i%p#)itiil#! C#&"l"i &e p!#ce&"!a penalaB -n ca)
&e in+!acti"ne +lag!anta #!ice pe!%#ana p#ate %a -l !etina pe
in+!act#! %i %a:l c#n&"ca -naintea a"t#!itatii. P!in "!'a!eB -n ace%t
ca)B lip%i!ea &e li,e!tate a a"t#!"l"i +aptei +lag!ante n" a!e ca!acte!
in."%t %i n" p#ate &a l#c "nei legiti'e apa!a!i. n ca)"l -n ca!eB
-n%aB pe!%#ana ca!e l:a p!ivat &e li,e!tate pe in+!act#! n" -l
c#n&"ce -n +ata a"t#!itatil#! ."&icia!e %i nici n" an"nta p!in&e!ea
ace%t"iaB t!an%+#!'1n& !etine!ea -nt!:# &etenti"ne p!ivataB p!iva!ea
&e li,e!tate &#,1n&e%te ca!acte! in."%tB ia! pe!%#ana a%t+el !etin"ta
%e p#ate eli,e!a.
Pe ,a)a c#n&itiei ca!acte!"l"i in."%t al atac"l"iB &#ct!ina %i
."!i%p!"&enta n#a%t!a a" c#ncl")i#nat ca atac"l n" p#ate p!#veni
&ec1t &in pa!tea "nei pe!%#ane "'aneB +iin& e(cl"%a inv#ca!ea
legiti'ei apa!a!i at"nci c1n& atac"l e%te e(e!citat &e "n ani'al.
T!e,"ie p!eci)at aici ca e%te v#!,a &e acti"nea %p#ntana a "n"i
ani'al %i n" &e # acti"ne a ace%t"ia p!#v#cata &e # pe!%#ana.
A%t+elB -n ca)"l -n ca!e p!#p!ieta!"l "n"i ani'al &ete!'ina
ataca!ea "nei pe!%#ane &e cat!e ace%taB %e p#ate v#!,i &e #
legiti'a apa!a!eB c" p!eci)a!ea ca -n acea%ta ip#te)a atacat#!"l n"
e%te ani'al"lB ci p!#p!ieta!"l %a"B ani'al"l +iin& "n %i'pl"
in%t!"'ent.
e9 atac"l %a %e -n&!epte -'p#t!iva "neia &int!e val#!ile
p!eva)"te -n a!t. 10 alin. N.C.p.
n ceea ce p!ive%te %+e!a val#!il#! %#ciale ca!e +ac #,iect"l
atac"l"i %i ca!e p#t +iB -n c#n%ecintaB apa!ateB acea%ta n" e%te
li'itata la pe!%#ana cel"i ce %e apa!a #!i la # alta pe!%#anaB ci %e
e(tin&e %i la &!ept"!ile ace%t#!a %i la inte!e%"l gene!al. A%t+elB p#t
+i apa!ate %i val#!i ca %ig"!anta %tat"l"iB ,"n"!ile apa!tin1n&
61
p!#p!ietatii p",lice %a" #!ice alt inte!e% i'p#!tant al c#lectivitatii.
5al#!ile 'enti#nate p#t +i apa!ate &e #!ice pe!%#ana p!in
c#'ite!ea "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala.
.. C#n&itiile apa!a!ii
O &ata c#n%tatata -nt!"ni!ea ele'entel#! ca!e
ca!acte!i)ea)a atac"lB cel atacat p#ate -n '#& ."%ti+icat %a %e ape!e
p!in c#'ite!ea "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala. C" t#ate
ace%teaB p#%i,ilitatea 'enti#nata n" e%te neli'itataB alt+el %p"% #
%ta!e &e legiti'a apa!a!e n" ."%ti+ica %av1!%i!ea #!ica!ei +apte
penale. Pent!" a ,ene+icia &e e+ect"l ."%ti+icativB apa!a!ea t!e,"ie
%a -n&eplinea%caB la !1n&"l eiB c1teva c#n&itii.
a9 apa!a!ea %a -',!ace +#!'a "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e
legea penala
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e n" e(i%ta # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea
penalaB n" %e p"ne p!#,le'a ve!i+ica!ii ca!acte!"l"i ne."%ti+icat %i
&eci nici p!#,le'a i&enti+ica!ii "nei ca")e ."%ti+icative. S",
a%pect"l +#!'ei &e vin#vatieB acea%ta +apta %e p#ate c#'ite at1t c"
intentie c1t %i &in c"lpaB +iin& nece%a! &#a! ca pe!%#ana ca!e %e
apa!a %a ai,a c"n#%tinta &e e(i%tenta atac"l"i %i %a acti#ne)e
ani'ata &e &#!inta &e a %e apa!a.
,9 apa!a!ea %a +ie nece%a!a
Nece%itatea apa!a!ii e%te # +#!'"la gene!icaB ce !eg!"pea)a
la !1n&"l ei 'ai '"lte c#n&itii. A%t+elB -n p!i'"l !1n&B nece%itatea
apa!a!ii i'p"ne ce!inta ca ea %a inte!vina -n inte!val"l &e ti'p c1t
atac"l e%te i'e&iatB a&ica &in '#'ent"l c1n& ace%ta a &evenit
i'inent %i p1na la -nc@eie!ea atac"l"i. 7aca !ip#%ta inte!vine &"pa
ce atac"l a +#%t -nc@eiatB n" 'ai v#!,i' &e # apa!a!eB ci &e #
!a),"na!eB ca!e n" p#ate p!etin&e # ."%ti+ica!e.
n acela%i ti'pB nece%itatea apa!a!ii p!e%"p"ne ca ea t!e,"ie
%a ai,a ca!acte! i&#ne"B c" alte c"vinteB %a +ie apta p!in nat"!a ei %a
-nlat"!e atac"l.
6
Ca!acte!"l nece%a! al apa!a!ii n" i'plica -n%a +apt"l ca ea
t!e,"ie %a +ie %ing"!a p#%i,ilitate &e a -nlat"!a atac"l. n 'a%"!a -n
ca!e pe!%#ana atacata a!e la &i%p#)itie 'ai '"lte p#%i,ile 'i.l#ace
&e !e%pinge!e a atac"l"iB ea p#ate -n p!incipi" ")a &e #!ica!e &int!e
eleB %", !e)e!va !e%pecta!ii c#n&itiei p!#p#!ti#nalitatii.
c9 apa!a!ea t!e,"ie %a +ie p!#p#!ti#nala c" g!avitatea
atac"l"i
3apta %av1!%ita -n apa!a!e t!e,"ie %a p!e)inte # g!avitate
'ai 'ica %a" ap!#(i'ativ egala c" cea a atac"l"i. 7e%ig"! ca n"
e%te v#!,a aici &e "n calc"l 'ate'aticB ci &e # ap!ecie!e gl#,alaB
a%a c"' %e p"tea ea !eali)a -n c#n&itiile atac"l"i.
E(a'en"l &e p!#p#!ti#nalitate t!e,"ie %a p#!nea%ca &e la
"!'a!ile cel#! &#"a acti"niB a&ica "!'a!ea pe ca!e cel 'ai
p!#,a,il a! +i p!#&"%:# atac"l %i "!'a!ea p!#&"%a -n "!'a
apa!a!ii. T!e,"ie -n%a av"te -n ve&e!e %i val#!ile %#ciale -n
c#n+lictB 'i.l#acele "tili)ate -n atac %i apa!a!eB !ap#!t"l &e +#!te
&int!e ag!e%#! %i victi'a p!ec"' %i t#ate ci!c"'%tantele -n ca!e %:
a &e%+a%"!at atac"l.
.*. E+ectele legiti'ei apa!a!i
nt!"ni!ea t"t"!#! c#n&itiile anali)ate ante!i#! +ace ca
+apta c#'i%a %a +ie ."%ti+icata. A%a +iin&B pent!" # +apta c#'i%a -n
legiti'a apa!a!e n" e%te p#%i,ila aplica!ea "nei %ancti"ni %a" a
altei 'a%"!i c" ca!acte! penal 8'a%"!i &e %ig"!anta9.
n pl"%B legiti'a apa!a!e -nlat"!a%i !a%p"n&e!ea civila
pent!" p!e."&ici"l %"+e!it &e atacat#!. Mai '"lt &ec1t at1tB va +i
e(cl"%a !a%p"n&e!ea civila%i pent!" p!e."&ici"l ca")at p!in
&ete!i#!a!ea in%t!"'entel#! %a" 'i.l#acel#! +#l#%ite la
&e%+a%"!a!ea atac"l"iB c@ia! &aca n" apa!tin atacat#!"l"i. 7acaB
%p!e e(e'pl"B atacat#!"l %:a +#l#%it &e "n c1ine ca!e n" -i
apa!tinea %i ace%ta a +#%t "ci%B pe!%#ana ca!e a ,ene+iciat &e
e+ect"l ."%ti+icativ al legiti'ei apa!a!i n" va +i tin"ta %a !epa!e
p!e."&ici"l a%t+el %"+e!it &e p!#p!ieta!"l c1inel"i. Ace%ta %e va
6*
p"tea -n%a -n&!epta -'p#t!iva atacat#!"l"iB p#t!ivit &!ept"l"i
c#'"n.
./. Legiti'a apa!a!e p!e)"'ata
C#n+#!' a!t. 10 alin.* N.C.p.B %e p!e)"'a a +i -n
legiti'a apa!a!eB -n c#n&itiile alin.B acela ca!e c#'ite +apta
pent!" a !e%pinge pat!"n&e!ea "nei pe!%#ane -nt!:# l#c"intaB
-ncape!eB &epen&inta %a" l#c -'p!e.'"it tin1n& &e acea%taB +a!a
&!eptB p!in vi#lentaB viclenieB e+!actie %a" alte a%e'enea
'#&alitati nelegale #!i -n ti'p"l n#ptii.
Te(t"l !eia -n p!incipi" !egle'enta!ea c#ntin"ta -n a!t. //
alin.1 C.p. 8int!#&"% p!in Legea n!. 160C>> %i '#&i+icat p!in
Legea n!. /<C>>29B p#t!ivit ca!eia %e p!e)"'a ca e%te -n legiti'a
apa!a!e %i acela ca!e %av1!%e%te +apta pent!" a !e%pinge
pat!"n&e!ea +a!a &!ept a "nei pe!%#ane p!in vi#lentaB viclenieB
e+!actie %a" p!in alte a%e'enea 'i.l#aceB -nt!:# l#c"intaB -ncape!eB
&epen&inta %a" l#c -'p!e.'"it #!i &eli'itat p!in %e'ne &e
'a!ca!e.
Cel p"tin &#"a '#&i+ica!i p#t +i !e'a!cate -nt!e cele &#"a
!egle'enta!i. A%t+elE
:te(t"l n#"l"i C#& penal !e%t!1nge %+e!a %patiil#! p!#te.ate &e
p!e)"'tia &e legiti'a apa!a!e la %patiile legate &i!ect &e #
l#c"intaB -nlat"!1n& inci&enta p!e)"'tiei -n ca)"l alt"i l#c
-'p!e.'"it #!i &eli'itat p!in %e'ne &e 'a!ca!e. nt!:a&eva!B n"
e(i%ta nici# !ati"ne pent!" a a&'ite inci&enta p!e)"'tiei -n ca)"l
pat!"n&e!iiB &e pil&aB pe te!en"!i ag!ic#le %it"ate -n e(t!avilan"l
l#calitatii.
:te(t"l n#"l"i C#& penal c#n%ac!a # n#"a ip#te)a -n ca!e
p!e)"'tia &evine inci&enta 4 %it"atia -n ca!e pat!"n&e!ea %e +ace
-n %patiile 'enti#nate -n ti'p"l n#ptii. n ace%t ca)B n" 'ai e%te
nece%a! ca pat!"n&e!ea %a +ie +ac"ta -n '#&alitatile a!atate
8vi#lentaB e+!actie etc.9. n c#n%ecintaB p!e)"'tia &evine aplica,ila
%i at"nci c1n& cineva pat!"n&e n#aptea -n c"!tea l#c"inteiB
p!#+it1n& &e +apt"l ca p!#p!ieta!"l a "itat %a -nc"ie p#a!ta.
6/
La +el ca -n vec@ea !egle'enta!eB %i -n n#"l C#& penal e%te
v#!,a &e # p!e)"'tie !elativaB ce a!e &!ept c#n%ecinta # !a%t"!na!e
a %a!cinii p!#,eiB -n %en%"l ca n" pe!%#ana ca!e inv#ca legiti'a
apa!a!e t!e,"ie %a &#ve&ea%ca -n&eplini!ea c#n&itiil#! ce!"te &e
lege c" p!ivi!e la atac %i apa!a!eB ci pa!c@et"l t!e,"ie %a p!#,e)e
event"ala ne-n&eplini!e a ace%t#! c#n&itii. P!in "!'a!eB in%tit"i!ea
p!e)"'tiei &e legiti'a apa!a!e n" -nlat"!a ce!inta -n&eplini!ii
t"t"!#! c#n&itiil#! p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" atac. A%t+elB p!e)"'tia
&e legiti'a apa!a!e e%te -nlat"!ata at"nci c1n& %:a %ta,ilit ca
inc"lpat"l %i:a &at %ea'a ca n" e!a v#!,a &e "n atac 8int!"%"l a
pat!"n% &in e!#a!e -n c"!tea %aB +iin& -n %ta!e &e e,!ietate9B %a" ca
apa!a!ea e!a va&it &i%p!#p#!ti#nata +ata &e atac.
Mai t!e,"ie p!eci)at ca apa!a!ea legiti'a p!e)"'ata &e a!t.
10 alin.* N.C.p. p#ate +i e(e!citata n" &#a! &e p!#p!ieta!"l
l#c"intei %a" &e cel ca!e # +#l#%e%teB ci &e #!ice pe!%#ana ca!e
%e%i)ea)a -nce!ca!ea &e pat!"n&e!e %a" pat!"n&e!ea +a!a &!ept -n
%patiile a!atate.
D *. Sta!ea &e nece%itate
P#t!ivit a!t. > alin. N.C.p.B e%te -n %ta!e &e nece%itate
pe!%#ana ca!e %av1!%e%te +apta pent!" a %alva &e la "n pe!ic#l
i'e&iat %i ca!e n" p"tea +i -nlat"!at alt+elB viataB integ!itatea
c#!p#!ala %a" %anatatea %a #!i a altei pe!%#ane %a" "n ,"n
i'p#!tant al %a" #!i al altei pe!%#ane %a" "n inte!e% gene!alB &aca
"!'a!ile +aptei n" %"nt va&it 'ai g!ave &ec1t cele ca!e %:a! +i
p"t"t p!#&"ce -n ca)"l -n ca!e pe!ic#l"l n" e!a -nlat"!at.
Te(t"l n#"l"i C#& penal !eia -n linii gene!ale
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a c#ntin"ta -n a!t. /2 alin. C.p.B
c#n+#!' ca!"ia e%te -n %ta!e &e nece%itate acela ca!e %av1!%e%te
+apta pent!" a %alva &e la "n pe!ic#l i'inent %i ca!e n" p"tea +i
-nlat"!at alt+el viataB integ!itatea c#!p#!ala %a" %anatatea %aB a
alt"ia %a" "n ,"n i'p#!tant al %a" #!i al alt"ia %a" "n inte!e%
#,%te%c.
62
La +el ca %i -n ca)"l legiti'ei apa!a!iB pent!" a %e p"tea
inv#ca %ta!ea &e nece%itateB t!e,"ie -nt!"nite 'ai '"lte c#n&itiiB
!e+e!it#a!e la %ta!ea &e pe!ic#l %i !e%pectiv la acti"nea &e %alva!e.
*.1. C#n&itiile %ta!ii &e pe!ic#l
a9 pe!ic#l"l t!e,"ie %a +ie i'inent
Ca!acte!"l i'inent al pe!ic#l"l"i p!e%"p"ne ca ace%ta
t!e,"ie %a +ie pe p"nct"l &e a p!#&"ce "!'a!ea vata'at#a!e pent!"
val#a!ea %#ciala p!#te.ata. Pent!" e(a'ina!ea ca!acte!"l"i i'inent
al pe!ic#l"l"iB ."&ecat#!"l t!e,"ie %a %e pla%e)e la '#'ent"l
c#'ite!ii acti"niiB eval"1n& %it"atia a%a c"' a! +i +ac"t:# "n #'
#,i%n"itB c" c"n#%tintele %ale %i c" cele &e ca!e &i%p"nea a"t#!"lB
c@ia! &aca "lte!i#! %:a &#ve&it ca pe!ic#l"l -n !ealitate n" %:a! +i
p!#&"%. 7aca la '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii acti"nii pe!ic#l"l &i%pa!"%eB
n" %e 'ai p#ate !etine %ta!ea &e nece%itate. Sp!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l
"n"i na"+!agi"B %e a+la -n %ta!e &e nece%itate pe!%#ana ca!e l#ve%te
# alta pe!%#ana pent!" a:i l"a c#lac"l &e %alva!e. 7aca -n%aB la
'#'ent"l c1n& aplica l#vit"!a a"t#!"l p!i'i%e &e.a # ve%ta &e
%alva!eB pe!ic#l"l i'inent pent!" viata %a t!ec"%eB a%t+el ca +apta &e
a l"a %i c#lac"l &e %alva!e al victi'ei n" 'ai e%te c#'i%a -n %ta!e
&e nece%itate.
,9 pe!ic#l"l %a +ie inevita,il
Ca!acte!"l inevita,il al pe!ic#l"l"i p!e%"p"ne ca ace%ta n"
a! +i p"t"t +i -nlat"!at alt+el &ec1t p!in c#'ite!ea +aptei p!eva)"te
&e legea penala. C" alte c"vinteB c#'ite!ea +aptei t!e,"ie %a +ie
%ing"!a %#l"tie &e a %alva val#a!ea %#ciala a'enintata &e pe!ic#l.
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e pe!ic#l"l p"tea +i -nlat"!at +a!a a %e !ec"!ge la #
+apta penalaB %ta!ea &e nece%itate e%te e(cl"%a. A%a %e pil&aB "n
t#(ic#'an n" va p"tea inv#ca %ta!ea &e nece%itate -n ca)"l "n"i
+"!t c#'i% pent!" a:%i p"tea p!#c"!a &#)a )ilnicaB -nt!"c1t %ta!ea &e
pe!ic#l !e)"ltata &in nea&'ini%t!a!ea &#)ei p"tea +i -nlat"!ata p!in
p!e)enta!ea la "n cent!" &e a%i%tenta pent!" t#(ic#'ani.
66
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e a"t#!"l &i%p"ne &e 'ai '"lte p#%i,ilitati
&e a -nlat"!a pe!ic#l"lB &a! t#ate p!e%"p"n %av1!%i!ea "nei +apte
p!eva)"te &e legea penalaB %alva!ea t!e,"ie %a %e +aca p!in
c#'ite!ea +aptei 'ai p"tin g!ave.
c9 pe!ic#l"l %a n" +i +#%t c!eat -n '#& intenti#nat &e cel
ca!e inv#ca %ta!ea &e nece%itate
A%t+elB # pe!%#ana ca!e incen&ia)a intenti#nat i'#,il"l -n
ca!e %e a+laB n" p#ate inv#ca %ta!ea &e nece%itate c" p!ivi!e la #
+apta &e "ci&e!e a "nei alte pe!%#aneB c#'i%a pent!" a %e p"tea%alva &in incen&i". n ace%t ca)B n" e%te
nece%a! ca a"t#!"l %a +i
&#!it p!#v#ca!ea %ta!ii &e nece%itate 4 -n e(e'pl"l n#%t!" n" e%te
nece%a! ca el %a +i &#!it "ci&e!ea pe!%#anei -n ca")a%i %a +i
p!#v#cat incen&i"l ca p!ete(t pent!" acea%ta 4 +iin& %"+icient ca
intentia %a e(i%te c" p!ivi!e la "!'a!ea ca!e c#n%tit"ie %ta!ea &e
pe!ic#l 8-n ca)"l n#%t!"B incen&ie!ea9.
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e pe!ic#l"l n" a +#%t p!#v#cat &e cat!e cel
ca!e inv#ca %ta!ea &e nece%itateB a!e 'ai p"tina i'p#!tanta
#!iginea ace%t"ia. A%t+elB el p#ate +i c!eat &e # +#!ta a nat"!ii 4
%p!e e(e'pl"B "n t!a%net l#ve%te "n c#pac p!#v#c1n& "n incen&i"B
ia! pent!" a p!eveni e(tin&e!ea l"i %e &e+!i%ea)a # an"'ita
%"p!a+ata &e pa&"!e 4B &e acti"nea "n"i ani'al 4 %p!e e(e'pl"B "n
cal %pe!iat %e -n&!eapta -n vite)a %p!e "n g!"p &e c#piiB a%t+el ca #
pe!%#ana ca!e ve&e &e la &i%tanta inci&ent"l -l -'p"%caB 4 &e
an"'ite 'i.l#ace te@nice 4 %p!e e(e'pl"B %i%te'"l &e +!1na!e al
"nei ga!nit"!i &e t!en &e 'a!+a %e &e+ectea)aB a%a -nc1t pent!" a
evita &e!aie!ea -nt!:# )#na p#p"lata ga!nit"!a e%te a!"ncata -n ae!
etc.
&9 pe!ic#l"l %a a'eninte "na &int!e val#!ile a!atate -n
a!t. > alin.
P#t!ivit te(t"l"i 'enti#natB pe!ic#l"l p#ate %a p!ivea%ca
viataB integ!itatea c#!p#!ala %a" %anatatea %a #!i a altei pe!%#ane
%a" "n ,"n i'p#!tant al %a" #!i al altei pe!%#ane %a" "n inte!e%
gene!al.
6<
n ceea ce p!ive%te val#!ile pat!i'#niale vi)ate &e pe!ic#lB
te(t"l +#l#%e%te # +#!'"la!e gene!icaB !e+e!in&":%e la F"n ,"n
i'p#!tant al %a" %a" al altei pe!%#aneG. I'p#!tanta ,"n"l"i e%te #
c@e%ti"ne &e ap!ecie!e -n c#nc!etB &a! ceea ce t!e,"ie !etin"t e%te
+apt"l ca acea%ta i'p#!tanta n" %e ap!ecia)a n"'ai -n !ap#!t &e
val#a!ea ec#n#'ica a ,"n"l"i -n %ine. Sp!e e(e'pl"B p#ate +i "n
a%t+el &e ,"n i'p#!tant "n -n%c!i% %"%cepti,il &e a +i +#l#%it ca
p!#,a -nt!:"n p!#ce%B %a" "n -n%c!i% ca!e c#n%e'nea)a an"'ite
&!ept"!i ale &etinat#!"l"i #!i -i c#n+e!a # an"'ita v#catie 8&e
pil&aB "n te%ta'ent #l#g!a+9.
*.. C#n&itiile acti"nii &e %alva!e
Pent!" a ,ene+icia &e ."%ti+ica!ea at!a%a &e %ta!ea &e
nece%itateB acti"nea &e %alva!e t!e,"ie %a -n&eplinea%ca la !1n&"l ei
'ai '"lte c#n&itii.
a9 acti"nea &e %alva!e %a +ie c#'i%a c" intentia &e a
-nlat"!a pe!ic#l"l
A' a!atat %i -n ca)"l legiti'ei apa!a!i ca e%te nece%a!a n"
&#a! -nt!"ni!ea -n plan #,iectiv a c#n&itiil#! %ta!ii &e pe!ic#lB ci %i
c#n%tata!ea "n"i ele'ent %",iectivB !e%pectiv c#n%tienti)a!ea
ace%t"i pe!ic#l &e cat!e cel ca!e acti#nea)a%i v#inta l"i &e a:l
-nlat"!a. n 'a%"!a -n ca!e a"t#!"l p!in +apta %a a -nlat"!at "n
pe!ic#lB +a!a a avea -n%a c"n#%tinta &e ace%t l"c!"B n" %e p#ate
!etine %ta!ea &e nece%itate.
Acea%ta c#n&itie n" i'plica -n%a ina&'i%i,ilitatea !etine!ii
%ta!ii &e nece%itate -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! &in c"lpa. Ceea ce
i'p"ne c#n&itia anali)ata e%te ca acti"nea c#'i%a %a +ie 'enita %a
-nlat"!e pe!ic#l"l.
,9 acti"nea &e %alva!e %a +ie %ing"!a cale &e evita!e a
pe!ic#l"l"i
A%t+elB &aca # pe!%#ana p#ate %capa p!in +"ga &e pe!ic#lB
c#'ite!ea "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala n" e%te ."%ti+icata.
6$
n pl"%B -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e acti"nea n" e!a %"%cepti,ila &e a
-nlat"!a pe!ic#l"lB ci &#a! a +#%t c#'i%a -n c#nte(t"l ace%t"iaB n" %e
p#ate v#!,i &e # %ta!e &e nece%itate.
c9 acti"nea &e %alva!e %a n" p!#&"ca # "!'a!e va&it 'ai
g!ava &ec1t aceea pe ca!e a! +i p!#&"%:# pe!ic#l"l
Acea%ta c#n&itie !ep!e)inta !e+lecta!ea ce!intei
p!#p#!ti#nalitatii -n 'ate!ia %ta!ii &e nece%itate.
A%t+elB la +el ca %i -n ca)"l legiti'ei apa!a!iB n" e%te
p#%i,ila %ac!i+ica!ea "nei vieti pent!" %alva!ea "n#! ,"n"!i %a"
&!ept"!i pat!i'#niale.
A%a c"' %:a %",liniat -n &#ct!inaB ap!ecie!ea c#n&itiei
p!#p#!ti#nalitatii n" %e p#ate +ace &#a! pe ,a)a "nei eval"a!i in
a,%t!act# a val#!il#! %#ciale a+late -n c#n+lict. A%t+elB t!e,"ie av"te
-n ve&e!eB pe l1nga val#a!ea int!in%eca a inte!e%"l"i %alvat %i a
cel"i %ac!i+icatB ca!acte!"l !epa!a,il %a" i!epa!a,il al p!e."&ici"l"i
ca")atB i'p#!tanta %#ciala a ,"n"l"iB %an%ele !eale &e %alva!e a
"neia &int!e val#!ile %#ciale -n c#n+lict etc.
Legi"it#!"l n#%t!" a la%at # 'a!.a &e ap!ecie!e
c#n%i&e!a,ila -n +av#a!ea cel"i ca!e inv#ca %ta!ea &e nece%itate -n
ceea ce p!ive%te ap!ecie!ea p!#p#!ti#nalitatiiB &at +iin& ca e%te
e(cl"%a !etine!ea ca")ei ."%ti+icative &#a! at"nci c1n& +apta a
p!#&"% "!'a!i va&it 'ai g!ave &ec1t "!'a!ile p!#,a,ile ale
pe!ic#l"l"i.
&9 pe!%#ana ca!e a c#'i% acti"nea &e %alva!e %a n" +i
av"t #,ligatia &e a %e %ac!i+ica
E(i%ta an"'ite p!#+e%ii %a" #c"patii ca!e p!e%"p"n #
#,ligatie i'plicita &e a -n+!"nta an"'ite !i%c"!i %peci+ice
e(e!cita!ii l#!. A%t+elB "n p#'pie! e%te #,ligat %a %"p#!te !i%c"!ile
ca!e &ec"!g &in %tinge!ea "n"i incen&i"B %alvat#!ii 'a!ini %a"
'#ntani %"p#!ta !i%c"!ile acti"nil#! &e %alva!eB 'e&ic"l %"p#!ta
!i%c"l &e a ca&ea victi'a "nei 'ala&ii c#ntagi#a%e etc.
E(i%tenta "nei a%e'enea #,ligatii &e %ac!i+ici" n" i'plicaB
-n%aB e(cl"&e!ea &e plan# a pe!%#anel#! -n ca")a &in %+e!a &e
60
aplica!e a %ta!ii &e nece%itate. n p!i'"l !1n&B at"nci c1n& inte!vin
pent!" %alva!ea "n"i te!tB ei acti#nea)a &e !eg"la -n %ta!e &e
nece%itate. A%a &e pil&aB p#'pie!"l ca!eB pent!" a %alva # pe!%#ana
&int!:"n incen&i"B &i%t!"ge ,"n"!i ale altei pe!%#aneB n" va
!a%p"n&e pent!" +apta &e &i%t!"ge!eB acea%ta +iin& c#'i%a -n %ta!e
&e nece%itate.
Li'ita!ea pe ca!e # i'p"ne acea%ta c#n&itie e%te aceea ca
pe!%#ana ca!e avea #,ligatia &e a -n+!"nta pe!ic#l"l n" va p"tea
inv#ca %ta!ea &e nece%itate c1n& a acti#nat pent!" a %e %alva pe
%ine c" -ncalca!ea #,ligatiil#! ca!e -i !evenea". A%a &e pil&aB
p#'pie!"l n" %e a+la -n %ta!e &e nece%itate at"nci c1n& p!#v#aca
'#a!tea "nei pe!%#ane pent!" a p"tea %a c#,#a!e el pe %ca!a &e
incen&i" %p!e a %e %alva.
*.*. E+ectele %ta!ii &e nece%itate
La +el ca %i -n ca)"l legiti'ei apa!a!iB -n ip#te)a %ta!ii &e
nece%itate %"nte' -n p!e)enta "nei ca")e ."%ti+icativeB ca!e -nlat"!a
&eci #!ice p#%i,ilitate &e aplica!e a "nei %ancti"ni %a" a altei
'a%"!i c" ca!acte! penal.
C" t#ate ace%teaB e(i%ta # &i+e!enta i'p#!tanta +ata &e
legiti'a apa!a!eB -n plan"l !a%p"n&e!ii civile. n ca)"l legiti'ei
apa!a!i p!e."&ici"l e!a p!#&"% -n &a"na atacat#!"l"iB a&ica a cel"i
ca!e a c#'i% # +apta ne."%ti+icata. n %it"atia %ta!ii &e nece%itateB
p!e."&ici"l %e p!#&"ce &e cele 'ai '"lte #!i -n &a"na "n"i te!t
ca!e n" a!e ni'ic c#'"n c" pe!ic#l"l c!eat. 7e aceea %i %#l"tia
t!e,"ie %a +ie &i+e!ita. A%a c"' a!ata' &e.aB -n ca)"l +aptei c#'i%e
-n %ta!e &e nece%itate pe!%#ana ca!e a e+ect"at acti"nea &e %alva!e a
,"n"l"i p!#p!i" e%te tin"ta %a -l &e%pag",ea%ca pe te!t pent!"
p!e."&ici"l %"+e!it &e ace%ta -n "!'a acti"nii &e %alva!e.
n ip#te)a -n ca!e acti"nea &e %alva!e a +#%t e+ect"ata &e "n
te!tB cel -n +av#a!ea ca!"ia %:a inte!venit va t!e,"i %a -l
&e%pag",ea%ca pe cel ca!e a %"+e!it p!e."&ici"lB %alvat#!"l
neint!1n& -n v!e"n !ap#!t &e &!ept civil c" ace%ta &in "!'a.
<>
D /. E(e!cita!ea "n"i &!ept %a" -n&eplini!ea "nei #,ligatii
P#t!ivit a!t. 1 N.C.p.B e%te ."%ti+icata +apta p!eva)"ta &e
legea penala c#n%t1n& -n e(e!cita!ea "n"i &!ept !ec"n#%c"t &e
lege %a" -n -n&eplini!ea "nei #,ligatii i'p"%e &e legeB c"
!e%pecta!ea c#n&itiil#! %i li'itel#! p!eva)"te &e acea%ta.
89 E%te &e a%e'enea ."%ti+icata +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea
penalaB c#n%t1n& -n -n&eplini!ea "nei #,ligatii i'p"%e &e
a"t#!itatea c#'petentaB -n +#!'a p!eva)"ta &e legeB &aca acea%ta
n" e%te -n '#& va&it ilegala.
E%te # ca")a ."%ti+icativa c#n%ac!ata e(plicit &e n#"l C#&
penalB %", i'pe!i"l C#&"l"i &in 1060B ea c#n%tit"in& # ca")a
e(t!alegalaB a%t+el ca n#"a !egle'enta!e n" a!e c#!e%p#n&ent -n
&i%p#)itiile ace%t"i c#&.
Ca!acte!"l %a" ."%ti+icativ -%i a!e +"n&a'ent"l -n "nitatea
#!&inii ."!i&iceB caci n" a! +i &e c#ncep"t ca # activitate a"t#!i)ata
%a" #!&#nata &e # n#!'a ."!i&ica %a +ie c#n%i&e!ata ilicita &e cat!e
# alta n#!'a.
n ceea ce p!ive%te e(e!cita!ea "n"i &!eptB -n &#ct!ina %e
a!ata ca ace%ta -%i p#ate avea i)v#!"l at1t -nt!:# lege -n %en%
!e%t!1n%B c1t %i -n alte acte n#!'ative 8@#ta!1!iB acte a&'ini%t!ative
in&ivi&"ale9 %a" -n c"t"'a.
C" titl" e(e'pli+icativB ne v#' #p!i -n cele ce "!'ea)a
a%"p!a c1t#!va %it"atii -n ca!e e(e!cita!ea "n"i &!ept apa!e ca #
ca")a ."%ti+icativa.
a9 &!ept"l &e c#!ectie al pa!intil#! a%"p!a c#piil#! 'in#!i
C#n%i&e!at &e 'a.#!itatea &#ct!inei ca "n &!ept &e %#!ginte
c"t"'ia!aB &!ept"l pa!intil#! &e a aplica "nele c#!ectii &e 'ica
g!avitate c#piil#! l#!B e%te %"%cepti,il &e a -nlat"!a ca!acte!"l ilicit
-n ca)"l "n#! +apte &e g!avitate !e&"%a 8a'eninta!ea etc.9.
Av1n& -n ve&e!e '#&i+ica!ile legi%lative &in "lti'ii ani c"
inci&enta -n &#'eni"l p!#tectiei &!ept"!il#! c#pil"l"iB t!e,"ie %a
a&'ite' ca -n p!e)ent -n %+e!a &!ept"l"i &e c#!ectie n" %e 'ai
<1
p#ate incl"&e %i &!ept"l &e a e(e!cita vi#lente +i)iceB c@ia! &e 'ica
inten%itate 8a!t. 10* alin. 1 N.C.p.9B a%t+el ca ace%tea v#! t!e,"i
c#n%i&e!ate ca +apte ne."%ti+icate %i at"nci c1n& a" +#%t c#'i%e -n
ca&!" +a'ilial %i -n legat"!a c" e&"ca!ea 'in#!"l"i.
7!ept"l &e c#!ectie p#ate +i &elegat &e cat!e pa!inti -n
+av#a!ea alt#! pe!%#ane 8e&"cat#!iB pe!%#ane -n g!i.a ca!#!a e%te
la%at 'in#!"l9B &a! n" p#ate +i e(e!citat &e pe!%#ane %t!aine.
,9 a"t#!i)a!ea #+iciala
7e cele 'ai '"lte #!i a,%enta "nei a"t#!i)a!i &in pa!tea
#!gan"l"i &e %tat c#'petent apa!e ca "n ele'ent c#n%tit"tiv al
in+!acti"niiB a%t+el ca a"t#!i)a!ea -nlat"!a -n%a%i p!eve&e!ea +aptei
-n legea penala. n ip#te)a -n ca!e legi"it#!"l n" a p!eva)"t ace%t
ele'ent c#n%tit"tivB e(i%tenta "nei a"t#!i)a!i a!e %e'ni+icatia "nei
ca")e ."%ti+icative. A%a &e pil&aB e(@"'a!ea "n"i ca&av!"
-nt!"ne%te ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale +aptei p!eva)"te &e a!t. *$*
N.C.p.B -n%a at"nci c1n& %:a e+ect"at c" a"t#!i)atia e'i%a &e
#!gan"l &e %tat c#'petentB n" va avea ca!acte! ilicit %iB &eciB n" va
c#n%tit"i in+!acti"ne.
c9 e(e!cita!ea "n#! &!ept"!i ale c!e&it#!"l"i
Sp!e e(e'pl"B &!ept"l &e !etentieB !ec"n#%c"t &e &#ct!ina
%i ."!i%p!"&enta -n +av#a!ea c!e&it#!"l"i c" p!ivi!e la ,"n"l
&e,it#!"l"i p1na la e(ec"ta!ea #,ligatiil#! na%c"te -n legat"!a c"
l"c!"l !e%pectivB c#n%tit"ie # ca")a ."%ti+icativa -n ca)"l +aptei &e
a,") &e -nc!e&e!e 8a!t. *$ N.C.p.9 c#'i%a -n '#&alitatea
!e+")"l"i &e !e%tit"i!e.
n ceea ce p!ive%te -n&eplini!ea "nei #,ligatiiB acea%ta
p#ate avea %e'ni+icatia "nei ca")e ."%ti+icativeB in&i+e!ent &aca
e%te v#!,a &e # #,ligatie i)v#!1ta &i!ect &int!:# n#!'a ."!i&ica %a"
&int!:# &i%p#)itie a a"t#!itatii.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B +apta &e a &e'#la "n i'#,il apa!tin1n& altei
pe!%#ane -nt!"ne%te ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale &i%t!"ge!ii
p!eva)"ta &e a!t. 2* N.C.p. 7aca -n%a &e'#la!ea %e +ace pent!"
p"ne!ea -n e(ec"ta!e a "nei @#ta!1!i ."&ecat#!e%ti e'i%e -n ace%t
<
%en%B +apta n" va c#nt!aveni #!&inii ."!i&ice %i n" va c#n%tit"i
in+!acti"ne.
At"nci c1n& #!&in"l &e a c#'ite +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea
penala a +#%t e'i% &e # a"t#!itateB e(ec"ta!ea %a c#n%tit"ie &eci
ca")a ."%ti+icativaB c" e(ceptia %it"atiei -n ca!e #!&in"l e%te va&it
ilegal. P!in "!'a!eB e(ec"ta!ea "n"i #!&in ilegal int!a%i ea %",
inci&enta ca")ei ."%ti+icativeB -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e #!&in"l n" e%te
va&it ilegal. Sp!e e(e'pl"B p"ne!ea -n e(ec"ta!e a "n"i 'an&at &e
a!e%ta!e e'i% &e ."&ecat#! n" at!age !a%p"n&e!ea penala a cel"i
ca!e l:a e(ec"tatB c@ia! %i at"nci c1n& a!e%ta!ea a +#%t &i%p"%a c"
-ncalca!ea !eg"lil#! &e c#'petenta 'ate!iala 8#!&in nelegal9. 7aca
-n%a a!e%ta!ea a +#%t &i%p"%a &e p!i'a!"l l#calitatiiB #!&in"l e%te
va&it ilegal %i n" p#ate c#n%tit"i # ca")a ."%ti+icativa pent!" cel
ca!e l:a e(ec"tat.
D 2. C#n%i'ta'1nt"l pe!%#anei vata'ate
P#t!ivit a!t. N.C.p.B e%te ."%ti+icata +apta p!eva)"ta &e
legea penala %av1!%ita c" c#n%i'ta'1nt"l pe!%#anei vata'ateB
&aca acea%ta p"tea %a &i%p"na -n '#& legal &e val#a!ea %#ciala
le)ata %a" p"%a -n pe!ic#l.
89 C#n%i'ta'1nt"l pe!%#anei vata'ate n" p!#&"ce e+ecte
-n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! c#nt!a vietiiB p!ec"' %i at"nci c1n& legea
e(cl"&e e+ect"l ."%ti+icativ al ace%t"ia.
S"nte' %i &e acea%ta &ata -n p!e)enta "nei ca")e
."%ti+icative n#":int!#&"%eB &i%p#)itiile a!t. N.C.p. neav1n&
c#!e%p#n&ent -n C#&"l penal &in 1060.
T!e,"ie p!eci)at &e la -ncep"tB c#n%i'ta'1nt"l pe!%#anei
vata'ate p#ate -n&eplini 'ai '"lte +"nctii. El p#ate c#n%tit"i #
ca")a &e -nlat"!a!e "n"i ele'ent c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"niiB at"nci
c1n& a,%enta c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"i apa!e ca "n a%t+el &e ele'ent.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B +"!t"l e%te l"a!ea "n"i ,"n '#,il &in p#%e%ia %a"
&etentia alt"ia +a!a c#n%i'ta'1nt"l ace%t"ia 8a!t. $ N.C.p.9.
<*
O alta p#%i,ila +"nctie a c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"iB ca!e ne
inte!e%ea)a -n ace%t c#nte(tB c#n%ta -n aptit"&inea %a &e a -nlat"!a
-n an"'ite ca)"!i ca!acte!"l ne."%ti+icat al +apteiB c" alte c"vinte
&e a #pe!a ca %i ca")a ."%ti+icativa. A%t+elB c#n%i'ta'1nt"l apa!e
ca # ca")a ."%ti+icativa -n ca)"l acel#! in+!acti"ni p!in ca!e %e
p!#te.ea)a # val#a!e al ca!ei p"!tat#! e%te pe!%#ana +i)ica %a"
."!i&ica %",iect pa%iv %i &e ca!e ace%t %",iect p#ate &i%p"ne.
C#n&itii &e vala,ilitate a c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"iE
a9 c#n%i'ta'1nt"l t!e,"ie %a +ie vala,il e(p!i'at
Acea%ta -n%ea'na -n p!i'"l !1n& ca tit"la!"l val#!ii %#ciale
#c!#tite t!e,"ie %a +ie # pe!%#ana ca!e -ntelege %e'ni+icatia act"l"i
%a" &e &i%p#)itie %i -l +ace -n c"n#%tinta &e ca")a. 5ala,ilitatea
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"i n" e%teB -n%aB c#n&iti#nata &e e(i%tenta
capacitatii &e e(e!citi" &in &!ept"l civil. n ace%t %en% %:a
p!#n"ntat %i p!actica n#a%t!a ."&icia!a c" p!ivi!e la &eli'ita!ea
in+!acti"nii &e vi#l +ata &e cea &e act %e("al c" "n 'in#!B !etin1n&
vi#l"l at"nci c1n& &at#!ita v1!%tei victi'a n" avea !ep!e)enta!ea
act"l"i pe ca!e -l c#'iteB +a!a a +aceB -n%aB v!e# !e+e!i!e la
capacitatea civila.
N" e(i%taB -n%aB &e !eg"laB c#n&itii !e+e!it#a!e la +#!'a pe
ca!e c#n%i'ta'1nt"l t!e,"ie %a # -',!aceB el +iin& vala,il
in&i+e!ent &aca a +#%t e(p!i'at -n +#!'a #!ala %a" %c!i%a. Mai '"ltB
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l p#ate +i c@ia! tacitB -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e c#n%ta -nt!"n
c#'p#!ta'ent "niv#c al tit"la!"l"i &!ept"l"i. Sp!e e(e'pl"B &e
+ata c" p!#p!ieta!"l "n"i ,"nB cineva -l &i%t!"geB ia! p!#p!ieta!"l n"
+ace ni'ic pent!" a:l -'pie&ica %a" &e)ap!#,a.
T#t"%iB -n an"'ite ca)"!iB &at#!ita i'p#!tantei val#!ii
%#ciale #c!#tite %i a !i%c"l"i c#'ite!ii "n#! a,")"!iB
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l t!e,"ie %a -',!ace # an"'ita +#!'a ce!"ta &e
lege. A%a &e pil&aB a!t. 1// &in Legea n!. 02C>>6 i'p"ne -n
'ate!ia p!eleva!ii %i t!an%plant"l"i &e te%"t"!i %i #!gane "'ane #
%e!ie &e c#n&itii &e +#!'a pent!" c#n%i'ta'1nt. A%t+elB ace%ta
</
t!e,"ie &at -n +#!'a %c!i%aB c#n+#!' "n"i '#&el %ta,ilit p!in legeB
c" avi)"l c#'i%iei &e avi)a!e a &#na!ii etc.
,9 c#n%i'ta'1nt"l t!e,"ie %a +ie act"al
Acea%ta c#n&itie i'plica +apt"l ca el t!e,"ie %a e(i%te la
'#'ent"l c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii 4 &eci %a +ie e(p!i'at p1na cel
t1!)i" la '#'ent"l p!i'"l"i act &e e(ec"ta!e 4 %i %a %e 'entina pe
t#ata pe!i#a&a c#'ite!ii acti"nii. O !ati+ica!e "lte!i#a!a a act"l"i
c#'i% n" ec@ivalea)a c" "n c#n%i'ta'1nt.
c9 c#n%i'ta'1nt"l t!e,"ie %a p!ivea%ca # val#a!e %#ciala
&e ca!e tit"la!"l p#ate &i%p"ne
Acea%ta c#n&itie c#n%tit"ie n"cle"l p!#,le'aticii
!e+e!it#a!e la vali&itatea c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"i ca %i ca")a ."%ti+icativa
%iB -n acela%i ti'pB p!incipala li'ita -n p!ivinta %+e!ei +aptel#! c"
p!ivi!e la ca!e p#ate #pe!a.
Se c#n%i&e!a ca +iin& &i%p#ni,ile acele &!ept"!i ca!e n"
p!e)inta # i'e&iata "tilitate %#ciala%i ca!e %"nt !ec"n#%c"te &e %tat
-n p!i'"l !1n& pent!" a a%ig"!a c#n+#!t"l in&ivi&"l"i. A%t+elB e%te
e(cl"%a !elevanta ca %i ca")a ."%ti+icativa a c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"i -n
ca)"l +aptel#! ca!e a&"c atinge!e "n"i inte!e% c#lectivB a%a c"' %e
-nt1'pla -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! c#nt!a %ig"!antei %tat"l"iB c#nt!a
-n+apt"i!ii ."%titieiB c#nt!a %anatatii p",lice etc.
C#n%tit"ieB -n %c@i',B &!ept"!i &i%p#ni,ile 'a.#!itatea
&!ept"!il#! pat!i'#niale. A%t+elB -n p!incipi"B #!ice p!#p!ieta!
p#ate c#n%i'ti ca ,"n"l %a" %a +ie &i%t!"% &e # alta pe!%#ana.
E(i%taB -n%aB %i # e(ceptie. At"nci c1n& legea inc!i'inea)a
&i%t!"ge!ea ,"n"l"i p!#p!i" &e cat!e -n%"%i p!#p!ieta!B
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l e%te ine+icientB pent!" ca p!#p!ieta!"l n" p#ate
t!an%'ite alt"ia "n &!ept pe ca!e n" -l a!e.
n ceea ce p!ive%te &!ept"!ile inti' legate &e pe!%#ana
tit"la!"l"iB %it"atia e%te '"lt 'ai c#'ple(a. Se c#n%i&e!a -n
'a.#!itatea %i%te'el#! ."!i&ice act"ale ca +iin& in&i%p#ni,il &!ept"l
la viataB e"tana%ia +iin& %ancti#nata%i -n &!ept"l n#%t!".
<2
Alte &!ept"!i in&ivi&"ale 8%anatateB integ!itate c#!p#!alaB
li,e!tateB &e'nitateB #n#a!e9 %"nt c#n%i&e!ate &!ept"!i &i%p#ni,ile
-n p!incipi"B -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e c#n%i'ta'1nt"l &at n" a!e ca e+ect
# %ac!i+ica!e t#tala a &!ept"l"i -n ca")a %a" n" e%te c#nt!a! #!&inii
p",lice %a" ,"nel#! '#!av"!i.
&9 c#n%i'ta'1nt"l t!e,"ie %a p!#vina &e la tit"la!"l
val#!ii %#ciale #c!#tite
Sp!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! c#nt!a +a'ilieiB
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l e%te lip%it &e e+ecteB pent!" ca tit"la!"l val#!ii
%#ciale #c!#tite e%te %#cietatea %i n" "n"l &int!e %#ti. 7e aceeaB
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l %#tiei pent!" -nc@eie!ea &e cat!e %#t a "nei n#i
ca%at#!ii n" ."%ti+ica in+!acti"nea &e ,iga'ie.
Cel 'ai a&e%eaB c#n%i'ta'1nt"l e%te e(p!i'at pe!%#nal &e
cat!e a"t#!B &a! n" e%te e(cl"%a
&e plan# nici p#%i,ilitatea
e(p!i'a!ii c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"i p!int!:"n !ep!e)entant. A%a &e pil&aB
p!#p!ieta!"l "n"i ,"n p#ate &elega "n"i a&'ini%t!at#! &!ept"l &e a
c#n%i'ti la &i%t!"ge!ea ace%t"ia. E(i%ta -n%a%i val#!i %#ciale inti'
legate &e pe!%#ana tit"la!"l"iB -n ca)"l ca!#!a c#n%i'ta'1nt"l n"
%e p#ate e(p!i'a &e # alta pe!%#ana. Sp!e e(e'pl"B
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l 'a'ei ca "n ,a!,at %a ai,a "n !ap#!t %e("al c"
+iica %a n" a!e nici# val#a!e -n lip%a c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"i pe!%#nal al
+iicei.
e9 c#n%i'ta'1nt"l %a +ie &ete!'inat
C#n%i'ta'1nt"l n" e%te vala,il at"nci c1n& "!'a!ile
acti"nii c#n%i'tite n" p#t +i &ete!'inate ante!i#! c#'ite!ii +aptei.
N" e%teB -n%aB inc#'pati,ila c" c#n&itia ca!acte!"l"i &ete!'inat al
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"iB e+ect"a!ea acti"nii &e cat!e "n n"'a!
ne&ete!'inat &e pe!%#aneB &aca acea%ta a +#%t v#inta tit"la!"l"i
&!ept"l"i. Sp!e e(e'pl"B p!#p!ieta!"l "nei live)i an"nta ca #!icine
p#ate %a c"leaga +!"ctele !a'a%e -n liva&a.
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e ace%te c#n&itii %"nt !e"niteB t!e,"ie
!ec"n#%c"te c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"i pe!%#anei vata'ate e+ecte %i'ila!e
#!ica!ei ca")e ."%ti+icative. A%a +iin&B +apta n" va c#n%tit"i
<6
in+!acti"ne. Mai '"ltB av1n& -n ve&e!e ca event"al"l p!e."&ici" %e
p!#&"ce -n &a"na cel"i ca!e a c#n%i'tit la c#'ite!ea +apteiB n" %e
va p"tea anga.a nici !a%p"n&e!ea civila -n %a!cina cel"i ca!e a
c#'i% acti"nea c#n%i'tita.
<<
: CAPITOLUL 5I :
IN3RACTIUNEA 4 3APTA IMPUTA=ILA PERSOANEI
CARE A COMIS:O.
CAU6ELE 7E NEIMPUTA=ILITATE
D 1. P!eli'ina!ii
P!eve&e!ea -n legea penala%i ca!acte!"l ne."%ti+icat
p!e%"p"n &eci c#n%tata!ea +apt"l"i ca # an"'ita c#n&"ita "'anaB
c#n+#!'a c" cea &e%c!i%a -nt!:# n#!'a &in pa!tea %pecialaB a!e
ca!acte! ilicitB c#nt!avenin& #!&inii ."!i&ice. Pent!" ca a"t#!"l
ace%tei c#n&"ite %a p#ata +i %ancti#natB e nece%a!a %ta,ili!ea
+apt"l"i ca el e%te pe!%#nal !a%p"n)at#! &e c#'ite!ea +apteiB '#tiv
pent!" ca!e cel#! &#"a categ#!ii ."!i&ice &e.a anali)ateB li %e
a&a"ga # a t!eia categ#!ie :i'p"ta,ilitatea.
I'p"ta,ilitatea p!e%"p"ne ca a"t#!"l"i +aptei i %e p#ate
!ep!#%a c#'ite!ea ace%teiaB c" alte c"vinte ea apa!e ca "n !ep!#%
+ac"t a"t#!"l"i pent!" alege!ea %a &e a -ncalca legeaB c" t#ate ca
p"tea %a i %e c#n+#!'e)e.
Pent!" e(i%tenta i'p"ta,ilitatii %"nt nece%a!e t!ei c#n&itii
e%entialeE !e%p#n%a,ilitateaB c"n#a%te!ea ca!acte!"l"i ilicit al
+aptei %i e(igi,ilitatea "nei c#n&"ite c#n+#!'e n#!'ei ."!i&ice.
3ieca!e &int!e ace%te p!e'i%e p#ate +i -nlat"!ata -n p!e)enta
an"'it#! -'p!e."!a!iB n"'ite ca")e &e nei'p"ta,ilitate.
N#ti"nea &e ca")e &e nei'p"ta,ilitate n" e!a +#l#%ita &e
C#&"l penal &in 1060B ca!e le incl"&eaB -'p!e"na c" ca")ele
."%ti+icativeB -n categ#!ia gene!ala a ca")el#! ca!e -nlat"!a
ca!acte!"l penal al +aptei.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e ca")ele ."%ti+icative ca!e p!#&"c e+ecte
in !e' %i %e !a%+!1ng %i a%"p!a pa!ticipantil#!B ca")ele &e
nei'p"ta,ilitate p!#&"c e+ecte in pe!%#na'B c" e(ceptia ca)"l"i
+#!t"it ca!e p!e%"p"ne # i'p#%i,ilitate gene!ala%i #,iectiva &e
p!eve&e!e.
<$
D . Re%p#n%a,ilitatea. Ca")ele ca!e -nlat"!a !e%p#n%a,ilitatea
Ca p!i' ele'ent al i'p"ta,ilitatiiB !e%p#n%a,ilitatea
p!e%"p"ne aptit"&inea %",iect"l"i &e a a&#pta # c#n&"ita
c#n+#!'a c" e(igentele #!&inii ."!i&iceB c" alte c"vinteB
capacitatea &e a -ntelege nat"!a %i "!'a!ile +aptei %ale %i &e a:%i
&i!i.a c#n&"ita -n c#n%ecinta. 7e aceeaB e(i%tenta !e%p#n%a,ilitatii
p!e%"p"ne "n an"'it g!a& &e 'at"!i)a!e a pe!%#anei "'ane &a! %i
# %ta!e ,i#:p%i@ica &e nat"!a a:i pe!'ite %",iect"l"i %a c"n#a%ca
%e'ni+icatia act"l"i %a" %i %a -%i &i!i.e)e -nt!:"n an"'it '#&
c#n&"ita.
La +el ca %i C#&"l penal &in 1060B n#"l C#& penal !egle'entea)a
t!ei ca")e ca!e e(cl"& !e%p#n%a,ilitateaE 'in#!itateaB
i!e%p#n%a,ilitatea %i int#(icatia 8,etia9.
.1. Min#!itatea
P#t!ivit a!t. < N.C.p.B n" e%te i'p"ta,ila +apta p!eva)"ta
&e legea penala %av1!%ita &e "n 'in#!B ca!e la &ata c#'ite!ii
ace%teia n" -n&eplinea c#n&itiile legale pent!" a !a%p"n&e penal.
Te(t"l !eia &i%p#)itiile a!t. 2> C.p.B %ing"!a '#&i+ica!e c#n%t1n& -n
int!#&"ce!ea n#ti"nii &e i'p"ta,ilitate.
n ace%t ca) a"t#!"l n" -n&epline%te c#n&itiile pent!" a i %e
+ace !ep!#%"l p!ivin& c#'ite!ea +apteiB &ata +iin& in%"+icienta %a
&e)v#lta!e p%i@#:+i)icaB ce n" -i pe!'ite %a -nteleaga %e'ni+icatia
%#ciala a +aptel#! %ale.
P#t!ivit a!t. 11* N.C.p.B capacitatea penala a 'in#!"l"i %e
&ete!'ina -n '#& &i+e!itB -n +"nctie &e v1!%ta ace%t"ia. A%t+elB
'in#!"l ca!e n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1/ ani n" !a%p"n&e penalB
'in#!"l c" v1!%ta c"p!in%a -nt!e 1/ %i 16 ani !a%p"n&e penal n"'ai
&aca %e &#ve&e%te ca a l"c!at c" &i%ce!na'1ntB ia! 'in#!"l ca!e a
-'plinit 16 ani !a%p"n&e penal.
P!in "!'a!eB -n ca)"l 'in#!"l"i c" v1!%ta %", 1/ aniB
#pe!ea)a # p!e)"'tie a,%#l"ta -n %en%"l lip%ei &i%ce!na'1nt"l"iB
p!e)"'tie ne%"%cepti,ila &e p!#,a c#nt!a!a in&i+e!ent &e g!a&"l &e
<0
&e)v#lta!e p%i@#:+i)ica a 'in#!"l"i %i in&i+e!ent &e nat"!a
in+!acti"nii c#'i%e. P!in "!'a!eB -n ace%t ca)B 'in#!"l n" va
!a%p"n&e penal nici#&ataB +a!a e(ceptie. T#t"%iB c#n+#!' a!t. $>
&in Legea n!. <C>>/ p!ivin& p!#'#va!ea &!ept"!il#! c#pil"l"iB
-n ace%t ca)B la p!#p"ne!ea &i!ectiei gene!ale &e a%i%tenta %#ciala%i
p!#tectia c#pil"l"i -n a ca!ei "nitate a&'ini%t!ativ:te!it#!iala %e
ga%e%te c#pil"lB %e va l"a +ie 'a%"!a pla%a'ent"l"iB +ie cea a
%"p!aveg@e!ii %peciali)ate.
O!gan"l c#'petent a &i%p"ne a%"p!a 'a%"!ii e%te C#'i%ia
pent!" P!#tectia C#pil"l"iB &aca e(i%ta ac#!&"l
pa!intil#!C!ep!e)entant"l"i legal al c#pil"l"iB !e%pectiv in%tantaB
&aca ace%t ac#!& lip%e%te.
n ca)"l 'in#!"l"i c" v1!%ta c"p!in%a -nt!e 1/ %i 16 aniB
#pe!ea)a t#t # p!e)"'tie a lip%ei &i%ce!na'1nt"l"iB &a! acea%ta
p!e)"'tie p#ate +i !a%t"!nata p!in &#va&a c#nt!a!aB a&ica p!in
p!#,a e(i%tentei &i%ce!na'1nt"l"i. E(i%tenta &i%ce!na'1nt"l"i %e
%ta,ile%te pe ,a)a c#ncl")iei "nei e(pe!ti)e &e %pecialitate %i ea %e
!ap#!tea)a -nt#t&ea"na la +apta c#nc!eta. 7e aceeaB e%te p#%i,il caB
-n ip#te)a c#'ite!ii &e cat!e 'in#! a 'ai '"lt#! +apte p!eva)"te
&e legea penalaB -n !ap#!t c" "nele %a %e c#n%tate p!e)enta
&i%ce!na'1nt"l"iB ia! -n !ap#!t c" altele %a %e %ta,ilea%ca a,%enta
ace%t"ia.
n +ineB -n ca)"l 'in#!"l"i ca!e a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 16 aniB
#pe!ea)a # p!e)"'tie -n %en%"l e(i%tentei &i%ce!na'1nt"l"i.
Acea%ta n" -n%ea'na ca !e%p#n%a,ilitatea 'in#!"l"i a+lat -n
acea%ta %it"atie n" a! p"tea +i -nlat"!ata -n te'ei"l int#(icatiei %a"
al i!e%p#n%a,ilitatiiB la +el c"' %e -nt1'pla%i -n ca)"l 'a.#!"l"i.
n ip#te)a -n ca!e 'in#!"l a -ncep"t c#'ite!ea "nei +apte
c" &"!ata &e c#n%"'a!e -nainte &e -'plini!ea v1!%tei &e 1/ ani %i a
c#ntin"atB c" &i%ce!na'1ntB c#'ite!ea +aptei &"pa ace%t '#'entB
el va !a%p"n&e n"'ai pent!" actele %av1!%ite &"pa -'plini!ea
v1!%tei &e 1/ ani. 3ace e(ceptie in+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva -n ca)"l
ca!eiaB pent!" anga.a!ea !a%p"n&e!ii penale a 'in#!"l"i e%te
nece%a! ca acti"nea %a +i +#%t c#'i%a -n pe!i#a&a -n ca!e a acti#nat
c" &i%ce!na'1nt.
$>
.. I!e%p#n%a,ilitatea
P#t!ivit a!t. $ N.C.p.B n" e%te i'p"ta,ila +apta p!eva)"ta
&e legea penala %av1!%ita &e pe!%#ana ca!eB -n '#'ent"l
c#'ite!ii ace%teiaB n" p"tea %a:%i &ea %ea'a &e acti"nile %a"
inacti"nile %aleB #!i n" p"tea %a le c#nt!#le)eB +ie &in ca")a "nei
,#li p%i@iceB +ie &in alte ca")e.
Te(t"l !eiaB +a!a '#&i+ica!i &e +#n&B &i%p#)itiile a!t. /$
C.p.B c#n+#!' ca!#!a n" c#n%tit"ia in+!acti"ne +apta p!eva)"ta &e
legea penalaB &aca +apt"it#!"lB -n '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii +apteiB +ie
&in ca")a alienatiei 'intaleB +ie &in alte ca")eB n" p"tea %a -%i &ea
%ea'a &e acti"nile %a" inacti"nile %aleB #!i n" p"tea +i %tap1n pe
ele.
Sta!ea &e i!e%p#n%a,ilitate %e p#ate &at#!aB p#t!ivit a!t. $
N.C.p. %i alt#! ca")e &ec1t # a+ecti"ne p%i@ica. n categ#!ia
ace%t#! ca")e %e incl"&B &e pil&aB %#'n"lB %#'na',"li%'"lB %ta!ile
@ipn#tice etc. Sp!e e(e'pl"B # pe!%#ana ca!e -n ti'p"l %#'n"l"i
!#%te%te c"vinte a'enintat#a!e la a&!e%a altei pe!%#ane n" va
!a%p"n&e pent!" # in+!acti"ne &e a'eninta!e. Ace%te %ta!iB pent!" a
-nlat"!a i'p"ta,ilitateaB t!e,"ie %a n" +i +#%t an"'e p!#v#cate &e
cat!e a"t#!. N" %e incl"& -n categ#!ia alt#! ca")e acele -'p!e."!a!i
ca!e a" +#%t !etin"te &e legi"it#! ca %i ca")e a"t#n#'e &e
-nlat"!a!e a i'p"ta,ilitatiiB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla -n ca)"l
'in#!itatii %i int#(icatiei.
At"nci c1n& i!e%p#n%a,ilitatea %e &at#!ea)a "nei ,#li
p%i@iceB ea p#ate %a +ie pe!'anenta %a" te'p#!a!a 8pe!i#a&ele &e
l"ci&itate alte!n1n& c" cele &e i!e%p#n%a,ilitate9B a%t+el ca t!e,"ie
c#n%tatat pent!" +ieca!e in+!acti"ne -n pa!te &aca %ta!ea &e
i!e%p#n%a,ilitate a +#%t p!e)enta la '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii ei.
n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! c" &"!ata &e c#n%"'a!eB
i!e%p#n%a,ilitatea t!e,"ie %a e(i%te pe t#ata pe!i#a&a c#'ite!ii
in+!acti"niiB -n ca) c#nt!a! a"t#!"l !a%p"n)1n& pent!" pa!tea &in
acti"ne c#'i%a -n %ta!e &e !e%p#n%a,ilitate.
Re+e!it#! la e+ectele i!e%p#n%a,ilitatiiB a%a c"' a'
anticipat &e.aB ea -nlat"!a cea &e:a t!eia t!a%at"!a gene!ala a
$1
in+!acti"nii : i'p"ta,ilitatea : e(cl")1n& a%t+el p#%i,ilitatea
aplica!ii "nei pe&ep%e %a" 'a%"!i e&"cative. n %c@i',B
i!e%p#n%a,ilitatea n" a+ectea)a ca!acte!"l ne."%ti+icatB +ac1n& a%t+el
p#%i,ila aplica!ea "n#! 'a%"!i &e %ig"!anta 8%p!e e(e'pl"B
inte!na!ea 'e&icala9.
.*. Int#(icatia
C#n+#!' a!t.0 N.C.p.B n" e%te i'p"ta,ila +apta
p!eva)"ta &e legea penala %av1!%ita &e pe!%#ana ca!eB -n
'#'ent"l c#'ite!ii ace%teiaB n" p"tea %a:%i &ea %ea'a &e
acti"nile %a" inacti"nile %aleB #!i n" p"tea %a le c#nt!#le)eB &in
ca")a int#(ica!ii inv#l"nta!e c" alc##l %a" c" alte %",%tante
p%i@#active.
P#t!ivit a!t. /0 C.p.B n" c#n%tit"ia in+!acti"ne +apta
p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB &aca +apt"it#!"lB -n '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii
+apteiB %e ga%eaB &at#!ita "n#! -'p!e."!a!i in&epen&ente &e v#inta
%aB -n %ta!e &e ,etie c#'pleta p!#&"%a &e alc##l %a" &e alte
%",%tante.
nt!e cele &#"a te(te n" e(i%ta &e#%e,i!i &e +#n&B n#"l
C#& penal p!e+e!1n& n#ti"nea &e int#(icatie -n l#c"l ,etiei pent!"
a ac#pe!i %i &in p"nct &e ve&e!e te!'in#l#gic -nt!eg"l c#ntin"t al
ace%tei ca")e &e nei'p"ta,ilitate. nt!:a&eva!B %ta!ea av"ta -n
ve&e!e &e te(t"l legal p#ate %"!veni n" &#a! -n "!'a c#n%"'"l"i
&e alc##lB ci %i ca e+ect al c#n%"'"l"i &e &!#g"!i %a" &e alte
%",%tante -n a+a!a alc##l"l"i %i &!#g"!il#!B a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla -n
ca)"l a&'ini%t!a!ii "n#! 'e&ica'ente %"%cepti,ile &e a p!#&"ce
"n e+ect %i'ila!.
A%a c"' !e)"lta &in te(t"l legalB int#(icatia inv#l"nta!a
c#'pleta e%te %ing"!a +#!'a ca!e -nlat"!a !e%p#n%a,ilitatea. Ea
%"!vine at"nci c1n& %",iect"l a a."n% -n '#& inv#l"nta! %a
c#n%"'e %",%tantele ca!e i:a" p!#v#cat acea%ta %ta!eB &a! %i -n
%it"atia -n ca!e %",iect"l a c#n%"'at v#l"nta! %",%tantele
!e%pectiveB &a! %:a a+lat -n e!#a!e c" p!ivi!e la nat"!a %a" e+ectele
l#!.
$
D *. C"n#a%te!ea ca!acte!"l"i ne."%ti+icat al +aptei. E!#a!ea
*.1. A%pecte gene!ale
Pent!" a p"tea c#n%tata i'p"ta,ilitateaB e%te nece%a! ca
%",iect"l %a +ie !e%p#n%a,ilB a&ica %a ai,a capacitatea &e a:%i
!ep!e)enta %e'ni+icatia actel#! %ale. At"nci c1n& i'aginea pe
ca!e %",iect"l %i:a +#!'at:# &e%p!e "n an"'it ele'ent n"
c#!e%p"n&e !ealitatiiB ne a+la' -n p!e)enta "nei e!#!i.
P#t!ivit a!t. *> N.C.pE N" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne +apta
p!eva)"ta &e legea penala %av1!%ita &e pe!%#ana ca!eB -n
'#'ent"l c#'ite!ii ace%teiaB n" c"n#%tea e(i%tenta "nei %ta!iB
%it"atii #!i -'p!e."!a!i &e ca!e &epin&e ca!acte!"l penal al +aptei.
89 7i%p#)itiile alin. 819 %e aplica%i +aptel#! %av1!%ite &in
c"lpa pe ca!e legea penala le pe&ep%e%teB n"'ai &aca
nec"n#a%te!ea %ta!iiB %it"atiei #!i -'p!e."!a!ii !e%pective n" e%te
ea -n%a%i !e)"ltat"l c"lpei.
8*9 N" c#n%tit"ie ci!c"'%tanta ag!avanta %a" ele'ent
ci!c"'%tantial ag!avant %ta!eaB %it"atia #!i -'p!e."!a!ea pe ca!e
in+!act#!"l n" a c"n#%c"t:# -n '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii in+!acti"nii.
8/9 P!eve&e!ile alin. 819:8*9 %e aplica -n '#& c#!e%p"n)at#!
%i -n ca)"l nec"n#a%te!ii "nei &i%p#)itii legale e(t!apenale.
829 N" e%te i'p"ta,ila +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala
%av1!%ita ca "!'a!e a nec"n#a%te!ii %a" c"n#a%te!ii g!e%ite a
ca!acte!"l"i ilicit al ace%teia &in ca")a "nei -'p!e."!a!i ca!e n"
p"tea +i -n nici"n +el evitata.
P!incipala '#&i+ica!e a&"%a &e n#"l C#& penal -n
'ate!ia e!#!ii p!ive%te !en"nta!ea la &i%tinctia cla%ica -nt!e
e!#a!ea &e +apt %i e!#a!ea &e &!eptB -n +av#a!ea cla%i+ica!ii
'#&e!ne a +#!'el#! e!#!ii -n e!#a!e a%"p!a ele'entel#!
c#n%tit"tive %i e!#a!e a%"p!a ca!acte!"l"i ilicit al +aptei.
E!#a!ea a%"p!a ele'entel#! c#n%tit"tive a!e ca e+ectB -n
'a%"!a -n ca!e e%te invinci,ilaB -nlat"!a!ea vin#vatiei &in %t!"ct"!a
$*
lat"!ii %",iective. nt!:a&eva!B -nt!"c1t a"t#!"l %e -n%ala -n p!ivinta
"nei -'p!e."!a!i in&icate -n c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"niiB e!#a!ea
a+ectea)a "n"l &int!e ele'entele intentiei 4 ele'ent"l intelectiv. n
a,%enta ace%t"ia n" %e 'ai p#ate v#!,i &e%p!e # intentieB a%t+el ca
e%te e(cl"%a !a%p"n&e!ea pent!" # +apta intenti#nata. E!#a!ea la%aB
&e !eg"laB %a %",)i%te !a%p"n&e!ea pent!" # +apta &in c"lpaB -n
'a%"!a -n ca!e acea%ta '#&alitate e%te inc!i'inata. Sp!e e(e'pl"B
&aca &in neatentieB "n v1nat#! t!age a%"p!a "nei pe!%#aneB pe ca!e
# c#n+"n&a c" "n 'i%t!etB e!#a!ea %a e(cl"&e !a%p"n&e!ea pent!"
+apta intenti#nata 8#'#!9B &a! a"t#!"l va !a%p"n&e pent!" # "ci&e!e
&in c"lpa. 7aca -n%a e!#a!ea a! +i +#%t invinci,ilaB c" alte c"vinte
&aca n" %:a! +i &at#!at c"lpei %",iect"l"iB ea a! +i e(cl"% %i
!a%p"n&e!ea pent!" +apta &in c"lpa.
n %it"atia -n ca!e e!#a!ea n" p#a!ta a%"p!a "n"i ele'ent
c#n%tit"tiv p!#p!i":)i% al in+!acti"niiB ci a%"p!a "nei ci!c"'%tante
ag!avanteB ci!c"'%tanta n" %e va !etine -n %a!cina inc"lpat"l"i.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l #'#!"l"i cali+icatB %av1!%it a%"p!a "nei
+e'ei g!avi&e 8a!t. 1$0 lit. g9 N.C.p.9B &aca a"t#!"l n" c"n#a%te
%ta!ea &e g!avi&itate a victi'eiB !a%p"n&e!ea %a va +i ant!enata
pent!" "n #'#! %i'pl" 8-n 'a%"!a -n ca!e n" %"nt inci&ente alte
ci!c"'%tante &e cali+ica!e9.
E!#a!ea a%"p!a ca!acte!"l"i ilicit al +aptei p#a!ta a%"p!a
inte!&ictiei p!ivin& c#'p#!ta'ent"l -n ca")aB a%"p!a ca!acte!"l"i
%a" ilegal. n ace%t ca)B a"t#!"l e%te c#n%tient &e c#'ite!ea "nei
+apte p!eva)"te &e legea penalaB &a! c#n%i&e!a ca +apta %a e%te
a"t#!i)ata &e #!&inea ."!i&icaB ceea ce -n !ealitate n" %e -nt1'pla.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B c#'ite +apta %", i'pe!i"l e!#!ii a%"p!a ca!acte!"l"i
."%ti+icat cel ca!e c#n%i&e!a -n '#& e!#nat ca acea%ta n" e%te
p!eva)"ta &e # n#!'a penalaB #!i ca -n ca)"l %ta!ii &e nece%itate n"
e%te nece%a! ca acti"nea &e %alva!e %a +ie %ing"!a '#&alitate &e a
-nlat"!a pe!ic#l"l. P#t!ivit c#nceptiei act"aleB e!#a!ea a%"p!a
ca!acte!"l"i ilicit n" a+ectea)a ele'ent"l %",iectiv al c#ntin"t"l"i
c#n%tit"tiv 8vin#vatia9B ci -%i p!#&"ce e+ectele -n plan"l
i'p"ta,ilitatii. n c#n%ecintaB acea%ta e!#a!e -nlat"!a
i'p"ta,ilitatea &#a! at"nci c1n& e%te invinci,ilaB ia! -n %it"atia -n
$/
ca!e %e &at#!ea)a c"lpei +apt"it#!"l"iB el va c#ntin"a %a !a%p"n&a
pent!" # +apta intenti#nataB -n%a %e va p"tea !etine # ci!c"'%tanta
aten"anta.
E!#a!ea a%"p!a ele'entel#! c#n%tit"tive %i e!#a!ea a%"p!a
ca!acte!"l"i ilicit %e p#t -n+ati%a at1t ca e!#a!e &e +aptB c1t %i ca
e!#a!e &e &!ept. Sp!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l "nei in+!acti"ni &e +"!tB
e!#a!ea a%"p!a ele'entel#! c#n%tit"tive -',!aca +#!'a "nei e!#!i
&e +apt at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l c!e&e ca p!#p!ieta!"l ,"n"l"i %i:a &at
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l pent!" l"a!ea ace%t"iaB %i e%te # e!#a!e &e &!ept
at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l c!e&e -n '#& e!#nat caB p#t!ivit legii civileB
,"n"l %e a+la &e.a -n p!#p!ietatea %a. T#t a%t+elB -n ca)"l "nei
legiti'e apa!a!iB e!#a!ea a%"p!a ca!acte!"l"i ilicit c#n%tit"ie #
e!#a!e &e +apt &aca a"t#!"l c!e&e -n '#& e!#nat ca %e a+la -n +ata
"n"i atacB !e%pectiv # e!#a!e &e &!ept -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e el c!e&e
caB p#t!ivit legiiB n" e%te nece%a!a p!#p#!ti#nalitatea -nt!e apa!a!e
%i atac.
C#n%ac!1n& e!#a!ea a%"p!a ca!acte!"l"i ilicitB n#"l C#&
penalB %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB c#n%ac!a%i
e!#a!ea a%"p!a "nei n#!'e penale. Acea%ta e!#a!e p!#&"ce
e+ecteB a%a c"' a!ata'B &#a! -n ip#te)a -n ca!e e%te invinci,ilaB
a%t+el -nc1t ea va +i +#a!te !a! !etin"ta -n ca")a. Sp!e e(e'pl"B %e
p#ate !etine # e!#a!e &e &!ept penal -n ca)"l "nei +apte inc!i'inate
-n )i"a p!ece&enta p!in #!&#nanta &e "!genta
%i c#'i%a -n p!i'ele
#!e &e la int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a te(t"l"iB c1n& n" e(i%ta nici#
p#%i,ilitate &e a l"a c"n#%tinta &e c#ntin"t"l ace%t"ia. T#t a%t+elB
%e p#ate inv#ca e!#a!ea at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l e%te in&"% -n e!#a!e
c@ia! &e cat!e "n !ep!e)entant al a"t#!itatii. 7e pil&aB el %#licita #
a"t#!i)atieB ia! a"t#!itatea c#'petenta %a # eli,e!e)e -i !a%p"n&e ca
pent!" activitatea !e%pectiva n" e%te nev#ie &e a"t#!i)atie. 7aca
"lte!i#! va +i "!'a!it penal pent!" in+!acti"nea &e e(e!cita!e +a!a
a"t#!i)atie a activitatii -n ca")aB el va p"tea inv#ca e!#a!ea &e
&!ept. E!#a!ea n" %e !etine at"nci c1n& c#'ite!ea +aptei %:a &at#!at
"n"i %+at g!e%it &at &e av#cat"l cel"i -n ca")a.
$2
D /. E(igi,ilitatea "nei c#n&"ite c#n+#!'e n#!'ei ."!i&ice.
Ca")e ca!e e(cl"& e(igi,ilitatea
Ulti'a &int!e p!e'i%ele &e ca!e &epin&e e(i%tenta
i'p"ta,ilitatii e%te e(igi,ilitatea "nei c#n&"ite c#n+#!'e c" n#!'a
legalaB alt+el %p"%B p#%i,ilitatea &e a:i p!etin&e %",iect"l"i %a %e
c#n+#!'e)e p!ecept"l"i n#!'ei.
I'p"ta,ilitateaB p!e%"p"n1n& "n !ep!#% +ac"t %",iect"l"i
pent!" c#n&"ita %a c#nt!a!a #!&inii ."!i&iceB n" -%i ga%e%te l#c"l -n
acele %it"atii -n ca!eB &at#!ita "n#! ci!c"'%tante e(cepti#nale -n
ca!e ace%ta %:a ga%itB n" e!a p#%i,il "n alt c#'p#!ta'ent.
/.1. C#n%t!1nge!ea +i)ica
P#t!ivit a!t. / N.C.p.B n" e%te i'p"ta,ila +apta p!eva)"ta
&e legea penalaB %av1!%ita &in ca")a "nei c#n%t!1nge!i +i)ice
ca!eia +apt"it#!"l n" i:a p"t"t !e)i%ta.
Te(t"l !eia +a!a '#&i+ica!i &e +#n& &i%p#)itia &in a!t. /6
alin.1 C.p.
A%a c"' %:a a!atat -n &#ct!inaB c#n%t!1nge!ea +i)ica
!ep!e)inta p!e%i"nea &e nat"!a +i)ica pe ca!e # +#!ta e(te!i#a!aB
i!e)i%ti,ilaB # e(e!cita a%"p!a "n"i in&ivi&B -nlat"!1n&":i
p#%i,ilitatea &e c#nt!#l a%"p!a acti"nil#! %ale %i &ete!'in1n& a%t+el
c#'ite!ea "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala. Acea%ta +#!ta
p#ate +i gene!ata &e &ive!%e %"!%eB c"' a! +iE acti"nea "nei
pe!%#ane 8%p!e e(e'pl"B # pe!%#ana # -'pinge pe alta ca!e ca&e
a%t+el pe%te "n c#pilB ca")1n&":i vata'a!i c#!p#!ale9H act"l "n"i
ani'al 8cal"l -l a!"nca &in %a pe cala!etB ca!e a."nge a%t+el -n
c"!tea "n"i te!t9H "n +en#'en nat"!al 8&at#!ita "n#! in"n&atiiB
'ilita!"l n" %e p#ate p!e)enta la "nitateB t#ate caile &e acce% &in
l#calitate +iin& ,l#cate9H # ene!gie 'ecanica 8e(pl#)ia "nei
in%talatii -l a!"nca pe "n '"ncit#! pe%te # alta pe!%#anaB pe ca!e #
!ane%te9.
$6
Pent!" a e(#ne!a &e !a%p"n&e!eB c#n%t!1nge!ea t!e,"ie %a
+ie i!e)i%ti,ilaB c" alte c"vinte a"t#!"l %a n" p#ata %a i %e #p"na.
Ca!acte!"l i!e)i%ti,il n" t!e,"ie ap!eciat in a,%t!act#B ci tin1n&
c#nt &e pa!tic"la!itatile pe!%#anei c#n%t!1n%e.
/.. C#n%t!1nge!ea '#!ala
P#t!ivit a!t. 2 N.C.p.B n" e%te i'p"ta,ila +apta p!eva)"ta
&e legea penala %av1!%ita &in ca")a "nei c#n%t!1nge!i '#!aleB
e(e!citata p!in a'eninta!e c" "n pe!ic#l g!av pent!" pe!%#ana
+apt"it#!"l"i #!i a alt"ia %i ca!e n" p"tea +i -nlat"!ata -n alt
'#&.
Si &e acea%ta &ataB te(t"l !ep!#&"ce +a!a '#&i+ica!i &e +#n&
&i%p#)itia ante!i#a!a 8a!t. /6 alin. C.p.9.
7aca -n ca)"l c#n%t!1nge!ii +i)ice p!e%i"nea e(te!i#a!a %e
e(e!cita a%"p!a +i)ic"l"i pe!%#aneiB -n ca)"l &e +ata p!e%i"nea %e
e(e!cita a%"p!a p%i@ic"l"i ace%teia. 7e%i te(t"l legal v#!,e%te &e
a'eninta!ea c" "n !a"B &#ct!ina a&'ite ca i&eea &e c#n%t!1nge!e
'#!ala n" e%te inc#'pati,ila c" e(e!cita!ea &e vi#lente +i)ice
a%"p!a pe!%#anei. A%a %e -nt1'plaB %p!e e(e'pl"B at"nci c1n&
a'eninta!ea e%te -n%#tita &e vi#lente +i)ice pent!" a:%i %p#!i
e+ect"l inti'i&ant. 7e a%e'eneaB vi#lentele +i)ice p#t +i e(e!citate
at1t a%"p!a pe!%#anei c#n%t!1n%eB c1t %i a%"p!a "nei alte pe!%#aneB
&e !eg"la ap!#piata celei &int1i. 7e pil&aB %e e(e!cita vi#lente
a%"p!a c#pil"l"i pent!" a:l &ete!'ina pe pa!inte %a c#'ita # +apta
p!eva)"ta &e legea penala.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e c#n%t!1nge!ea +i)icaB la a ca!ei #!igine %e
p#t a+la &ive!%e ca")eB c#n%t!1nge!ea '#!ala e%te &ete!'inata
-nt#t&ea"na &e # acti"ne a "nei pe!%#ane. C#n&itia legala p!ivin&
c#'ite!ea +aptei p!eva)"te &e legea penala
&in ca")a
c#n%t!1nge!ii '#!aleB i'p"ne ce!inta ca +apta %a +i +#%t ce!"ta
e(plicit %a" i'plicit &e cat!e cel ca!e e(e!cita c#n%t!1nge!ea.
Pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta c#n%t!1nge!ii p%i@ice e%te nece%a! ca
pe!ic#l"l c" ca!e e%te a'enintata pe!%#ana %a +ie g!avB i'inentB
$<
inevita,il %i in."%t. Ra"l p#ate p!ivi at1t pe!%#ana cel"i &i!ect
a'enintatB c1t %i # alta pe!%#ana.
G!avitatea %e anali)ea)a -n !ap#!t &e val#a!ea %#ciala
a'enintata &e pe!ic#lB &e inten%itatea p#%i,ilei le)a!i a ace%tei
val#!iB &a! %i &e ca!acte!"l i!epa!a,il #!i &e &i+ic"ltatea -nlat"!a!ii
c#n%ecintel#! pe!ic#l"l"i. Cel 'ai a&e%eaB a'eninta!ea vi)ea)a
viata %a" integ!itatea c#!p#!ala a pe!%#aneiB &a! n" %"nt e(cl"%e
nici ip#te)ele -n ca!e a'eninta!ea p!ive%te alte val#!i %#cialeB c"'
a! +i p!#p!ietateaB li,e!tatea +i)ica a pe!%#anei etc.
I'inenta pe!ic#l"l"i p!e%"p"ne ca ace%ta %e va &eclan%a
-nt!:"n inte!val &e ti'p !elativ %c"!t.
Ca!acte!"l inevita,il p!e%"p"ne ine(i%tenta "nei alte
%#l"tii &e -nlat"!a!e a pe!ic#l"l"i -n '#& e+icient. Pent!" a
e(a'ina acea%ta c#n&itieB n" e%te %"+icienta ap!ecie!ea in
a,%t!act# a e(i%tentei "nei %#l"tii alte!nativeB ci t!e,"ie ve!i+icat
&acaB -n c#nc!etB acea %#l"tie e!a %"%cepti,ila %a -nlat"!e pe!ic#l"l
c" ca!e pe!%#ana a +#%t a'enintata. Acea%ta &e#a!eceB in
a,%t!act#B pe!ic#l"l e%te ap!#ape -nt#t&ea"na evita,il p!in
an"nta!ea a"t#!itatil#!B &a! -n c#nc!et acea%ta p#%i,ilitate %:a!
p"tea &#ve&i ine+icienta. Sp!e e(e'pl"B # pe!%#ana a'enintata c"
c#'ite!ea "nei in+!acti"ni g!ave -'p#t!iva 'e',!il#! +a'iliei %ale
&e cat!e # #!gani)atie c!i'inalaB a!e p"tine %an%e %a -nlat"!e
pe!ic#l"l p!in an"nta!ea a"t#!itatil#!B at"nci c1n& n" &i%p"ne &e "n
'ini'"' &e in+#!'atii ca!e %a pe!'ita #!ganel#! ."&icia!e
-nt!ep!in&e!ea "n#! acti"ni !api&e &e ani@ila!e a g!"pa!ii
!e%pective %a" &e incl"&e!e a pe!%#anei -nt!:"n p!#g!a' &e
p!#tectie a 'a!t#!il#!.
n +ineB !a"l c" ca!e pe!%#ana e%te a'enintata t!e,"ie %a +ie
in."%t. N" %"nte' -n p!e)enta "nei c#n%t!1nge!i '#!ale at"nci
c1n& %e a'eninta c" &en"nta!ea "nei in+!acti"ni c#'i%e ante!i#!
&e cat!e %",iect %i &e%p!e ca!e pe!%#ana ca!e a'eninta a!e
c"n#%tinta.
7e%i legea n" ce!e -n '#& e(plicit e(i%tenta "nei p!#p#!tii
-nt!e !a"l c" ca!e %e a'eninta
%i !a"l !e)"ltat &in c#'ite!ea
in+!acti"niiB acea%ta c#n&itie e%te %",-ntelea%a. A%t+elB n" e%te
$$
p#%i,ila inv#ca!ea c#n%t!1nge!ii '#!ale -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ca!eB
a'enintata +iin& c" ,ataiaB c#'ite "n #'#!.
/.*. E(ce%"l nei'p"ta,il
P#t!ivit a!t. 6 N.C.p.B n" e%te i'p"ta,ila +apta p!eva)"ta
&e legea penala %av1!%ita &e pe!%#ana a+lata -n %ta!e &e legiti'a
apa!a!eB ca!e a &epa%itB &in ca")a t"l,"!a!ii %a" te'e!iiB li'itele
"nei apa!a!i p!#p#!ti#nale c" g!avitatea atac"l"i.
89 N" e%te i'p"ta,ila +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala
%av1!%ita &e pe!%#ana a+lata -n %ta!e &e nece%itateB ca!e n" %i:a
&at %ea'aB -n '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii +apteiB ca p!icin"ie%te "!'a!i
va&it 'ai g!ave &ec1t cele ca!e %:a! +i p"t"t p!#&"ce &aca
pe!ic#l"l n" e!a -nlat"!at.
E%te # !egle'enta!e n#"aB ca!e !eg!"pea)a &int!:#
pe!%pectiva &i+e!ita &e cea a c#&"l"i ante!i#! ip#te)ele &e
&epa%i!e a p!#p#!ti#nalitatii -n 'ate!ia legiti'ei apa!a!i %i a
%ta!ii &e nece%itate.
A' va)"t ante!i#! ca "na &int!e c#n&itiile pent!" a #pe!a
e+ect"l ."%ti+icativ al legiti'ei apa!a!i e%te e(i%tenta "nei
p!#p#!ti#nalitati -nt!e apa!a!e %i atac. n lip%a ace%teiaB n" v#'
'ai aveaB &e !eg"laB legiti'a apa!a!e ca # ca")a ca!e e(cl"&e
ca!acte!"l ne."%ti+icatB ci # %i'pla ci!c"'%tanta aten"anta 8a!t. <2
lit. ,9 N.C.p.9.
n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB e!a a%i'ilataB p!in e(ceptieB
legiti'ei apa!a!iB %it"atia -n ca!e &epa%i!ea li'itel#! "nei apa!a!i
p!#p#!ti#nale c" g!avitatea atac"l"i %:a &at#!at t"l,"!a!ii %a"
te'e!ii p!#v#cate &e atac. n !ealitateB acea%ta &epa%i!e n" p#ate +i
a%i'ilata legiti'ei apa!a!i %i n" p#ate avea nat"!a ."!i&ica a "nei
ca")e ."%ti+icativeB pent!" ca ea n" #pe!ea)a
in !e'B ci a!e la ,a)a
"n ele'ent &e +act"!a %",iectiva 4 %ta!ea &e t"l,"!a!e 4 a%t+el ca
n" p#ate p!#&"ce e+ecte &ec1t -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ca!e a acti#nat -n
acea%ta %ta!e. 7e aceeaB &epa%i!ea p!#p#!ti#nalitatii -n ip#te)a
anali)ata c#n%tit"ie # ca")a &e nei'p"ta,ilitate.
$0
Pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta e(ce%"l"i nei'p"ta,il t!e,"ie %a +ie
-n&eplinite t#ate c#n&itiile atac"l"i %i apa!a!iiB 'ai p"tin
p!#p#!ti#nalitatea. A%t+elB &aca n" %"nt -n&eplinite c#n&itiile
p!eva)"te &e a!t. 10 alin. N.C.p.B -n %en%"l ca atac"l n" e%te
'ate!ialB i'e&iat etc.B n" %e p#ate p"ne p!#,le'a inv#ca!ii
e(ce%"l"i nei'p"ta,ilB caci aplica!ea &i%p#)itiil#! a!t. 6 alin.1
N.C.p. e%te c#n&iti#nata &e -n&eplini!ea c#n&itiil#! &in a!t. 10
alin. N.C.p.
n pl"%B e%te nece%a! ca &epa%i!ea %a %e +i &at#!at t"l,"!a!ii
%a" te'e!ii p!#v#cate &e atac. 7aca &epa%i!ea e%te &at#!ata alt#!
ca")e 8&e pil&aB &#!inta &e !a),"na!e9 n" v#' avea "n e(ce%
nei'p"ta,ilB ci "n e(ce% %c")a,il ca!e c#n%tit"ie # ci!c"'%tanta
aten"anta.
n acela%i '#& %e p"ne p!#,le'a %i -n ca)"l &epa%i!ii
p!#p#!ti#nalitatii -n ip#te)a %ta!ii &e nece%itate. A%t+elB !etine!ea
e(ce%"l"i nei'p"ta,il la %ta!ea &e nece%itate e%te p#%i,ila -n ca)"l
p!#&"ce!ii "n#! "!'a!i va&it 'ai g!ave &ec1t cele ca!e %:a! +i
p!#&"% -n a,%enta inte!ventieiB -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e a"t#!"l n" %i:a &at
%ea'a &e ace%t l"c!".
n %it"atia -n ca!e a"t#!"l acti"nii &e %alva!e %i:a &at %ea'a
&e +apt"l ca p!#&"ce "!'a!i va&it 'ai g!ave &ec1t cele pe ca!e lea!
+i p!#&"% pe!ic#l"lB %e va !etine -n %a!cina %a # %i'pla
ci!c"'%tanta aten"antaB p#t!ivit a!t. <2 lit. c9 N.C.p.
/./. Ca)"l +#!t"it
P#t!ivit a!t. *1 N.C.p.B n" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne +apta
p!eva)"ta &e legea penala al ca!ei !e)"ltat e%te c#n%ecinta "nei
-'p!e."!a!i ce n" p"tea +i p!eva)"ta.
7i%p#)itia e%te i&entica c" cea p!eva)"ta -n a!t. /< C.p.
Pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta ca)"l"i +#!t"it e%te nece%a!a #
-'p!e."!a!e e(te!i#a!a ca!e %e %"p!ap"ne pe%te acti"nea
&e%+a%"!ata &e cat!e a"t#!B &"c1n& la p!#&"ce!ea alt"i !e)"ltatB ca!e
n" p"tea +i p!eva)"t. O!iginea ace%tei -'p!e."!a!i %e p#ate !ega%iE
0>
-nt!:# +apta a #'"l"i 8&e pil&aB "n piet#n %a!e ,!"%c -n +ata 'a%inii
ca!e ci!c"la !eg"la'enta! %i e%te "ci%9H -nt!:"n +en#'en nat"!al
8%p!e e(e'pl"B &at#!ita "nei al"neca!i &e te!enB # 'a%ina e%te
a!"ncata pe c#nt!a%en%B +iin& l#vita &e ca'i#n"l c#n&"%
!eg"la'enta! &e cat!e %",iect9H -n act"l "n"i ani'al 8# cap!i#a!a
%a!e -n +ata 'a%inii %i e%te "ci%a9H -nt!:# &e+ecti"ne te@nica 8"n
&e+ect &e +a,!icatie la %i%te'"l &e &i!ectie al "n"i a"t#ve@ic"l
&ete!'ina c#'ite!ea "n"i acci&ent9 etc.
'p!e."!a!ile ev#cate %e p#t %"p!ap"ne +ie pe%te #
activitate licita a a"t#!"l"i 8# &e+ecti"ne %"!venita ,!"%c la
%i%te'"l &e &i!ectie -n ti'p ce a"t#!"l c#n&"cea !eg"la'enta!
a"t#t"!i%'"l9B +ie pe%te # activitate ilicita 8a"t#!"l a'eninta
victi'aB ia! acea%taB &at#!ita "nei a+ecti"ni ca!&iace g!ave %i
ne&e%c#pe!iteB &ece&ea)a9.
Inte!ventia -'p!e."!a!ii e(te!i#a!e %i !e)"ltat"l ace%teia
t!e,"ie %a +ie i'p!evi)i,ile. A%a c"' %:a a!atat -n &#ct!inaB
i'p!evi)i,ilitatea t!e,"ie %a +ie gene!ala%i #,iectivaB tin1n& &e
li'itele gene!ale ale p#%i,ilitatii &e p!eve&e!e.
01
: Capit#l"l 5II :
3A6ELE IN3RACTIUNII INTENTIONATE
D 1. C#n%i&e!atii gene!ale
3a)ele in+!acti"nii %"nt etapele pe ca!e le pa!c"!ge
in+!act#!"l -n %av1!%i!ea +aptei p!eva)"te &e legea penalaB &in
'#'ent"l apa!itiei i&eii in+!acti#nale %i p1na la c#n%"'a!ea
+aptei. Ace%tea %e !ega%e%c n"'ai -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#!
intenti#nate.
3a)ele %"nt "!'at#a!eleE
19 3a)a inte!na
9 3a)a actel#! p!epa!at#!ii
*9 3a)a actel#! &e e(ec"ta!e 8Tentativa9
/9 C#n%"'a!ea in+!acti"nii
Av1n& -n ve&e!e +apt"l ca p!i'ele &#"a +a)e n" %e
,"c"!a &e # !egle'enta!e legalaB ele n" %"nt a+ectate &e
a&#pta!ea n#"l"i C#& penalB a%t+el ca n" -ntelege' %a %ta!"i'
a%"p!a l#!.
D . Tentativa 8+a)a actel#! &e e(ec"ta!e9
.1. 7e+initia %i c#n&itiile gene!ale &e e(i%tenta a tentativei
P#t!ivit a!t. * N.C.p.B tentativa c#n%ta -n p"ne!ea -n
e(ec"ta!e a intentiei &e a %av1!%i in+!acti"neaB e(ec"ta!e ca!e a
+#%t -n%a -nt!e!"pta %a" n" %i:a p!#&"% e+ect"l.
Te(t"l n" c#ntine &ec1t &i+e!ente &e +#!'"la!e +ata &e
&i%p#)itia &in a!t. > C.p.B c#n+#!' ca!eia tentativa c#n%ta -n
p"ne!ea -n e(ec"ta!e a @#ta!1!ii &e a %av1!%i in+!acti"neaB
e(ec"ta!e ca!e a +#%t -n%a -nt!e!"pta %a" n" %i:a p!#&"% e+ect"l.
0
Pe ,a)a ace%tei &e+initiiB p#t +i &e%p!in%e %i c#n&itiile
gene!ale &e e(i%tenta ale tentativeiE e(i%tenta @#ta!1!ii &e a c#'ite
in+!acti"neaH e(i%tenta "n"i act &e e(ec"ta!eH -nt!e!"pe!ea
e(ec"ta!ii %a" nep!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"i.
a9 E(i%tenta @#ta!1!ii &e a c#'ite in+!acti"nea
Tentativa va e(i%ta &#a! -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! c#'i%e c"
intentieB caci n"'ai -n acea%ta ip#te)a %e p#ate v#!,i &e #
-nce!ca!e &e a p!#&"ce !e)"ltat"l. Intentia ca!e ca!acte!i)ea)a
tentativa e%te aceea%i intentie pe ca!e a' +i -nt1lnit:# -n ca)"l
+aptei c#n%"'ateB -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e "!'a!ea p!eva)"ta &e lege %:a!
+i p!#&"%. C" alte c"vinteB n" e(i%ta # intentie %peci+ica tentativeiB
ci &#a! # intentie %peci+ica +aptei c#n%"'ateB -nt!"c1t tentativa n"
e &ec1t # etapa -n p!#ce%"l &e 'ate!iali)a!e a !e)#l"tiei
in+!acti#nale. A"t#!"l n" -%i p!#p"ne nici#&ata %a %av1!%ea%ca #
tentativaB ci # in+!acti"ne c#n%"'ata. 7e aici &ec"!g &#"a
c#n%ecinte i'p#!tanteE -n p!i'"l !1n&B %ta,ili!ea +#!'ei &e
vin#vatie -n ca)"l tentativei %e +ace pe ,a)a acel#!a%i c!ite!ii ce a!
+i +#%t "tili)ate &aca !e)"ltat"l %:a! +i p!#&"%H pe &e alta pa!teB
'#&alitatea intentiei 8&i!ectaB in&i!ecta etc.9 ce a! +i ca!acte!i)at
in+!acti"nea c#n%"'ata # v#' -nt1lni %i -n ca)"l tentativei.
A%t+elB at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l aplica victi'ei # l#vit"!a &e
c"tit -n piept %a" -n a,&#'en v#' +i -n p!e)enta "nei tentative &e
#'#! %i n" a "nei in+!acti"ni &e vata'a!e c#!p#!alaB c@ia! &aca
&"!ata -ng!i.i!il#! nece%a!e pent!" vin&eca!e %e -nca&!ea)a -n
te(t"l a!t. 10* alin. %a" a!t. 10/ N.C.p.
n acela%i ti'pB tentativa p#ate +i ca!acte!i)ata n" &#a! &e
intentia &i!ectaB ci %i &e intentia event"alaB &aca acea%ta a! +i +#%t
p!e)enta -n ca)"l +aptei c#n%"'ate.
,9 E(i%tenta "n"i act &e e(ec"ta!e
Tentativa p!e%"p"ne p!in e%enta ei acte &e e(ec"ta!eB
a&ica acte 'enite %a &"ca -n '#& &i!ect %i ne'i.l#cit la p!#&"ce!ea
"!'a!ii p!eva)"te &e legea penala. C" alte c"vinteB &#'eni"l
0*
tentativei -ncepe ac#l# "n&e %e %+1!%e%te &#'eni"l actel#! &e
p!egati!e %i ave' &e.a "n -ncep"t &e e(ec"ta!e.
Se p#ate c#n%i&e!a ca %"nt acte &e e(ec"ta!e n" &#a!
actele ce %e -n%c!i" -n %+e!a acti"nii p!eva)"te &e n#!'a &e
inc!i'ina!e -n %en% %t!ictB &a! %i acele acte a+late -n i'e&iata
vecinatate a ace%teia %i ca!e %"nt -n&!eptate ne'i.l#cit %p!e
c#n%"'a!ea in+!acti"niiB a%a c"' a +#%t c#ncep"ta &e a"t#!. P!in
vecinatatea acti"nii p!eva)"te &e lege "!'ea)a %a -ntelege' -n
p!i'"l !1n& # "nitate +"ncti#nalaB a&ica +apt"l ca actele ante!i#a!e
ace%tei acti"ni %"nt at1t &e %t!1n% legate &e eaB -nc1t n" 'ai la%a
l#c pent!" c#'ite!ea "n#! acte inte!'e&ia!e e%entiale. n %",%i&ia!B
c#n&itia vecinatatii i'plica%i # "nitate te'p#!alaB -n %en%"l ca
act"l -n &i%c"tie %i acti"nea p!eva)"ta &e lege n" %"nt %epa!ate &e
"n inte!val &e ti'p %e'ni+icativB &a! e(i%ta%i e(ceptii. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B at"nci c1n& in+!act#!"l e(pe&ia)a victi'ei "n c#let ce
c#ntine "n &i%p#)itiv ca!e va e(pl#&a -n '#'ent"l &e%c@i&e!ii
v#' avea "n act &e e(ec"ta!eB c" t#ate ca act"l p!#p!i":)i% &e
"ci&e!e "!'a %a ai,a l#c c1teva )ile 'ai t1!)i". 7e !eg"laB
c#ne(i"nea te'p#!ala c#n%tit"ie "n in&ici" c" p!ivi!e la
ine(i%tenta "n#! acte inte!'e&ia!e e%entiale -nt!e act"l anali)at %i
acti"nea &e%c!i%a -n n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e.
c9 nt!e!"pe!ea e(ec"ta!ii %a" nep!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"i
A%a c"' a' a!atat &e.aB &e e%enta tentativei e%te -n egala
'a%"!a%i nep!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"i caciB -n ca) c#nt!a!B a' +i -n
p!e)enta "nei in+!acti"ni c#n%"'ate. P!in "!'a!eB acea%ta c#n&itie
%e c#n%tit"ie t#t#&ata -nt!:"n c!ite!i" &e &eli'ita!e -nt!e tentativa
%i in+!acti"nea c#n%"'ata.
.. 3#!'ele tentativei
n lite!at"!a &e %pecialitate e!a" evi&entiateB &e !eg"laB
&#"a p!incipale c!ite!ii -n !ap#!t &e ca!e %e p#ate p!#ce&a la #
cla%i+ica!e a +#!'el#! tentativei. A%t+elB -n +"nctie &e g!a&"l &e
!eali)a!e a lat"!ii #,iectiveB &i%tinge' -nt!e tentativa pe!+ecta
0/
8te!'inata9 %i tentativa i'pe!+ecta 8nete!'inata9. n !ap#!t &e
ca")ele ca!e &ete!'ina -nt!e!"pe!ea %a" nep!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"i
%e p#ate +ace &i%tinctie -nt!e tentativa p!#p!ie %i tentativa
i'p!#p!ie.
P!incipala '#&i+ica!e a&"%a &e n#"l C#& penal -n
acea%ta 'ate!ie c#n%ta -n !en"nta!ea la cla%i+ica!ea ce &i%tinge
-nt!e tentativa p!#p!ie %i cea i'p!#p!ie.
P#t!ivit a!t. * N.C.p.B tentativa c#n%ta -n p"ne!ea -n
e(ec"ta!e a intentiei &e a %av1!%i in+!acti"neaB e(ec"ta!e ca!e a
+#%t -n%a -nt!e!"pta %a" n" %i:a p!#&"% e+ect"l.
89 N" e(i%ta tentativa at"nci c1n& i'p#%i,ilitatea &e
c#n%"'a!e a in+!acti"nii e%te c#n%ecinta '#&"l"i c"' a +#%t
c#ncep"ta e(ec"ta!ea.
A%a &"pa c"' %e p#ate c#n%tataB n#"l C#& penal n" a
'ai !el"at &i%p#)itia -n%c!i%a -n a!t. > alin. C.p.B ca!e &e+inea
tentativa !elativ i'p!#p!ieB e(i%tenta at"nci c1n& nec#n%"'a!ea
in+!acti"nii %:a &at#!at +ie in%"+icientei %a" &e+ect"#)itatii
'i.l#acel#! +#l#%iteB +ie &at#!ita -'p!e."!a!ii ca #,iect"l lip%ea
&e la l#c"l -n ca!e +apt"it#!"l c!e&ea ca %e a+la la '#'ent"l
c#'ite!ii acti"nii.
Rati"nea !en"nta!ii la acea%ta cla%i+ica!e !e)i&a -n lip%a ei
&e i'p#!tanta p!acticaB &a! %i -n +apt"l ca ea n" ac#pe!ea -nt!eg"l&#'eni" al tentativei. n c#n%ecintaB -n
c#n&itiile act"alei
!egle'enta!i %e p#ate v#!,i &e # n#"a cla%i+ica!eB ce &i%tinge -nt!e
tentativa i&#nee %i tentativa nei&#nee.
..1. Tentativa i&#nee %i tentativa nei&#nee
Tentativa i&#nee 8a!t. * alin.1 N.C.p.9 p!e%"p"ne acte ce
c!eea)a # %ta!e &e pe!ic#l pent!" val#a!ea %#ciala #c!#titaB acte
ca!eB la '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii l#!B +acea" %a apa!a ca p!#,a,ila
p!#&"ce!ea "!'a!ii vi)ate &e a"t#!.
Ca!acte!"l i&#ne" al tentativei %e ap!ecia)a pe ,a)a "n"i
e(a'en e( anteB ."&ecat#!"l +iin& tin"t %a anali)e)e +apta c#'i%a
02
&in pe!%pectiva "n"i #' 'e&i"B pla%at la '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii
actel#! %i &i%p"n1n& &e event"alele c"n#%tinte %"pli'enta!e pe
ca!e le avea a"t#!"l. E%te nece%a!a l"a!ea -n calc"l a ace%t#!
in+#!'atii %"pli'enta!e &etin"te &e a"t#! &at#!ita +apt"l"i caB
"ne#!iB "n act -n p!incipi" nei&#ne" p#ate %a -%i %c@i',e valentele
t#c'ai &at#!ita ci!c"'%tantel#! %peciale -n ca!e %e c#'ite. A%a &e
pil&aB +apt"l &e a "!la la "!ec@ea "nei pe!%#ane pent!" a # %pe!ia
n" apa!e -n accepti"nea c#'"na ca +iin& "n act apt &e a "ci&e. El
&evine -n%a "n act i&#ne" -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e a"t#!"l %tie ca victi'a
%"+e!a &e # a+ecti"ne ca!&iaca +#a!te g!ava%i #!ice %#c e'#ti#nal
-i p#ate ca")a &ece%"l. La +el %e -nt1'pla%i -n ca)"l a&'ini%t!a!ii
&e )a@a! "nei pe!%#ane %"+e!in& &e &ia,etB %a" -n %it"atia ca")a!ii
"nei !ani %"pe!+iciale "nei pe!%#ane ce %"+e!a &e @e'#+ilie.
N" v#! +i l"ate -n%a -n calc"l acele -'p!e."!a!i ca!e n" e!a"
c"n#%c"te a"t#!"l"i la '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii +aptei %i ca!e a" +#%t
&e%c#pe!ite a,ia "lte!i#!. A%t+elB e(ec"ta!ea "n"i +#c &e a!'a
a%"p!a "nei pe!%#ane p!#te.ate &e # ve%ta antigl#nt %e &#ve&e%te -n
+inal "n act nei&#ne". T#t"%iB pent!" "n #' 'e&i" pla%at la l#c"l
%i '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii +aptei %i ca!e ign#!a acea%ta -'p!e."!a!eB
act"l !e%pectiv apa!e ca pe!ic"l#% pent!" val#a!ea %#ciala #c!#titaB
p!e)ent1n& # p!#,a,ilitate !i&icata &e p!#&"ce!e a !e)"ltat"l"i. 5a
e(i%ta &e a%e'enea # tentativa i&#nee at"nci c1n& l#c"l "n&e "!'a
%a %e c#'ita +apta &e +"!t e!a &e.a %"p!aveg@eat &e p#litieB a%t+el
ca n" a! +i +#%t p#%i,ila c#n%"'a!ea +aptei. n 'a%"!a -n ca!e
a"t#!"l n" avea c"n#%tinta &e acea%ta -'p!e."!a!eB el va !a%p"n&e
pent!" tentativa &aca a -ncep"t c#'ite!ea actel#! &e e(ec"ta!e.
T#t a%t+elB -n %it"atia -n ca!e a"t#!"lB v!1n& %a "ci&a
victi'aB ia &in g!e%eala # a!'a &e ."ca!ie pe ca!e # c#n+"n&a c"
a!'a !ealaB %"nte' -n p!e)enta "n"i act i&#ne"B caci pent!"
#,%e!vat#!"l ca!e &etine acelea%i in+#!'atii ca %i a"t#!"l acti"nea
e%te %"%cepti,ila %a p!#&"ca !e)"ltat"l &#!it. Aceea%i e%te %#l"tia %i
at"nci c1n& a"t#!"lB v!1n& %a -'p"%te victi'aB ia # a!'a pe ca!e #
%tia -nca!cataB &a! pe ca!e cineva t#c'ai # &e%ca!ca%e.
06
Tentativa nei&#nee 8a!t. * alin.9 e(i%ta at"nci c1n&
&at#!ita '#&"l"i c"' a +#%t c#ncep"ta e(ec"ta!eaB n" %e p#ate
p"ne p!#,le'a c!ea!ii "nei %ta!i &e pe!ic#l pent!" val#a!ea %#ciala
#c!#titaB +iin& evi&ent pent!" #!ice #,%e!vat#! &e +act"!a 'e&ie ca
acti"nea c#'i%a n" a!e nici# %an%a %a p!#&"ca !e)"ltat"l. A%a %e
-nt1'pla at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l -ncea!ca %a "ci&a victi'a p!in
+a!'eceB p!in %t!#pi!e c" apa %+intitaB p!in -'p"%ca!ea +#t#g!a+iei
ace%teiaB #!i c1n& -ncea!ca %a &#,#a!e "n avi#n a+lat -n ),#! c" #
p!a%tie.
Si -n ace%t ca)B eval"a!ea pe!ic#l"l"i %e va +ace t#t pe ,a)a
"nei anali)e e( anteB &e pe p#)itia "n"i #,%e!vat#! 'e&i"B
&i%p"n1n& %i &e event"alele in+#!'atii %"pli'enta!e &e ca!e
&i%p"nea a"t#!"l. Sp!e e(e'pl"B -nce!ca!ea &e a "ci&e # pe!%#ana
p!in -'p"%ca!e c" # a!'a &e%ca!cataB e%te # tentativa nei&#nee
&aca a"t#!"l %tia ca a!'a e%te &e%ca!cataB &a! &evine # tentativa
i&#nee at"nci c1n& el n" avea c"n#%tinta &e ace%t l"c!".
T#t a%t+elB e(ec"ta!ea "n"i +#c &e a!'a a%"p!a pat"l"i &in
ca'e!a -n ca!e victi'a &#!'ea &e #,icei c#n%tit"ie # tentativa
i&#neeB &aca a"t#!"l n" %tia ca victi'a n" %e a+la -n ca'e!aB &a!
&evine # tentativa nei&#nee &aca a"t#!"l c"n#%tea !e%pectiva
-'p!e."!a!e -n%a c!e&ea ca p#ate "ci&e victi'a p!in -'p"%ca!ea
pat"l"i ace%teia.
n &#ct!ina%i p!actica %:a" p"!tat &i%c"tii c" p!ivi!e la
%ancti#na!ea cel"i ca!e p!e)inta &!ept c1%tigat#! "n ,ilet &e l#te!ie
+al%i+icat -n '#& g!#%#lan. P!#,le'a t!e,"ie !e)#lvata p!in
!ec"!ge!ea la acela%i %i%te' &e eval"a!e 4 &aca pent!" #!ice #'
'e&i" +al%"l apa!e ca +lag!antB va +i v#!,a &e # tentativa nei&#nee.
7aca -n%a +al%"l p!e)inta apa!ente &e ve!i&icitate tentativa va +i
i&#nee %i &eci %ancti#na,ila.
... Tentativa i'pe!+ecta%i tentativa pe!+ecta
Tentativa i'pe!+ecta e(i%ta at"nci c1n& pe pa!c"!%"l
!eali)a!ii act"l"i &e e(ec"ta!e inte!vine # ca")a &e -nt!e!"pe!e a
!eali)a!ii acti"niiB a%t+el -nc1t acea%ta n" e%te &"%a p1na la capat.
0<
S"nte' a%t+el -n p!e)enta "nei tentative i'pe!+ecte at"nci
c1n& in+!act#!"l "!'a!e%te victi'ele c" a"t#t"!i%'"l pent!" a le
l#viB &a! ace%tea !e"%e%c %a %e %alve)e +a!a a +i l#viteB %a" c1n&
a"t#!"l e(e!cita vi#lente a%"p!a victi'eiB &a! e%te -'pie&icat %a
%"%t!aga ,"n"!ile ace%teia. nt!e!"pe!ea %e p#ate &at#!a v#intei
li,e!e a %",iect"l"i %a" "n#! p!e%i"ni e(te!ne e(e!citate a%"p!a
v#intei %ale 8%p!e e(e'pl"B in+!act#!"l ve&e # pat!"la &e p#litie
ca!e %e -n&!eapta %p!e l#c"l "n&e el -ncep"%e actele &e e(ec"ta!eB
a"&e pa%i pe c"l#a!"l ca!e &"cea %p!e ca'e!a -n ca!e %e a+laB
victi'a -l !ec"n#a%te %i -l a'eninta c" &en"nta!ea etc.9. n acela%i
ti'pB -nt!e!"pe!ea p#ate +i !e)"ltat"l "nei c#n%t!1nge!i +i)ice
e(e!citate a%"p!a a"t#!"l"iB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla at"nci c1n& # alta
pe!%#ana -l i'#,ili)ea)a %a" -l l#ve%te pe%te '1na c" ca!e tinea
a!'aB ip#te)e -n ca!e el n" 'ai p#ate +i)ic %a c#ntin"e e(ec"ta!ea.
S"nte' -n p!e)enta "nei tentative pe!+ecte at"nci c1n&
act"l &e e(ec"ta!e a +#%t &"% p1na la capatB c1n& a"t#!"l a !eali)at
integ!al acti"neaB &a! !e)"ltat"l p!eva)"t &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e
n" %:a p!#&"%. Sp!e e(e'pl"B va e(i%ta # tentativa pe!+ecta la
in+!acti"nea &e #'#! at"nci c1n&E in+!act#!"l a a!"ncat victi'a pe
gea' &e la eta."l IIB &a! acea%ta n" a &ece&atB &at#!ita g!e"tatii
%ale !e&"%e %i ca&e!ii pe "n te!en a+1nat %i c" vegetatie a,"n&entaH
inc"lpatiiB -na!'ati c" c"titeB a" aplicat victi'ei 'ai '"lte
l#vit"!iB &a! acea%ta n" a &ece&at.
Ca")ele ca!e &ete!'ina nep!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"i p#t +i
&int!e cele 'ai &ive!%e 8inte!ventia a"t#!"l"iB a "n"i te!tB
c#'p#!ta'ent"l victi'eiB p!e)enta "n#! l"c!"!i %a" ani'ale etc.9.
.*. Sancti#na!ea tentativei
Tentativa %e %ancti#nea)a &#a! at"nci c1n& legea p!eve&e
-n '#& e(plicit ace%t l"c!"B ia! pe&eap%a %e aplica -n li'ite 'ai
!e&"%e +ata &e cele p!eva)"te pent!" in+!acti"nea c#n%"'ata.
7i%p#)itia p!ivin& %ancti#na!ea tentativei -n pa!tea %peciala
%a" -n legile %peciale p#ate +i c"p!in%a -n c@ia! a!tic#l"l ca!e
0$
inc!i'inea)a +apta 8a!t. 1$$ N.C.p.9 %a" p#ate +i p!eva)"ta -nt!:"n
a!tic#l &i%tinctB c" !e+e!i!e la # -nt!eaga g!"pa &e in+!acti"ni 8a!t.
*1 N.C.p. c" !e+e!i!e la in+!acti"nile &e +"!t9.
P#t!ivit a!t. ** alin. N.C.p.B tentativa %e %ancti#nea)a c"
pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" in+!acti"nea c#n%"'ataB ale
ca!ei li'ite %e !e&"c la ."'atate. Sp!e e(e'pl"B &aca pent!" #
+apta legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e la 1> la > &e aniB
tentativa %e va %ancti#na c" # pe&eap%a c"p!in%a -nt!e 2 %i 1> ani.
C1n& pent!" in+!acti"nea c#n%"'ata legea p!eve&e
pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viataB ia! in%tanta %:a! #!ienta %p!e
acea%taB tentativa %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e la 1>
la > &e ani.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1 C.p.B at"nci c1n& pent!" +apta c#'i%a legea
p!eve&ea pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viataB -n ca) &e tentativa %e
aplica # pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 1> la 2 &e ani.
Mecani%'"l &e %ancti#na!e al tentativei p!eva)"t &e n#"l
C#& penal e%te i&entic c" cel c#n%ac!at ante!i#!B %ing"!a
&i+e!enta +iin& &ata &e li'ita 'ai !e&"%a a -nc@i%#!ii ce %e
%",%tit"ie &etenti"nii pe viata 4 &e la 1> la > &e ani p#t!ivit a!t.
** N.C.p.B +ata &e 1>:2 &e ani p#t!ivit a!t. 1 alin. C.p.
./. Ca")ele &e nepe&ep%i!e a tentativei
P#t!ivit a!t. */ alin.1 N.C.p.B n" %e pe&ep%e%te a"t#!"l
ca!eB -nainte &e &e%c#pe!i!ea +apteiB %:a &e%i%tat #!i a
-nc"n#%tintat a"t#!itatile &e c#'ite!ea ace%teiaB a%t+el -nc1t
c#n%"'a!ea %a p#ata +i -'pie&icataB %a" a -'pie&icat el -n%"%i
c#n%"'a!ea in+!acti"nii.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e &i%p#)itia &in a!t. C.p.B n#"l C#&
penal 'enti#nea)a e(plicit ca ip#te)a &e nepe&ep%i!e a tentativei
%it"atia -n ca!e a"t#!"l a -nc"n#%tintat a"t#!itatile &e c#'ite!ea
+apteiB a%t+el -nc1t c#n%"'a!ea %a p#ata +i -'pie&icata. n
!ealitateB '#&i+ica!ea e%te &#a! "na +#!'ala ce n" e(tin&e %+e!a
00
ca")el#! &e nepe&ep%i!eB &at +iin& ca acea%ta %it"atie n" e%te
&ec1t # '#&alitate &e -'pie&ica!e a p!#&"ce!ii !e)"ltat"l"i.
O alta '#&i+ica!e a&"%a &e n#"l C#& penal c#n%ta -n
'enti#na!ea +apt"l"i ca%i &e%i%ta!ea t!e,"ie %a ai,a l#c -nainte
&e &e%c#pe!i!ea +aptei. Ante!i#!B ip#te)a &e%c#pe!i!ii +aptei %e
anali)a -n !ap#!t &e ca!acte!"l v#l"nta! al &e%i%ta!ii.
S", a%pect"l e+ectel#! ca")el#! &e nepe&ep%i!e t!e,"ie
%",liniat ca tentativa n" e%te -nlat"!ataB ea c#ntin"1n& %a e(i%teB
&#a! ca a"t#!"l n" va +i %ancti#nat pent!" acea%ta.
I'p"nitatea &ec"!g1n& &in &e%i%ta!e %a" &in -'pie&ica!ea
p!#&"ce!ii !e)"ltat"l"i n" a!e -n%a "n ca!acte! a,%#l"tB ea n"
-nlat"!a p#%i,ilitatea t!age!ii la !a%p"n&e!e pent!" t#t ceea ce %:a
%av1!%it ante!i#! ca")ei &e nepe&ep%i!e.
C#n+#!' a!t. */ alin. N.C.p.B &aca actele -n&eplinite p1na
-n '#'ent"l &e%i%ta!ii %a" -'pie&ica!ii p!#&"ce!ii !e)"ltat"l"i
c#n%tit"ie # alta in+!acti"ne %e aplica pe&eap%a pent!" acea
in+!acti"ne.
E(e'pl"E 819 a"t#!"l &"pa ce a aplicat victi'ei l#vit"!i -n
%c#p"l &e a # "ci&e # t!an%p#!ta la %pital %i viata +iin&":i %alvataB el
n" va +i %ancti#nat pent!" tentativa &e #'#!B &a! va !a%p"n&e
pent!" vata'a!e c#!p#!alaH
89 a"t#!"l pat!"n&e -nt!:# l#c"inta pent!" a
%"%t!age ,"n"!iB &a! ap#i !en"nta
%i pa!a%e%te ca%a +a!a %a ia ni'icH
el n" va +i %ancti#nat pent!" tentativa &e +"!t &e la ca!e %:a
&e%i%tatB &a! !a%p"n&e pent!" in+!acti"nea &e vi#la!e &e &#'icili"H
8*9 -n %it"atia -n ca!e pat!"n&e!ea -nt!:"n i'#,il -n
%c#p"l c#'ite!ii "n"i +"!t %:a +ac"t p!in &i%t!"ge!ea "%il#! %a"
gea'"!il#!B -n ca) &e &e%i%ta!e a"t#!"l va +i %ancti#nat pent!"
in+!acti"nea &e &i%t!"ge!e.
D *. In+!acti"nea c#n%"'ata
C#n%"'a!ea in+!acti"nii a!e l#c -n '#'ent"l -n ca!e %"nt
-nt!"nite t#ate ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale ace%teiaB c" alte c"vinte
at"nci c1n& %e !eali)ea)a # pe!+ecta c#inci&enta -nt!e +apta c#nc!et
1>>
%av1!%ita &e a"t#! %i '#&el"l:tip &e%c!i% -n n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e.
Acea%ta &e#a!ece n#!'ele &e inc!i'ina!e &in pa!tea %peciala a
C#&"l"i penal %i &in legile %peciale &e%c!i" +apte c#n%"'ate.
7in '#'ent"l -n ca!e +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala %:a
c#n%"'atB t#ate actele c#'i%e -n ca&!"l +a)el#! ante!i#a!e 8acte &e
p!egati!eB tentativa9 %e %",%"'ea)a in+!acti"nii c#n%"'ateB ca!e le
a,%#a!,e &aca a" +#%t c#'i%e -n ,a)a aceleia%i !e)#l"tii
in+!acti#nale.
C#n%"'a!ea in+!acti"nii n" e%te c#n&iti#nata &e !eali)a!ea
%c#p"l"i "!'a!it &e in+!act#! -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e ace%ta apa!e -n
c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii. A%a &e pil&aB -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nii &e +"!tB e%te %"+icient ca l"a!ea ,"n"l"i %a %e +aca -n
%c#p"l -n%"%i!ii pe ne&!eptB &a! n" inte!e%ea)a &aca a"t#!"l a !e"%it
%a !a'1na -n p#%e%ia ,"n"l"i %"%t!a%.
C#n%"'a!ea in+!acti"nii n" t!e,"ie c#n+"n&ata c"
ep"i)a!ea ei. Acea%ta &e#a!eceB -n an"'ite %it"atiiB &e%i la
'#'ent"l c#n%"'a!ii +apta c#!e%p"n&e '#&el"l"i tip c!eat &e
legi"it#!B ea n" %i:a &#,1n&it -nca +i)i#n#'ia &e+initiva. Une#!iB
&"pa '#'ent"l c#n%"'a!ii %e p#t p!#&"ce n#i "!'a!i +ie p!in
a'pli+ica!ea "!'a!ii initialeB +ie p!in c#ntin"a!ea activitatii. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B at"nci c1n& # pe!%#ana %e c#nectea)a ilegal la !etea"a &e
&i%t!i,"tie a ene!giei elect!iceB +apta %e c#n%"'a -n '#'ent"l -n
ca!e a -ncep"t %"%t!age!ea e+ectiva &e c"!ent elect!icB &a! ea %e va
p!el"ngi -n ti'p p1na c1n& %"%t!age!ea ia %+1!%it &in initiativa
a"t#!"l"i %a" &in ca")e %t!aine &e v#inta %a. Ace%t "lti' '#'ent
va +i '#'ent"l ep"i)a!ii.
P!in "!'a!eB &aca # in+!acti"ne %e c#n%"'a at"nci c1n&
%"nt -nt!"nite t#ate ele'entele ce!"te &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB ea
%e ep"i)ea)a -n '#'ent"l -n ca!e %i:a &#,1n&it +i)i#n#'ia
&e+initiva p!in p!#&"ce!ea "lti'ei "!'a!i.
M#'ent"l ep"i)a!ii e%te i'p#!tant pent!" caB at"nci c1n&
&i+e!a &e '#'ent"l c#n%"'a!iiB ep"i)a!ea e%te p"nct"l -n !ap#!t
&e ca!e %e +ace aplica!ea "n#! in%tit"tii &e &!ept penal 8aplica!ea
legii penale -n ti'pB aplica!ea actel#! &e a'ni%tie %i g!atie!eB
!ev#ca!ea %"%pen&a!ii e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei etc.9.
1>1
: Capit#l"l 5III :
UNITATEA 7E IN3RACTIUNE
D 1. C#n%i&e!atii gene!ale
C#&"l n#%t!" penal n" c#ntine # &e+initie a "nitatii &e
in+!acti"ne %i nici n" &a # !egle'enta!e c#'pleta a +#!'el#!
ace%teiaB 'enti#n1n& &#a! "nele &int!e +#!'ele "nitatii legale.
7e lege lata p"te' v#!,i -n &!ept"l n#%t!" &e &#"a +#!'e
ale "nitatii &e in+!acti"neE "nitatea nat"!ala
%i !e%pectiv "nitatea
legala.
Unitatea nat"!ala
%e c#n%tit"ie -n '#& +i!e%cB +iin&
&ete!'inata &e -n%a%i nat"!a act"l"i &e e(ec"ta!e.
Unitatea legala e%te c!eata &e legi"it#! p!in !e"ni!ea -n
c#ntin"t"l "nei %ing"!e in+!acti"ni a 'ai '"lt#! acti"ni ca!e alt+el
a! &a na%te!e "nei pl"!alitati.
3ieca!e &in cele &#"a +#!'e %",%"'ea)a la !1n&"l %a" 'ai
'"lte categ#!ii &e in+!acti"ni. A%t+elB -n ca&!"l "nitatii nat"!ale %e
incl"&E in+!acti"nea %i'plaB "nitatea nat"!ala c#lectivaB
in+!acti"nea c#ntin"a. Unitatea legala &e in+!acti"ne c"p!in&eE
in+!acti"nea c#ntin"ataB in+!acti"nea c#'ple(aB in+!acti"nea &e
#,icei %i in+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva.
D . In+!acti"nea %i'pla
In+!acti"nea %i'pla e%te acea +#!'a a "nitatii nat"!ale &e
in+!acti"ne ca!acte!i)ata &e # %ing"!a acti"ne ca!e p!#&"ce "n
%ing"! !e)"ltat %i c#'pletea)a c#ntin"t"l legal al "nei %ing"!e
n#!'e &e inc!i'ina!e.
n ca)"l ace%tei +#!'e &e "nitate e%te %"+icient "n %ing"!
act &e e(ec"ta!e pent!" a c#n%"'a %i ep"i)a in+!acti"nea. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B %e t!age "n %ing"! +#c &e a!'a a%"p!a victi'ei %i acea%ta
&ece&ea)a pe l#c.
1>
S", a%pect %",iectivB in+!acti"nea %i'pla %e p#ate c#'ite
c" #!ica!e &int!e +#!'ele &e vin#vatie !egle'entate &e lege.
A%t+elB in+!acti"nea %i'pla p#ate +i ca!acte!i)ata n" &#a! &e
intentie 8ca -n e(e'pl"l &e 'ai %"%9B &a! %i &e p!aete!intentie
8a"t#!"l -i aplica victi'ei # l#vit"!a c" p"'n"lB acea%ta %e
&e)ec@ili,!ea)a%i ca&e %"+e!in& "n t!a"'ati%' c!anian %i
&ece&1n& pe l#c9 %a" &e c"lpa 8"n acci&ent &e ci!c"latie -n ca!e
victi'a e%te l#vita%i &ece&ea)a i'e&iat9.
Ma.#!itatea in+!acti"nil#! p!eva)"te &e legi%latia penala
%"nt in+!acti"ni %i'ple %i %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta
&e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e.
D *. Unitatea nat"!ala c#lectiva
*.1. A%pecte gene!ale. 7e+initie
Unitatea nat"!ala c#lectiva e%te acea +#!'a a "nitatii
nat"!ale &e in+!acti"ne ca!acte!i)ata &e +apt"l ca acti"nea ca!e
int!a -n %t!"ct"!a %a %e c#'p"ne &int!:# pl"!alitate &e acte
'ate!iale. Sp!e e(e'pl"B # in+!acti"ne &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala %e
c#'ite p!in aplica!ea 'ai '"lt#! l#vit"!i victi'ei.
Unitatea nat"!ala c#lectiva n" a +#%t !egle'entata %",
a%pect"l c#n&itiil#! &e e(i%tenta &e C#&"l penal &in 1060 %i n"
e%te !egle'entata nici &e n#"l C#& penal.
*.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a "nitatii nat"!ale c#lective
n #pinia n#a%t!aB c#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a "nitatii nat"!ale
&e in+!acti"ne %"ntE "nitatea &e acti"neB #'#genitatea ."!i&ica
%iB
!e%pectivB "nitatea %",iect"l"i pa%iv.
*..1. Unitatea &e acti"ne
S"nte' &e pa!e!e ca e(i%tenta "nitatii &e acti"ne &epin&e
&e -nt!"ni!ea c"'"lativa a "!'at#a!el#! c#n&itiiE a9 "nitatea
1>*
'ani+e%ta!ii &e v#intaH ,9 "nitatea %pati#:te'p#!alaH c9
#'#genitatea 'ate!iala a actel#!.
a9 "nitatea 'ani+e%ta!ii &e v#inta
Acea%ta c#n&itie n" %e anali)ea)a p!in !ap#!ta!e la
ele'ent"l %",iectiv ce!"t &e # n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB ci l"1n& -n
c#n%i&e!a!e %c#p"l acti"nii &e%+a%"!ate &e cat!e a"t#!. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B at"nci c1n& cineva -%i p!#p"ne %a c"!ete ,alc#n"l %iB
pent!" a %capa &e &ive!%ele #,iecte &ep#)itate ac#l#B le a!"nca
pe%te ,al"%t!a&aB ceea ce inte!e%ea)a pent!" a %ta,ili "nitatea
acti"nii n" e%te p#)itia %a %",iectiva -n !ap#!t &e !e)"ltatele ca!e %a!
p"tea p!#&"ce 8!ani!ea "nei pe!%#aneB ava!ie!ea "n#!
a"t#t"!i%'e pa!cate -n p!ea.'a9B ci +inalitatea acti"nii &e%+a%"!ateB
-n ca)"l n#%t!" evac"a!ea ,"n"!il#! &e pe ,alc#n. 7aca acea%ta
+inalitate !a'1ne "nita!aB ac#pe!in& t#ate actele c#'i%e 8e%te
v#!,a &e +ieca!e act &e a!"nca!e a "n"i #,iect pe%te ,al"%t!a&a9B
acti"nea va +i "nica.
,9 "nitatea %pati#:te'p#!ala
7en"'ita%i "nitate a p!#ce%"l"i e(ec"ti#nalB acea%ta
c#n&itie p!e%"p"ne ca actele &e e(ec"ta!e %"%cepti,ile &e
-nca&!a!e -n c#ntin"t"l aceleia%i in+!acti"ni %a +ie c#'i%e -n acela%i
l#c %i -nt!:"n inte!val %c"!t &e ti'p. C" alte c"vinteB actele t!e,"ie
%av1!%ite -nt!:# %"cce%i"ne ne-nt!e!"pta.
Acea%ta c#n&itie n" e(cl"&eB -n%aB #!ice -nt!e!"pe!e a
act"l"i &e e(ec"ta!e p!#p!i":)i%. O -nt!e!"pe!e n" a+ectea)a
"nitatea acti"nii -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e ea e%te +i!ea%caB +iin& ce!"ta &e
-n%a%i nat"!a in+!acti"nii %a" &e '#&"l -n ca!e a +#%t c#ncep"ta
e(ec"ta!ea. A%a &e pil&aB va e(i%ta # "nitate &e acti"ne at"nci c1n&
# pe!%#ana %"%t!age ,"n"!i &in apa!ta'ent"l "n"i vecin %i +ace
'ai '"lte &!"'"!i -nt!e apa!ta'ent"l vecin"l"i %i apa!ta'ent"l
%a" pent!" a t!an%p#!ta ,"n"!ile %"%t!a%e. 7aca inte!val"l %c"!%
-nt!e actele &e %"%t!age!e %"cce%ive n" &epa%e%te ti'p"l nece%a!
t!an%p#!t"l"i +ieca!"i g!"p &e ,"n"!i %"%t!a%eB "nitatea acti"nii n"
va +i a+ectata. 7aca -n%a -nt!e &#"a t!an%p#!t"!i inc"lpat"l
1>/
&e%+a%#a!a%i alte activitati 8&#a!'eB 'e!ge la c"'pa!at"!i etc.9B
n" va 'ai e(i%ta # "nitate a p!#ce%"l"i e(ec"ti#nal %i &eci v#!
e(i%ta 'ai '"lte acti"ni.
Ca!acte!"l +i!e%c al -nt!e!"pe!il#! e%te # c@e%ti"ne &e +apt
pe ca!e in%tanta # va ap!ecia av1n& -n ve&e!e t#ate &atele %petei
c#nc!eteB nep"t1n& +i %ta,ilite a p!i#!i li'ite te'p#!ale -n ace%t
%en%.
c9 #'#genitatea 'ate!iala a actel#! c#'i%e
Acea%ta c#n&itie %e i'p"ne &at#!ita +apt"l"i ca "ne#!i pe
,a)a aceleia%i '#tivatii %",iective %i -n ca&!"l "n"i p!#ce%
e(ec"ti#nal "nic %e p#t c#'ite # 'a!e va!ietate &e acteB ca!e -n%a
n" p#t +i -n nici"n ca) %",%"'ate "nei acti"ni "nice. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B a"t#!"l -%i p!#p"ne %a %"%t!aga ,"n"!i &in l#c"inta "nei
pe!%#ane. 7aca -n ace%t %c#p el "ci&e c1inele &e pa)aB pat!"n&e -n
ca%a%i -n +inal %"%t!age ,"n"!ileB v#' avea t!ei acte &e e(ec"ta!e
&i%tincteB &a! e%te g!e" &e i'aginat ca ele a! p"tea +i incl"%e -n
%+e!a "nei acti"ni "nice. 7e aceeaB v#! +i %"%cepti,ile &e !e"ni!e
-nt!:# acti"ne "nica n"'ai acele acte &e e(ec"ta!e ca!e p!e)inta #
#'#genitate 'ate!ialaB c" alte c"vinte %"nt t#ate acte &e aceea%i
nat"!a 8acte &e vi#lentaB acte &e %"%t!age!eB acte &e a'eninta!e
etc.9.
O'#genitatea 'ate!iala a actel#! &e e(ec"ta!e n" t!e,"ie
inte!p!etata -n%a -nt!:# 'anie!a !igi&a 4 -n %en%"l ca t#ate actele
t!e,"ie %a +ie i&entice 4B ea "!'1n& a %e ap!ecia -n %en% la!gB pe
,a)a nat"!ii actel#!. A%t+elB c#n&itia #'#genitatii 'ate!iale e%te
-n&eplinita at"nci c1n& t#ate actele c#'i%e %"nt acte &e vi#lentaB
in&i+e!ent ca "nele %:a" c#'i% p!in l#vi!e c" p"'n"lB altele p!in
i),i!ea victi'ei c" "n c#!p &"!B ia! altele p!in +#l#%i!ea "n"i c"tit.
*... O'#genitatea ."!i&ica
O'#genitatea ."!i&ica p!e%"p"ne ca +ieca!e act &in
%t!"ct"!a acti"nii "nice %a -%i ga%ea%ca "n c#!e%p#n&ent -n
%t!"ct"!a aceleia%i n#!'e &e inc!i'ina!e.
1>2
*..*. Unitatea %",iect"l"i pa%iv
7aca -n p!ivinta %",iect"l activ n" e(i%ta &i%c"tiiB +iin&
evi&ent ca actele &e e(ec"ta!e t!e,"ie c#'i%e t#ate &e aceea%i
pe!%#anaB -n ca)"l %",iect"l"i pa%ivB %it"atia e%te '"lt 'ai
c#nt!#ve!%ata. 7inc#l# &e ace%te c#nt!#ve!%e %i av1n& -n ve&e!e
+apt"l ca n#"l C#& penal int!#&"ce c#n&itia "nitatii %",iect"l"i
pa%iv -n 'ate!ia in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate 8a!t.*2 alin.19B c!e&e' ca
acea%ta c#n&itie %e va i'p"ne %i -n 'ate!ia "nitatii nat"!ale
c#lective.
D /. In+!acti"nea c#ntin"a
/.1. 7e+initie
In+!acti"nea c#ntin"a n" ,ene+icia)a &e # !egle'enta!e
legala -n C#&"l n#%t!" penalB nee(i%t1n& &in ace%t p"nct &e ve&e!e
'#&i+ica!i +ata &e C#&"l penal &in 1060. Ea e%te &#a!
'enti#nata &e a!t. 12/ alin. N.C.p. ca!e %ta,ile%te '#'ent"l &in
ca!e -ncepe %a c"!ga te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie a !a%p"n&e!ii penale
-n ca)"l ace%tei categ#!ii &e in+!acti"ni.
In+!acti"nea c#ntin"a
e%te c#n%i&e!ata acea +#!'a a
"nitatii nat"!ale &e in+!acti"ne -n ca)"l ca!eiaB &"pa -nt!"ni!ea
t"t"!#! ele'entel#! c#n%tit"tiveB acti"nea %a" inacti"nea %e
p!el"nge%te -n ti'p p!in v#inta a"t#!"l"i.
/.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a in+!acti"nii c#ntin"e
Pe ,a)a &e+initiei en"ntate ante!i#!B p#t +i evi&entiate %i
c#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta ale in+!acti"nii c#ntin"eE e(i%tenta "n"i act
&e e(ec"ta!e ca!e %e p!el"nge%te -n ti'p %iB !e%pectivB "nitatea
ele'ent"l"i %",iectiv.
1>6
/..1. E(i%tenta "n"i act &e e(ec"ta!e ca!e %e p!el"nge%te
-n ti'p
In+!acti"nea c#ntin"a %e ca!acte!i)ea)a p!in e(i%tenta "n"i
act &e e(ec"ta!e : acti"ne %a" inacti"ne : %"%cepti,il &e p!el"ngi!e
-n ti'p &inc#l# &e '#'ent"l c#n%"'a!ii. Sp!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nii &e &etine!e &e in%t!"'ente -n ve&e!ea +al%i+ica!ii &e
val#!i 8a!t. *1/ N.C.p.9B c#n%"'a!ea a!e l#c -n '#'ent"l -n ca!e
+apt"it#!"l int!a -n p#%e%ia !e%pectivel#! in%t!"'ente. Act"l
'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii : &etine!ea : %e p!el"nge%teB -n%aB %i &"pa
ace%t '#'entB &"!1n& at1ta v!e'e c1t a"t#!"l !a'1ne -n p#%e%ia
in%t!"'entel#! p!i'ite. T#t a%t+elB -n ca)"l "nei in+!acti"ni &e +"!t
av1n& ca #,iect ene!gia elect!icaB in+!acti"nea %e c#n%"'a -n
'#'ent"l -n ca!e inc"lpat"l %:a ,!an%at ilegal la !etea"a &e
&i%t!i,"tie a ene!giei elect!ice %i a -ncep"t %a c#n%"'e c"!ent.
Acti"nea &e %"%t!age!e %e p!el"nge%te -n%a -n ti'p at1ta v!e'e c1t
el c#ntin"a %a c#n%"'e ene!gie elect!ica -n '#& ilegal.
/... Unitatea ele'ent"l"i %",iectiv
A%a c"' !e)"lta &in c@ia! &e+initia eiB -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii
c#ntin"e p!el"ngi!ea -n ti'p a acti"nii %a" inacti"nii in+!acti#nale
t!e,"ie %a %e &at#!e)e v#intei agent"l"i. Pe cale &e c#n%ecintaB e%te
nece%a! a %e c#n%tata ca 'ani+e%ta!ea &e v#inta initialaB ce a
ca!acte!i)at '#'ent"l c#n%"'a!iiB %:a 'entin"t pe -nt!eaga &"!ata
a acti"nii %a" inacti"nii.
Unitatea ele'ent"l"i %",iectiv n" p!e%"p"neB -n%aB ca
acea%ta 'ani+e%ta!e &e v#inta %a +ie &ete!'inata -n cele 'ai 'ici
&etaliiB +iin& %"+icient ca ea %a vi)e)e ele'entele e%entiale ale
in+!acti"nii. A%t+elB n" e nece%a! ca &"!ata in+!acti"nii %a +ie
%ta,ilita c" p!eci)ieB +iin& p#%i,il ca a"t#!"l %a &eci&a %a c#'ita
+apta at1ta ti'p c1t va avea p#%i,ilitatea.
1><
/.*. C#n%"'a!ea %i ep"i)a!ea in+!acti"nii c#ntin"e
3iin& # in+!acti"ne c" &"!ata &e c#n%"'a!eB cele &#"a
'#'ente n" c#inci&B +iin& %epa!ate &e "n inte!val &e ti'p. A%t+elB
in+!acti"nea c#ntin"a %e c#n%"'a -n '#'ent"l -n ca!e %"nt
-nt!"nite t#ate ele'entele ce!"te &e inc!i'ina!ea tip %i %e
ep"i)ea)a -n '#'ent"l -n ca!e acti"nea %a" inacti"nea ia %+1!%it.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B +apta &e &etine!e ilicita a "n#! ,"n"!i %e
c#n%"'a -n '#'ent"l -n ca!e a"t#!"l a int!at -n p#%e%ia ,"n"!il#!
!e%pective %i %e ep"i)ea)a -n '#'ent"l -n ca!e el pie!&e -n #!ice
'#& acea%ta p#%e%ie. T#t a%t+elB in+!acti"nea &e lip%i!e &e li,e!tate
-n '#& ilegal 8a!t. >2 N.C.p.9 %e c#n%"'a -n '#'ent"l -n ca!e
victi'a a +#%t p!ivata &e li,e!tate %i %e ep"i)ea)a at"nci c1n& ea
e%te eli,e!ata.
/./. Sancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii c#ntin"e
n ceea ce p!ive%te %ancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii c#ntin"eB +iin&
v#!,a &e # "nitate nat"!ala &e in+!acti"neB ea %e %ancti#nea)a c"
pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e. A%a&a!B n" va e(i%ta
# ca")a &e ag!ava!e a t!ata'ent"l"i %ancti#nat#!B +apta +iin&
pe&ep%ita la +el ca # in+!acti"ne in%tantanee. 7"!ata p!el"ngi!ii -n
ti'p a acti"nii %a" inacti"nii in+!acti#nale va +i -n%a av"ta -n
ve&e!e c" #ca)ia in&ivi&"ali)a!ii ."&icia!e a pe&ep%ei.
D 2. In+!acti"nea c#ntin"ata
2.1. 7e+initie %i nat"!a ."!i&ica
In+!acti"nea c#ntin"ata +ace pa!te &in categ#!ia "nitatii
legale &e in+!acti"ne %i %:a ,"c"!at &e # !egle'enta!e -n pa!tea
gene!ala a C#&"l"i penalB at1t -n C#&"l penal &in 1060B c1t %i -n
n#"l C#& penal.
P#t!ivit a!t. /1 alin. C.p.B in+!acti"nea e%te c#ntin"ata
c1n& # pe!%#ana %av1!%e%te la &i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'pB &a! -n
1>$
!eali)a!ea aceleia%i !e)#l"tiiB acti"ni %a" inacti"ni ca!e p!e)inta
+ieca!e -n pa!teB c#ntin"t"l aceleia%i in+!acti"ni.
P#t!ivit a!t. *2 alin.1 N.C.p.B in+!acti"nea e%te c#ntin"ata
c1n& # pe!%#ana %av1!%e%te la &i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'pB &a! -n
!eali)a!ea aceleia%i !e)#l"tii %i -'p#t!iva acel"ia%i %",iect pa%ivB
acti"ni %a" inacti"ni ca!e p!e)intaB +ieca!e -n pa!teB c#ntin"t"l
aceleia%i in+!acti"ni.
2.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate
P#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta
in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate e%te nece%a!a -nt!"ni!ea c"'"lativa a
"!'at#a!el#! c#n&itiiE pl"!alitate &e acti"ni %a" inacti"ni
%av1!%ite la &i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'pH #'#genitatea ."!i&ica a
acti"nil#! %a" inacti"nil#!H "nitate &e %",iect activ %i pa%ivH
"nitate &e !e)#l"tie in+!acti#nala.
2..1. Pl"!alitate &e acti"ni %a" inacti"ni %av1!%ite la
&i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'p
3iin& # "nitate ."!i&ica &e in+!acti"neB in+!acti"nea
c#ntin"ata p!e%"p"ne -n '#& nece%a! # pl"!alitate &e acti"ni %a"
inacti"ni pe ca!e legi"it#!"l le !e"ne%te -n c"p!in%"l "nei %ing"!e
entitati.
A%a c"' %e p#ate #,%e!vaB c#n&itia pe ca!e # anali)a'B
c#n%tit"ie p!incipal"l c!ite!i" &e &eli'ita!e -nt!e in+!acti"nea
c#ntin"ata%i +#!'ele "nitatii nat"!ale &e in+!acti"ne. n p!i'"l
!1n&B p!in "tili)a!ea c#!ecta a ace%t"i c!ite!i"B %e evita c#n+")ia
in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate c" "nitatea nat"!ala c#lectiva.
7aca -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate ave' 'ai '"lte
acti"ni c#'i%e la &i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'pB -n ip#te)a "nitatii
nat"!ale c#lective e(i%ta
# %ing"!a acti"neB alcat"ita &int!:#
pl"!alitate &e acte &e e(ec"ta!e c#'i%e -n ca&!"l "nei "nitati
%pati#:te'p#!ale. Un e(e'pl" p#ate +i e&i+icat#! pent!" '#&"l -n
ca!e #pe!ea)a acea%ta &i%tinctie. Sa p!e%"p"ne' ca inc"lpat"l
1>0
&#!e%te %a %"%t!aga cinci %aci &e 'e!e &in liva&a vecin"l"i. 7aca
-nt!:# n#apte %e &epla%ea)a -n liva&aB "'ple "n %acB 'e!ge aca%aB
-l g#le%te %i %e -nt#a!ce i'e&iat pent!" a l"a -nca "n %acB !epet1n&
ap#i #pe!ati"nea &e c1teva #!iB v#' avea # "nitate nat"!ala
c#lectiva. Acea%ta &e#a!ece -n %peta actele &e %"%t!age!e %:a"
%"cce&at +a!a alte -nt!e!"pe!i &ec1t cele nece%a!e t!an%p#!t"l"i
,"n"!il#!. 7aca -n%a inc"lpat"lB &"pa p!i'"l t!an%p#!tB %e 'ai
#&i@ne%teB 'ai e+ect"ea)a alte activitati -n g#%p#&a!ie ia! ap#i
'e!ge %a 'ai ia "n %acB v#' avea # in+!acti"ne c#ntin"ataB pent!"
ca &e.a actele &e %"%t!age!e %"nt c#'i%e c" -nt!e!"pe!i ca!e n" e!a"
nece%a!e -n !ap#!t &e '#&"l &e c#'ite!e a +aptei. Inte!valele &e
ti'p 'ai 'a!i %c"!%e -nt!e actele &e %"%t!age!e le a"t#n#'i)ea)aB
t!an%+#!'1n&":le -n acti"ni &e %ine %tatat#a!eB %peci+ice
in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate. C" at1t 'ai '"lt v#' avea # in+!acti"ne
c#ntin"ata &aca actele %"cce%ive &e %"%t!age!e a" l#c -n )ile
&i+e!ite.
Inte!valele &e ti'p %c"!%e -nt!e &i+e!itele acti"ni ca!e %e
integ!ea)a -n %t!"ct"!a in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate n" t!e,"ie a%a&a! %a
+ie +#a!te %c"!te 8pent!" ca -n ace%t ca) v#' avea # "nitate
nat"!ala &e in+!acti"ne9B &a! nici e(ce%iv &e l"ngiB pent!" ca !i%ca
%a c#'p!#'ita "nitatea !e)#l"tiei in+!acti#naleB &1n& a%t+el na%te!e
"n"i c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"ni. 7"!ata ace%t#! inte!vale n" e%teB %i
nici n" a! p"tea %a +ie %ta,ilita &e legeB eval"a!ea l#! +iin& #
c@e%ti"ne la%ata la ap!ecie!ea in%tantei &e ."&ecata.
2... O'#genitatea ."!i&ica a acti"nil#! %a" inacti"nil#!
P#t!ivit ace%tei c#n&itiiB acti"nile %a" inacti"nile c#'i%e la
&i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'p t!e,"ie %a !eali)e)e c#ntin"t"l aceleia%i
in+!acti"niB %a %e -nca&!e)e -n c#ntin"t"l aceleia%i inc!i'ina!i.
Acea%ta c#n&itie p!e%"p"neB -n p!i'"l !1n&B # "nitate a
#,iect"l"i ."!i&ic -n %en%"l ca t#ate acti"nile %a" #'i%i"nile
t!e,"ie %a %e -n&!epte -'p#t!iva aceleia%i val#!i %#ciale. Cele
a!atate -n ca&!"l %ecti"nii &e&icate #'#genitatii ."!i&ice ca #
11>
c#n&itie a "nitatii nat"!ale c#lective -%i pa%t!ea)a vala,ilitatea %i
aici.
2..*. Unitatea &e %",iect activ %i pa%iv
C#n&itia i&entitatii %",iect"l"i activ e%te +#!'"lata e(plicit
&e legi"it#! -n te(t"l a!t. /1 alin. C.p.B !e%pectiv a!t. *2 alin.1
N.C.p.B ca!e a!ata ca acti"nile t!e,"ie %a +ie %av1!%ite &e aceea%i
pe!%#ana.
Unitatea &e %",iect activ !ep!e)inta a%t+elB alat"!i &e
"nitatea &e !e)#l"tie in+!acti#nalaB "n liant pent!" acti"nile c#'i%e
la &i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'p.
n ceea ce p!ive%te "nitatea %",iect"l"i pa%ivB ea e%te
c#n%ac!ata e(plicit &e n#"l C#& penalB +iin& p!incipala &e#%e,i!e
+ata &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a. n c#n%ecintaB 'ai '"lte +apte
&e %"%t!age!e c#'i%e &e inc"lpat -n )ile &i+e!ite -n &a"na 'ai
'"lt#! veciniB v#! c#n%tit"i "n c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"ni %i n" #
in+!acti"ne c#ntin"ataB c@ia! &aca inc"lpat"l a l"at &e la -ncep"t
@#ta!1!ea &e a c#'ite t#ate +"!t"!ile.
2../. Unitatea &e !e)#l"tie in+!acti#nala
Unitatea &e !e)#l"tie !ep!e)inta "na &int!e cele 'ai
i'p#!tante c#n&itii &e e(i%tenta ale in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate %iB
t#t#&ataB p!incipal"l ele'ent &e &eli'ita!e a ace%teia +ata &e
c#nc"!%"l !eal #'#gen &e in+!acti"ni.
Pent!" a &ete!'ina incl"&e!ea "n#! acti"ni c#'i%e la
&i+e!ite inte!vale &e ti'p -n %t!"ct"!a "nei in+!acti"ni c#ntin"ateB
!e)#l"tia in+!acti#nalaB t!e,"ie %a -n&eplinea%ca an"'ite c#n&itiiE
. t!e,"ie %a +ie &ete!'inata. Acea%ta -n%ea'na ca
+apt"it#!"lB -n '#'ent"l l"a!ii @#ta!1!iiB %a +i av"t i'aginea
+apt"l"i pe ca!e "!'ea)a %a:l c#'ita -n '#& +!acti#natB ceea ce
111
i'plica # !ep!e)enta!e &e an%a',l" a #,iect"l"i 'ate!ialB a
l#c"l"iB '#&"l"i %i ti'p"l"i &e %av1!%i!e a &i+e!itel#! acti"niH
. t!e,"ie %a +ie ante!i#a!a t"t"!#! ace%t#! acti"niH
.%i %a %e 'entina pe t#ata &"!ata c#'ite!ii l#!B
c#n&itie ce &ec"!ge &in c@ia! +#!'"la!ea te(t"l"i a!t. *2 alin.1
N.C.p.B p#t!ivit ca!eia acti"nile %a" inacti"nile t!e,"ie %a +ie
c#'i%e -n ,a)a aceleia%i !e)#l"tii in+!acti#nale.
3iin& -n%a "n p!#ce% e%ential'ente p%i@icB !e)#l"tia
in+!acti#nala n" p#ate +i pe!cep"ta%i eval"ata %", a%pect"l "nitatii
%i g!a&"l"i %a" &e &ete!'ina!e -n '#& ne'i.l#citB ci n"'ai pe ,a)a
ci!c"'%tantel#! ca!e ca!acte!i)ea)a acti"nile -n ca!e ea %:a
c#nc!eti)at. P#t +i +#l#%ite -n ace%t %c#p ele'ente c"' a! +iE
e(i%tenta "n#! inte!vale &e ti'p !elativ %c"!te -nt!e acti"nile
c#'p#nenteH c#'ite!ea acti"nil#! a%"p!a "n#! ,"n"!i &e acela%i
+elH +#l#%i!ea acel#!a%i 'et#&eB p!#ce&eeB 'i.l#aceH c#'ite!ea
acti"nil#! -n acelea%i -'p!e."!a!i %a" c#n&itiiH "nitatea &e '#,il
%a" &e %c#p.
2.*. In+!acti"ni ca!e n" p#t +i c#'i%e -n +#!'a c#ntin"ata
7e !eg"laB #!ice in+!acti"ne e%te %"%cepti,ila &e c#'ite!e
-n +#!'a c#ntin"ata. A%t+elB c@ia! "nele &int!e in+!acti"nile c"
&"!ata &e c#n%"'a!eB c"' e%te ca)"l in+!acti"nii c#ntin"eB p#t +i
%av1!%ite -n +#!'a c#ntin"ata. A%a %e -nt1'pla at"nci c1n& #
pe!%#ana ce n" p#%e&a pe!'i% &e c#n&"ce!eB -n ,a)a aceleia%i
!e)#l"tii in+!acti#naleB c#n&"ce "n a"t#ve@ic"l pe &!"'"!ile
p",lice -n 'ai '"lte )ile.
C" t#ate ace%teaB e(i%ta%i c1teva categ#!ii &e in+!acti"ni
ca!eB &at#!ita inc#'pati,ilitatii l#! c" "nele &int!e c#n&itiile &e
e(i%tenta ale in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ateB n" p#t c"n#a%te acea%ta +#!'a
&e %av1!%i!e. Ace%tea %"ntE
11
2.*.1. In+!acti"nile %av1!%ite &in c"lpa
nt!"c1t a!t. *2 alin.1 N.C.p.B &e+inin& ele'ent"l %",iectiv
al in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ateB %e !e+e!a la "nitatea !e)#l"tiei ce %ta la
,a)a t"t"!#! acti"nil#! 8inacti"nil#!9B %e i'p"ne c#ncl")ia ca
+ieca!e &int!e ace%tea t!e,"ie %a +ie c#'i%a c" intentie. Pe cale &e
c#n%ecintaB &aca %e c#'it 'ai '"lte +apte &in c"lpa la &i+e!ite
inte!vale &e ti'pB ele v#! c#n%tit"i in+!acti"ni &i%tincte a+late -n
c#nc"!%.
2.*.. In+!acti"nile c" !e)"ltat in&ivi)i,il 8&e+initiv9
n acea%ta categ#!ie %e incl"& acele in+!acti"ni al ca!#!
!e)"ltat n" e%te %"%cepti,il &e p!#&"ce!e pa!tiala %a" +!acti#nataB
c"' e%te ca)"l +aptel#! &e "ci&e!e %a" av#!tB &#ct!ina c#n%i&e!1n&
ca%i -n ace%t ca) +#!'a c#ntin"ata &e c#'ite!e e%te e(cl"%a.
2.*.*. In+!acti"nile &e #,icei
Av1n& -n ve&e!e ca actele ca!e int!a -n %t!"ct"!a
in+!acti"nii &e #,iceiB n" a" !elevanta penala p!ivite -n '#& i)#latB
ci &#a! -n an%a',l"l l#!B n" c!e&e' ca actele c#'i%e "lte!i#!
c#n%"'a!ii in+!acti"nii &e #,icei a! p"tea %a # t!an%+#!'e -nt!:#
in+!acti"ne c#ntin"ata. n ace%t ca) n" a! +i -n&eplinita c#n&itia ca
+ieca!e &int!e acti"nile %"cce%ive %a !eali)e)e c#ntin"t"l aceleia%i
in+!acti"niB caci c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"nii &e #,icei e%te !eali)at
n"'ai &e an%a',l"l actel#! %i n" &e +ieca!e &int!e ace%tea. n pl"%B
n"'a!"l actel#! c#'i%e &"pa c#n%"'a!e %i p1na la ep"i)a!e p#ate
+i av"t -n ve&e!e c" #ca)ia in&ivi&"ali)a!ii ."&icia!e.
2./. T!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#! al in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate
P#t!ivit a!t. / C.p.B in+!acti"nea c#ntin"ata %e %ancti#na
c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%itaB la
11*
ca!e %e p"tea a&a"ga "n %p#! p#t!ivit &i%p#)itiil#! a!t. */ %a" a!t.
/>1 alin.1 C.p.
C" alte c"vinteB -n ca) &e in+!acti"ne c#ntin"ata in%tanta
aplica # pe&eap%a p1na la 'a(i'"l %pecial p!eva)"t &e legeB ia!
&aca ace%t 'a(i' %e &#ve&ea ne-n&e%t"lat#!B %e p"tea a&a"ga "n
%p#!. Sp#!"l e!a cel p!eva)"t &e lege -n ca)"l c#nc"!%"l"i &e
in+!acti"niB a&ica &e p1na la 2 ani -n ca)"l -nc@i%#!ii %i !e%pectiv &e
p1na la ."'atate &in 'a(i'"l %pecial -n ca)"l a'en)iiB &aca e%te
v#!,a &e%p!e # pe!%#ana +i)ica. 7aca -n %peta e!a v#!,a &e%p!e #
pe!%#ana ."!i&icaB %p#!"l p"tea +i &e p1na la # t!ei'e &in 'a(i'"l
%pecial al a'en)ii.
Sp#!"l e!a +ac"ltativB ceea ce -n%e'na ca in%tanta p"tea %a
!a'1na -n ca&!"l li'itel#! p!eva)"te &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB
c@ia! &aca +apta e!a c#'i%a -n +#!'a c#ntin"ata.
n n#"l C#& penalB in+!acti"nea c#ntin"ata %e
%ancti#nea)aB p#t!ivit a!t. *6 N.C.p.B c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e
lege pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%itaB al ca!ei 'a(i' %e p#ate
'a.#!a c" cel '"lt * ani -n ca)"l -nc@i%#!iiB !e%pectiv c" cel '"lt
# t!ei'e -n ca)"l a'en)ii.
P!acticB 'ecani%'"l &e %ancti#na!e !a'1ne acela%i 4
aplica!ea pe&ep%ei p1na la 'a(i'"l %pecial %a" pe%te ace%t
'a(i' -n li'ita %p#!"l"i 4 c" %ing"!a &i+e!enta ca %p#!"l -n
ca)"l pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii e%te &e n"'ai t!ei ani.
P#t!ivit a!t. *< N.C.p.B ca!e !eia &i%p#)itia a!t. /* C.p.B
&aca &"pa c#n&a'na!ea &e+initiva pent!" c#'ite!ea "nei
in+!acti"ni c#ntin"ateB in+!act#!"l e%te ."&ecat "lte!i#! %i pent!"
alte acti"ni %a" inacti"ni ca!e int!a -n c#ntin"t"l aceleia%i
in+!acti"niB %e %ta,ile%te # pe&eap%atin1n& c#nt &e in+!acti"nea
%av1!%ita -n -nt!eg"l eiB pe&eap%a ca!e n" p#ate +i 'ai "%#a!a &ec1t
cea p!#n"ntata "lte!i#!.
S#l"tia e%te +i!ea%ca &e#a!eceB -n c#n&itiile -n ca!e t#ate
acti"nile %a" inacti"nile +ac pa!te &in %t!"ct"!a aceleia%i
in+!acti"niB e%te evi&ent ca ele t!e,"ie %a p!i'ea%ca # pe&eap%a
"nicaB c#!e%p"n)at#a!e in+!acti"nii "nice.
11/
P!#ce&1n& la !ecalc"la!eB in%tanta p#ate %a 'entina pent!"
-nt!eaga in+!acti"ne pe&eap%a aplicata initial %a" p#ate %a #
'a.#!e)eB 'ai ale% at"nci c1n& acti"nile n#" &e%c#pe!ite %p#!e%c
%e'ni+icativ pe!ic"l#)itatea +aptei -n an%a',l". Pe&eap%a initiala
n" va p"tea +i -n%a !e&"%aB caciB &aca pent!" "n an"'it n"'a! &e
acti"ni %:a aplicat # pe&eap%aB n" e%te &e c#ncep"t aplica!ea "nei
pe&ep%e 'ai 'ici pent!" "n n"'a! 'ai 'a!e &e acti"ni
c#'p#nente.
D 6. In+!acti"nea c#'ple(a
6.1. N#ti"ne
In+!acti"nea c#'ple(a a +#%t !egle'entata at1t &e
act"al"l C#& penal c1t %i &e n#"l C#& penalB -nt!e cele &#"a
!egle'enta!i nee(i%t1n& '#&i+ica!i &e %",%tanta.
A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. /1 alin.* C.p.B in+!acti"nea e%te
c#'ple(a c1n& -n c#ntin"t"l %a" int!aB ca ele'ent %a" ca
ci!c"'%tanta ag!avantaB # acti"ne %a" # inacti"ne ca!e c#n%tit"ie
p!in ea -n%a%i # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala.
P#t!ivit a!t. *2 alin. N.C.p.B in+!acti"nea e%te c#'ple(a
c1n& -n c#ntin"t"l %a" int!aB ca ele'ent c#n%tit"tiv %a" ca
ele'ent ci!c"'%tantial ag!avantB # acti"ne %a" inacti"ne ca!e
c#n%tit"ie p!in ea -n%a%i # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala.
In+!acti"nea c#'ple(a !ep!e)inta # +#!'a a "nitatii legale
&e in+!acti"neB &e#a!ece n"'ai legi"it#!"l e%te cel ca!e p#ate
incl"&e -n c#ntin"t"l "nei in+!acti"ni c#ntin"t"l alteia. n a,%enta
&i%p#)itiei legale ca!e inc!i'inea)a in+!acti"nea c#'ple(aB
in+!acti"nea %a" in+!acti"nile incl"%e -n %t!"ct"!a ei a! avea #
e(i%tenta &e %ine %tatat#a!e. Sp!e e(e'pl"B &aca n" a! e(i%ta
in+!acti"nea &e t1l@a!ieB +"!t"l %i vi#lentele a! c#n%tit"i &#"a
in+!acti"ni a+late -n c#nc"!%.
112
6.. St!"ct"!a %i c#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a in+!acti"nii c#'ple(e
S", a%pect %t!"ct"!alB in+!acti"nea c#'ple(a p!e%"p"ne -n
p!i'"l !1n& "n #,iect ."!i&ic c#'ple(B a&ica # pl"!alitate &e val#!i
%#ciale ca!e %"nt le)ate %a" p"%e -n pe!ic#l p!in c#'ite!ea +aptei.
7e !eg"laB #,iect"l c#'ple( e%te ete!#genB +iin& alcat"it &in &#"a
val#!i %#ciale &e nat"!a &i+e!ita. n ace%t ca)B -nt#t&ea"na e(i%ta #
val#a!e %#ciala p!incipala :ca!e &ete!'ina%i incl"&e!ea
in+!acti"nii -nt!:# an"'ita g!"pa :%i # val#a!e %#ciala %ec"n&a!a.
7e pil&aB -n ca)"l t1l@a!iei val#a!ea %#ciala p!incipala e%te
pat!i'#ni"l 8&e aceea t1l@a!ia e%te # in+!acti"ne c#nt!a
pat!i'#ni"l"i9B ia! val#a!ea %ec"n&a!a integ!itatea +i)ica a
pe!%#anei. T#t a%t+elB -n ca)"l vi#l"l"iB val#a!ea %#ciala p!incipala
e%te li,e!tatea vietii %e("aleB ia! val#a!ea %ec"n&a!a e%te
integ!itatea +i)ica %a" li,e!tatea p%i@ica a pe!%#anei.
P!in e(ceptieB "ne#!i #,iect"l ."!i&ic a!e ca!acte! #'#genB
+iin& alcat"it &in &#"a val#!i %#ciale &e aceea%i nat"!a. A%a %e
-nt1'pla -n ca)"l #'#!"l"i cali+icat p!eva)"t &e a!t. 1$0 lit. +9
N.C.p. 8ce c#!e%p"n&e #'#!"l"i &e#%e,it &e g!av p!eva)"t &e a!t.
1<6 lit. ,9 C.p.9 : #'#!"l c#'i% a%"p!a a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
pe!%#ane.
Re+e!it#! la c#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta ale in+!acti"nii
c#'ple(eB t!e,"ie %a ne -nt#a!ce' la '#&"l -n ca!e acea%ta %e
na%te 4 p!in a,%#!,i!ea -n c#ntin"t"l %a" a "nei alte inc!i'ina!i.
Pent!" ca !e%pectiva a,%#!,tie %a #pe!e)eB e%te nece%a!a -nt!"ni!ea
c"'"lativa a 'ai '"lt#! c#n&itii.
6..1. Ca!acte!"l nece%a! al a,%#!,tiei
In+!acti"nea c#'ple(a +iin& # +#!'a a "nitatii legale &e
in+!acti"neB a,%#!,tia #pe!ea)a c" p!ivi!e la c#ntin"t"l legal al
in+!acti"nil#! -n ca")a : in+!acti"nea c#'ple(aB a,%#!,anta%iB
!e%pectivB in+!acti"nea a,%#!,ita. Acea%ta -n%ea'na ca t#ate
ele'entele %peci+ice inc!i'ina!ii a,%#!,ite t!e,"ie %a %e
!ega%ea%ca -n c#ntin"t"l inc!i'ina!ii c#'ple(e.
116
n plan p!actic acea%ta -n%ea'na ca in+!acti"nea c#'ple(a
n" %e p#ate c#'ite nici#&ata +a!a %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii a,%#!,ite.
Nece%itatea a,%#!,tiei n" %e anali)ea)a
in c#nc!et#B c" !e+e!i!e la
+apta c#'i%a -n c#nc!et &e cat!e inc"lpatB ci in a,%t!act#B av1n& -n
ve&e!e in+!acti"nea !e%pectiva -n gene!al. Sp!e e(e'pl"B %anta."l
e%te # in+!acti"ne c#'ple(aB ca!e a,%#a!,e vi#lenta %a"
a'eninta!eaB -nt!"c1t n" %e p#ate nici#&ata c#'ite -n a,%enta
"neia &in cele &#"a +apte. n %c@i',B +"!t"l p!in e+!actie n"
a,%#a!,e vi#la!ea &e &#'icili" &e#a!ece e%te p#%i,ila %av1!%i!ea
"n"i +"!t p!in e+!actie +a!a a c#'ite %i # vi#la!e &e &#'icili" 8"n
+"!t p!in e+!actie c#'i% -n l#cal"l "nei %#cietati c#'e!cialeB -n
%e&i"l "nei in%tit"tii p",liceB &int!:"n a"t#t"!i%' pa!cat pe %t!a&a
etc.9.
6... Ca!acte!"l &ete!'inat %a" &ete!'ina,il al
in+!acti"nii a,%#!,ite
7in ca!acte!"l &e "nitate legala al in+!acti"nii c#'ple(e
!e)"lta -n acela%i ti'p nece%itatea ca legi"it#!"l %a in&ivi&"ali)e)e
+a!a ec@iv#c in+!acti"nea ca!e e%te a,%#!,ita &e +apta c#'ple(a.
In+!acti"nea a,%#!,ita a!e ca!acte! &ete!'inat at"nci c1n&
%+e!a +aptel#! %"%cepti,ile &e integ!a!e -n c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"nii
c#'ple(e n" p#ate +i e(tin%a pe cale &e inte!p!eta!e. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B t1l@a!ia 8a!t. ** N.C.p.9 a,%#a!,e +"!t"l.
In+!acti"nea a,%#!,ita a!e ca!acte! &ete!'ina,il at"nci
c1n& legi"it#!"l !ec"!ge la +#!'"la!i c" ca!acte! gene!icB &a! pe
cale &e inte!p!eta!e %e p#ate %ta,ili +a!a ec@iv#c %+e!a +aptel#! ca!e
%e p#t incl"&e -n c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"nii c#'ple(e. 7e e(e'pl"B
a!t. 1$ alin.1 N.C.p. inc!i'inea)a F!ap#!t"l %e("al 8...9 c" #
pe!%#ana 8...9 p!in c#n%t!1nge!e 8...9G. Acea%ta &i%p#)itie a!e -n
ve&e!e at1t c#n%t!1nge!ea +i)icaB c1t %i cea '#!ala 8a'eninta!ea9.
7aca
te!'enii "tili)ati %"nt &e 'a(i'a gene!alitate %i
ne%"%cepti,ili %a ci!c"'%c!ie cel p"tin # an"'ita categ#!ie &e
+apteB n" %e p#ate v#!,i &e "n c#ntin"t c#'ple( %i %e va !etine "n
c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"ni. A%a e%te &e pil&aB ca)"l a!t. *$2 alin.1
11<
N.C.p. ca!e inc!i'inea)a F-'pie&ica!ea p!in #!ice 'i.l#ace a
li,e!"l"i e(e!citi" al &!ept"l"i &e a alege %a" &e a +i ale%G. C1n&
-'pie&ica!ea %:a %av1!%it p!in c#'ite!ea alt#! in+!acti"ni
8a'eninta!eB l#vi!eB %anta. etc.9B va e(i%ta "n c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"ni
-nt!e +apta p!eva)"ta &e a!t. *$2 alin.1 %i in+!acti"nea ca!e a
c#n%tit"it 'i.l#c"l &e !eali)a!e a -'pie&ica!ii.
6..*. 7i+e!enta &e pe!ic"l#)itate -nt!e cele &#"a +apte
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e in+!acti"nea c#'ple(a a,%#a!,e # alta
+aptaB e%te evi&ent ca ea t!e,"ie %a +ie ca!acte!i)ata &e #
pe!ic"l#)itate 'ai !i&icata &ec1t cea a +aptei a,%#!,ite. C"'
pe!ic"l#)itatea %e !e+lecta -n %ancti"nea p!eva)"ta &e legeB
ve!i+ica!ea ace%tei c#n&itii %e +ace p!in c#'pa!a!ea li'itel#! &e
pe&eap%a p!eva)"te pent!" cele &#"a in+!acti"ni.
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e in+!acti"nea apa!ent c#'ple(a e%te
%ancti#nata c" # pe&eap%a in+e!i#a!a celei p!eva)"te pent!"
in+!acti"nea Fa,%#!,itaGB cele &#"a +apte %e v#! !etine -n c#nc"!%.
6.*. Sancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii c#'ple(e
In+!acti"nea c#'ple(a e%te c!eata &e legi"it#! t#c'ai -n
ve&e!ea "nei 'ai c#!ecte in&ivi&"ali)a!i legaleB a&ica a %ta,ili!ii
"nei %ancti"ni ca!e %a !e+lecte c1t 'ai +i&el g!a&"l &e pe!ic#l %#cial
al activitatii in+!acti#nale -n an%a',l". P!in "!'a!eB %ancti"nea
p!eva)"ta -n n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e e%te %"+icienta pent!"
!ep!i'a!ea in+!acti"nii c#'ple(eB +a!a a +i nece%a!a # alta ag!ava!e
a ace%teia.
La +el ca -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ateB e%te p#%i,ila
!ecalc"la!ea pe&ep%ei %i pent!" in+!acti"nea c#'ple(a -n ca)"l -n
ca!e "lte!i#! %e &e%c#pe!a # alta acti"ne ca!e +ace pa!te &in
c#ntin"t"l ace%teia 8a!t. *< N.C.p.9. 7e pil&aB inc"lpat"l a +#%t
c#n&a'nat pent!" # in+!acti"ne &e t1l@a!ieB c#'i%a p!in aceea ca a
a'enintat victi'a %i i:a %"%t!a% "n ,"n. Ulte!i#!B victi'a &ep"ne
pl1nge!e %i c" p!ivi!e la %"%t!age!ea alt"i ,"nB &a! %e c#n%tata ca%i
11$
acea%ta +apta a av"t l#c t#t c" #ca)ia %"%t!age!ii p!i'"l"i ,"nB
+ac1n& a%t+el pa!te &in c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"nii &e t1l@a!ie. n ace%t
ca)B in%tanta p#ate +ie %a 'entina pe&eap%a aplicata initialB +ie %a #
'a.#!e)e -n c#n%i&e!a!ea actel#! &e vi#lenta &in %t!"ct"!a t1l@a!ieiB
&a! -n nici "n ca) n" va p"tea p!#n"nta # pe&eap%a in+e!i#a!a celei
aplicate initial.
D <. In+!acti"nea &e #,icei
<.1. 7e+initia %i c#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a in+!acti"nii &e #,icei
In+!acti"nea &e #,icei e%te acea +#!'a a "nitatii legale &e
in+!acti"ne ca!acte!i)ata p!in c#'ite!ea "nei pl"!alitati &e acte
&e e(ec"ta!e %i'ila!e ca!eB anali)ate i)#latB n" a" ca!acte!
in+!acti#nalB ace%t ca!acte! &#,1n&in&":%e &#a! p!in !epeta!eB
p!in c#'ite!ea l#! -n '#& #,i%n"it.
In+!acti"nea &e #,iceiB %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e cea c#ntin"ata
%a" c#'ple(aB n" %:a ,"c"!at &e # !egle'enta!e e(plicita -n pa!tea
gene!ala a C#&"l"i penal &in 1060B %i nici -n n#"l C#& penal. Ea
!ep!e)inta t#t"%i # +#!'a a "nitatii legale &e in+!acti"neB caci e%te
!e)"ltat"l v#intei legi"it#!"l"iB ca!e &eci&e &aca inc!i'inea)a
+ieca!e act %a" &acaB &i'p#t!ivaB i'p"ne ce!inta !epeta,ilitatii
actel#! pent!" ca ace%tea %a int!e %", inci&enta legii penale.
3iin& v#!,a &e%p!e # c!eatie a legi"it#!"l"iB ca!acte!"l &e
in+!acti"ne &e #,icei al "nei +apte !e)"lta -nt#t&ea"na &in
c#ntin"t"l inc!i'ina!ii. Cel 'ai a&e%eaB in+!acti"nile &e #,icei
%"nt "%#! &e i&enti+icatB caci legi"it#!"l "tili)ea)a -n n#!'a &e
inc!i'ina!e %intag'a -n '#& !epetat 8a!t. * alin.1 N.C.p.9 %a" -n
'#& #,i%n"it.
n #pinia n#a%t!aB pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta in+!acti"nii &e
#,iceiB e%te nece%a!a -nt!"ni!ea c"'"lativa a "!'at#a!el#!
c#n&itiiE pl"!alitate &e acte #'#gene %av1!%ite la &i+e!ite inte!vale
&e ti'pH i!elevanta penala in&ivi&"ala a actel#! c#'i%eH "nitatea
'ani+e%ta!ii &e v#intaH "nitate &e %",iect activ %i pa%iv.
110
a9 pl"!alitate &e acte #'#gene c#'i%e -n ti'p
A%a c"' !e)"lta &in c@ia! &e+initia in+!acti"nii &e #,iceiB
acea%ta p!e%"p"ne c#'ite!ea "nei pl"!alitati &e acte pent!" a
a."nge la c#n%"'a!e. Sp!e e(e'pl"B p#t!ivit a!t. >$ alin.1 N.C.p.B
c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne +apta cel"i ca!e F-n '#& !epetatB "!'a!e%te
+a!a &!eptB 89 # pe!%#ana #!i -i %"p!aveg@ea)a l#c"inta 89G.
A%t+elB "n %ing"! act &e "!'a!i!e n" va !eali)a ele'ent"l
c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"niiB +iin& nece%a!a c#'ite!ea -n '#& !epetat.
n ceea ce p!ive%te n"'a!"l actel#! nece%a!e pent!"
e(i%tenta in+!acti"niiB legea n" +ace nici# p!eci)a!eB %i nici n" a!
p"tea %a # +aca -nt!"c1t c#n%tata!ea #,i%n"intei n" &epin&e
e(cl"%iv &e n"'a!"l ace%t#! acte. A%t+elB e%te i'p#!tant inte!val"l
&e ti'p %c"!% -nt!e &#"a acte c#n%ec"tiveB -'p!e."!a!ile -n ca!e %:
a" c#'i% ace%te acteB nat"!a +aptei etc.
,9 i!elevanta penala in&ivi&"ala a actel#! c#'i%e
A%a c"' !e)"lta &in c@ia! &e+initia in+!acti"nii &e #,iceiB
actele ca!e int!a -n %t!"ct"!a %aB anali)ate -n '#& in&ivi&"alB n" a"
ca!acte! penal. Ele &#,1n&e%c ace%t ca!acte! n"'ai ca e+ect al
integ!a!ii l#! -n %e!ia &e acte %i'ila!e %i -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e p!#,ea)a
e(i%tenta #,i%n"intei. 7e cele 'ai '"lte #!iB actele c#'p#nente
ale in+!acti"nii &e #,iceiB anali)ate -n '#& in&ivi&"alB c#n%tit"ie
c#nt!aventii.
c9 "nitatea 'ani+e%ta!ii &e v#inta
Pent!" !e"ni!ea pl"!alitatii &e acte c#'i%e la &i+e!ite
inte!vale &e ti'p -n %t!"ct"!a "nei "nitati &e in+!acti"ne e%te
nece%a!a%i # "nitate a ele'ent"l"i %",iectiv. T!e,"ie %",liniatB
-n%aB ca -n acea%ta ip#te)a n" e%te nece%a!a # !e)#l"tie
in+!acti#nala &ete!'inataB -n %en%"l pe ca!e l:a' -nt1lnit -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nii c#ntin"ate.
nt!:a&eva!B -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e #,icei e%te %"+icienta #
!e)#l"tie gene!icaB +a!a a inte!e%a &aca la '#'ent"l initial
+apt"it#!"l %i:a !ep!e)entat n"'a!"l actel#! %i -'p!e."!a!ile -n ca!e
le va c#'ite.
1>
&9 "nitatea %",iect"l"i
La +el ca %i celelalte +#!'e ale "nitatii &e in+!acti"neB %i -n
ace%t ca) %e i'p"ne ce!inta "nitatii %",iect"l"i activB ca!eB -n%aB n"
e%te inc#'pati,ila c" %av1!%i!ea +aptei -n pa!ticipatie.
n ceea ce p!ive%te %",iect"l pa%ivB ace%ta e%te &e !eg"la
"nicB &at +iin& ca 'a.#!itatea in+!acti"nil#! &e #,icei a&"c atinge!e
"n#! val#!i %#ciale a,%t!acteB gene!ale : '#!alitate p",licaB
%anatate p",licaB !eg"li &e c#nviet"i!e %#ciala : a%t+el ca %",iect"l
pa%iv e%te %#cietatea.
n ip#te)a -n ca!e a' avea ca %",iect pa%iv p!incipal
pe!%#ane +i)ice %a" ."!i&ice &ete!'inateB c!e&e' ca "nitatea
%",iect"l"i pa%iv e%te # c#n&itie pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii &e
#,icei 8a!t. >$B a!t. * N.C.p.9.
<.. C#n%"'a!ea %i ep"i)a!ea in+!acti"nii &e #,icei
In+!acti"nea &e #,icei %e c#n%"'a at"nci c1n& %:a !eali)at
n"'a!"l &e acte nece%a! pent!" a in&ica #,i%n"inta. A%a c"' a'
p!eci)at &e.aB ace%t n"'a! &e acte n" p#ate +i %ta,ilit a p!i#!iB ci %e
&ete!'ina -n +ieca!e ca) c#nc!etB tin1n& %ea'a &e pa!tic"la!itatile
+aptei c#'i%e.
3apt"l ca &"pa '#'ent"l c#n%"'a!ii a"t#!"l c#ntin"a %a
c#'ita acte %i'ila!eB n" t!an%+#!'a in+!acti"nea &e #,icei -nt!:#
in+!acti"ne c#ntin"ataB caci actele c#'i%e &"pa c#n%"'a!ea
in+!acti"nii %e v#! integ!a -n c#ntin"t"l aceleia%i in+!acti"ni &e
#,icei -n +#!'a %i'pla.
Ep"i)a!ea in+!acti"nii &e #,icei a!e l#c #&ata c" "lti'"l act
&e e(ec"ta!e. La +el ca -n ca)"l cel#!lalte in+!acti"ni c" &"!ata &e
c#n%"'a!eB -n !ap#!t &e ace%t '#'ent %e &ete!'ina legea
aplica,ilaB aplica,ilitatea legil#! &e a'ni%tie %i g!atie!eB &in ace%t
'#'ent -ncepe %a c"!ga te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie etc.
11
<.*. Sancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii &e #,icei
La +el ca in+!acti"nea c#'ple(aB in+!acti"nea &e #,icei n"
at!age # ag!ava!e a !a%p"n&e!ii penale a a"t#!"l"i. n c#n%ecintaB
pe&eap%a pent!" acea%ta in+!acti"ne va +i cea p!eva)"ta &e n#!'a
&e inc!i'ina!eB c" aplica!ea c!ite!iil#! gene!ale &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e
%ta,ilite &e a!t. </ N.C.p.
7e%i legea n" # p!eve&e -n '#& e(plicitB %i -n ace%t ca)
e%te p#%i,ila !ecalc"la!ea pe&ep%eiB -n ip#te)a &e%c#pe!i!ii
"lte!i#a!e a alt#! acte ce +ac pa!te &in c#ntin"t"l aceleia%i
in+!acti"ni. A%t+elB in%tanta va aplica # %ing"!a pe&eap%a pent!"
-nt!eaga in+!acti"neB pe&eap%a ca!e n" p#ate +i 'ai 'ica &ec1t cea
aplicata c" #ca)ia ."&eca!ii "nei pa!ti &in actele c#'p#nente ale
in+!acti"nii.
<./. In+!acti"nile &e %i'pla !epeta!e
In+!acti"nile &e %i'pla !epeta!e %e a%ea'ana c"
in+!acti"nea &e #,icei p!in aceea ca %e c#'p"n %i ele &int!:#
pl"!alitate &e acte ca!eB anali)ate -n '#& i)#latB n" a" %e'ni+icatie
penala. 7e#%e,i!ea e%entiala +ata &e in+!acti"nea &e #,icei c#n%ta
-n aceea ca
in+!acti"nea &e %i'pla !epeta!e %e c#n%"'a #&ata c"
%av1!%i!ea cel"i &e:al &#ilea actB ne+iin& nece%a!a p!#,a
#,i%n"intei.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B p#t!ivit a!t. 1 lit. c9 &in Legea n!. *1C>>>B
c#n%tit"ie c#nt!aventie taie!eaB +a!a &!eptB &e a!,#!i &in +#n&"l
+#!e%tie! nati#nalB &aca val#a!ea pag",ei n" &epa%e%te "n an"'it
pla+#n. P#t!ivit a!t. 1>$ &in C#&"l %ilvicB +apta !e%pectiva &evine
in+!acti"ne F&aca a +#%t %av1!%ita &e cel p"tin &#"a #!i -n inte!val
&e "n anG. C" alte c"vinteB %i'pla !epeta!e a act"l"i &e
%"%t!age!e -nt!"ne%te ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale "nei in+!acti"niB
c@ia! &aca +ieca!e actB anali)at %epa!atB a! c#n%tit"i c#nt!aventie.
Une#!i cali+ica!ea "nei in+!acti"ni ca +iin& &e #,icei %a" &e
%i'pla !epeta!e e%te %"%cepti,ila %a c!ee)e &i+ic"ltati -n p!actica.
n #pinia n#a%t!aB %"nte' -n p!e)enta "nei in+!acti"ni &e %i'pla
1
!epeta!e at"nci c1n& n"'a!"l actel#! nece%a!e pent!" c#n%"'a!ea
in+!acti"nii e%te %ta,ilit &e legi"it#!. Cel 'ai a&e%eaB ace%t n"'a!
e%te &e &#"a acteB &a! n" e%te e(cl"% ca legi"it#!"l %a p!eva&a
nece%itatea a t!ei acte pent!" c#n%"'a!ea in+!acti"nii.
A' a!atat ante!i#! caB -n #pinia n#a%t!aB in+!acti"nea &e
#,icei p!e%"p"ne %i # "nitate a %",iect"l"i pa%iv. C!e&e' ca
acea%ta c#n&itie n" %e 'ai i'p"ne -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e %i'pla
!epeta!e. 7at +iin& ca -n ace%t "lti' ca) n" 'ai e%te v#!,a &e
%ta,ili!ea "n"i #,iceiB a "nei -n&eletnici!iB ci p"! %i %i'pl" &e #
%ancti#na!e 'ai %eve!a a celei &e:a &#"a -ncalca!i a legiiB n" 'ai
ve&e' nici# !ati"ne ce a! p"tea ."%ti+ica # ce!inta a i&entitatii
%",iect"l"i pa%iv.
D $. In+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva
$.1. 7e+initie
In+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva !ep!e)inta # alta +#!'a a "nitatii
legaleB &a! nici acea%ta n" %e ,"c"!a &e # !egle'enta!e -n pa!tea
gene!ala a C#&"l"i penal. P!in "!'a!eB a&#pta!ea n#"l"i C#&
penal n" a&"ce '#&i+ica!i -n acea%ta 'ate!ieB c@ia! &acaB %p!e
&e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a # 'enti#nea)a -n
c#nte(t"l !egle'enta!ii p!e%c!iptiei !a%p"n&e!ii penale 8a!t. 12/
alin.* N.C.p.9
In+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva e%te acea +#!'a a "nitatii legale &e
in+!acti"ne -n ca)"l ca!eiaB &"pa atinge!ea '#'ent"l"i
c#n%"'ativ %peci+ic "nei an"'ite in+!acti"niB a!e l#cB +a!a # n#"a
inte!ventie a a"t#!"l"iB # a'pli+ica!e -n ti'p a "!'a!ii p!#&"%eB
ce at!age # -nca&!a!e ."!i&ica 'ai g!ava.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B a"t#!"l aplica l#vit"!i "nei pe!%#ane
ca")1n&":i le)i"ni ce nece%ita pent!" vin&eca!e 6> &e )ile &e
-ng!i.i!i 'e&icale 8a!t. 10* N.C.p.9. Ulte!i#!B "!'a!ile %e
ag!avea)aB &"c1n& la -nceta!ea +"ncti#na!ii "n"i #!ganB a%t+el ca
+apta va &eveni # vata'a!e c#!p#!ala 8a!t. 10/ N.C.p.9. 7aca -n
cele &in "!'a le)i"nea initiala &"ce la &ece%B +apta va c#n%tit"i #
1*
in+!acti"ne &e l#vi!i %a" vata'a!i ca")at#a!e &e '#a!te 8a!t. 102
N.C.p.9. A%t+elB "!'a!ea p!#&"%a initial %:a ag!avat +a!a # n#"a
inte!ventie a a"t#!"l"iB at!ag1n& %"cce%iv 'ai '"lte -nca&!a!i
."!i&ice. P!in "!'a!eB la in+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva activitatea
in+!acti#nala %e -nca&!ea)a -n +inal -n ip#te)a "nei n#!'e &e
inc!i'ina!e "niceB ca!e !eia %i incl"&e -n -nt!egi'e -nca&!a!ea
c#n+ig"!ata initial. C" alte c"vinteB -nca&!a!ea ."!i&ica at!a%a &e
"!'a!ea cea 'ai g!ava &int!e cele p!#&"%e %"cce%iv ac#pe!a t#ate
a%pectele activitatii in+!acti#naleB e(cl")1n& &eci #!ice alta
cali+ica!e %peci+ica "nei "!'a!i &e # g!avitate 'ai 'ica.
In+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva e%te # "nitate legala &e in+!acti"neB
c#n%ac!ata ca ata!e &e -n%"%i te(t"l &e lege ca!e p!eve&e # +apta c"
ele'ent #,iectiv %"%cepti,il &e a'pli+ica!e. A%a &e pil&aB te(t"l
a!t. 102 N.C.p.B !e+e!in&":%e la ip#te)a -n ca!e Iv!e"na &int!e
+aptele p!eva)"te &e a!t. 10* %i a!t.10/ N.C.p. a av"t ca "!'a!e
'#a!tea victi'eiGB e(p!i'a aptit"&inea +ieca!eia &int!e acti"nile
%peci+ice ace%t#! in+!acti"ni &e a p!#&"ce "n !e)"ltat 'ai g!av
&ec1t cel p!eva)"t &e n#!'ele legale ca!e le inc!i'inea)a.
$.. 3#!'a &e vin#vatie
S", a%pect %",iectivB in+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva %e c#'ite
a&e%ea c" p!aete!intentieB &a! n" %e p#ate p"ne %e'n"l egalitatii
-nt!e in+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva%i in+!acti"nea p!aete!intenti#nata.
Acea%ta &e#a!ece in+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva p#ate +i c#'i%a at1t &in
c"lpa c1t %i c" intentie. 5#' avea # in+!acti"ne p!#g!e%iva
%av1!%ita
&in c"lpaB %p!e e(e'pl"B at"nci c1n& vata'a!ea
c#!p#!ala initiala a +#%t ca")ata &in c"lpa : &e pil&a p!int!:"n
acci&ent &e ci!c"latie : ia! "lte!i#! %:a ag!avat &"c1n& la &ece%"l
victi'ei 8+apta &evenin& a%t+el "ci&e!e &in c"lpa9. 7e a%e'eneaB
v#' avea # in+!acti"ne intenti#nata p!#g!e%iva at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l
a -nce!cat %a "ci&a victi'a &a! n" a !e"%itB p!#v#c1n&":i &#a!
vata'a!i c#!p#!aleB -n%a &"pa "n ti'p a %"!venit &ece%"l ca
"!'a!e a "n#! c#'plicatii ale vata'a!il#! ca")ate initial. n ace%t
1/
ca)B -nca&!a!ea initiala 4 tentativa &e #'#! 4 %e va %c@i',a -n
#'#! c#n%"'atB ca e+ect al '#!tii victi'ei.
Pe &e alta pa!teB n" -nt#t&ea"na # in+!acti"ne
p!aete!intenti#nata e%te %i p!#g!e%iva. 7e pil&aB a"t#!"l -i aplica
victi'ei # l#vit"!a c" p"'n"lB acea%ta %e &e)ec@ili,!ea)aB ca&eB %e
l#ve%te &e "n c#!p &"! %i &ece&ea)a pe l#c. n ace%t ca)B n" %e
p#ate v#!,i &e # ag!ava!e -n ti'p a "nei "!'a!i p!#&"%e initialB
caci "!'a!ea cea 'ai g!ava a %"!venit in%tantane".
$.*. M#'ent"l c#n%"'a!ii %i '#'ent"l ep"i)a!ii
In+!acti"nea p!#g!e%iva c"n#a%te "n '#'ent al
c#n%"'a!iiB ca!e e%te '#'ent"l p!#&"ce!ii p!i'ei "!'a!iB %i "n
'#'ent al ep"i)a!iiB ce !ep!e)inta '#'ent"l -n ca!e %"!vine
"!'a!ea cea 'ai g!avaB pe ,a)a ca!eia %e %ta,ile%te -nca&!a!ea
."!i&ica +inala.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e celelalte in+!acti"ni c" &"!ata &e
c#n%"'a!eB -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii p!#g!e%iveB pent!" &ete!'ina!ea
legii aplica,ile %e va avea -n ve&e!e '#'ent"l c#n%"'a!ii %i n"
cel al ep"i)a!ii. S#l"tia e%te ."%ti+icata &at#!ita +apt"l"i ca -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nii p!#g!e%iveB %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e celelalte in+!acti"ni &in
acea%ta categ#!ieB ag!ava!ea "!'a!ii %e p!#&"ce +a!a # n#"a
inte!ventie a a"t#!"l"iB ceea ce -n%ea'na ca n" e(i%ta # acti"ne a
ace%t"ia c#'i%a %", legea n#"a. T#t a%t+elB %ta,ili!ea +#!'ei &e
pl"!alitate in+!acti#nala 8c#nc"!%B !eci&iva p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ie %a"
p#%te(ec"t#!ie9 %e va +ace -n !ap#!t &e '#'ent"l c#n%"'a!ii %i n"
&e cel al ep"i)a!ii.
$./. Sancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii p!#g!e%ive
n ceea ce p!ive%te pe&ep%i!ea in+!acti"nii p!#g!e%iveB
in%tanta va aplica pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta -n n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB
in&ivi&"ali)ata p#t!ivit c!ite!iil#! 'enti#nate.
12
: Capit#l"l I? :
PLURALITATEA 7E IN3RACTIUNI
D 1. C#n%i&e!atii gene!ale
1.1. 7e+initie
Pl"!alitatea &e in+!acti"ni e%te %it"atia -n ca!e # pe!%#ana
%av1!%e%te &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte in+!acti"ni. A%t+elB e(i%ta "n %ing"!
in+!act#! %i 'ai '"lte in+!acti"ni %av1!%ite &e ace%ta.
Pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"ni n"
inte!e%ea)a &aca in+!acti"nile a" +#%t &e+initiv ."&ecateB &aca %"nt
+apte intenti#nate %a" &in c"lpa%i nici '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii ace%t#!
+apte. T#ate ace%te ele'ente %"nt -n%a i'p#!tante pent!"
&eli'ita!ea +#!'el#! pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"ni.
1.. 3#!'ele pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"ni
N#"l C#& penal !egle'entea)a -n a!t.*$:/2 t!ei +#!'e ale
pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"niE c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"niB !eci&iva %i
pl"!alitatea inte!'e&ia!a.
E(i%ta%i alte +#!'e &e pl"!alitate ne!egle'entate e(p!e% -n
C#&"l penal %i ca!e n" c#n%tit"ie nici c#nc"!%B nici !eci&iva%i nici
pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!a. 7e e(e'pl"B c1n& "n in+!act#!B &"pa
e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei pent!" # in+!acti"ne c#'i%a &in c"lpaB
%av1!%e%te # alta in+!acti"ne &in c"lpaB n" ave' nici"na &in cele
t!ei pl"!alitati 'enti#nate 'ai %"%B &a! ip#te)ele &in acea%ta
categ#!ie n" p!e)inta i'p#!tanta p!acticaB -nt!"c1t n" at!ag "n
t!ata'ent %ancti#nat#! &i%tinct.
16
D . C#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni
.1. 7e+initie
Regle'entat -n a!t. *$ N.C.p.B c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni e%te
%it"atia -n ca!e # pe!%#ana %av1!%e%te &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
in+!acti"ni -nainte &e a +i &e+initiv c#n&a'nata pent!" v!e"na &in
ele.
.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni
S", a%pect"l c#n&itiil#! &e e(i%tentaB n" e(i%ta &e#%e,i!i
-nt!e C#&"l penal &in 1060 %i n#"l C#& penal. Pent!" a e(i%ta
c#nc"!% t!e,"ie -n&eplinite c"'"lativ c#n&itiileE
a9 %a e(i%te acela%i in+!act#!B a&ica t#ate in+!acti"nile %a
+ie %av1!%ite &e aceea%i pe!%#ana.
Acea%ta n" -n%ea'na ca +aptele n" p#t +i c#'i%e -n
pa!ticipatie %a" ca a"t#!"l n":%i p#ate %c@i',a calitatea -n ca!e
pa!ticipa la c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nil#! 8el p#ate +i # &ata a"t#!B ap#i
in%tigat#!B ap#i c#'plice etc.9.
,9 %av1!%i!ea &e cat!e in+!act#! a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
in+!acti"ni.
E%te nece%a! ca in+!act#!"l %a +i c#'i% cel p"tin &#"a +apte
ca!e -nt!"ne%c t#ate c#n&itiile pent!" a +i in+!acti"niB a%a c"'
p!eve&e a!t. 12 N.C.p. 8p!eve&e!e -n legea penalaB vin#vatieB
ca!acte! ne."%ti+icat %i i'p"ta,ilitate9.
Ace%te p!i'e &#"a c#n&itii %"nt c#'"ne t"t"!#! +#!'el#!
pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"ni.
c9 in+!acti"nile %a +i +#%t %av1!%ite -nainte &e c#n&a'na!ea
&e+initiva pent!" v!e"na &int!e ele.
Acea%ta c#n&itie e ca!acte!i%tica &#a! c#nc"!%"l"iB
!ep!e)ent1n& p!incipal"l ele'ent &e &i%tinctie +ata &e celelalte
1<
+#!'e &e pl"!alitate &e in+!acti"ni !egle'entate &e C#&"l penal
8!eci&iva %iB !e%pectivB pl"!alitatea inte!'e&ia!a9.
Pent!" a ve!i+ica -n&eplini!ea ace%tei c#n&itii t!e,"ie av"te
-n ve&e!e &#"a '#'enteE
.. '#'ent"l -n ca!e # @#ta!1!e &e c#n&a'na!e !a'1ne &e+initivaE
ace%t '#'ent %e &ete!'ina p#t!ivit &i%p#)itiil#! a!t. /16B /161 %i
/1< &in C#&"l &e p!#ce&"!a penala &in 1060.
.. '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii in+!acti"niiE ace%ta %e &ete!'ina -n +"nctie
&e nat"!a in+!acti"nil#!. A %e ve&eaB pent!" acea%taB -n %pecial
capit#l"l ante!i#!B p!ivin& "nitatea &e in+!acti"ne. Re)"'1n&B
.
in+!acti"nile &e pe!ic#l %e %av1!%e%c -n '#'ent"l -n
ca!e a!e l#c act"l &e e(ec"ta!eB '#'ent -n ca!e %:a p!#&"%
"!'a!eaB c#nc!eti)ata -nt!:# %ta!e &e pe!ic#l pent!" val#a!ea
p!#te.ata p!in n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eH
.
in+!acti"nile c" &"!ata &e c#n%"'a!e -n ti'p %e
c#n%i&e!a %av1!%ite -n '#'ent"l ep"i)a!iiB ca!e &i+e!a -n +"nctie &e
+ieca!e &int!e categ#!iile &e in+!acti"ni c" &"!ata &e c#n%"'a!e -n
ti'p. n ace%te ca)"!iB &aca in+!acti"nea %e ep"i)ea)a -nainte &e
!a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e at"nci %"nt
-nt!"nite c#n&itiile c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni. 7aca %e ep"i)ea)a
&"pa acea%ta &ata va e(i%ta !eci&iva %a" pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!aB
&"pa ca)B -n +"nctie &e &i%tinctiile pe ca!e le v#' !eali)a -n
%ecti"nile "!'at#a!e.
&9 cel p"tin &#"a &int!e in+!acti"ni %a at!aga
c#n&a'na!ea +apt"it#!"l"i
n !ealitateB acea%ta n" e%te # c#n&itie &e e(i%tenta a
c#nc"!%"l"iB ci # c#n&itie pent!" aplica!ea t!ata'ent"l"i
%ancti#nat#! p!eva)"t &e lege pent!" c#nc"!%. n%a !ati"nea pent!"
ca!e %:a !egle'entat in%tit"tia c#nc"!%"l"i !e)i&a t#c'ai -n
in%tit"i!ea "n"i t!ata'ent %ancti#nat#! %peci+ic. 7aca n" %e p#ate
aplica ace%t t!ata'ent %ancti#nat#!B c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"niB &e%i
e(i%tentB n" p!e)inta nici# i'p#!tanta.
1$
P!in "!'a!eB #!i &e c1te #!iB "lte!i#! %av1!%i!ii "neia &int!e
in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente inte!vine # ca")a ca!e -nlat"!a
!a%p"n&e!ea penala %a" # ca")a &e nepe&ep%i!eB !a'1n1n& a%t+el #
%ing"!a in+!acti"ne pe&ep%i,ilaB n" 'ai e%te l#c pent!" aplica!ea
&i%p#)itiil#! a!t. *0 N.C.p. 7e aceeaB %e p"ne p!#,le'a
i&enti+ica!ii acel#! -'p!e."!a!i ca!e -nlat"!a p#%i,ilitatea a&#pta!ii
"nei %#l"tii &e c#n&a'na!e -n ca)"l %av1!%i!ii "nei in+!acti"ni.
Ace%tea p#t +i g!"pate -n 'ai '"lte categ#!iiE
.
Ca")ele ca!e -nlat"!a !a%p"n&e!ea penala
p!eva)"te -n pa!tea gene!ala a C#&"l"i penalE a'ni%tia
inte!venita -nainte &e c#n&a'na!e %a" &"pa c#n&a'na!eB &a!
ante!i#! c#nt#pi!ii 8a!t. 12 N.C.p.9B p!e%c!iptia !a%p"n&e!ii penale
8a!t. 12*9B lip%a pl1nge!ii p!eala,ile 8a!t. 12<9B -'paca!ea 8a!t.
1209.
.
Lip%a a"t#!i)a!ii %a" %e%i)a!ii #!gan"l"i
c#'petentB ca) -n ca!e t!e,"ie av"te -n ve&e!e %it"atii caE
a"t#!i)a!ea p!#c"!#!"l"i gene!al -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! "!'a!ite %i
."&ecate -n te'ei"l p!incipi"l"i !ealitatii legii penale !#'1ne 8a!t.
1> N.C.p.9H %e%i)a!ea c#'an&ant"l"iB -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! c#nt!a
#!&inii %i &i%ciplinei 'ilita!e 8a!t. /*1 N.C.p.9 etc.
.
Ca")e &e nepe&ep%i!e.
Ace%tea a" +#%t cla%i+icate -n ca")e &e nepe&ep%i!e
gene!ale : p!eva)"te -n pa!tea gene!ala a C#&"l"i penal :%i ca")e
%peciale : p!eva)"te -n pa!tea %peciala a C#&"l"i %a" -n legi
%peciale. 3a!a a ne p!#p"ne # p!e)enta!e e(@a"%tivaB !etine'
c1teva &int!e ace%teaE
:&e%i%ta!ea %i -'pie&ica!ea p!#ce&"!ii !e)"ltat"l"i 8a!t. */ N.C.p.9H
:-'pie&ica!ea c#n%"'a!ii +aptei &e cat!e "n"l &int!e pa!ticipanti
8a!t. 21 N.C.p.9H
:&en"nta!ea in+!acti"nii &e cat!e 'it"it#! 8a!t. 0> N.C.p.9H
:!et!age!ea 'a!t"!iei 'incin#a%e -nainte &e a %e p!#&"ce a!e%ta!ea
inc"lpat"l"i #!i &e a %e +i p!#n"ntat # @#ta!1!e 8a!t. <* alin.*
N.C.p.9.
10
.*. 3#!'ele c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni
C#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni p#ate +i cla%i+icat &"pa 'ai '"lte
c!ite!iiE
.*.1. 7"pa n"'a!"l acti"nil#! %a" inacti"nil#! ca!e %ta"
la ,a)a in+!acti"nil#! c#nc"!enteB %e &i%tinge -nt!eE
a9 c#nc"!% !ealE at"nci c1n& # pe!%#ana %av1!%e%te &#"a
%a" 'ai '"lte in+!acti"ni p!in acti"ni %a" inacti"ni &i+e!iteB -nainte
&e a +i &e+initiv c#n&a'nata pent!" v!e"na &int!e ele 8a!t. *$ alin.1
N.C.p.9.
C#nc"!%"l !eal c"n#a%te &#"a '#&alitatiE
a19 c#nc"!%"l !eal %i'pl"B ca!e %e ca!acte!i)ea)a p!in aceea
ca -nt!e +aptele c#nc"!ente n" e(i%ta # alta legat"!aB c" e(ceptia
legat"!ii in pe!%#na' &ata &e i&entitatea %",iect"l"i in+!acti"nil#!H
a9 c#nc"!%"l !eal cali+icat %a" ca!acte!i)at %a" c"
c#ne(itateB ca!e p!e%"p"ne %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni pent!" a
-nle%ni %a" a a%c"n&e # alta in+!acti"ne. E(i%ta 'ai '"lte va!iante
ale c#ne(itatii -nt!e in+!acti"nile a+late -n %t!"ct"!a c#nc"!%"l"i
8c#ne(itate te'p#!alaB %patiala etc.9B &a! C#&"l n#%t!" penal
c#n%ac!a e(p!e% &#"a '#&alitatiE
.
c#nc"!% !eal c" c#ne(itate eti#l#gicaB ce %e
ca!acte!i)ea)a p!in aceea ca # in+!acti"ne e%te c#'i%a pent!"
-nle%ni!ea %av1!%i!ii altei in+!acti"ni. Ace%t tip &e c#nc"!% p!e)inta
&#"a ca!acte!i%tici p!incipaleE
819 a',ele in+!acti"ni %"nt c#'i%e pe ,a)a intentieiH
89 !e)#l"tia in+!acti#nala p!ivin& %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii %c#p
t!e,"ie %a ia na%te!e ante!i#! %av1!%i!ii in+!acti"nii 'i.l#c.
Re)"lta &in cele &e 'ai %"% ca e(i%ta -n ca)"l c#nc"!%"l"i
!eal c" c#ne(itate eti#l#gica &#"a in+!acti"niB "na %c#p 8&e
e(e'pl"B "ci&e!ea "nei pe!%#ane9 %i "na 'i.l#c 8&e e(e'pl"B
%"%t!age!ea a!'ei c" ca!e a +#%t "ci%a victi'a9.
1*>
.
c#nc"!% !eal c" c#ne(itate c#n%ecventiala %a"
c#n%ecventi#nalaB ce %e ca!acte!i)ea)a p!in aceea ca in+!act#!"l
%av1!%e%te # in+!acti"ne pent!" a a%c"n&e # alta in+!acti"ne
%av1!%ita ante!i#!.
Pa!tic"la!itatile ace%t"i tip &e c#nc"!%E
819 p!i'a in+!acti"ne p#ate +i c#'i%a at1t c" intentieB c1t %i &in
c"lpa. n %c@i',B cea &e:a &#"a e -nt#t&ea"na c#'i%a pe ,a)a
intentieiB pent!" ca a!e "n %c#p %pecialB c#n%t1n& -n a%c"n&e!ea
p!i'ei in+!acti"ni
89 @#ta!1!ea p!ivin& %av1!%i!ea celei &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ni p#ate
l"a na%te!e at1t -nainteB c1t %i &"pa %av1!%i!ea celei &int1i 8p!int!:#
in+!acti"ne &e &elapi&a!e in+!act#!"l %"%t!age ni%te ,"n"!i &in
ge%ti"ne %i ap#i incen&ia)a %pati"l "n&e e!a" &ep#)itate ,"n"!ile :
i&eea incen&ie!ii p#ate +i l"ata -nainte &e +"!t %a" &"pa +"!t9. P!in
e(ceptieB @#ta!1!ea p!ivin& c#'ite!ea celei &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ni ia
na%te!e -nt#t&ea"na &"pa c#'ite!ea p!i'eiaB at"nci c1n& p!i'a
in+!acti"ne e%te c#'i%a &in c"lpa 8&e e(e'pl"B @#ta!1!ea &e a
pa!a%i l#c"l acci&ent"l"i &e ci!c"latie9. Evi&entB p!i'a in+!acti"ne
+iin& c#'i%a &in c"lpa : %it"atie -n ca!e a"t#!"lB +ie p!eve&e &a! n"
accepta p!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"iB +ie nici n" -l p!eve&eB &e%i t!e,"ia
%i p"tea : @#ta!1!ea p!ivin& %av1!%i!ea celei &e:a &#"a in+!acti"niB
c#'i%e pent!" a # a%c"n&e pe p!i'aB n" p#ate apa!ea &ec1t "lte!i#!
%av1!%i!ii ace%teia.
,9 c#nc"!% +#!'al %a" i&eal at"nci c1n& aceea%i acti"ne
%a" inacti"neB &at#!ita -'p!e."!a!il#! -n ca!e %:a %av1!%it %a"
"!'a!il#! pe ca!e le:a p!#&"%B !eali)ea)a c#ntin"t"l 'ai '"lt#!
in+!acti"ni.
7e e(e'pl"B in+!act#!"l c#n&"ce neatent %i l#ve%te &#i
piet#ni ca!e %tatea" &e v#!,a pe t!#t"a!B "n"l &ece&1n& ia! alt"l
%"+e!in& vata'a!i c#!p#!ale. 5#! e(i%ta a%t+el &#"a in+!acti"niE #
"ci&e!e &in c"lpa 8a!t. 10 alin. N.C.p.9 %i # vata'a!e c#!p#!ala
&in c"lpa 8a!t. 106 N.C.p.9.
1*1
.*.. 7"pa nat"!a in+!acti"nil#!B %e +ace &i%tinctie -nt!eE
a9 c#nc"!% #'#genB c1n& in+!acti"nile %av1!%ite %"nt &e
acela%i +el 8&e e(e'pl"B a"t#!"l c#'ite &#"a in+!acti"ni &e vi#l9H
,9 c#nc"!% ete!#genB c1n& in+!acti"nile c#'i%e %"nt &e
nat"!a &i+e!ita 8# in+!acti"ne &e +"!t %i "n #'#!9. I'p#!tanta
ace%tei cla%i+ica!i !e)i&a -n +apt"l caB -n p!acticaB c#nc"!%"l
#'#gen !i&ica p!#,le'e %", a%pect"l &eli'ita!ii l"i &e
in+!acti"nea c#ntin"ata.
./. Sancti#na!ea c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni
7aca -n p!ivinta &e+initiei %a" a +#!'el#! c#nc"!%"l"i
!egle'entate &e legeB n#"l C#& penal n" a a&"% '#&i+ica!i +ata &e
C#&"l penal &in 1060B -n 'ate!ia t!ata'ent"l"i %ancti#nat#! a"
inte!venit t!an%+#!'a!i i'p#!tante.
A%t+elB &aca a!t. */ 4 *6 %i />1 C.p. c#n%ac!a %i%te'"l
c"'"l"l"i ."!i&ic c" %p#! +ac"ltativ %i va!ia,ilB a!t. *0 N.C.p
in%tit"ie %ancti#na!ea c#nc"!%"l"i p#t!ivit %i%te'"l"i c"'"l"l"i
."!i&ic c" %p#! #,ligat#!i" %i +i(.
./.1. Sancti#na!ea -n ca)"l pe!%#anei +i)ice
n &!ept"l n#%t!" %ancti#na!ea c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni -n
ca)"l pe!%#anei +i)ice p!e%"p"ne pa!c"!ge!ea 'ai '"lt#! etapeE
819 %ta,ili!ea pe&ep%ei pent!" +ieca!e &int!e in+!acti"nile
c#nc"!ente.
3ieca!e &int!e in+!acti"nile c#'i%e e%te ."&ecata%i pent!"
+ieca!e %e %ta,ile%te # pe&eap%aB +ac1n& a,%t!actie &e e(i%tenta
cel#!lalte in+!acti"ni.
89 aplica!ea pe&ep%ei pent!" pl"!alitatea &e in+!acti"ni.
Acea%ta a &#"a etapa c"n#a%teB la !1n&"l eiB 'ai '"lte
'#'enteE
1*
.
alege!ea pe&ep%ei &e ,a)aE pe&eap%a &e ,a)a e%te
pe&eap%a cea 'ai g!ea &int!e cele %ta,ilite pent!" in+!acti"nile
c#nc"!ente.
M#&"l &e i&enti+ica!e a pe&ep%ei celei 'ai g!ave &int!e
cele %ta,ilite &e.a &e in%tanta pent!" in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente
"!'ea)a "n alg#!it'. A%t+elB %e a!e -n ve&e!eB -n p!i'"l !1n&B
%pecia &e pe&eap%aB %tiin& ca &etenti"nea pe viata e%te 'ai g!ea
&ec1t -nc@i%#a!eaB ca!e e 'ai g!ea &ec1t a'en&a. 7aca pe&ep%ele
%"nt &e aceea%i %pecieB %e a!e -n ve&e!e &"!ata %a" c"ant"'"l
ace%t#!aB +iin& 'ai g!ea cea c" &"!ata %a" c"ant"'"l 'ai 'a!e.
7aca pe&ep%ele %"nt &e aceea%i %pecie %i a" aceea%i &"!ata %a"
acela%i c"ant"'B pe&eap%a &e ,a)aB -n c#nte(t"l n#"l"i C#& penalB
p#ate +i alea%a ca pe&eap%a &e ,a)a #!ica!e &int!e ace%tea.
.
aplica!ea %p#!"l"i.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B p#t!ivit ca!"ia
acea%ta 'a.#!a!e e!a +ac"ltativaB +iin& +ac"ta &#a! &aca in%tanta
c#n%i&e!a ca pe&eap%a &e ,a)a n" e%te %"+icienta pent!"
-n&!epta!ea in+!act#!"l"iB -n c#nte(t"l n#"l"i C#& penal aplica!ea
%p#!"l"i &evine #,ligat#!ie.
A%t+elB -n ,a)a C#&"l"i penal &in 1060B 'a.#!a!ea
pe&ep%ei &e ,a)a %e +acea -n &#"a etapeE
a9 in%tanta p"tea !i&ica pe&eap%a &e ,a)a p1na la 'a(i'"l
ei %pecial. N" e!a -n%a #,ligat#!i" ca acea%ta pe&eap%a %a atinga
'a(i'"l %pecialB ea p"tea +i 'a.#!ata%i p1na la # li'ita 'ai 'ica
&ec1t ace%t 'a(i'.
,9 &aca 'a(i'"l %pecial n" e!a %"+icientB in%tanta p"tea
a&a"ga "n %p#! &e p1na la 2 aniB -n ca)"l pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!iiB %a"
&e p1na la ."'atate &in 'a(i'"l %pecialB -n ca)"l pe&ep%ei
a'en)ii.
P#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB %p#!i!ea pe&ep%ei &e ,a)a
&evine #,ligat#!ieB legea %ta,ilin& %i '#&"l &e calc"l al %p#!"l"i
aplica,il.
A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. *0 N.C.p.B
1**
a9 c1n& %:a" %ta,ilit # pe&eap%a c" &etenti"ne pe viata
%i
"na %a" 'ai '"lte pe&ep%e c" -nc@i%#a!e #!i c" a'en&aB %e aplica
pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viataH -n ace%t ca)B e%te c#n%ac!at p!actic
%i%te'"l a,%#!,tiei -n legi%latia !#'1na.
,9 c1n& %:a" %ta,ilit n"'ai pe&ep%e c" -nc@i%#a!eB %e aplica
pe&eap%a cea 'ai g!eaB la ca!e %e a&a"ga "n %p#! &e # t!ei'e &in
t#tal"l cel#!lalte pe&ep%e %ta,ilite.
E(e'pl"E inc"lpat"l a c#'i% -n c#nc"!% / in+!acti"niB
pent!" ca!e in%tanta a %ta,ilit pe&ep%e &e / aniB * aniB aniB
!e%pectiv "n an -nc@i%#a!e. n ace%t ca) %e va aplica pe&eap%a &e
,a)a &e / aniB la ca!e %e va a&a"ga "n %p#! &e 1C* &in %"'a
cel#!lalte t!ei pe&ep%e.
Sp#!"l va +i -n e(e'pl"l n#%t!" &e 8* J J 19C * K 6C* K
ani.
n c#n%ecintaB c#n&a'nat"l va e(ec"ta pe&eap%a &e / ani
pl"% %p#!"l &e aniB a&ica 6 ani -nc@i%#a!e.
c9 c1n& %:a" %ta,ilit n"'ai pe&ep%e c" a'en&aB %e aplica
pe&eap%a cea 'ai g!eaB la ca!e %e a&a"ga "n %p#! &e # t!ei'e &in
t#tal"l cel#!lalte pe&ep%e %ta,ilite.
Alg#!it'"l &e %ancti#na!e e%te %i'ila! c" cel c#n%ac!at
pent!" pe&ep%ele c" -nc@i%#a!ea.
&9 c1n& %:a" %ta,ilit # pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!e %i # pe&eap%a
c" a'en&aB %e aplica pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!iiB la ca!e %e a&a"ga -n
-nt!egi'e pe&eap%a a'en)ii.
n ace%t ca)B legi"it#!"l a in%tit"it %i%te'"l c"'"l"l"i
a!it'etic. Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B p#t!ivit ca!"ia
-nt!:# a%e'enea ip#te)a %e aplica pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii la ca!e
in%tanta p"tea a&a"ga a'en&a -n t#t %a" -n pa!teB n#"l C#& penal
p!eve&e ca
a'en&a %e a&a"ga -n -nt!egi'e %i #,ligat#!i" la
pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii.
e9 c1n& %:a" %ta,ilit 'ai '"lte pe&ep%e c" -nc@i%#a!e %i
'ai '"lte pe&ep%e c" a'en&a %e aplica pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii
1*/
c#n+#!' lit. ,9B la ca!e %e a&a"ga -n -nt!egi'e pe&eap%a a'en)ii
c#n+#!' lit. c9.
n ace%t ca)B %e c#nt#pe%c 'ai -nt1i -nt!e ele pe&ep%ele &in
aceea%i %pecie %ta,ilite pent!" in+!acti"nile c#nc"!enteB ia! ap#i la
!e)"ltanta pe&ep%el#! c" -nc@i%#a!ea %e a&a"ga -n -nt!egi'e
!e)"ltanta a'en)il#!.
O alta n#"tate a !egle'enta!ii &in a!t. *0B ca!e n" -%i
ga%e%te c#!e%p#n&ent -n C#&"l penal &in 1060B e%te cea !e+e!it#a!e
la -nl#c"i!ea pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii c" &etenti"nea pe viata.
P#t!ivit a!t. *0 alin. N.C.p.B at"nci c1n& %:a" %ta,ilit 'ai '"lte
pe&ep%e c" -nc@i%#a!eaB &aca p!in a&a"ga!e la pe&eap%a cea 'ai
'a!e a %p#!"l"i &e # t!ei'e &in t#tal"l cel#!lalte pe&ep%e c"
-nc@i%#a!ea %ta,ilite %:a! &epa%i c" 1> ani %a" 'ai '"lt 'a(i'"l
gene!al al pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!iiB ia! pent!" cel p"tin "na &int!e
in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e > &e ani %a" 'ai 'a!eB %e p#ate aplica pe&eap%a
&etenti"nii pe viata.
E(e'pl"E inc"lpat"l a c#'i% 2 in+!acti"ni %ancti#nate
&e lege c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e la 1> la > &e aniB in%tanta
%ta,ilin& pent!" "na &in ele # pe&eap%a &e 10 aniB ia! pent!"
celelalte c1te # pe&eap%a &e 1$ ani -nc@i%#a!e.
P#t!ivit a!t. *0 lit.,9B la pe&eap%a &e ,a)a &e 10 ani %e va
aplica "n %p#! &e 1C* &in %"'a cel#!lalte &#"a pe&ep%eB %p#!"l
+iin& -n ace%t ca) 8/ ? 1$9C* K / ani. Pe&eap%a &e e(ec"tat a!
t!e,"i a%t+el %a +ie &e 10 J / K /* aniB -n%a ea n" p#ate &epa%i
'a(i'"l gene!al al pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii ca!e e%te *> &e ani.
n c#n%ecintaB in%tanta a!e &#"a p#%i,ilitatiE +ie aplica #
pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e *> &e aniB +ie aplica pe&eap%a
&etenti"nii pe viata.
Aplica!ea pe&ep%ei -n ca)"l ."&eca!ii %epa!ate a
in+!acti"nil#! c#nc"!ente
7e !eg"laB in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente %e ."&eca -'p!e"na &e
cat!e aceea%i in%tanta. T#t"%iB p!in e(ceptieB %e p#ate ca
1*2
in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente %a +ie ."&ecate %epa!atB %p!e e(e'pl"
&at#!ita &e%c#pe!i!ii la &ate &i+e!ite a in+!acti"nil#!.
n ca)"l ."&eca!ii %epa!ate e%te nece%a!a aplica!ea pe&ep%ei
-n a%a +el -nc1t %it"atia in+!act#!"l"i %a +ie p!ec"' a! +i +#%t -n
ca)"l ."&eca!ii -'p!e"na a in+!acti"nil#!. Acea%ta &e#a!ece n" i %e
p#ate i'p"ta ace%t"ia #'i%i"nea &e a &ecla!a -n +ata #!ganel#!
."&icia!e %av1!%i!ea alt#! in+!acti"ni %iB -n c#n%ecintaB n" i %e p#ate
c!ea # %it"atia 'ai g!ea &ec1t &aca a! +i +#%t ."&ecate t#ate
-'p!e"naB la acela%i '#'ent.
A!t. /> N.C.p. !egle'entea)a
in%tit"tia c#nt#pi!ii
pe&ep%el#! pent!" in+!acti"ni c#nc"!ente. E(i%ta &#"a ip#te)e
!egle'entate &e ace%t a!tic#l %i "na ne!egle'entata &e cat!e C#&"l
penalB &a! ca!e p#ate +i &e&"%a pe ,a)a cel#! p!eva)"te e(p!e% -n
c"p!in%"l te(t"l"i &e lege.
819 %it"atia -n ca!eB &"pa c#n&a'na!ea &e+initiva pent!" #
in+!acti"neB in+!act#!"l e ."&ecat pent!" # alta in+!acti"ne
c#nc"!enta. nt!:"n a%e'enea ca)B p#t!ivit a!t. /> alin.1 N.C.p.B
in%tanta va p!#ce&a la %ta,ili!ea pe&ep%ei pent!" cea &e:a &#"a
in+!acti"ne %i ap#i # va c#nt#pi p#t!ivit a!t. *0B c" pe&eap%a
aplicata ante!i#! pent!" p!i'a +apta. P!i'a pe&eap%aB %ta,ilita p!in
@#ta!1!ea &e ."&ecata initiala pent!" p!i'a in+!acti"neB %e ,"c"!a
&e a"t#!itate &e l"c!" ."&ecatB a%t+el ca in%tanta n" va p"tea %a #
'#&i+ice.
89 a',ele in+!acti"ni c#nc"!ente a" +#%t &e+initiv
."&ecateB &a! p!in @#ta!1!i &i%tincte. n ace%t ca)B p#t!ivit a!t. />
alin. N.C.p.B in%tanta ca!e +ace c#nt#pi!ea va t!ece pe%te p!i'a
etapa 8cea a %ta,ili!ii pe&ep%el#! pent!" +aptele c#nc"!ente9B %i va
p!#ce&a la c#nt#pi!ea ace%t#!a.
8*9 a t!eia ip#te)aB ne!egle'entata e(p!e% &e C#&B e %it"atia
c#nt#pi!il#! pa!tialeB a&ica
ip#te)a -n ca!e in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente
a" +#%t ."&ecate -n g!"pe &e cat!e &#"a %a" 'ai '"lteB p!in
@#ta!1!i &i%tincte. n ace%t ca)B n" %e va p!#ce&a la c#nt#pi!ea
1*6
!e)"ltantel#! pa!tialeB ci la c#nt#pi!ea t"t"!#! pe&ep%el#! %ta,ilite
&i%tinct pent!" +ieca!e in+!acti"ne c#nc"!entaB -n pa!te.
./.. Sancti#na!ea -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice
N#"l C#& penal n" a 'ai %ta,ilit &i%p#)itii %peciale
!e+e!it#a!e la c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni c#'i% &e pe!%#ana ."!i&icaB
a%a c"' +acea a!t. />1 C.p.B int!#&"% p!in Legea n!. <$C>>6. 7e
alt+elB 'ecani%'"l &e %ancti#na!e in%tit"it &e a!t. />1 e!a %i'ila!
c" cel e(i%tent -n ca)"l pe!%#anel#! +i)iceB c" %ing"!a &e#%e,i!e ca
%p#!"l aplica,il e!a 'ai !e&"% &ec1t -n ca)"l pe!%#anel#! +i)ice.
N#"l C#& penal p!eve&e -n a!t. 1/< ca &i%p#)itiile
!e+e!it#a!e la %ancti#na!ea c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni c#'i% &e
pe!%#ana +i)ica %e aplica -n '#& c#!e%p"n)at#! %i -n ca)"l
pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB a%a -nc1t &i%p#)itiile !e+e!it#a!e la c#nt#pi!ea
a'en)il#! p!eva)"te -n a!t. *0 -%i ga%e%c aplica!e %i -n ca)"l
pe!%#anei ."!i&ice.
D *. Reci&iva
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni ca!e a %"+e!it
'#&i+ica!i &#a! -n 'ate!ia !egi'"l"i %ancti#nat#!B in%tit"tia
!eci&ivei a +#%t vi)ata &e # !e+#!'a 'ai p!#+"n&a p!in
p!eve&e!ile n#"l"i C#& penal.
n cele ce "!'ea)aB anali)a !eci&ivei %e va a(a pe !egi'"l
p!eva)"t -n ca)"l pe!%#anei +i)iceB "!'1n& ca pe!%#anei ."!i&ice %a
-i +ie &e&icata # "lti'a %ecti"neB "n&e v#' in%i%ta %"ccint pe
+#!'eleB c#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta
%i %i%te'"l %ancti#nat#! aplica,il.
*.1. 7e+initie
P#t!ivit a!t. *< C.p.B e(i%ta !eci&iva pent!" pe!%#ana +i)ica
at"nci c1n&B &"pa c#n&a'na!ea %a" &"pa e(ec"ta!ea "nei pe&ep%e
'ai 'a!i &e 6 l"ni #!i a cel p"tin t!ei pe&ep%e &e p1na la 6 l"niB
1*<
inc"lpat"l %av1!%ea # n#"a in+!acti"ne %ancti#nata c" &etenti"nea
pe viata %a" c" -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e "n an. P#t!ivit te(t"l"iB
e!a nece%a! ca t#ate in+!acti"nile %a +ie +apte intenti#nate %a" cel
p"tin p!aete!intenti#nate.
P#t!ivit a!t. /1 N.C.p.B e(i%ta !eci&iva c1n&B &"pa
!a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a "nei @#ta!1!i &e c#n&a'na!e la
pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e "n an %i p1na la !ea,ilita!e %a"
-'plini!ea te!'en"l"i &e !ea,ilita!eB c#n&a'nat"l %av1!%e%te
&in n#" # in+!acti"ne c" intentie %a" c" intentie &epa%itaB pent!"
ca!e legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e "n an %a" 'ai 'a!e.
E(i%taB &e a%e'eneaB !eci&iva%i at"nci c1n& "na &int!e pe&ep%e
e%te &etenti"nea pe viata.
*.. 3#!'ele !eci&ivei
E(i%ta n"'e!#a%e cla%i+ica!i ale !eci&iveiB -n +"nctie &e
&ive!%e c!ite!ii. Cele 'ai i'p#!tanteB !etin"te %i &e lege %"ntE
a9 n +"nctie &e g!avitatea c#n&a'na!ii %a"
c#n&a'na!il#! ca!e +#!'ea)a p!i'"l te!'en al !eci&iveiB %e
&i%tinge -nt!eE
:!eci&iva 'icaH
:!eci&iva 'a!e.
,9 n +"nctie &e '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii celei &e:a &#"a
in+!acti"niE
:!eci&iva p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ieH
:!eci&iva p#%te(ec"t#!ie.
n p!ivinta p!i'ei cla%i+ica!iB t!e,"ie 'enti#nat +apt"l ca
ea %i:a pie!&"t i'p#!tanta -n c#nte(t"l n#"l"i C#& penalB
&e#a!ece ace%ta n" 'ai !egle'entea)a &ec1t !eci&iva 'a!eB
a%t+el ca %", i'pe!i"l n#"l"i C#& penal n" 'ai e%te nece%a! %a
%e p!eci)e)e ca e%te v#!,a &e%p!e # !eci&iva 'a!e. n c#n%ecintaB
ne v#' #c"pa -n cele ce "!'ea)a &#a! &e t!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#!
1*$
p!eva)"t &e lege pent!" !eci&iva -n +"nctie &e '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii
celei &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ni.
*.*. Reci&iva p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ie
Acea%ta e%te cea 'ai +!ecventa +#!'a a !eci&ivei.
P#t!ivit a!t. /1 N.C.p.B ea e(i%ta at"nci c1n&B &"pa
!a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a "nei @#ta!1!i &e c#n&a'na!e la
pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viata %a" la pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai
'a!e &e "n anB cel c#n&a'nat %av1!%e%te &in n#" # in+!acti"ne
intenti#nata %a" p!aete!intenti#nataB -nainte &e -ncepe!ea
e(ec"ta!iiB -n ti'p"l e(ec"ta!ii ace%teia %a" -n %ta!e &e eva&a!eB
ia! pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" a &#"a in+!acti"ne e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e cel p"tin "n an %a" &etenti"nea pe
viata.
*.*.1. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a !eci&ivei
p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii
I. C#n&itiile !e+e!it#a!e la p!i'"l te!'en al !eci&iveiE
a9 %a +ie v#!,a &e # in+!acti"ne intenti#nata %a"
p!aete!intenti#nataH
,9 pe&eap%a aplicata pent!" ace%t p!i' te!'en %a +ie
-nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e "n anH
Acea%ta pe&eap%a p#ate +i aplicata pent!" # %ing"!a
in+!acti"ne %a" pent!" c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"ni.
n ace%t c#nte(t e%te &e %e'nalat # alta '#&i+ica!e +ata &e
C#&"l penal &in 1060B &at +iin& ca p#t!ivit ace%t"iaB pe&eap%a &e
la p!i'"l te!'en t!e,"ia %a +ie -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e 6 l"ni
8a!t. *< C.p.9
c9 @#ta!1!ea &e c#n&a'na!e pent!" in+!acti"nea &e la
p!i'"l te!'en %a +ie &e+initivaH
1*0
&9 c#n&a'na!ea aplicata pent!" ace%t p!i' te!'en al
!eci&ivei %a n" %e incl"&a -n cele &in a!t. / N.C.p. E%te v#!,a
&e%p!eE
:+aptele ca!e n" 'ai %"nt p!eva)"te &e legea penala. Ca e+ect al
inte!ventiei legii &e &e)inc!i'ina!eB +aptele !e%pective v#! ie%i &in
%t!"ct"!a pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"niH
:in+!acti"nile a'ni%tiate. Ca e+ect al a'ni%tieiB ca!e -nlat"!a
!a%p"n&e!ea penala pent!" +apta c#'i%aB %ta!ea &e !eci&iva n" va
e(i%taH
:in+!acti"nile %av1!%ite &in c"lpa. 7at#!ita negli.entei %a"
i'p!"&entei a"t#!"l"i -n c#'ite!ea "n#! a%t+el &e +apteB %e
c#n%i&e!a ca lip%e%te ele'ent"l !elei:c!e&inte.
Te(t"l a!t. / N.C.p. n" 'ai +ace !e+e!i!e la alte &#"a
categ#!ii &e in+!acti"ni !etin"te -n a!t. *$ C.p.B !e%pectiv
in+!acti"nile %av1!%ite -n ti'p"l 'in#!itatii %i c#n&a'na!ile
pent!" ca!e a inte!venit !ea,ilita!ea %a" %:a -'plinit te!'en"l &e
!ea,ilita!e. P!i'a &int!e '#&i+ica!ile 'enti#nate 8#'ite!ea
c#n&a'na!il#! pent!" +apte c#'i%e -n ti'p"l 'in#!itatii9 n"
p!e%"p"ne # v#inta a legi"it#!"l"i &e a in%tit"i !eci&iva -n ca)"l'in#!il#!. n !ealitateB p#t!ivit n#"l"i C#&
penalB in+!acti"nile
c#'i%e -n ti'p"l 'in#!itatii n" 'ai at!ag pe&ep%eB ci &#a! 'a%"!i
e&"cativeB a%t+el -nc1t n" 'ai e%te p#%i,ila c#n&a'na!ea la #
pe&eap%a %"%cepti,ila &e a c#n%tit"i te!'en al !eci&ivei pent!" #
a%e'enea +apta.
n ceea ce p!ive%te ne-'plini!ea te!'en"l"i &e !ea,ilita!eB
acea%ta c#n&itie apa!e 'enti#nata -n &e+initia !eci&ivei &in a!t. /
N.C.p.B a%t+el -nc1t n" 'ai e!a nece%a!a !el"a!ea ei. n pl"%B
c#n&itia n" vi)a !eci&iva p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ieB ci pe cea
p#%te(ec"t#!ie.
1/>
II. C#n&itiile !e+e!it#a!e la cel &e:al &#ilea te!'en al !eci&iveiE
a9 in+!acti"nile ce c#'p"n ace%t te!'en %a +ie +apte
intenti#nate %a"B cel p"tinB p!aete!intenti#nateH
,9 pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" acea%ta in+!acti"ne
%a +ie &etenti"nea pe viata %a" -nc@i%#a!ea &e cel p"tin "n anH
7aca -n ca)"l p!i'"l"i te!'en %e a!e -n ve&e!e pe&eap%a
c#nc!et %ta,ilita &e in%tantaB -n ca)"l cel"i &e:al &#ilea te!'en %e
a!e -n ve&e!e pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege. Ceea ce inte!e%ea)a e%te
ca 'a(i'"l %pecial al pe&ep%ei p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" "n
p#%i,il al &#ilea te!'en %a +ie -nc@i%#a!ea &e cel p"tin "n an. 7e
e(e'pl"B &aca e%te v#!,a &e%p!e # pe&eap%a &e la * l"ni la ani
alte!nativ c" a'en&a e(i%ta !eci&ivaB &e#a!ece 'a(i'"l %peciale%te 'ai 'a!e &e "n an. nt!:"n a%t+el &e
ca) n" inte!e%ea)a
pe&eap%a c#nc!et %ta,ilita &e in%tanta 4 !eci&iva va c#ntin"a %a
e(i%teB c@ia! &aca in%tanta va aplica &#a! * l"ni %a" c@ia! a'en&a.
T!e,"ie 'enti#nat caB &aca p#t!ivit C#&"l"i penal &in
1060 -nc@i%#a!ea t!e,"ia %a +ie 'ai 'a!e &e "n anB p#t!ivit
n#"l"i C#& penal # pe&eap%a legala &e "n an e%te %"+icienta
pent!" a at!age %ta!ea &e !eci&iva.
c9 n#"a in+!acti"ne %a +ie %av1!%ita &"pa !a'1ne!ea
&e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e pent!" in+!acti"nea ce
c#n%tit"ie p!i'"l te!'enB &a! -nainte &e e(ec"ta!ea %a"
c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata a pe&ep%ei 8-nainte &e -ncepe!ea
e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%eiB -n c"!%"l e(ec"ta!ii ace%teia %a" -n %ta!e &e
eva&a!e9H
&9 c#n&a'na!ea %a n" %e n"'e!e p!int!e cele p!eva)"te &e
a!t. / N.C.p.
1/1
*.*.. Sancti#na!ea !eci&ivei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii
n 'ate!ia %ancti#na!ii !eci&ivei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii
t!e,"ie %e'nalata # '#&i+ica!e i'p#!tanta a&"%a &e n#"l C#&
penal.
P#t!ivit vec@ii !egle'enta!iB -n ca)"l !eci&ivei
p#%tc#n&a'nat#!iiB %i%te'"l &e %ancti#na!eB p!eva)"t &e a!t. *0
alin.14* C.p.B c#n%ta -n c"'"l"l ."!i&icB &a! %p#!"l aplica,ilB t#t
+ac"ltativ %i va!ia,ilB e!a &e p1na la < ani.
P#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB %i%te'"l %ancti#nat#! -n
acea%ta 'ate!ie a!e la ,a)a c"'"l"l a!it'etic. A%t+elB p#t!ivit
a!t. /* N.C.p.B &aca -nainte ca pe&eap%a ante!i#a!a %a +i +#%t
e(ec"tata %a" c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tata %e %av1!%e%te # n#"a
in+!acti"ne -n %ta!e &e !eci&ivaB pe&eap%a %ta,ilita pent!"
acea%ta %e a&a"ga la pe&eap%a ante!i#a!a nee(ec"tata #!i la
!e%t"l !a'a% nee(ec"tat &in acea%ta.
Pent!" a -ntelege 'ai ,ine &i+e!enta -nt!e vec@ea %i n#"a
!egle'enta!eB %a p!e%"p"ne' ca +ieca!e &in cei &#i te!'eni ai "nei
!eci&ive e%te alcat"it &int!:# %ing"!a in+!acti"neB ia! in+!act#!"l
c#'ite cea &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ne -n ti'p ce e(ec"ta p!i'a
pe&eap%a.
n ace%t ca)B p#t!ivit C#&"l"i vec@iB !e)"ltanta %e #,tinea
c#nt#pin& pe&eap%a pent!" cea &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ne c" !e%t"l
!a'a% nee(ec"tat &in p!i'a pe&eap%a la &ata c#'ite!ii celei &e:a
&#"a in+!acti"ni %i %ca)1n& &in !e)"ltanta c#nt#pi!ii ceea ce
in+!act#!"l a e(ec"tat &in '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii celei &e:a &#"a
in+!acti"ni %i p1na la &ata c#nt#pi!ii.
P#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB pe&eap%a pent!" a &#"a
in+!acti"ne %e a&a"ga la !e%t"l !a'a% nee(ec"tat &in p!i'a
pe&eap%a la &ata c#'ite!ii celei &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ni. 7in
acea%ta pe&eap%a %e %ca&e "lte!i#! ceea ce %:a e(ec"tat &in
'#'ent"l c#'ite!ii celei &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ni p1na la
'#'ent"l ."&eca!ii pent!" n#"a in+!acti"ne.
1/
E(e'pl"E Inc"lpat"l %e a+la -n e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei P1B &e
2 ani. 7"pa "n an &e la -ncepe!ea e(ec"ta!ii c#n&a'nat"l c#'ite
# n#"a in+!acti"neB pent!" ca!eB &"pa 6 l"ni e%te c#n&a'nat la *
ani -nc@i%#a!e. n ace%t ca)B pe&eap%a !e)"ltanta %e va #,tine
a&a"g1n& pe&eap%a pent!" n#"a in+!acti"ne 8* ani9 la !e%t"l
!a'a% nee(ec"tat &in p!i'a pe&eap%a 8/ ani9B &in ca!e %e %ca&e
pe!i#a&a e(ec"tata &"pa c#'ite!ea celei &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ni
p1na la c#n&a'na!ea pent!" a &#"a in+!acti"ne 86 l"ni9. A%t+elB
n#"a pe&eap%a va +iE *ani J /ani : 6l"ni K 6 ani %i 6 l"ni.
7aca cel &e:al &#ilea te!'en al !eci&ivei e +#!'at &int!:"n
c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"niB p#t!ivit vec@i"l"i C#& penalB %e aplica"
'ai -nt1i &i%p#)itiile !e+e!it#a!e la !eci&iva%i ap#i cele !e+e!it#a!e
la c#nc"!%. A%t+elB
.
'ai -nt1i %e aplica !eci&ivaE +ieca!e &in cele &#"a
pe&ep%e %ta,ilite pent!" cele &#"a in+!acti"ni c#nc"!ente 8PB P*9
&"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e pent!" p!i'a
in+!acti"ne 8P19 %e va c#nt#piB p#t!ivit a!t. *0B pe !1n& c" !e%t"l
nee(ec"tat &in p!i'a pe&eap%a.
.
ap#i %e aplica t!ata'ent"l %peci+ic c#nc"!%"l"iE %e
c#nt#pea" p#t!ivit a!t. */ C.p. !e)"ltantele pa!tiale #,tin"te p!in
c#nt#pi!ea ante!i#a!a.
R K 8P . P19 O 8P* . P19
n acea%ta +#!'"la a' n#tat c" . c#nt#pi!ea p#t!ivit a!t.
*0 C.p. %i c" O c#nt#pi!ea p#t!ivit a!t. */ C.p..
N#"l C#& penal %c@i',a #!&inea &e val#!i+ica!e a cel#!
&#"a +#!'e &e pl"!alitateB p!eva)1n& -n a!t. /* alin.E c1n&
-nainte ca pe&eap%a ante!i#a!a %a +i +#%t e(ec"tata %a"
c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tata %"nt %av1!%ite 'ai '"lte in+!acti"ni
c#nc"!enteB &int!e ca!e cel p"tin "na %e a+la -n %ta!e &e !eci&ivaB
pe&ep%ele %ta,ilite %e c#nt#pe%c p#t!ivit &i%p#)itiil#! !e+e!it#a!e
la c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"niB ia! pe&eap%a !e)"ltata %e a&a"ga la
pe&eap%a ante!i#a!a nee(ec"tata #!i la !e%t"l !a'a% nee(ec"tat
&in acea%ta.
1/*
C#n%i&e!1n& ca inc"lpat"l a c#'i% -n ti'p"l e(ec"ta!ii
pe&ep%ei &#"a in+!acti"ni c#nc"!ente P %i P*B pe&eap%a !e)"ltanta
va +iE
R K 8P O P*9 J P1L
n acea%ta +#!'"la a' n#tat c" O c#nt#pi!ea p#t!ivit a!t.
*0 N.C.p.B ia! P1L &e%e'nea)a !e%t"l !a'a% nee(ec"tat &in p!i'a
pe&eap%a la &ata c#'ite!ii p!i'eia &int!e in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente.
7in acea%ta pe&eap%a %e %ca&e ceea ce %:a e(ec"tat &in
'#'ent"l c#'ite!ii p!i'eia &int!e in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente %i p1na
la '#'ent"l %ta,ili!ii !e)"ltantei.
Mecani%'"l &e %ancti#na!e !a'1ne acela%iB c@ia! &aca "na
&int!e in+!acti"nile c#nc"!ente e%te eva&a!eaB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla
at"nci c1n& in+!act#!"l a+lat -n e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei &e la p!i'"l
te!'en eva&ea)aB ia! ap#iB -n %ta!e &e eva&a!eB c#'ite # n#"a
in+!acti"ne. Pa%t!1n& n#ta!ile ante!i#a!e %i n#t1n& c" E pe&eap%a
%ta,ilita pent!" eva&a!eB !e%pectiv c" P pe&eap%a pent!"
in+!acti"nea c#'i%a -n ti'p"l eva&a!iiB !e)"ltanta va +iE
R K 8E O P9 J P1L
La +el ca %i -n ca)"l c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"niB n#"l C#&
penal c#n%ac!a%i -n 'ate!ia !eci&ivei p#%i,ilitatea -nl#c"i!ii
pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii c" pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viata. P#t!ivit a!t.
/* alin.* N.C.p.B &aca p!in -n%"'a!ea pe&ep%el#! -n c#n&itiile
alin.1 %i alin. %:a! &epa%i c" 'ai '"lt &e 1> ani 'a(i'"l gene!al
al pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!iiB ia! pent!" cel p"tin "na &int!e in+!acti"nile
%av1!%ite pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e > &e ani
%a" 'ai 'a!eB -n l#c"l pe&ep%el#! c" -nc@i%#a!ea %e p#ate aplica
pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viata.
1//
*./. Reci&iva p#%te(ec"t#!ie
*./.1. 7e+initie
P#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB !eci&iva 'a!e p#%te(ec"t#!ie
e(i%ta at"nci c1n&B &"pa e(ec"ta!ea %a" c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata
a "nei pe&ep%e c" &etenti"nea pe viata %a" a "nei pe&ep%e c"
-nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e "n anB cel c#n&a'nat %av1!%e%te &in n#"
# in+!acti"ne pent!" ca!e legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe
viata %a" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e cel p"tin "n an.
M#&i+ica!ile -n p!ivinta &"!atei pe&ep%el#! &e la cei &#i
te!'eni pe ca!e le:a' evi&entiat c" #ca)ia anali)ei !eci&ivei
p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii %"nt &e a'intit %i -n ace%t c#nte(t.
*./.. C#n&itiile &e e(i%tenta a !eci&ivei p#%te(ec"t#!ii
I. C#n&itiile !e+e!it#a!e la p!i'"l te!'en al !eci&iveiE
819 pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita in%tanta %a +i %ta,ilit #
pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e "n an %a" &etenti"nea pe
viataH
89 in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita %a +ie intenti#nata %a"
p!aete!intenti#nataH
8*9 pe&eap%a pent!" p!i'a in+!acti"ne %a +i +#%t e(ec"tata
%a" c#n%i&e!ata ca +iin& e(ec"tata
8at"nci c1n& pe&eap%a a +#%t
g!atiata %a" e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei %:a p!e%c!i%9H
8/9 c#n&a'na!ea %a n" +ie &int!e acelea &e ca!e n" %e tine
%ea'a la %ta,ili!ea %ta!ii &e !eci&ivaB p#t!ivit a!t. / N.C.p.
1/2
II. C#n&itiile !e+e!it#a!e la cel &e:al &#ilea te!'en al !eci&iveiE
819 %a +ie v#!,a &e # in+!acti"ne %av1!%ita c" intentie %a"
p!aete!intentieH
89 pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" a &#"a in+!acti"ne
%a +ie &e cel p"tin "n anH
8*9 cea &e:a &#"a in+!acti"ne %a +ie c#'i%a &"pa
e(ec"ta!ea %a" c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata a p!i'ei pe&ep%eH
M#'ent"l c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii p!e)inta # pa!tic"la!itate
-n !ap#!t &e in+!acti"nile c" &"!ata &e e(ec"ta!eB -n ca)"l ca!#!aB
pent!" &ete!'ina!ea +#!'ei !eci&iveiB %e va l"a -n c#n%i&e!a!e
'#'ent"l ep"i)a!ii ace%t#!a 8&aca # a%t+el &e in+!acti"ne e%te
-ncep"ta -n ti'p"l e(ec"ta!ii %i %e te!'ina &"pa e(ec"ta!eB v#' +i
-n p!e)enta !eci&ivei p#%te(ec"t#!ii9.
8/9 n#"a in+!acti"ne c#'i%a %a n" +ie &int!e cele p!eva)"te
la a!t. / N.C.p.
*./.*. Sancti#na!ea !eci&ivei 'a!i p#%te(ec"t#!ii
n ace%t ca) n" %e 'ai p#ate v#!,i &e%p!e "n c"'"lB ca -n
ca)"l !eci&ivei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!iiB &e#a!ece pe&eap%a &e la p!i'"l
te!'en a +#%t &e.a e(ec"tata %a" e%te c#n%i&e!ata ca +iin&
e(ec"tata.
Si &e acea%ta &ata t!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#! p!eva)"t &e
n#"l C#& penal &i+e!a &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a.
A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. *0 alin./ C.p.B %e p"tea aplica #
pe&eap%a p1na la 'a(i'"l %pecialB ia! &aca ace%ta e!a
ne-n&e%t"lat#!B -n ca)"l -nc@i%#!ii %e p"tea a&a"ga "n %p#! &e p1na
la 1> aniB ia! -n ca)"l a'en)ii %e p"tea a&a"ga "n %p#! &e cel '"lt
&#"a t!ei'i &in 'a(i'"l %pecial.
1/6
P#t!ivit a!t. /* alin.2 N.C.p.B &aca &"pa ce pe&eap%a
ante!i#a!a a +#%t e(ec"tata %a" c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tataB %e
%av1!%e%te # n#"a in+!acti"ne -n %ta!e &e !eci&ivaB li'itele
%peciale ale pe&ep%ei p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" n#"a in+!acti"ne
%e 'a.#!ea)a c" ."'atate.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B &aca %e c#'ite -n %ta!e &e !eci&iva
p#%te(ec"t#!ie # in+!acti"ne pent!" ca!e legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii &e la * la 1> aniB in&ivi&"ali)a!ea %e va +ace -n
inte!val"l / ani %i 6 l"ni 4 12 ani.
*.2. Reci&iva -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice
n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice n" e(i%ta &e#%e,i!i -nt!e
!egle'enta!ea c#n&itiil#! &e e(i%tenta a !eci&ivei -nt!e vec@i"l %i
n#"l C#& penal. Acea%ta &e#a!ece %i /> &in C#&"l penal &in 1060
!egle'enta &#a! !eci&iva 'a!eB n" %i !eci&iva 'ica -n ca)"l
pe!%#anei ."!i&ice. 7e a%e'eneaB -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB c"'
pe&eap%a p!incipala c#n%ta &#a! -n a'en&aB n" e(i%ta &e#%e,i!i
nici %", a%pect"l li'itel#! pe&ep%el#! ca!e +#!'ea)a cei &#i
te!'eni.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1/6 alin.1 N.C.p.B e(i%ta !eci&iva pent!"
pe!%#ana ."!i&ica at"nci c1n&B &"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a "nei
@#ta!1!i &e c#n&a'na!e %i p1na la !ea,ilita!eB pe!%#ana ."!i&ica
%av1!%e%te &in n#" # in+!acti"neB c" intentie %a" c" intentie
&epa%ita. Nici -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice c#n&a'na!ile
'enti#nate la a!t. / N.C.p. n" at!ag %ta!ea &e !eci&iva.
Sing"!"l &#'eni" -n ca!e n#"l C#& penal a&"ce
'#&i+ica!i -n 'ate!ie e%te %ancti#na!ea !eci&ivei -n ca)"l
pe!%#anei ."!i&ice.
P#t!ivit C#&"l"i penal &in 1060B -n ca) &e !eci&iva
p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ieB a'en&a %ta,ilita pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita
"lte!i#! %i a'en&a aplicata pent!" in+!acti"nea ante!i#a!a %e
c#nt#pea"B p#t!ivit &i%p#)itiil#! &e la c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"niB c"
p!eci)a!ea ca %p#!"l aplica,il p"tea +i &e p1na la ."'atate &in
'a(i'"l %pecial. 7aca a'en&a ante!i#a!a a +#%t e(ec"tata -n
1/<
pa!teB c#nt#pi!ea %e +ace -nt!e a'en&a ce a 'ai !a'a% &e e(ec"tat
%i a'en&a aplicata pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita "lte!i#!.
n ca) &e !eci&iva p#%te(ec"t#!ieB %e aplica pe&eap%a
a'en)ii p1na la 'a(i'"l %pecialB ia! &aca ace%t 'a(i' n" e!a
-n&e%t"lat#!B %e p"tea a&a"ga "n %p#! &e p1na la &#"a t!ei'i &in
acel 'a(i'.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1/6 alin. %i * N.C.p.B -n ca) &e !eci&ivaB
li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" n#"a
in+!acti"ne %e 'a.#!ea)a c" ."'atateB +a!a a &epa%i 'a(i'"l
gene!al al pe&ep%ei a'en)ii.
7aca a'en&a ante!i#a!a n" a +#%t e(ec"tataB -n t#t %a" -n
pa!teB a'en&a %ta,ilita pent!" n#"a in+!acti"neB p#t!ivit alin.B
%e a&a"ga la pe&eap%a ante!i#a!a %a" la !e%t"l !a'a% nee(ec"tat
&in acea%ta.
n ca)"l !eci&ivei p#%te(ec"t#!ii !egi'"l %ancti#nat#! e%te
%i'ila! cel"i p!eva)"t pent!" pe!%#ana +i)icaB -n %en%"l
'a.#!a!ii c" 1C a li'itel#! %peciale. n ca)"l a'en)iiB acea%ta
'a.#!a!e #pe!ea)a n"'ai c" p!ivi!e la n"'a!"l )ilel#!:a'en&a.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B &aca pent!" in+!acti"nea c#'i%a %:a! aplica #
pe&eap%a -nt!e 1$> %i *>> )ile:a'en&aB -n ca)"l !eci&ivei
in&ivi&"ali)a!ea %e va +ace -nt!e <> %i /2> )ile:a'en&a.
n ca)"l !eci&ivei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!iiB t!ata'ent"l e%te 'ai
%eve! &ec1t -n ca)"l pe!%#anei +i)ice. Acea%ta &e#a!ece pe&eap%a
pent!" in+!acti"nea ce c#n%tit"ie al &#ilea te!'en n" %e %ta,ile%te
-nt!e li'itele p!eva)"te pent!" in+!acti"nea c#'i%aB ci -nt!e li'ite
'a.#!ate c" MB la +el ca -n ca)"l !eci&ivei p#%te(ec"t#!ii. Ulte!i#!B
a'en&a a%t+el %ta,ilita %e a&a"ga la !e%t"l !a'a% nee(ec"tat &in
p!i'a a'en&a.
E%te &e p!eci)at ca -n ace%t ca) c"'"l"l a!it'etic n" %e +ace
-nt!e n"'a!"l &e )ile:a'en&a p!eva)"t pent!" cele &#"a
in+!acti"niB ci -nt!e %"'ele %ta,ilite p!in aplica!ea %i%te'"l"i
)ilel#!:a'en&a 8ceea ce p!e%"p"ne ca -nainte &e a&"na!e %e va
-n'"lti n"'a!"l &e )ile:a'en&a %ta,ilit pent!" in+!acti"nea &e la
te!'en"l II c" %"'a c#!e%p"n)at#a!e "nei )ile:a'en&aB ia! %"'a
1/$
a%t+el #,tin"ta %e a&a"ga la %"'a neplatita &in a'en&a %ta,ilita
pent!" p!i'a in+!acti"ne9.
D /. Pl"!alitatea inte!'e&ia!a
/.1. 7e+initie
7en"'i!ea &e pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!a n" a +#%t
c#n%ac!ata &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B &a! %i %", i'pe!i"l ace%t"ia
ea e!a gene!al acceptata -n &#ct!ina. N#"l C#& penal a c#n%ac!at
&en"'i!ea ace%tei +#!'e &e pl"!alitate -n a!t. //.
P#t!ivit ace%t"i te(tB e(i%ta pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!a &e
in+!acti"ni c1n&B &"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a "nei @#ta!1!i &e
c#n&a'na!e %i p1na la &ata la ca!e pe&eap%a e%te e(ec"tata %a"
c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tataB c#n&a'nat"l %av1!%e%te &in n#" #
in+!acti"ne %i n" %"nt -nt!"nite c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e lege
pent!" %ta!ea &e !eci&iva.
7e+initia n" &i+e!a &ec1t ca +#!'"la!e +ata &e
!egle'enta!ea &in a!t. /> C.p. p#t!ivit ca!"ia acea%ta +#!'a a
pl"!alitatii e(i%ta at"nci c1n& -nainte &e e(ec"ta!ea "nei pe&ep%eB
-n c"!%"l e(ec"ta!ii ace%teia %a" -n %ta!e &e eva&a!eB # pe!%#ana
c#'ite # n#"a in+!acti"neB &a! n" %"nt -n&eplinite c#n&itiile
!eci&ivei.
/.. 7i%tinctii +ata &e c#nc"!% %i !eci&iva
Pl"!alitatea inte!'e&ia!a &i+e!a &e c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni
p!in +apt"l ca -nt!e cele &#"a in+!acti"ni a inte!venit # @#ta!1!e
&e+initiva &e c#n&a'na!e pent!" p!i'a in+!acti"ne.
7e a%e'eneaB ea &i+e!a &e !eci&iva p!in +apt"l ca n" %"nt
-n&eplinite c#n&itiile ace%teia. A%t+elB n" v#! +i -n&eplinite
c#n&itiile !eci&ivei %i va +i pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!a &acaE
a9 p!in c#n&a'na!ea &e+initiva %:a aplicat pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii &e "n %a" 'ai 'ica #!i a'en&a -n ca)"l p!i'"l"i
te!'enH
1/0
,9 legea p!eve&e &#a! a'en&a %a" -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'ica &e
"n an -n ca)"l cel"i &e:al &#ilea te!'enH
c9 "na &int!e cele &#"a in+!acti"ni e%te %av1!%ita &in c"lpa.
n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice %"nte' -n p!e)enta pl"!alitatii
inte!'e&ia!e &#a! at"nci c1n& "na &int!e in+!acti"ni e%te &in c"lpa.
Pl"!alitatea inte!'e&ia!a c#!e%p"n&e !eci&ivei
p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii. A%t+elB &aca &"pa e(ec"ta!ea p!i'ei pe&ep%e
%e c#'ite # n#"a in+!acti"ne ca!e n" -nt!"ne%te c#n&itiile !eci&ivei
p#%te(ec"t#!iiB n" v#' avea # pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!a.
/.*. Sancti#na!ea pl"!alitatii inte!'e&ia!e
La p!i'a ve&e!eB 'ecani%'"l &e %ancti#na!e a pl"!alitatii
inte!'e&ia!e n" a +#%t '#&i+icat &e n#"l C#& penal. nt!:a&eva!B
at1t a!t. /> C.p.B c1t %i a!t. // N.C.p. p!eva& caB -n ca) &e
pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!aB %e v#! aplica !eg"lile &e %ancti#na!e &e la
c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni.
C"' -n%a t!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#! al c#nc"!%"l"i a +#%t
'#&i+icat &e n#"l C#& penalB '#&i+ica!ea va #pe!a %i -n p!ivinta
pl"!alitatii inte!'e&ia!e. n c#n%ecintaB &aca a',ii te!'eni ai
pl"!alitatii inte!'e&ia!e c#n%ta" -n pe&ep%e c" -nc@i%#a!eaB
p#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB %e va aplica pe&eap%a cea 'ai g!eaB la
ca!e %e a&a"ga #,ligat#!i" "n %p#! &e 1C* &in cealalta. n
e+ect"a!ea c#nt#pi!iiB la +el ca %i la c#nc"!%B %e v#! avea -n
ve&e!e cele &#"a pe&ep%e -n -nt!eg"l l#!B &a! ceea ce %:a e(ec"tat
p1na la c#nt#pi!e %e %ca&e &in &"!ata pe&ep%ei !e)"ltante.
T#t ca # n#"tate a&"%a &e n#"l C#& penalB t!e,"ie
'enti#nat +apt"l caB at"nci c1n& &"pa c#n&a'na!ea &e+initiva
%e c#'it 'ai '"lte in+!acti"ni c#nc"!enteB &int!e ca!e "nele %e
a+la -n !eci&iva ia! altele %e a+la -n pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!a +ata
&e p!i'a in+!acti"neB %e va aplica pent!" t#ate t!ata'ent"l
p!eva)"t &e lege pent!" !eci&iva 8a!t. /* alin. N.C.p.9.
12>
: Capit#l"l ? :
PLURALITATEA 7E 3APTUITORI
D 1. 3#!'ele pl"!alitatii &e +apt"it#!i
E(i%ta t!ei +#!'e ale pl"!alitatii &e +apt"it#!iE
a9 Pl"!alitatea nat"!alaH
,9 Pl"!alitatea c#n%tit"itaH
c9 Pl"!alitatea #ca)i#nala 8pa!ticipatia9.
P!i'ele &#"a +#!'e ale pl"!alitatii n" a" +#%t !egle'entate -n
pa!tea gene!alaB nici -n C#&"l penal &in 1060 %i nici -n n#"l C#&
penalB ele +iin& i&enti+icate &#a! pe ,a)a te(tel#! &e inc!i'ina!e
&in pa!tea %peciala.
D . Pl"!alitatea nat"!ala
E(i%ta at"nci c1n& pa!ticipa!ea a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
pe!%#ane la %av1!%i!ea +aptei e%te ce!"ta &e c@ia! nat"!a
in+!acti"nii.
E(e'pl"E in+!acti"nea &e -ncaie!a!e 8a!t. * C.p.B a!t.
10$ N.C.p.9B in+!acti"nea &e ince%t 8a!t. >* C.p.B a!t. *<< N.C.p.9.
Pl"!alitatea nat"!ala n" ce!eB -n%aB ca t#ti pa!ticipantii %a
acti#ne)e c" vin#vatie. E p#%i,il ca "nii &int!e pa!ticipanti %a %e
a+le -n e!#a!e %iB a%t+elB ei n" v#! !a%p"n&e penal.
D *. Pl"!alitatea c#n%tit"ita
E(i%ta at"nci c1n& te(t"l &e inc!i'ina!e %ancti#nea)a
c#n%tit"i!ea "nei a%#cie!i #!i %p!i.ini!ea ace%teiaB &aca %c#p"l cel#!
ce %:a" a%#ciat c#n%ta -n %av1!%i!ea &e in+!acti"ni.
E(e'pl"E c#n%tit"i!ea "n"i g!"p in+!acti#nal #!gani)at
8a!t. *6< N.C.p.9B a%#cie!ea pent!" c#'ite!ea &e in+!acti"ni 8a!t.
** C.p.9.
121
D /. Pl"!alitatea #ca)i#nala 8pa!ticipatia9
/.1. 7e+initie
E(i%ta pa!ticipatie at"nci c1n& &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
pe!%#aneB -n ,a)a "nei legat"!i %",iective pa!ticipa la %av1!%i!ea
"nei in+!acti"ni c" acte 'ate!iale %a" intelect"aleB +a!a ca acea%ta
pa!ticipatie %a +ie ce!"ta &e c#ntin"t"l nat"!al %a" legal al
in+!acti"nii.
/.. 3#!'ele pa!ticipatiei penale
3#!'ele &e pa!ticipatie penala !egle'entate e(p!e% &e
C#&"l penal &in 1060 %"nt a"t#!at"l 8a!t. / C.p.9B in%tiga!ea 8a!t.
2 C.p.9 %i c#'plicitatea 8a!t. 6 C.p.9.
N#"l C#& penal a&a"ga ace%t#! +#!'e %i c#a"t#!at"lB
+#!'a &e pa!ticipatie ne!egle'entata e(plicit -n c#&"l ante!i#!B &a!
"nani' a&'i%a &e &#ct!ina%i ."!i%p!"&enta.
/..1. A"t#!at"l
E%te a"t#! pe!%#ana ca!e %av1!%e%teB -n '#& ne'i.l#citB
+apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala. A"t#!"l p#ate %a acti#ne)e at1t c"
vin#vatieB c1t %i +a!a vin#vatie. 7aca acti#nea)a c" vin#vatie %i
acea%ta -',!aca +#!'a intentieiB ave' # pa!ticipatie p!#p!i":)i%a.
7aca a"t#!"l acti#nea)a &in c"lpa %a" +a!a vin#vatieB %"nte' -n
p!e)enta pa!ticipatiei i'p!#p!iiB a%a c"' v#' ve&ea -n cele ce
"!'ea)a.
/... C#a"t#!at"l
P#t!ivit a!t. /6 alin. N.C.p.B c#a"t#!i %"nt pe!%#anele
ca!e %av1!%e%c ne'i.l#cit aceea%i +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea
penala.
12
A%a&a!B e(i%ta c#a"t#!at at"nci c1n& &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
pe!%#ane pa!ticipa c" acte &e e(ec"ta!e la %av1!%i!ea aceleia%i
in+!acti"ni. Legat"!a %",iectiva -n ca)"l c#a"t#!at"l"i p#ate %a %e
%ta,ilea%ca at1t ante!i#! -ncep"t"l"i act"l"i &e e(ec"ta!eB c1t %i pe
pa!c"!%"l &e%+a%"!a!ii act"l"i &e e(ec"ta!e.
E(e'pl"E c#a"t#!ii %e p#t @#ta!- &inainte %a 'ea!ga %a
.e+"ia%ca # ,ancaB &a! %e p#t @#ta!- %i -n ti'p"l c#n%"'a!ii +aptei.
E(i%ta
an"'ite in+!acti"ni ca!e n" p#t +i %av1!%ite -n
c#a"t#!at.
a9
in+!acti"nile ca!acte!i)ate &e # pl"!alitate nat"!ala
%a" c#n%tit"ita 4 &e#a!ece t#ti cei ca!e pa!ticipa c" acte
&e e(ec"ta!e %"nt c#n%i&e!ati a"t#!iH
,9
in+!acti"nile c" a"t#! "nic 8ca!e %e c#'it -n pe!%#ana
p!#p!ie9 : eva&a!eaB &e)e!ta!eaB 'a!t"!ia 'incin#a%a
etc.H
c9
in+!acti"nile #'i%iveB &e#a!ece p!in inacti"ne +ieca!e
-%i -ncalca # #,ligatie pe!%#nal 8&e e(e'pl"B
in+!acti"nea &e ne&en"nta!e a c#'ite!ii "n#!
in+!acti"niB a!t. 66 N.C.p.9. P!eci)a'B -n%aB ca e%teB
t#t"%i p#%i,il c#a"t#!at"l -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#!
c#'i%ive p!in #'i%i"ne 4 &e e(e'pl"B -n %it"atia
pa!intil#! ca!e !e+")a %a -%i @!anea%ca +i"l.
/..*. In%tiga!ea
C#n%ta -n &ete!'ina!ea c" intentie a "nei pe!%#ane %a
%av1!%ea%ca # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala.
C1t p!ive%te '#'ent"l p1na la ca!e %e p#ate !eali)a
legat"!a %",iectivaB -n ca)"l in%tiga!ii legat"!a %",iectiva n" %e
p#ate !eali)a &ec1t -nainte &e l"a!ea @#ta!1!ii &e cat!e a"t#!.
Acea%ta &e#a!eceB &aca legat"!a %",iectiva a!e l#c "lte!i#!
a&#pta!ii !e)#l"tiei in+!acti#nale &e cat!e a"t#!B n" 'ai p"te'
%p"ne ca a"t#!"l a +#%t &ete!'inat %a c#'ita +apta %i v#' +i -n
p!e)enta c#'plicitatii intelect"ale.
12*
n ceea ce p!ive%te p#%i,ilitatea e(i%tentei in%tiga!iiB ea e%te
p#%i,ila la t#ate in+!acti"nileB c" e(ceptia cel#! ca!acte!i)ate &e
pl"!alitatea c#n%tit"ita.
P!incipala '#&i+ica!e a&"%a &e n#"l C#& penal -n
'ate!ia in%tiga!ii # c#n%tit"ie !en"nta!ea la !egle'enta!ea
in%tiga!ii ne"!'ate &e e(ec"ta!eB ante!i#! p!eva)"ta &e a!t. 0
C.p.
P#t!ivit a!t. 0 alin.1 C.p.B e(i%ta # in%tiga!e ne"!'ata &e
e(ec"ta!e at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l n" a t!ec"t la e(ec"ta!ea acti"nii
ce!"te &e in%tigat#!. Ace%tei %it"atii -i e!a a%i'ilata &in p"nct &e
ve&e!e %ancti#nat#! %i ip#te)a -n ca!e a"t#!"l t!ece la e(ec"ta!eB
&a! %e &e%i%ta %a" -'pie&ica p!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"iB c#'it1n& #
tentativa nepe&ep%ita.
P#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB pent!" ip#te)ele !egle'entate
&e a!t. 0 C.p. %e va !etine c" p!ivi!e la in%tigat#!E
: # +apta nepe&ep%itaB &aca in%tigat"l n" a t!ec"t la e(ec"ta!e.
P!in e(ceptieB acea%ta +#!'a &e in%tiga!e a! p"tea c#n%tit"i #
in+!acti"ne a"t#n#'aB c"' a! +i -nce!ca!ea &e a &ete!'ina
%av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni 8a!t. *<> N.C.p.9 %a" in+l"enta!ea
&ecla!atiil#! 8a!t. < N.C.p.9.
: # tentativa pe&ep%i,ilaB &aca in%tigat"l a t!ec"t la e(ec"ta!eB
&a! %:a &e%i%tat %a" a -'pie&icat p!#&"ce!ea !e)"ltat"l"i.
7e%i%ta!ea %a" -'pie&ica!ea p!#&"ce!ii !e)"ltat"l"i &e cat!e
a"t#! %"nt ca")e pe!%#nale &e nepe&ep%i!eB ca!e n" %e !a%+!1ng
a%"p!a alt#! pa!ticipantiB ace%tia "!'1n& a !a%p"n&e pent!"
tentativa la in+!acti"nea !e%pectiva.
/../. C#'plicitatea
C#n+#!' a!t. /$ alin.1 N.C.p.B c#'plice e%te pe!%#ana ca!eB
c" intentieB -nle%ne%te %a" a."ta -n #!ice '#& la %av1!%i!ea "nei
+apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala.
12/
E%teB &e a%e'eneaB c#'plice pe!%#ana ca!e -nainte %a" -n
ti'p"l %av1!%i!ii +aptei p!#'ite ca va tain"i ,"n"!ile p!#venite %a"
ca va +av#!i)a pe +apt"it#!B c@ia! &aca "lte!i#! n" -%i !e%pecta
p!#'i%i"nea.
Te(t"l e%te %i'ila! cel"i &in a!t. 6 C.p.B a%t+el ca -n
'ate!ia c#'plicitatii n#"l C#& penal n" a&"ce '#&i+ica!i.
n !ap#!t &e '#&alitatile &e !eali)a!eB c#'plicitatea %e
cla%i+icaB -n p!incipalB -n c#'plicitate 'ate!iala%i -n c#'plicitate
intelect"ala.
a9 C#'plicitatea 'ate!iala
Se !eali)ea)a p!in p!#c"!a!ea &e cat!e c#'plice a
'i.l#acel#! &e %av1!%i!e a in+!acti"nil#!B p!in -nlat"!a!ea "n#!
pie&ici pe ca!e le:a! p"tea -nt1'pina a"t#!"l #!i p!in a."ta!ea
ace%t"ia -n #!ice '#&.
E%te c#'plice pe!%#ana ca!e p!#c"!a a!'aB pe!%#ana ca!e -l
a."ta pe in+!act#! %a e%cala&e)e "n ga!& pent!" a int!a -n incinta &e
"n&e va %"%t!age ,"n"!iB ca%ie!"l ca!e la%a &e%c@i%a ca%a &e ,ani
etc.
,9 C#'plicitatea intelect"ala
Se !eali)ea)a p!in -nta!i!ea !e)#l"tiei in+!acti#nale a
a"t#!"l"iB +ie p!in -nc"!a.a!iB +ie p!in a%i%ta!ea -n ti'p"l %av1!%i!ii
+apteiB +ie p!in p!#'i%i"nea ante!i#a!a %a" c#nc#'itenta &e
tain"i!e %a" &e +av#!i)a!e.
Ele'ent"l e%ential &e &i%tinctie +ata &e in%tiga!eB e%te
'#'ent"l %ta,ili!ii legat"!ii %",iectiveB caci -n ca)"l c#'plicitatii
intelect"ale t!e,"ie %ta,ilita "lte!i#! l"a!ii @#ta!1!ii &e cat!e a"t#!.
n ca) c#nt!a! a' +i -n p!e)enta in%tiga!ii.
/.*. Pe&ep%i!ea pa!ticipatiei
C#n+#!' a!t. /0 N.C.pB c#a"t#!"lB in%tigat#!"l %i
c#'plicele la # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala %av1!%ita c"
intentie %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!"
122
a"t#!. La %ta,ili!ea pe&ep%ei %e tine %ea'a &e c#nt!i,"tia +ieca!"ia
la %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"niiB p!ec"' %i &e &i%p#)itiile a!t. </. C.p..
Te(t"l e%te %i'ila! c" cel c#ntin"t -n a!t. < C.p.B a%t+el
ca n" e(i%ta '#&i+ica!i a&"%e &e n#"l C#&. P#t!ivit a',el#!
!egle'enta!i t"t"!#! pa!ticipantil#! li %e aplica acelea%i li'ite
legale &e pe&eap%a.
S", a%pect"l li'itei legale &e pe&eap%aB t#ti pa!ticipantii
%"nt %ancti#nati c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" a"t#!B -n%a
acea%ta !eg"la e%te %"%cepti,ila &e e(ceptii &ete!'inate &e
ci!c"'%tantele !eale %i pe!%#nale %i &e '#&"l l#! &e c#'"nica!e
-nt!e pa!ticipanti.
Ci!c"'%tantele !eale %"nt -'p!e."!a!i ca!e p!ive%c +apta %i
ca!eB p#t!ivit a!t. 2> N.C.p. %e !a%+!1ng a%"p!a t"t"!#!
pa!ticipantil#! -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e le:a" c"n#%c"t %a" le:a" p!eva)"t.
C#n%tit"ie ci!c"'%tante !eale %av1!%i!ea +aptei &e &#"a %a" 'ai
'"lte pe!%#ane -'p!e"naB %av1!%i!ea pe ti'p"l n#ptiiB -nt!:"n l#c
p",lic.
Ci!c"'%tantele pe!%#nale %"nt -'p!e."!a!i ca!e tin &e
pe!%#ana "n"i pa!ticipant. Ci!c"'%tantele pe!%#nale p#t +i
cla%i+icate -nE
a9 ci!c"'%tante pe!%#nale %",iective
S"nt cele ca!e p!ive%c %ta!ea %a" p#)itia p%i@ica a a"t#!"l"i
8pa!ticipant"l"i9 +ata &e "!'a!ea +aptei %av1!%ite %a" an"'ite
ca!acte!i%tici pe!%#nale ca!e n" %"nt ce!"te &e n#!'a &e
inc!i'ina!e 8'in#!itateB !eci&ivi%t etc.9. Ele n" %e !a%+!1ng
nici#&ata a%"p!a alt#! pa!ticipanti.
,9 ci!c"'%tante pe!%#nale &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e
Se !e+e!a la calitati ce!"te &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e ca
ele'ente c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii. S"nt %"%cepti,ile %a %e
!a%+!1nga%i a%"p!a alt#! pa!ticipantiB -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e le:a"
c"n#%c"t %i le:a" p!eva)"t 8&e e(e'pl"B calitatea &e ge%ti#na! %a"
&e a&'ini%t!at#!B -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e &elapi&a!e9.
126
P#t!ivit a!t. *> C.p.B pa!ticipant"l n" %e pe&ep%e%te &aca -n
c"!%"l e(ec"ta!iiB &a! -nainte &e &e%c#pe!i!ea +apteiB -'pie&ica
c#n%"'a!ea ace%teia. 7aca actele %av1!%ite p1na -n '#'ent"l
-'pie&ica!ii c#n%tit"ie # alta +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaB
pa!ticipant"l"i i %e aplica pe&eap%a pent!" acea%ta +apta.
La !1n&"l %a"B a!t. 21 N.C.p. p!eve&e ca pa!ticipant"l n"
%e pe&ep%e%te &acaB -nainte &e &e%c#pe!i!ea +apteiB &en"nta
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"niiB a%t+el -nc1t c#n%"'a!ea ace%teia %a
p#ata +i -'pie&icataB %a" &aca -'pie&ica el -n%"%i c#n%"'a!ea
in+!acti"nii.
7e%i -n apa!enta te(t"l a!t. 21 N.C.p. c#n%ac!a # ip#te)a
%"pli'enta!a +ata &e vec@ea !egle'enta!e 4 pa!ticipant"l
&en"nta %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"niiB a%t+el -nc1t c#n%"'a!ea
ace%teia %a p#ata +i -'pie&icata
4 -n !ealitate n" e%te #
'#&i+ica!e &e +#n&B &at +iin& ca%i p#t!ivit vec@ii !egle'enta!iB
acea%ta ip#te)a e!a c"p!in%a -n -'pie&ica!ea c#n%"'a!iiB te(t"l
vec@i ne+ac1n& &i%tinctie -nt!e -'pie&ica!ea !eali)ata pe!%#nal %i
-'pie&ica!ea !eali)ata p!in %#licita!ea a."t#!"l"i "n#! te!tiB
incl"%iv a"t#!itatile.
A%a&a!B -n 'ate!ia p%"+icienta pent!" a at!age
-'pie&ica!ea c#n%"'a!ii +aptei.
a!ticipatieiB
nepe&ep%i!eaB
&e%i%ta!ea
+iin&
n"
nece%te
e%a!a
/./. Pa!ticipatia i'p!#p!ie
E(i%ta at"nci c1n& pa!ticipantii acti#nea)a c" +#!'e &e
vin#vatie &i+e!ite. Legi%latia !#'1naB %", i'pe!i"l C#&"l"i penal
&in 1060B !egle'enta ca '#&alitati ale pa!ticipatiei i'p!#p!ii 8a!t.
*1 C.p.9E
a9 '#&alitatea intentie %i c"lpaB e(i%tenta at"nci c1n& a"t#!"l
acti#nea)a &in c"lpaB ia! in%tigat#!"l %a" c#'plicele c" intentie.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B in%tigat#!"lB &#!in& %a "ci&a victi'aB -i &a a"t#!"l"i
# a!'a %p"n1n&":i ca n" e -nca!cata%i &ete!'in1n&":l %a %pe!ie
12<
victi'aB apa%1n& pe t!agaci. A"t#!"l +ace ceea ce i %:a ce!"t %i
"ci&e victi'a 8&in c"lpa9.
,9 '#&alitatea intentie %i lip%a &e vin#vatieB ce e(i%ta at"nci c1n&
a"t#!"l acti#nea)a +a!a vin#vatieB ia! in%tigat#!"l %a" c#'plicele
c" intentie. 7e pil&aB in%tigat#!"l &ete!'ina "n 'in#! -n v1!%ta &e
1 ani %a %"%t!aga "n ,"n.
N#"l C#& penal a&a"ga # ip#te)a %"pli'enta!a
!egle'enta!ii ante!i#a!e. P#t!ivit a!t. 2 alin.1 N.C.p.B
%av1!%i!ea ne'i.l#citaB c" intentieB &e cat!e # pe!%#anaB a "nei
+apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala la ca!eB &in c"lpa %a" +a!a
vin#vatieB c#nt!i,"ie c" acte &e e(ec"ta!e # alta pe!%#anaB %e
%ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" +apta c#'i%a
c" intentie.
N#"a !egle'enta!e p!ive%te a%a&a! pa!ticipatia i'p!#p!ie
-n ca)"l c#a"t#!at"l"i %i e!a nece%a!a -n c#nte(t"l !egle'enta!ii &e
cat!e n#"l C#& penal a ace%tei +#!'e &e pa!ticipatie. Sp!e
e(e'pl"B "n 'a.#! c#'ite # t1l@a!ie -'p!e"na c" "n 'in#! -n
v1!%ta &e 1* aniB 'a.#!"l aplic1n& victi'ei l#vit"!iB ia! 'in#!"l
%"%t!ag1n& ,"n"l. n ace%t ca) 'a.#!"l va !a%p"n&e pent!" #
t1l@a!ieB c@ia! &aca # pa!te &in actele &e e(ec"ta!e a" +#%t c#'i%e
&e "n 'in#! ca!e n" !a%p"n&e penal.
n ca)"l pa!ticipatiei i'p!#p!iiB c#a"t#!"l ce a acti#nat c"
intentie p!ec"' %i in%tigat#!"l %i c#'plicele !a%p"n& pent!" #
in+!acti"ne intenti#nataB -n v!e'e ce a"t#!"l %a" celalalt c#a"t#!
va !a%p"n&e pent!" # in+!acti"ne &in c"lpa 8&aca +apta c#'i%a e%te
inc!i'inata%i -n acea%ta +#!'a9 -n ca)"l '#&alitatii intentie %i
c"lpaB !e%pectiv n" va !a%p"n&e penalB vin#vatia %a +iin&
-nlat"!ataB -n %it"atia '#&alitatii intentie %i lip%a &e vin#vatie.
12$
: Capit#l"l ?I :
PE7EPSELE APLICA=ILE PERSOANEI 3I6ICE
n &!ept"l n#%t!"B legi"it#!"l a !egle'entat t!ei categ#!ii &e
pe&ep%e aplica,ile pe!%#anei +i)iceE pe&ep%ele p!incipaleB
pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!eB pe&ep%ele acce%#!ii.
D 1. Pe&ep%ele p!incipale
P#t!ivit a!t. 2* N.C.p. 8a!t. 2* C.p.9B pe&ep%ele p!incipale
aplica,ile pe!%#anei +i)ice %"ntE
a9 7etenti"nea pe viataH
,9 nc@i%#a!eaH
c9 A'en&a.
N#"l C#& penal n" a a&"% a%a&a! '#&i+ica!i -n p!ivinta
%peciil#! &e pe&eap%a p!incipala e(i%tente ante!i#!.
a9 7etenti"nea pe viata
C#n%ta -n p!iva!ea &e li,e!tate a in&ivi&"l"i pent!" t#t
!e%t"l vietii. E%te # %ancti"ne a,%#l"t &ete!'inataB ne+iin&
%"%cepti,ila &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e. T#t"%iB &etenti"nea pe viata n"
e%te &e !eg"la pe!pet"a. Legi"it#!"l a p!eva)"t -nl#c"i!ea pe&ep%ei
&etenti"nii pe viata -n pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea -n '#'ent"l -n
ca!e c#n&a'nat"l -'pline%te # an"'ita v1!%ta.
T!e,"ie %e'nalate -n%a c1teva &e#%e,i!i i'p#!tante -nt!e
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a%i cea &in n#"l C#& penal -n acea%ta
'ate!ieE
:
p#t!ivit a!t. 22 alin. C.p.B -nl#c"i!ea e!a #,ligat#!ieB -n
v!e'e ce p#t!ivit a!t. 2$ N.C.p. -nl#c"i!ea e%te +ac"ltativa
%i #pe!ea)a &aca pe!%#ana c#n&a'nata a av"t # ,"na
c#n&"ita pe t#ata &"!ata e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%eiB a -n&eplinit
integ!al #,ligatiile civile %ta,ilite p!in @#ta!1!ea &e
120
c#n&a'na!eB a+a!a &e ca)"l c1n& &#ve&e%te ca n" a av"t
nici # p#%i,ilitate %a le -n&eplinea%ca%i a +ac"t p!#g!e%e
c#n%tante %i evi&ente -n ve&e!ea !einteg!a!ii %#cialeH
:
p#t!ivit a!t. 22 alin. C.p.B -nl#c"i!ea %e +acea c"
pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e 2 &e aniB -n v!e'e ce p#t!ivit a!t.
2$ N.C.p.B -nl#c"i!ea %e +ace c" *> &e ani &e -nc@i%#a!eH
:
p#t!ivit a!t. 22 alin. C.p.B -nl#c"i!ea %e +acea la
-'plini!ea v1!%tei &e 6> &e aniB -n v!e'e ce p#t!ivit a!t.
2$ N.C.p. -nl#c"i!ea #pe!ea)a la -'plini!ea v1!%tei &e 62
&e ani.
n ca) &e c#'"ta!eB pe!i#a&a e(ec"ta!ii ca &etenti"ne pe
viata %e %#c#te%te ca +iin& e(ec"tata -n c#nt"l pe&ep%ei c"
-nc@i%#a!ea.
,9 nc@i%#a!ea
Pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii c"n#a%te &#"a categ#!ii &e li'iteB
p!eva)"te -n pa!tea gene!ala a C#&"l"iB !e%pectiv -n pa!tea
%peciala %a" -n legi penale %peciale. A%t+elE
Li'ite gene!ale. P!eva)"teB a%a c"' !eie%e &in c@ia!
&en"'i!ea l#!B -n pa!tea gene!ala a C#&"l"i penalB ele n" p#t +i
nici#&ata &epa%iteB in&i+e!ent &e nat"!a %i n"'a!"l ca")el#! &e
ag!ava!e %i &e aten"a!e inci&ente.
P#t!ivit a!t. 6> N.C.p. 8a!t. 2* C.p.9B ace%tea %"nt c"p!in%e
-nt!e 12 )ile 8'ini' gene!al9 %i *> &e ani 8'a(i' gene!al9. nt!e
ace%te li'ite gene!aleB %e %it"ea)a li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%eiB
p!eva)"te &e n#!'ele &e inc!i'ina!e pent!" +ieca!e in+!acti"ne -n
pa!te.
Li'itele %peciale. S"nt p!eva)"te pent!" +ieca!e in+!acti"ne
-n pa!teB -n +"nctie &e pe!ic#l"l %#cial al ace%t#!a. 7e e(e'pl"B
pent!" #'#!"l -n +#!'a %i'plaB li'itele &e pe&eap%a p!eva)"te -n
c"p!in%"l a!t. 1$$ N.C.p. 8a!t. 1</ C.p.9 %"nt -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 1>
ani 8'ini' %pecial9 la > ani 8'a(i' %pecial9.
nt#t&ea"naB 'ini'"l %pecial e%te 'ai 'a!e &ec1t 'ini'"l
gene!alB ia! 'a(i'"l %pecial e%te 'ai 'ic &ec1t 'a(i'"l gene!al.
16>
c9 A'en&a
Pe&eap%a a'en)ii c#n%ta -n %"'a &e ,ani pe ca!e
in+!act#!"l e%te c#n&a'nat %a # platea%ca.
Regle'enta!ea pe&ep%ei a'en)ii a +#%t c#'plet
'#&i+icata &e p!eve&e!ile n#"l"i C#& penal.
P#t!ivit a!t. 2* C.p.B li'itele gene!ale ale a'en)ii e!a" &e
1>> lei %iB !e%pectivB 2>.>>> lei.
Li'itele %peciale ale a'en)ii %e &ete!'ina"B p#t!ivit
&i%p#)itiil#! a!t. 6* C.p.B -n +"nctie &e pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii c" ca!e
a'en&a e!a p!eva)"ta alte!nativ. A%t+elB at"nci c1n& a'en&a e!a
p!eva)"ta ca %ancti"ne "nicaB ne+iin& alte!nativa c" -nc@i%#a!eaB
li'itele ei e!a" &e la 12> lei la 1>.>>> lei. At"nci c1n& e!a
p!eva)"ta%i pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e p1na la "n an li'itele e!a" &e
la *>> lei la 12.>>> lei. n +ineB at"nci c1n& -nc@i%#a!ea &epa%ea "n
anB a'en&a avea ca li'ite 2>> lei %iB !e%pectiv *>.>>> lei.
N#"l C#& penalB int!#&"ce %i%te'"l )ilel#!:a'en&a
pent!" calc"la!ea c"ant"'"l"i a'en)ii ce t!e,"ie platita.
P#t!ivit ace%t"i %i%te'B !egle'entat &e a!t. 61 N.C.p.B %"'a
c#!e%p"n)at#a!e "nei )ile:a'en&aB c"p!in%a -nt!e 1> lei %i 2>>
leiB %e -n'"lte%te c" n"'a!"l )ilel#!:a'en&aB ca!e e%te c"p!in%
-nt!e *> &e )ile %i />> &e )ile.
In%tanta %ta,ile%te n"'a!"l )ilel#!:a'en&a p#t!ivit
c!ite!iil#! gene!ale &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e a pe&ep%ei. C"ant"'"l
%"'ei c#!e%p"n)at#a!e "nei )ile:a'en&a %e %ta,ile%te tin1n&
%ea'a %i &e #,ligatiile legale ale c#n&a'nat"l"i +ata &e
pe!%#anele a+late -n -nt!etine!ea %a.
Li'itele %peciale ale )ilel#! 4 a'en&a %"nt c"p!in%e
-nt!eE
a9 6> %i 1$> &e )ile:a'en&aB c1n& legea p!eve&e pent!"
in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita n"'ai pe&eap%a a'en)iiH
161
,9 1> %i /> &e )ile:a'en&aB c1n& legea p!eve&e
pe&eap%a a'en)ii alte!nativ c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e cel '"lt
&#i aniH
c9 1$> %i *>> &e )ile:a'en&aB c1n& legea p!eve&e
pe&eap%a a'en)ii alte!nativ c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e
ani.
E(e'pl"E %a p!e%"p"ne' ca # pe!%#ana c#'ite #
in+!acti"ne &e +"!tB %ancti#nata p#t!ivit a!t. $ N.C.p. c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&aB ia! in%tanta %e
#!ientea)a %p!e pe&eap%a a'en)ii.
n ace%t ca)B 'ai -nt1i in%tanta va %ta,ili n"'a!"l )ilel#!a'en&a.
3iin& # a'en&a p!eva)"ta alte!nativ c" -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai
'a!e &e aniB li'itele %peciale ale )ilel#!:a'en&a v#! +i 1$>B
!e%pectiv *>>. nt!e ace%te li'iteB pe ,a)a c!ite!iil#! gene!ale &e
in&ivi&"ali)a!eB in%tanta va %ta,ili n"'a!"l &e )ile:a'en&aB %p!e
e(e'pl" 2>.
Ulte!i#!B in%tanta %ta,ile%te %"'a c#!e%p"n)at#a!e "nei
)ile:a'en&aB -nt!e 1> %i 2>> leiB av1n& -n ve&e!e %it"atia 'ate!iala
a c#n&a'nat"l"i %i #,ligatiile %ale. Sa p!e%"p"ne' ca in%tanta
%ta,ile%te "n c"ant"' &e 2> lei pent!" # )i:a'en&a.
n +ineB pent!" a &ete!'ina %"'a pe ca!e c#n&a'nat"l va
t!e,"i %a # platea%caB in%tanta -n'"lte%te %"'a c#!e%p"n)at#a!e
"nei )ile:a'en&a c" n"'a!"l )ilel#!:a'en&a %ta,ilit. n e(e'pl"l
n#%t!"B %"'a va +i 2> ? 2> K <2>> lei.
n ca)"l -n ca!e a'en&a n" e%te platitaB n#"l C#& penal
p!eve&e &#"a '#&alitati &e !ein&ivi&"ali)a!e a ace%teia.
A9 nl#c"i!ea pe&ep%ei a'en)ii c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii
P#t!ivit a!t. 6* N.C.p.B &aca pe!%#ana c#n&a'nataB c"
!ea:c!e&intaB n" e(ec"ta pe&eap%a a'en)iiB -n t#t %a" -n pa!teB
n"'a!"l )ilel#!:a'en&a nee(ec"tate %e -nl#c"ie%te c" "n n"'a!
c#!e%p"n)at#! &e )ile c" -nc@i%#a!e.
16
O !egle'enta!e %i'ila!a e(i%ta %i -n a!t. 6*1 C.p.B p#t!ivit
ca!"ia at"nci c1n& cel c#n&a'nat la pe&eap%a a'en)ii %e %"%t!age
c" !ea:c!e&inta &e la plata ace%teiaB in%tanta va &i%p"ne -nl#c"i!ea
a'en)ii c" -nc@i%#a!ea -n li'itele p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" +apta
%av1!%ita.
nt!e cele &#"a !egle'enta!i e(i%ta -n%a c1teva &i+e!ente
i'p#!tanteE
:
P#t!ivit a!t. 6*1 C.p.B a'en&a t!e,"ia %a +ie p!eva)"ta
alte!nativ c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii. n c#n%ecintaB n" e!a
p#%i,ila -nl#c"i!ea a'en)ii c" -nc@i%#a!ea c1n& a'en&a
e!a p!eva)"ta ca %ancti"ne "nica%i nici at"nci c1n& la
pe&eap%a a'en)ii %:a a."n%B #,ligat#!i"B ca e+ect al
ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"anteB -n c#n&itiile a!t. <6 lit. e9 te)a
a II:a C.p. N#"l C#& penal n" 'ai c#n&iti#nea)a
-nl#c"i!ea &e e(i%tenta "nei pe&ep%e c" -nc@i%#a!ea
p!eva)"ta alte!nativH
:
n ,a)a a!t. 6*1 C.p.B pe!i#a&a -nc@i%#!ii c" ca!e %e
-nl#c"ia a'en&a e!a la%ata la ap!ecie!ea in%tantei.
P#t!ivit a!t. 6* N.C.p.B -nl#c"i!ea %e +ace pe ,a)a
%i%te'"l"i # )i:a'en&a neplatita K # )i -nc@i%#a!e.
=9 E(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei a'en)ii p!in p!e%ta!ea "nei '"nci
ne!e'"ne!ate -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatii
P#t!ivit a!t. 6/ N.C.p.B -n ca)"l -n ca!e pe&eap%a a'en)ii
n" p#ate +i e(ec"tata -n t#t %a" -n pa!te &in '#tive nei'p"ta,ile
pe!%#anei c#n&a'nateB c" c#n%i'ta'1nt"l ace%teiaB in%tanta
-nl#c"ie%te #,ligatia &e plata a a'en)ii nee(ec"tate c" #,ligatia &e
a p!e%ta # '"nca ne!e'"ne!ata -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatiiB a+a!a &e
ca)"l -n ca!eB &in ca")a %ta!ii &e %anatateB pe!%#ana n" p#ate p!e%ta
acea%ta '"nca. Unei )ile:a'en&a -i c#!e%p"n&e # )i &e '"nca -n
+#l#%"l c#'"nitatii.
E%te # !egle'enta!e n#"aB ca!e n" a!e c#!e%p#n&ent -n
C#&"l penal &in 1060. n ,a)a a!t. 6*1 C.p.B -nl#c"i!ea n" e!a
16*
p#%i,ila%i nici n" e(i%ta # alta '#&alitate &e e(ec"ta!e -n %it"atia
-n ca!e c#n&a'nat"l n" %e %"%t!agea c" !ea c!e&inta &e la plata
a'en)ii. P#t!ivit n#ii !egle'enta!iB -nl#c"i!ea c" '"nca -n +#l#%"l
c#'"nitatii %e +ace &#a! pe ,a)a c#n%i'ta'1nt"l"i
c#n&a'nat"l"i. 7aca ace%ta n" -%i &a c#n%i'ta'1nt"lB a'en&a %e
-nl#c"ie%te c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii.
E(ec"ta!ea p!in '"nca -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatii %e
-nl#c"ie%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea %i at"nci c1n& pe!%#ana c#n&a'nata n"
e(ec"ta '"nca -n c#n&itiile %ta,ilite &e in%tanta %a" %av1!%e%te #
n#"a in+!acti"ne &e%c#pe!ita -nainte &e e(ec"ta!ea integ!ala a
#,ligatiei &e '"nca -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatii. 6ilele:a'en&a
nee(ec"tate p!in '"nca -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatii la &ata c#'ite!ii
n#ii in+!acti"niB -nl#c"ite c" -nc@i%#a!eaB %e a&a"ga la pe&eap%a
pent!" n#"a in+!acti"ne.
N#"l C#& penal int!#&"ce %i # alta n#"tate -n 'ate!ia
a'en)ii 4 a'en&a ca!e -n%#te%te pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii. P#t!ivit a!t.
6 N.C.p.B &aca p!in in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita %:a "!'a!it #,tine!ea
"n"i +#l#% pat!i'#nialB pe l1nga pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!iiB %e p#ate
aplica %i pe&eap%a a'en)ii. Li'itele %peciale ale )ilel#!:a'en&a
%e &ete!'ina -n !ap#!t &e &"!ata pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii %ta,ilite &e
in%tantaB ia! pent!" %ta,ili!ea c"ant"'"l"i %"'ei c#!e%p"n)at#a!e
"nei )ile:a'en&a %e va tine %ea'a &e val#a!ea +#l#%"l"i
pat!i'#nial #,tin"t %a" "!'a!it.
Acea%ta %ancti"ne p#ate +i "tila 'ai ale% -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nil#! ca!e n" p!e%"p"n p!in nat"!a l#! #,tine!ea "n"i +#l#%
'ate!ialB %a" at"nci c1n& -n p!ivinta pe&ep%ei c" -nc@i%#a!ea %e
&i%p"ne %"%pen&a!ea e(ec"ta!ii.
D . Pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e
C#n+#!' a!t. 2* C.p.B pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e aplica,ile
pe!%#anei +i)ice e!a"E
a9 Inte!)ice!ea "n#! &!ept"!iH
,9 7eg!a&a!ea 'ilita!a.
16/
La ace%te pe&ep%eB n#"l C#& penal 8a!t. 229 a a&a"gat # a
t!eia %ancti"ne 4 p",lica!ea @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e.
a9 Pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a inte!)ice!ii "n#! &!ept"!i
Ea p#ate +i aplicata #,ligat#!i" %a" +ac"ltativ.
Se aplica
#,ligat#!i" at"nci c1n& n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!e #
p!eve&e %i %e aplica
+ac"ltativ at"nci c1n&B &e%i n" e%te p!eva)"ta
-n n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB in%tanta ap!ecia)a ca %e i'p"ne aplica!ea
ei pent!" -nt!egi!ea c#ntin"t"l"i pe&ep%ei p!incipale.
P!incipalele &e#%e,i!i -nt!e !egle'enta!ea &in C#&"l
penal &in 1060 %i cea a&"%a &e n#"l C#& PenalE
:
&"!ata pe&ep%eiE 142 ani p#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB +ata &e
141> ani -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aH
:
pe&eap%a p!incipala pe l1nga ca!e %e aplicaE P#t!ivit
C#&"l"i penal &in 1060B aplica!ea pe&ep%ei c#'ple'enta!e
%e p"tea +ace n"'ai pe l1nga # pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e
cel p"tin &#i ani. P#t!ivit a!t. 6< N.C.p.B inte!)ice!ea "n#!
&!ept"!i %e p#ate &i%p"ne at1t pe l1nga pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!iiB
in&i+e!ent &e &"!ata eiB c1t %i pe l1nga pe&eap%a a'en)iiH
:
c#ntin"t"l pe&ep%ei
7!ept"!ile inte!)i%e p#t!ivit a!t. 6/ lit. a9 4 e9 C.p.B e!a"
"!'at#a!eleE
a9 &!ept"l &e a alege %i &e a +i ale% -n a"t#!itatile p",lice %a"
-n +"nctii elective p",liceH
,9 &!ept"l &e a #c"pa # +"nctie i'plic1n& e(e!citi"l a"t#!itatii
&e %tatH
c9 &!ept"l &e a #c"pa # +"nctie %a" &e a e(e!cita # p!#+e%ie #!i
&e a &e%+a%"!a # activitateB &e nat"!a aceleia &e ca!e %:a
+#l#%it c#n&a'nat"l pent!" %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"niiH
&9 &!ept"!ile pa!inte%tiH
162
e9 &!ept"l &e a +i t"t#!e %a" c"!at#!.
P#t!ivit a!t. 66 N.C.p.B %+e!a ace%t#! &!ept"!i %:a la!git
c#n%i&e!a,ilB c"p!in)1n&E
a9 &!ept"l &e a +i ale% -n a"t#!itatile p",lice %a" -n #!ice alte +"nctii
p",liceH
,9 &!ept"l &e a #c"pa # +"nctie ca!e i'plica e(e!citi"l a"t#!itatii
&e %tatH
c9 &!ept"l %t!ain"l"i &e a %e a+la pe te!it#!i"l R#'1nieiH
&9 &!ept"l &e a alegeH
e9 &!ept"!ile pa!inte%tiH
+9 &!ept"l &e a +i t"t#!e %a" c"!at#!H
g9 &!ept"l &e a #c"pa +"nctiaB &e a e(e!cita p!#+e%ia %a" 'e%e!ia
#!i &e a &e%+a%"!a activitatea &e ca!e %:a +#l#%it pent!" %av1!%i!ea
in+!acti"niiH
@9 &!ept"l &e a &etineB p"!ta %i +#l#%i #!ice categ#!ie &e a!'eH
i9 &!ept"l &e a c#n&"ce an"'ite categ#!ii &e ve@ic"le %ta,ilite &e
in%tantaH
.9 &!ept"l &e a pa!a%i te!it#!i"l R#'1nieiH
N9 &!ept"l &e a #c"pa # +"nctie &e c#n&"ce!e -n ca&!"l "nei
pe!%#ane ."!i&ice &e &!ept p",licH
l9 &!ept"l &e a %e a+la -n an"'ite l#calitati %ta,ilite &e in%tantaH
'9 &!ept"l &e a %e a+la -n an"'ite l#c"!i %a" la an"'ite
'ani+e%ta!i %p#!tiveB c"lt"!ale #!i la alte a&"na!i p",liceB %ta,ilite
&e in%tantaH
n9 &!ept"l &e a c#'"nica c" victi'a %a" c" 'e',!ii &e +a'ilie ai
ace%teiaB c" pe!%#anele c" ca!e a c#'i% in+!acti"nea %a" c" alte
pe!%#aneB %ta,ilite &e in%tantaB #!i &e a %e ap!#pia &e ace%teaH
#9 &!ept"l &e a %e ap!#pia &e l#c"intaB l#c"l &e '"ncaB %c#ala %a"
alte l#c"!i "n&e victi'a &e%+a%#a!a activitati %#cialeB -n c#n&itiile
%ta,ilite &e in%tanta &e ."&ecata.
A%a &"pa c"' %e p#ate #,%e!vaB "nele inte!&ictii ca!e -n
vec@ea !egle'enta!e apa!ea" ca 'a%"!i &e %ig"!antaB -n n#"l
C#& penal a" +#%t t!ec"te -n categ#!ia pe&ep%el#!
166
c#'ple'enta!e. E%te v#!,a &e%p!eE &!ept"l %t!ain"l"i &e a %e
a+la pe te!it#!i"l R#'1nieiH &!ept"l &e a %e a+la -n an"'ite
l#calitati %ta,ilite &e in%tanta etc.
:
e(ec"ta!ea -n ca)"l %"%pen&a!ii e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei. 7aca
%", i'pe!i"l C#&"l"i penal &in 1060 pe&eap%a
c#'ple'enta!a n" %e e(ec"ta pe &"!ata te!'en"l"i &e
-nce!ca!e al %"%pen&a!iiB a!t. 6$ lit. ,9 N.C.p. &i%p"ne ca
e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei inte!)ice!ii e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i
-ncepe &e la !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e
c#n&a'na!e p!in ca!e %:a &i%p"% %"%pen&a!ea e(ec"ta!ii
pe&ep%ei %", %"p!aveg@e!e.
,9 Pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a &eg!a&a!ii 'ilita!e
Acea%ta pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a!e # !egle'enta!e
i&entica -n cele &#"a C#&"!iB neinte!venin& '#&i+ica!i -n
p!ivinta ei.
P#t!ivit a!t. 60 N.C.p. 8a!t. 6< C.p.9B &eg!a&a!ea 'ilita!a
c#n%ta -n pie!&e!ea g!a&"l"i %i a &!ept"l"i &e a p"!ta "ni+#!'a.
7eg!a&a!ea 'ilita!a %e aplica -n '#& #,ligat#!i"
c#n&a'natil#! 'ilita!i %i !e)e!vi%tiB &aca pe&eap%a p!incipala
%ta,ilita e%te -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e 1> ani %a" &etenti"nea pe
viata
%i %e aplica
+ac"ltativB pent!" in+!acti"ni %av1!%ite c" intentieB
&aca pe&eap%a p!incipala %ta,ilita e%te &e cel p"tin 2 ani %i &e cel
'"lt 1> ani.
C" alte c"vinteB &eg!a&a!ea 'ilita!a n" p#ate +i aplicata
&aca e%te v#!,a &e # in+!acti"ne %av1!%ita c" #!ice +#!'a &e
vin#vatieB ia! pe&eap%a %ta,ilita e%te 'ai 'ica &e 2 ani. 7e
a%e'eneaB n" %e p#ate aplica &aca e%te v#!,a &e%p!e # in+!acti"ne
%av1!%ita &in c"lpaB ia! pe&eap%a %ta,ilita e%te -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai
'ica %a" egala c" 1> ani.
Pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a &eg!a&a!ii 'ilita!e %e p"ne -n
e(ec"ta!e &in '#'ent"l !a'1ne!ii &e+initive a @#ta!1!ii &e
c#n&a'na!e. Rea,ilita!ea n" a!e ca e+ect !e&a!ea g!a&"l"i 'ilita!.
16<
c9 P",lica!ea @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e
E%te # pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a n#"aB ca!e n" a!e
c#!e%p#n&ent -n &i%p#)itiile C#&"l"i penal &in 1060. Ea a!e -n%a
# t!a&itie -n &!ept"l n#%t!"B +iin& !egle'entata%i &e C#&"l penal
&in 10*<. Rati"nea !eint!#&"ce!ii ei -n &!ept"l n#%t!" e%te legata
&e e+ect"l &e p!eventie gene!ala pe ca!e &i+")a!ea "n#! @#ta!1!i &e
c#n&a'na!e -l p#ate aveaB 'ai ale% -n ca)"l "n#! +apte a ca!#!
c#'ite!e e%te 'ai p"tin 'e&iati)ata.
P#t!ivit a!t. <> N.C.p.B p",lica!ea @#ta!1!ii &e+initive &e
c#n&a'na!e %e p#ate &i%p"ne c1n&B tin1n& %ea'a &e nat"!a %i
g!avitatea in+!acti"niiB -'p!e."!a!ile ca")ei %i pe!%#ana
c#n&a'nat"l"iB in%tanta ap!ecia)a ca p",lica!ea va c#nt!i,"i la
p!eveni!ea %av1!%i!ii alt#! a%e'enea in+!acti"ni. A#ta!1!ea &e
c#n&a'na!e %e p",licaB pe c@elt"iala pe!%#anei c#n&a'nateB -n
e(t!a% %i +a!a a &e)val"i i&entitatea alt#! pe!%#aneB -n +#!'a
%ta,ilita &e in%tantaB -nt!:"n c#ti&ian l#cal %a" nati#nalB # %ing"!a
&ata.
D *. Pe&ep%ele acce%#!ii
Si -n 'ate!ia pe&ep%el#! acce%#!ii e(i%ta &e#%e,i!i
i'p#!tante -nt!e C#&"l penal &in 1060 %i n#"l C#& penal.
P!incipala &i+e!enta e%te &ata &e +apt"l ca n#"l C#& penal leaga
c#ntin"t"l pe&ep%ei acce%#!ii &e c#ntin"t"l c#nc!et al pe&ep%ei
c#'ple'enta!e aplicate.
A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. 62 N.C.p.B pe&eap%a acce%#!ie c#n%ta
-n inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii &!ept"!il#! p!eva)"te -n a!t. 66B a
ca!#! e(e!cita!e a +#%t inte!)i%a &e in%tanta ca pe&eap%a
c#'ple'enta!aB c" e(ceptia &!ept"l"i %t!ain"l"i &e a %e a+la pe
te!it#!i"l R#'1niei 8inte!&ictie inc#'pati,ila c" nat"!a pe&ep%ei
acce%#!ii9 %i a &!ept"l"i &e a %e ap!#pia &e l#c"intaB l#c"l &e
'"ncaB %c#ala %a" alte l#c"!i "n&e victi'a &e%+a%#a!a activitati
%#cialeB -n c#n&itiile %ta,ilite &e in%tanta &e ."&ecata
8e(cepta!e
'ai p"tin ."%ti+icata9.
16$
S", i'pe!i"l vec@ii !egle'enta!iB p1na -n >>6B t#ate
&!ept"!ile &e la a!t. 6/ lit. a9 4 e9 C.p. %e aplica" &e &!ept &in
%i'pla c#n&a'na!e la # pe&eap%a p!incipala p!ivativa &e li,e!tate.
P!in Legea n!. <$C>>6B %:a !eali)at # '#&i+ica!e a'pla a
&i%p#)itiil#! C#&"l"i -n 'ate!ia pe&ep%el#! acce%#!iiB p!eva)1n&"%e
ca lit. &9 %i e9 %e aplica
+ac"ltativ &e cat!e in%tantaB tin1n&":%e
%ea'a &e nat"!a %i g!avitatea in+!acti"nii %av1!%iteB &e
-'p!e."!a!ile ca")eiB &e pe!%#ana in+!act#!"l"iB &e inte!e%ele
c#pil"l"i %a" ale pe!%#anei a+late %", t"tela %a" c"!atela. Ulte!i#!B
nalta C"!te &e Ca%atie %i ;"%titieB a %tat"at p!in &eci)ia n!. L??I5
8</9C >><B a+i!'1n& ca
&i%p#)itiile a!t. <1 &in C#&"l penal
!e+e!it#a!e la pe&ep%ele acce%#!ii %e inte!p!etea)a -n %en%"l ca
inte!)ice!ea &!ept"!il#! p!eva)"te &e a!t. 6/ lit. a9 te)a I 4 c &in
C#&"l penal n" %e va +ace -n '#& a"t#'atB p!in e+ect"l legiiB ci %e
va %"p"ne ap!ecie!ii in%tanteiB -n +"nctie &e c!ite!iile %ta,ilite -n
a!t. <1 alin.* &in C#&"l penal.
Av1n& -n ve&e!e %peci+ic"l pe&ep%ei &etenti"nii pe viataB
ca!e n" at!age # pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!aB n#"l C#& penal
a&"ce # !egle'enta!e &i%tincta pe&ep%ei acce%#!ii -n acea%ta
'ate!ie. A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. 62 alin. N.C.p.B -n ca)"l pe&ep%ei
&etenti"nii pe viataB pe&eap%a acce%#!ie c#n%ta -n inte!)ice!ea &e
&!ept a e(e!cita!ii "!'at#a!el#! &!ept"!iE
a9 &!ept"l &e a +i ale% -n a"t#!itatile p",lice %a" -n #!ice alte
+"nctii p",liceH
,9 &!ept"l &e a #c"pa # +"nctie ca!e i'plica e(e!citi"l a"t#!itatii
&e %tatH
c9 &!ept"l %t!ain"l"i &e a %e a+la pe te!it#!i"l R#'1nieiH
&9 &!ept"l &e a alegeH
e9 &!ept"!ile pa!inte%tiH
+9 &!ept"l &e a +i t"t#!e %a" c"!at#!.
7"!ata pe&ep%el#! acce%#!ii n" c#inci&eB -nt#t&ea"naB c"
&"!ata pe&ep%ei p!ivative &e li,e!tate.
160
Pe&eap%a acce%#!ie p#ate +i 'ai 'a!e &ec1t pe&eap%a
p!ivativa &e li,e!tateB %p!e e(e'pl" -n %it"atia -n ca!e
c#n&a'nat"l %e %"%t!age &e la e(ec"ta!eB %e a'1na -ncepe!ea
e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%eiB %e -nt!e!"pe e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei etc. 7e
a%e'eneaB pe&eap%a acce%#!ie p#ate avea # &"!ata 'ai 'ica &ec1t
pe&eap%a p!incipala p!ivativa &e li,e!tateB c"' %e -nt1'pla at"nci
c1n& %e c#'p"ta !etine!ea %i a!e%t"l p!eventiv &in pe&eap%a
p!#n"ntata 8evi&entB pe &"!ata a!e%t"l"i p!eventivB pe&ep%ele
acce%#!ii n" +"ncti#nea)aB nee(i%t1n& # @#ta!1!e &e+initiva &e
c#n&a'na!e9.
1<>
: Capit#l"l ?II :
IN7I5I7UALI6AREA ;U7ICIARA A PE7EPSELOR
D 1. C!ite!ii gene!ale &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e
C!ite!iile gene!ale &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e c"n#%c #
!egle'enta!e pa!tial &i+e!ita -n cele &#"a c#&"!i.
P#t!ivit a!t. < C.p.B la in&ivi&"ali)a!ea pe&ep%el#! %e tine
%ea'a &eE
1. 7i%p#)itiile pa!tii gene!ale a C#&"l"i penal.
Ace%te &i%p#)itii %e p#t !e+e!i la aplica!ea -n ti'p %i %pati"
a legii penaleB la +#!'a c#n%"'ata #!i &e tentativa -n ca!e %:a
!eali)at in+!acti"neaB la c#nt!i,"tia a&"%a la %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii
etc.
. Li'itele &e pe&eap%a +i(ate -n pa!tea %peciala. 7e%i
C#&"l +ace !e+e!i!e &#a! la Ipa!tea %pecialaGB te(t"l t!e,"ie
c#'pletatB ,ine-ntele%B %i c" &i%p#)itiile &in legi%latia penala
%pecialaB caci la #!a act"ala e(i%ta n"'e!#a%e in+!acti"ni
!egle'entate -n legi penale %peciale.
*. G!a&"l &e pe!ic#l %#cial al +aptei %av1!%ite.
Pent!" &ete!'ina!ea g!a&"l"i &e pe!ic#l %#cial %e pa!c"!g
&#"a etapeE 'ai -nt1i %e ap!ecia)a &aca g!a&"l &e pe!ic#l e
%"+icient &e !i&icat pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta "nei in+!acti"niB ia! ap#i
%e ap!ecia)a ace%t g!a& &e pe!ic#l tin1n&":%e c#nt &e # %ca!a &e
val#!i pe!%#nala a +ieca!"i ."&ecat#!.
/. Pe!%#ana +apt"it#!"l"i. O!ice %ancti"ne p!#&"ce e+ecte
&i+e!ite a%"p!a +ieca!"i +apt"it#! -n pa!te -n +"nctie &e
ca!acte!i%ticile ,i#l#giceB p%i@#l#gice %a" %#ci#l#gice ale ace%t"ia.
1<1
2. 'p!e."!a!ile ca!e aten"ea)a %a" ag!avea)a
!a%p"n&e!ea penala.
n &#ct!inaB ace%te %ta!iB %it"atii %a" -'p!e."!a!i ca!e
aten"ea)a %a" ag!avea)a !a%p"n&e!ea penala %"nt &en"'ite ca")e.
n ca&!"l ace%t#! ca")e %e +ace &i+e!enta -nt!e %ta!i %i ci!c"'%tante.
S"nt c#n%i&e!ate %ta!i &e ag!ava!eE %ta!ea &e !eci&ivaB in+!acti"nea
c#ntin"ataB c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"niB ia! %ta!i &e aten"a!eE
tentativa %i 'in#!itatea +apt"it#!"l"i.
Ci!c"'%tantele p#t +i legale %a" ."&icia!eB aten"ante %a"
ag!avante.
N#"l C#& penal a !en"ntat la 'enti#na!ea p!i'el#! &#"a
ele'enteB c#n%i&e!1n&":%e ca ace%tea n" !ep!e)inta ele'ente &e
in&ivi&"ali)a!e ."&icia!aB ci !epe!e -n -nca&!a!ea ."!i&ica a
+apteiB a%t+el -nc1t ele %"nt #!ic"' av"te -n ve&e!e &e in%tanta. n
%c@i',B g!avitatea in+!acti"nii %i pe!ic"l#)itatea in+!act#!"l"i a"
+#%t e(plicitate p!in 'enti#na!ea 'ai '"lt#! ele'ente ca!e a."ta
la eval"a!ea l#!.
Ace%te ele'ente %"ntB p#t!ivit a!t. </ N.C.p.E
a9 -'p!e."!a!ile %i '#&"l &e c#'ite!e a in+!acti"niiB
p!ec"' %i 'i.l#acele +#l#%iteH
,9 %ta!ea &e pe!ic#l c!eata pent!" val#a!ea #c!#titaH
c!ite!i"l e%te +"ncti#nal -n 'ate!ia tentativei %a" a in+!acti"nil#! &e
pe!ic#lH
c9 nat"!a %i g!avitatea !e)"ltat"l"i p!#&"% #!i a alt#!
c#n%ecinte ale in+!acti"niiH c!ite!i"l #pe!ea)a -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nil#! &e !e)"ltatB &a! !e+e!i!ea la alte c#n%ecinte p!ive%te %i
"!'a!ile in&i!ecte. 7e pil&aB -n ca)"l "nei in+!acti"ni &e &i%t!"ge!e
n" %e a!e -n ve&e!e &#a! val#a!ea pat!i'#niala a ,"n"l"i &i%t!"%B ci
%i c#n%ecintele legate &e i'p#%i,ilitatea +#l#%i!ii ace%t"ia 8e(.
n"'a!"l pe!%#anel#! a+ectate &e ne+"ncti#na!ea "nei !etele &e apaB
elect!icitate etc.9H
1<
&9 '#tiv"l %av1!%i!ii in+!acti"nii %i %c#p"l "!'a!itH
e9 nat"!a %i +!ecventa in+!acti"nil#! ca!e c#n%tit"ie
antece&ente penale ale in+!act#!"l"iH %e a!e -n ve&e!e &aca %"nt
in+!acti"ni &e aceea%i nat"!a%i &aca a" +#%t c#'i%e la inte!vale
!elativ %c"!teB ceea ce a! p!#,a # F%peciali)a!eG a in+!act#!"l"iH
+9 c#n&"ita &"pa %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii %i -n c"!%"l
p!#ce%"l"i penalH
g9 nivel"l &e e&"catieB v1!%taB %ta!ea &e %anatateB %it"atia
+a'iliala%i %#ciala.
D . Ci!c"'%tantele aten"ante legale
n p!ivinta %+e!ei ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"ante legale n"
e(i%ta &i+e!ente &e +#n& -nt!e cele &#"a !egle'enta!iB +iin&
'#&i+icat &#a! '#&"l &e %t!"ct"!a!e %i #!&inea ace%t#!a -n
!egle'enta!e.
Ci!c"'%tantele aten"ante legale p!eva)"te -n a!t. <2 N.C.p.
%"ntE
.1. Sta!ea &e p!#v#ca!e
E%te &e+inita -n a!t. <2 lit. a9 N.C.p. 8a!t. <* lit.,9 C.p.9 ca
+iin& %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii %", %tap1ni!ea "nei p"te!nice
t"l,"!a!i %a" e'#tiiB &ete!'inate &e # p!#v#ca!e &in pa!tea
pe!%#anei vata'ateB p!#&"%a p!in vi#lentaB p!int!:# atinge!e
g!ava a &e'nitatii pe!%#anei %a" p!in alta acti"ne ilicita g!ava.
Pent!" a %e p"tea !etine ci!c"'%tanta p!#v#ca!iiB t!e,"ie %a
+ie -n&eplinite c#n&itiile c"'"lative ale act"l"i p!#v#cat#! %iB
!e%pectivB a !ip#%tei.
1<*
C#n&itiile act"l"i p!#v#cat#!E
a9 act"l p!#v#cat#! %a c#n%tea -nt!:# vi#lentaB # atinge!e
g!ava a &e'nitatii pe!%#anei %a" # alta acti"ne ilicita
g!avaH
,9 act"l p!#v#cat#! p#ate +i c#'i% c" #!ice +#!'a &e
vin#vatieB &a! t!e,"ie %a +ie pe!cep"t ca +iin&
intenti#nat &e cat!e pe!%#ana ca!e !ip#%tea)a 8&e
e(e'pl"B +apt"l ca -n a"t#,")"l agl#'e!at # pe!%#ana
ca&e pe%te alta 4 %e va p"tea !etine act"l p!#v#cat#!
&aca acea%ta &in "!'a pe!%#ana c!e&e ca p!i'a a
acti#nat c" intentie9H
c9 act"l p!#v#cat#! %a &ete!'ine # %ta!e &e p"te!nica
t"l,"!a!eH ap!ecie!ea ace%tei c#n&itii %e +ace in
c#nc!et#B -n +ieca!e ca) in%tanta ap!eciin& &aca acea
pe!%#ana a +#%t %a" n" -n %ta!e &e t"l,"!a!eH
&9 act"l p!#v#cat#! %a n" +i +#%t &ete!'inat &e cat!e cel
ca!e a c#'i% +apta -n %ta!e &e p!#v#ca!e.
C#n&itiile !ip#%tei
a9 t!e,"ie %a +ie c#nc#'itenta %a" p#%te!i#a!a act"l"i &e
p!#v#ca!eH
,9 %a +ie intenti#nataH
c9 %a +ie &ete!'inata &e act"l p!#v#cat#!B a&ica %a e(i%te #
ca")alitate p%i@ica -nt!e act"l p!#v#cat#! %i !ip#%taH
&9 %a %e -n&!epte -'p#t!iva p!#v#cat#!"l"i.
.. 7epa%i!ea li'itel#! legiti'ei apa!a!i
Pent!" a +i ci!c"'%tanta aten"anta t!e,"ie -n&eplinite
c#n&itiileE
a9 %av1!%i!ea +aptei %a c#n%tea -nt!:# apa!a!e -n +ata "n"i
atac 'ate!ialB &i!ectB i'e&iatB in."%t %i ca!e %a p"na -n
pe!ic#l pe!%#ana %a" &!ept"!ile eiH
,9 +apta in+!act#!"l"i %a c#n%tea -nt!:# apa!a!e
&i%p!#p#!ti#nata 8e(ce% &e apa!a!e inten%iv9H
1</
c9 e(ce%"l &e apa!a!e %a n" %e &at#!e)e %ta!ii &e t"l,"!a!e
%a" te'e!e -n ca!e %:a a+lat in+!act#!"l 8ca) -n ca!e ne:
a' a+la -n p!e)enta e(ce%"l"i nei'p"ta,ilB p!eva)"t la
a!t. 6 N.C.p.9
.*. 7epa%i!ea li'itel#! %ta!ii &e nece%itate
Si -n ace%t ca) t!e,"ie ve!i+icate 'ai '"lte c#n&itiiE
a9 +apta t!e,"ie %a c#n%tea -nt!:# acti"ne &e %alva!e -n +ata
"n"i pe!ic#l i'inent %i ca!e n" p"tea +i -nlat"!at alt+elH
,9 "!'a!ea ca")ata &e acti"nea &e %alva!e %a +ie va&it
&i%p!#p#!ti#nata +ata &e "!'a!ea pe ca!e a! gene!a:#
pe!ic#l"lH
c9 +apt"it#!"l %a:%i +i &at %ea'a ca e(i%ta acea%ta
&i%p!#p#!tie.
D *. Ci!c"'%tantele aten"ante ."&icia!e
n acea%ta 'ate!ie n#"l C#& penal a&"ce # !egle'enta!e
'ai !e%t!ictiva -n !ap#!t c" &i%p#)itiile ante!i#a!e.
A%t+elB C#&"l penal &in 1060 p!eve&ea -n a!t. </B c" titl"
e(e'pli+icativB t!ei -'p!e."!a!i ca!e p#t c#n%tit"i ci!c"'%tante
aten"ante ."&icia!eE
a9 c#n&"ita ,"na a in+!act#!"l"i -nainte &e %av1!%i!ea
in+!acti"niiH
,9 %ta!"inta &ep"%a &e in+!act#! pent!" a -nlat"!a !e)"ltat"l
in+!acti"nii %a" a !epa!a pag",a p!icin"itaH
c9 atit"&inea in+!act#!"l"i &"pa %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"niiB
!e)"lt1n& &in p!e)enta!ea %a -n +ata a"t#!itatiiB c#'p#!ta!ea %ince!a
-n c"!%"l p!#ce%"l"iB -nle%ni!ea &e%c#pe!i!ii #!i a!e%ta!ii
pa!ticipantil#!.
3iin& &#a! # en"'e!a!e e(e'pli+icativaB in%tanta p"tea
!etine %i alte ci!c"'%tante aten"ante ."&icia!e nep!eva)"te e(p!e%
-n legeB c"' a! +iE %ta!ea &e ,etie acci&entala inc#'pletaB "ne#!i
1<2
%ta!ea &e ,etie v#l"nta!a c#'pletaB nivel"l intelect"al al
+apt"it#!"l"iB 'e&i"l &in ca!e p!#vine ace%ta etc.
N#"l C#& penal p!eve&e -n a!t. <2 alin. ca p#t c#n%tit"i
ci!c"'%tante aten"ante ."&icia!eE
a9 e+#!t"!ile &ep"%e &e in+!act#! pent!" -nlat"!a!ea %a"
&i'in"a!ea c#n%ecintel#! in+!acti"niiH
,9 -'p!e."!a!ile legate &e +apta c#'i%aB ca!e &i'in"ea)a
g!avitatea in+!acti"nii %a" pe!ic"l#)itatea in+!act#!"l"i.
A%t+elB p#t!ivit n#ii !egle'enta!iB &e%i en"'e!a!ea !a'1ne
&e%c@i%aB ea n" 'ai p#ate +i c#'pletata &ec1t p!in !e+e!i!e la
c!ite!i"l &e la lit. ,9B a&ica p!in !etine!ea "n#! -'p!e."!a!i legate &e
+apta c#'i%a 8%p!e e(e'pl"B # e!#a!e c"lpa,ila a%"p!a ca!acte!"l"i."%ti+icat al +aptei9. n c#n%ecintaB n"
'ai e%te p#%i,ila !etine!ea
"n#! -'p!e."!a!i legate e(cl"%iv &e pe!%#ana in+!act#!"l"i
8c#n&"ita ,"na p1na la c#'ite!ea +apteiB %it"atia +a'iliala etc.9.
D /. Ci!c"'%tantele ag!avante
n 'ate!ia ci!c"'%tantel#! ag!avanteB n#"l C#& penal
a&"ce c1teva '#&i+ica!iB cea 'ai i'p#!tanta +iin& &i%pa!itia
ci!c"'%tantel#! ag!avante ."&icia!e.
P#t!ivit a!t. <2 alin. C.p.B in%tanta p"tea !etine ca
ci!c"'%tante ."&icia!e %i alte -'p!e."!a!i ca!e c#n+e!a +aptei "n
ca!acte! g!avB +a!a ca ele %a +ie p!eva)"te nici 'aca!
e(e'pli+icativ &e legea penala. O a%e'enea &i%p#)itie n" e!a
c#'pati,ila c" p!incipi"l legalitatii inc!i'ina!iiB 'ai e(act c"
ca!acte!"l p!evi)i,il al ace%teiaB '#tiv pent!" ca!e n" a +#%t !el"ata
-n n#"l C#& penal. n c#n%ecintaB p#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penal n"
'ai e(i%ta &ec1t ci!c"'%tante ag!avante legale.
Ci!c"'%tantele ag!avante legale p!eva)"te &e a!t. <<
N.C.p. %"ntE
a9
%av1!%i!ea +aptei &e t!ei %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane
-'p!e"naH 8p!eva)"ta%i &e a!t. <2 lit.a9 C.p.9
1<6
Acea%ta ci!c"'%tanta ag!avanta e%te !eali)ata in&i+e!ent
&aca t#ate cele t!ei pe!%#ane %"nt p!e)ente #!i n" la l#c"l +aptei %i
in&i+e!ent &aca t#ate !a%p"n& penal. Ceea ce inte!e%ea)a e%te ca
t#ti pa!ticipantii %a +i acti#nat c#nc#'itentB a%a -nc1t %"nt av"ti -n
ve&e!e &#a! a"t#!"l %a" c#a"t#!ii %i c#'plicii c#nc#'itenti.
Ci!c"'%tanta e%te !eala%i %e !a%+!1nge a%"p!a t"t"!#!
pa!ticipantil#! ca!e a" c"n#%c"t:# %a" a" p!eva)"t:#B incl"%iv
a%"p!a acel#!a ca!e n" %"nt l"ati -n calc"l pent!" ve!i+ica!ea
inci&entei ei.
,9
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii p!in c!")i'iH 8a!e c#!e%p#n&ent
-n a!t. <2 lit.,9 C.p.9
P!e%"p"ne # +e!#citate &in pa!tea in+!act#!"l"iB # %al,aticie
-n c#'ite!ea +apteiB p!in ca!e %e ca")ea)a victi'ei %"+e!inte in"tile
pe # pe!i#a&a -n&el"ngata &e ti'p %i &ete!'ina "n %enti'ent &e
#!#a!e alt#! pe!%#ane.
Sav1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii p!in c!")i'i e%te p!eva)"ta%i ca
ele'ent ci!c"'%tantial al #'#!"l"i cali+icatB ca) -n ca!e n" %e va
'ai !etine ci!c"'%tanta ag!avanta &in pa!tea gene!ala a C#&"l"i
8a!t. 1$$ alin.1 lit. @9 N.C.p.9.
c9
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii p!in 'et#&e #!i 'i.l#ace &e
nat"!a %a p"na -n pe!ic#l alte pe!%#ane %a" ,"n"!iH
8a!e c#!e%p#n&ent -n a!t. <2 lit.,9 C.p.B -n '#&alitatea
%av1!%i!ii +aptei p!in 'et#&e %a" 'i.l#ace ca!e p!e)inta
pe!ic#l p",lic9
E%te %"+icient ca p!in 'et#&ele %a" 'i.l#acele +#l#%ite %a
%e p!#&"ca ace%t pe!ic#lB ne+iin& nece%a! %a %e +i p!#&"% %i "!'a!ea
p#tentiala.
&9
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii &e cat!e "n in+!act#! 'a.#!B
&aca acea%ta a +#%t c#'i%a -'p!e"na c" "n 'in#!H 8a!e
c#!e%p#n&ent -n a!t. <2 lit.c9 C.p.9
Pent!" !etine!ea ci!c"'%tantei n" e%te nece%a! ca 'in#!"l
%a !a%p"n&a penalB +iin& %"+icient ca el %a pa!ticipe la c#'ite!ea
1<<
in+!acti"nii. 7e a%e'eneaB %e va !etine acea%ta ci!c"'%tanta
%i
&aca 'in#!"l e%te cel ca!e l:a int!#&"% -n c1'p"l in+!acti#nal pe
'a.#!.
e9
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii p!#+it1n& &e %ta!ea &e va&ita
v"lne!a,ilitate a pe!%#anei vata'ateB &at#!ata v1!%teiB
%ta!ii &e %anatateB in+i!'itatii %a" alt#! ca")eH e%te #
ag!avanta n#"aB n" a!e "n c#!e%p#n&ent &i!ect -n
vec@ea !egle'enta!e.
Pent!" a %e !etine ag!avanta n" e%te %"+icient ca victi'a %a
%e a+le -n %ta!e &e v"lne!a,ilitateB ci t!e,"ie &#ve&it ca in+!act#!"l
a p!#+itat &e acea%ta %ta!e pent!" a c#'ite in+!acti"nea. n
categ#!ia Falt#! ca")eG p#ate int!aB %p!e e(e'pl"B %ta!ea &e %#'nB
-n ca)"l "ci&e!ii victi'ei -n ti'p ce &#!'ea.
+9
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii -n %ta!e &e int#(icatie v#l"nta!a
c" alc##l %a" c" alte %",%tante p%i@#activeB c1n& a +#%t
p!#v#cata -n ve&e!ea c#'ite!ii in+!acti"niiH 8a!e
c#!e%p#n&ent -n a!t. <2 lit.e9 C.p.9
g9
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii &e cat!e # pe!%#ana ca!e a
p!#+itat &e %it"atia p!ile."ita &e # cala'itateB &e %ta!ea
&e a%e&i" %a" &e %ta!ea &e "!gentaH 8a!e c#!e%p#n&ent
pa!tial -n a!t. <2 lit.+9 C.p.B te(t"l +iin& c#'pletat c"
!e+e!i!ea la %ta!ea &e a%e&i" %a" &e "!genta9
@9
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii pent!" '#tive legate &e !a%aB
nati#nalitateB etnieB li',aB !eligieB genB #!ienta!e
%e("alaB #pinie #!i apa!tenenta p#liticaB ave!eB #!igine
%#cialaB v1!%taB &i)a,ilitateB ,#ala c!#nica
nec#ntagi#a%a %a" in+ectie AI5CSI7AB #!i pent!" alte
-'p!e."!a!i &e acela%i +elB c#n%i&e!ate &e +apt"it#!
&!ept ca")e ale in+e!i#!itatii "nei pe!%#ane -n !ap#!t
c" celelalte. 8a!e c#!e%p#n&ent -n a!t. <2 lit. c19C.p.9
1<$
N#"l C#& penal n" a 'ai !el"at &#"a &in ci!c"'%tantele
p!eva)"te &e C#&"l penal &in 1060. E%te v#!,a &e%p!e %av1!%i!ea
in+!acti"nii p!in vi#lente a%"p!a 'e',!il#! +a'iliei 8a!t. <2 lit.
,9 C.p.9 %i %av1!%i!ea in+!acti"nii &in '#tive .#%nice 8a!t. <2 lit.
&9 C.p.9. E(plicatiile cel#! &#"a #'i%i"ni %"nt &i+e!ite. P!i'a
&int!e ci!c"'%tante n" %e 'ai ."%ti+ica -n c#n&itiile -n ca!e n#"l
C#& penal &a -n pa!tea %peciala # !egle'enta!e "nita!a +aptel#!
&e vi#lenta &#'e%tica 8a!t. 100 N.C.p.9B in%tit"in& a%t+el #
ag!avanta %peciala pent!" +aptele -n ca")a. Cea &e:a &#"a
ag!avanta n" a 'ai +#%t !el"ata &at#!ita i'p!eci)iei ace%teiaB
ca!e # +acea inc#'pati,ila c" ce!inta &e p!evi)i,ilitate a legii
penale 8-nt!:a&eva!B &#ct!ina %i ."!i%p!"&enta n" a" !e"%it
ela,#!a!ea "n#! c!ite!ii cla!e &e -nca&!a!e a "n"i '#,il -n
acea%ta categ#!ie9.
D 2. E+ectele ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"ante
T!e,"ie %a +ace'B -nt1iB "nele &i%tinctii -nt!e !etine!ea %iB
!e%pectivB e+ectele ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"anteB -n +"nctie &e
ca!acte!"l l#! 4 legale %a" ."&icia!e.
A%t+elB -n ca)"l ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"ante legaleB #&ata
ve!i+icate c#n&itiile l#! &e e(i%tentaB !etine!ea l#! e%te #,ligat#!ie
pent!" in%tanta. n %c@i',B -n ca)"l ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"ante
."&icia!eB !etine!ea l#! e%teB -nt#t&ea"naB +ac"ltativa pent!"
in%tanta.
O&ata !etin"te ci!c"'%tantele 4 in&i+e!ent ca %"nt legale
%a" ."&icia!e 4 p!#&"c acela%i e+ectB #,ligat#!i" &e aten"a!eB a%a
c"' v#' ve&ea -n c#ntin"a!e.
Regle'enta!ea e+ectel#! ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"ante -n
n#"l C#& penal &i+e!a +ata &e vec@ea !egle'enta!e p!in
-ntin&e!ea e+ectel#! ace%t#!aB e+ecte ca!e -n ca)"l pe&ep%ei
-nc@i%#!ii %i a'en)ii a" c"n#%c"t # !e%t!1nge!e %e'ni+icativa.
1<0
1. E+ectele -n ca)"l &etenti"nii pe viataE p#t!ivit a!t. <6
N.C.p.B at"nci c1n& e(i%ta ci!c"'%tante aten"ante -n ca)"l "nei
pe&ep%e c" &etenti"nea pe viataB in%tanta e%te #,ligata %a
-nl#c"ia%ca acea%ta pe&eap%a c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii c"p!in%a -nt!e
1> %i > &e ani 8li'itele e!a" &e la 1> la 2 &e ani p#t!ivit a!t. <<
C.p.9.
. E+ectele a%"p!a pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e a!t. <6 C.p.B ca!e p!eve&ea # c#,#!1!e
#,ligat#!ie a pe&ep%ei %", 'ini'"l %pecial -n ca) &e
ci!c"'%tante aten"anteB a!t. <6 N.C.p. p!eve&e &#a! # !e&"ce!e
c" # t!ei'e a li'itel#! legale ale pe&ep%ei.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B &aca -n ca)"l "nei +apte %ancti#nate c"
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la 1> la > &e ani %e !etine # ci!c"'%tanta
aten"antaB li'itele pe&ep%ei aplica,ile v#! +iE
:* 4 1> aniB p#t!ivit a!t. <6 lit a C.p.
:6 ani %i $ l"ni 4 1* ani %i / l"niB p#t!ivit a!t. <6 N.C.p.
7e a%e'eneaB t!e,"ie %",liniat ca n#"l C#& penal n" 'ai
pe!'ite -nl#c"i!ea pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii c" a'en&a ca e+ect al
ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"anteB a%a c"' %e -nt1'pla -n ca)"l a!t. <6
lit. e9 C.p.
*. E+ectele a%"p!a pe&ep%ei c" a'en&a.
7i+e!enta &e !egle'enta!e c#n%tatata -n ca)"l pe&ep%ei
c" -nc@i%#a!ea %e 'entine %i -n ca)"l a'en)ii. A%t+elB a!t. <6
N.C.p. p!eve&e &#a! # !e&"ce!e c" # t!ei'e a li'itel#! legale ale
a'en)iiB %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e a!t. <6 C.p.B ca!e p!eve&ea # c#,#!1!e
#,ligat#!ie a pe&ep%ei %", 'ini'"l %pecial.
n ca)"l n#"l"i C#& penalB -n c#n&itiile aplica!ii %i%te'"l"i
)ilel#!:a'en&aB !e&"ce!ea va #pe!a &#a! a%"p!a n"'a!"l"i &e )ilea'en&aB
n" %i a%"p!a %"'ei c#!e%p"n)at#a!e "nei )ile:a'en&a.
/. E+ect"l a%"p!a pe&ep%el#! c#'ple'enta!e. P#t!ivit a!t.
<6 alin.* C.p.B at"nci c1n& e(i%ta" ci!c"'%tante aten"anteB
pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a p!ivativa &e &!ept"!i p"tea +i -nlat"!ata.
1$>
N#"l C#& penal n" a 'ai !el"at acea%ta &i%p#)itieB a%t+el
ca pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a n" 'ai e%te a+ectata &e
ci!c"'%tantele aten"ante.
D 6. E+ectele ci!c"'%tantel#! ag!avante
A%a c"' a' a!atatB -n 'ate!ia ci!c"'%tantel#! ag!avanteB
n#"l C#& penal n" 'ai p!eve&e &ec1t ci!c"'%tante legaleB ca!e
%"nt #,ligat#!i" &e !etin"t pent!" in%tantaB &aca acea%ta c#n%tata ca
%"nt -nt!"nite c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e lege. n p!ivinta e+ectel#!B
-n%aB ci!c"'%tantele ag!avante at!ag # ag!ava!e +ac"ltativa
a
pe&ep%eiB at1t p#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penal c1t %i vec@ii !egle'enta!i.
P#t!ivit a!t. <$ C.p.B -n ca)"l -n ca!e in%tanta a !etin"t cel
p"tin # ci!c"'%tanta ag!avantaB p#ate %a aplice # pe&eap%a p1na la
'a(i'"l %pecial. 7aca ace%ta e%te ne-n&e%t"lat#!B 'ai p#ate
a&a"ga "n %p#! &e p1na la 2 ani -n ca)"l pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii %i &e
p1na la # t!ei'e &in 'a(i'"l %pecial -n ca)"l a'en)ii. n ca)"l
pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii %p#!"l &e 2 ani n" p#ate &epa%i # t!ei'e &in
'a(i'"l %pecial.
La !1n&"l %a"B a!t. <$ N.C.p. p!eve&e ca -n ca)"l -n ca!e
e(i%ta ci!c"'%tante ag!avanteB %e p#ate aplica # pe&eap%a p1na
la 'a(i'"l %pecial. 7aca 'a(i'"l %pecial e%te ne-n&e%t"lat#!B
-n ca)"l -nc@i%#!ii %e p#ate a&a"ga "n %p#! p1na la aniB ca!e
n" p#ate &epa%i # t!ei'e &in ace%t 'a(i'B ia! -n ca)"l a'en)ii
%e p#ate aplica "n %p#! &e cel '"lt # t!ei'e &in 'a(i'"l
%pecial.
P!actic %ing"!a &e#%e,i!e -nt!e cele &#"a !egle'enta!i
p!ive%te %p#!"l aplica,il -n ca)"l -nc@i%#!iiB el +iin& !e&"% &e n#"l
C#& penal la ani.
1$1
D <. C#nc"!%"l -nt!e ca")ele &e ag!ava!e %i &e aten"a!e a
pe&ep%ei
P!in &i%p#)itiile a!t. $> alin.1 C.p. %e p!eve&ea #!&inea -n
ca!e li %e &a e+icienta ca")el#! &e ag!ava!e %i &e aten"a!e c1n&
ace%tea %"nt c#nc"!ente -n aceea%i ca")a. A%t+elB 'ai -nt1i %e &a
e+icienta ci!c"'%tantel#! ag!avanteB ap#i ci!c"'%tantel#!
aten"anteB &"pa ca!e %e va &a e+icienta %ta!ii &e !eci&iva.
Legi"it#!"l a %ta,ilit ca &aca e(i%ta "n c#nc"!% -nt!e
ci!c"'%tantele aten"ante %i cele ag!avante c#,#!1!ea pe&ep%ei %",
'ini'"l %pecial n" 'ai e%te #,ligat#!ie.
n +ineB 'ai e(i%ta %i # li'ita!e c" titl" gene!alB aplica,ila
-n ca) &e c#nc"!% &e 'ai '"lte ca")e %iC%a" ci!c"'%tante
ag!avante. A%t+elB c#n+#!' a!t. $> alin.* C.p.B -n ca)"l aplica!ii
c#nc#'itente a &i%p#)itiil#! c" p!ivi!e la ci!c"'%tante ag!avanteB
!eci&iva%i c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"niB pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii n" p#ate
&epa%i 2 &e aniB &aca 'a(i'"l %pecial pent!" +ieca!e in+!acti"ne
e%te &e 1> ani %a" 'ai 'icB %i *> &e aniB &aca 'a(i'"l %pecial
pent!" cel p"tin "na &int!e in+!acti"ni e%te 'ai 'a!e &e 1> ani.
N#"l C#& penal a&"ce # !egle'enta!e 'ai &etaliata a
#!&inii &e val#!i+ica!e a ca")el#! &e aten"a!e %i ag!ava!e.
A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. <0 N.C.p.B c1n& -n ca)"l aceleia%i
in+!acti"ni %"nt inci&ente &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte &i%p#)itii ca!e a"
ca e+ect !e&"ce!ea pe&ep%eiB li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei
p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita %e !e&"c p!in
aplica!ea %"cce%iva a &i%p#)itiil#! p!ivit#a!e la tentativaB
ci!c"'%tante aten"ante %i ca)"!i %peciale &e !e&"ce!e a
pe&ep%eiB -n acea%ta #!&ine.
89 7aca %"nt inci&ente &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte &i%p#)itii ca!e
a" ca e+ect ag!ava!ea !a%p"n&e!ii penaleB pe&eap%a %e %ta,ile%te
p!in aplica!ea %"cce%iva a &i%p#)itiil#! p!ivit#a!e la ci!c"'%tante
ag!avanteB in+!acti"ne c#ntin"ataB c#nc"!% %a" !eci&iva.
8*9 C1n& -n ca)"l aceleia%i in+!acti"ni %"nt inci&ente "na
%a" 'ai '"lte ca")e &e !e&"ce!e a pe&ep%ei %i "na %a" 'ai
1$
'"lte ca")e &e 'a.#!a!e a pe&ep%eiB li'itele %peciale ale
pe&ep%ei p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita %e
!e&"c c#n+#!' alin. 819B &"pa ca!e li'itele &e pe&eap%a !e)"ltate
%e 'a.#!ea)a c#n+#!' alin. 89.
A%a c"' %e p#ate #,%e!vaB p#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penal %e
inve!%ea)a #!&inea &e val#!i+ica!e a ci!c"'%tantel#! aten"ante
%i ag!avanteB aplic1n&":%e 'ai -nt1i cele aten"ante. 7e
a%e'eneaB inve!%a!ea #!&inii &e val#!i+ica!e a &i%p#)itiil#!
!e+e!it#a!e la c#nc"!% %i !eci&iva pe ca!e a' %e'nalat:# la
anali)a !eci&ivei e%te !el"ata%i aiciB c#nc"!%"l t!ec1n& -naintea
!eci&ivei -n #!&inea &e val#!i+ica!e. T!e,"ie p!eci)at t#t"%i ca
#!&inea inve!%ata p!ive%te &#a! !eci&iva p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ieB n"
%i pe cea p#%te(ec"t#!ieB ca!e !a'1ne %a %e aplice -naintea
c#nc"!%"l"i.
1$*
: Capit#l"l ?III :
IN7I5I7UALI6AREA ;U7ICIARA A E?ECUTARII
PE7EPSELOR
D 1. Ren"nta!ea la aplica!ea pe&ep%ei
Ren"nta!ea la aplica!ea pe&ep%ei e%te # in%tit"tie n#"aB
ca!e n" a!e c#!e%p#n&ent -n C#&"l penal &in 1060. Int!#&"ce!ea
ace%teia a +#%t &ete!'inata &e !en"nta!ea la c!ite!i"l 'ate!ial al
pe!ic#l"l"i %#cial ca t!a%at"!a gene!ala a in+!acti"niiB c"
c#n%ecinta &i%pa!itiei !egle'enta!ii c#ntin"te -n a!t. 1$1 C.p. %i a
c#n%ac!a!ii p!incipi"l"i #p#!t"nitatii "!'a!i!ii penale -n n#"l
C#& &e p!#ce&"!a penala. nt!:a&eva!B n#"a !egle'enta!e
!ep!e)inta # p!el"ngi!e -n +a)a &e ."&ecata a p!incipi"l"i
#p#!t"nitatii "!'a!i!iiB #+e!in& ."&ecat#!"l"i p#%i,ilitatea
ne%ancti#na!ii "n#! +apte ca in+!acti"ni &e g!avitate !e&"%aB
pent!" ca!e acti"nea penala n" a! +i t!e,"it e(e!citata -nca &in
+a)a &e "!'a!i!e penala.
1.1. C#n&itiile -n ca!e %e p#ate &i%p"ne !en"nta!ea
I. C#n&itiile c" p!ivi!e la in+!acti"neE
a9 in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita p!e)inta # g!avitate !e&"%aB av1n&
-n ve&e!e nat"!a %i -ntin&e!ea "!'a!il#! p!#&"%eB 'i.l#acele
+#l#%iteB '#&"l %i -'p!e."!a!ile -n ca!e a +#%t c#'i%aB '#tiv"l %i
%c#p"l "!'a!itH
,9 pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita
%a +ie a'en&a %a" -nc@i%#a!ea &e cel '"lt * ani.
n ca) &e c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"niB !en"nta!ea la aplica!ea
pe&ep%ei %e p#ate &i%p"ne &aca pent!" +ieca!e in+!acti"ne
c#nc"!enta %"nt -n&eplinite c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e lege.
1$/
II. C#n&itiile c" p!ivi!e la in+!act#!E
a9 in+!act#!"l %a n" 'ai %"+e!it ante!i#! # c#n&a'na!eB c"
e(ceptia ca)"!il#! p!eva)"te -n a!t. / lit. a9 %i lit. ,9 %a" pent!"
ca!e a inte!venit !ea,ilita!ea #!i %:a -'plinit te!'en"l &e
!ea,ilita!eH
,9 -n !ap#!t &e pe!%#ana in+!act#!"l"iB &e c#n&"ita av"ta
ante!i#! %av1!%i!ii in+!acti"niiB &e e+#!t"!ile &ep"%e &e ace%ta
pent!" -nlat"!a!ea %a" &i'in"a!ea c#n%ecintel#! in+!acti"niiB
p!ec"' %i &e p#%i,ilitatile %ale &e -n&!epta!eB in%tanta ap!ecia)a ca
aplica!ea "nei pe&ep%e a! +i in#p#!t"na &in ca")a c#n%ecintel#! pe
ca!e le:a! avea a%"p!a pe!%#anei ace%t"iaH
c9 +ata &e in+!act#! %a n" %e 'ai +i &i%p"% !en"nta!ea la
aplica!ea pe&ep%ei -n "lti'ii ani ante!i#!i &atei c#'ite!ii
in+!acti"nii pent!" ca!e e%te ."&ecatH
&9 in+!act#!"l %a n" %e +i %"%t!a% &e la "!'a!i!e penala #!i
."&ecata%i %a n" +i -nce!cat )a&a!nici!ea a+la!ii a&eva!"l"i #!i a
i&enti+ica!ii %i t!age!ii la !a%p"n&e!e penala a a"t#!"l"i %a" a
pa!ticipantil#!.
1.. E+ectele !en"nta!ii la aplica!ea pe&ep%ei
7i%p"n1n& !en"nta!ea la aplica!ea pe&ep%eiB in%tanta aplica
in+!act#!"l"i "n ave!ti%'entB ce c#n%ta -n p!e)enta!ea '#tivel#! &e
+apt ca!e a" &ete!'inat !en"nta!ea la aplica!ea pe&ep%ei %i
atenti#na!ea in+!act#!"l"i a%"p!a c#n&"itei %ale viit#a!e %i a
c#n%ecintel#! la ca!e %e e(p"ne &aca va 'ai c#'ite in+!acti"ni. n
ca) &e c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"ni %e va aplica "n %ing"! ave!ti%'ent.
In+!acti"nea pent!" ca!e %:a &i%p"% !en"nta!ea la aplica!ea
pe&ep%ei n" at!age &eca&e!iB inte!&ictii %a" incapacitatiB a%a -nc1t
pent!" acea%ta n" va #pe!a !ea,ilita!ea.
1$2
D . A'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei
E%te t#t # in%tit"tie n#" int!#&"%aB ea ne!ega%in&":%e -n
C#&"l penal &in 1060. A'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei p!e)inta
an"'ite %i'ilit"&ini c" %"%pen&a!ea c#n&iti#nata a e(ec"ta!ii
pe&ep%ei !egle'entata &e a!t. $1 %i "!'. &in C#&"l penal &in 1060B
&a! p!e)inta%i &e#%e,i!i i'p#!tante +ata &e acea%ta.
.1. C#n&itiile -n ca!e %e p#ate &i%p"ne a'1na!ea aplica!ii
pe&ep%ei
I. C#n&itiile c" p!ivi!e la in+!acti"neE
a9 pe&eap%a %ta,ilitaB incl"%iv -n ca)"l c#nc"!%"l"i &e
in+!acti"niB e%te a'en&a %a" -nc@i%#a!ea &e cel '"lt aniH -n ca)"l
%"%pen&a!ii c#n&iti#nateB !egle'entata &e a!t. $1 C.p.B pent!" #
in+!acti"ne "nica &"!ata pe&ep%ei p"tea +i &e cel '"lt * ani.
,9 pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita
e%te 'ai 'ica &e < ani. O a%e'enea c#n&itie n" 'ai e(i%ta -n
'ate!ia %"%pen&a!ii c#n&iti#nate "lte!i#! int!a!ii -n vig#a!e la
Legii n!. <$C>>6.
II. C#n&itiile c" p!ivi!e la in+!act#!E
a9 in+!act#!"l n" a 'ai +#%t c#n&a'nat ante!i#! la pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!iiB c" e(ceptia ca)"!il#! p!eva)"te -n a!t. / lit. a9 %i lit. ,9
%a" a c#n&a'na!il#! pent!" ca!e a inte!venit !ea,ilita!ea #!i %:a
-'plinit te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!eH
,9 in+!act#!"l %i:a 'ani+e%tat ac#!&"l &e a p!e%ta # '"nca
ne!e'"ne!ata -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatiiH
c9 -n !ap#!t &e pe!%#ana in+!act#!"l"iB &e c#n&"ita av"ta
ante!i#! %av1!%i!ii in+!acti"niiB &e e+#!t"!ile &ep"%e &e ace%ta
pent!" -nlat"!a!ea %a" &i'in"a!ea c#n%ecintel#! in+!acti"niiB
p!ec"' %i &e p#%i,ilitatile %ale &e -n&!epta!eB in%tanta ap!ecia)a ca
1$6
aplica!ea i'e&iata a "nei pe&ep%e n" e%te nece%a!aB &a! %e i'p"ne
%"p!aveg@e!ea c#n&"itei %ale pent!" # pe!i#a&a &ete!'inataH
&9 in+!act#!"l %a n" %e +i %"%t!a% &e la "!'a!i!e penala #!i
."&ecata%i %a n" +i -nce!cat )a&a!nici!ea a+la!ii a&eva!"l"i #!i a
i&enti+ica!ii %i t!age!ii la !a%p"n&e!e penala a a"t#!"l"i %a" a
pa!ticipantil#!.
7at +iin& %peci+ic"l ace%tei '#&alitati &e in&ivi&"ali)a!eB
c#n&itiile !e+e!it#a!e la in+!act#! c"n#%c # !egle'enta!e '"lt
'ai !e%t!ictiva -n !ap#!t &e c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e a!t. $1 C.p.
pent!" &i%p"ne!ea %"%pen&a!ii c#n&iti#nate. n vec@ea
!egle'enta!e inte!e%a" &#a! antece&entele 8c" p!eci)a!ea ca
pe&ep%ele 'ai 'ici &e 6 l"ni %a" cele aplicate pent!" in+!acti"ni
&in c"lpa n" c#n%tit"ia" i'pe&i'ente la ac#!&a!ea %"%pen&a!iiB
%p!e &e#%e,i!e &e n#"a !egle'enta!e9 %i ap!ecie!ea in%tantei
p!ivin& p#%i,ilitatea &e !ee&"ca!e +a!a e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei.
.. Regi'"l a'1na!ii aplica!ii pe&ep%ei
A'1na!ea %e &i%p"ne pe # &"!ata &e aniB n"'ita
te!'en
&e %"p!aveg@e!e. n ca)"l vec@ii %"%pen&a!i c#n&iti#nate te!'en"l
%e c#'p"nea &int!:# &"!ata +i(a &e ani la ca!e %e a&a"ga &"!atape&ep%ei aplicate. n ca)"l pe&ep%ei c"
a'en&aB te!'en"l &e
-nce!ca!e avea # &"!ata +i(a &e "n an.
Pe &"!ata te!'en"l"i &e %"p!aveg@e!eB pe!%#ana +ata &e
ca!e %:a &i%p"% a'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei t!e,"ie %a !e%pecte
'a%"!ile &e %"p!aveg@e!e %i %a e(ec"te #,ligatiile ce -i !evinB
%ta,ilite &e in%tanta p#t!ivit a!t. $2 N.C.p. E%te &e 'enti#nat ca
p#t!ivit te(t"l"i &i%p"ne!ea 'a%"!il#! &e %"p!aveg@e!e e%te
#,ligat#!ie %i p!ive%te t#talitatea ace%t#!aB -n v!e'e ce i'p"ne!ea
"n#! #,ligatii e%te +ac"ltativa pent!" in%tanta.
1$<
.*. E+ectele &i%p"ne!ii a'1na!ii aplica!ii pe&ep%ei
E+ect"l p!incipal c#n%ta -n neaplica!ea pe&ep%ei %ta,ilite.
A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. 0> alin.1 N.C.p.B pe!%#anei +ata &e ca!e %:a
&i%p"% a'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei n" i %e 'ai aplica pe&eap%a %i
n" e%te %"p"%a nici"nei &eca&e!iB inte!&ictii %a" incapacitati ce a!
p"tea &ec"!ge &in in+!acti"nea %av1!%itaB &aca n" a %av1!%it &in
n#" # in+!acti"ne p1na la e(pi!a!ea te!'en"l"i &e %"p!aveg@e!eB
n" %:a &i%p"% !ev#ca!ea a'1na!ii %i n" %:a &e%c#pe!it # ca")a &e
an"la!e.
n c#n%ecintaB n" e%te nev#ie &e inte!ventia !ea,ilita!ii c"
p!ivi!e la # a%e'enea pe&eap%a.
Ace%t e+ect %e p!#&"ce a%a&a! -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e a'1na!ea
n" a +#%t !ev#cata %a" an"lata.
A9 Rev#ca!ea
Acea%ta %e &i%p"ne +ie #,ligat#!i"B +ie +ac"ltativ.
Se &i%p"ne #,ligat#!i" -n ca)"l -n ca!eE
a9 -n te!'en"l &e %"p!aveg@e!e c#n&a'nat"l %av1!%e%te #
n#"a in+!acti"ne intenti#nata ca!e e%te &e%c#pe!ita -n te!'en"l &e
%"p!aveg@e!eH
,9 in+!act#!"l n":%i -n&epline%te integ!al p1na la +inal"l
te!'en"l"i &e %"p!aveg@e!e #,ligatiile civile %ta,ilite &e in%tanta
p!in @#ta!1!ea &e c#n&a'na!e. C1n& c#n&a'nat"l +ace &#va&a ca
n" a av"t p#%i,ilitatea &e a plati ace%te &e%pag",i!i %i c@elt"ieliB
a'1na!ea n" va +i !ev#cataH
c9 pe!%#ana %"p!aveg@eataB c" !ea:c!e&intaB n" !e%pecta
'a%"!ile &e %"p!aveg@e!e %a" n" e(ec"ta #,ligatiile i'p"%e
p#t!ivit a!t. $2 N.C.p.
Rev#ca!ea +ac"ltativa %e &i%p"ne c1n& in+!act#!"l
%av1!%e%te # in+!acti"ne &in c"lpa -n inte!i#!"l te!'en"l"i &e
%"p!aveg@e!e.
1$$
E+ectele !ev#ca!iiE at"nci c1n& !ev#ca!ea e &ete!'inata &e
%av1!%i!ea "nei n#i in+!acti"niB pe&eap%a c" p!ivi!e la ca!e %:a
!ev#cat a'1na!ea %e c#nt#pe%te c" pe&eap%a pent!" in+!acti"nea
ca!e a at!a% !ev#ca!ea p#t!ivit !eg"lil#! &e la c#nc"!%"l &e
in+!acti"ni.
7aca !ev#ca!ea %e &i%p"ne &in alte ca")e &ec1t c#'ite!ea
"nei n#i in+!acti"niB in%tanta &i%p"ne aplica!ea %i e(ec"ta!ea
pe&ep%ei. N" va +i p#%i,ila &i%p"ne!ea %"%pen&a!ii e(ec"ta!ii
pe&ep%ei %", %"p!aveg@e!e c" p!ivi!e la acea%ta pe&eap%a &at +iin&
ca te(t"l legal p!eve&e ca %e va &i%p"ne e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei.
=9 An"la!ea
P#t!ivit a!t. $0 N.C.p. an"la!ea %e &i%p"ne &aca %"nt
-n&eplinite c#n&itiileE
a9 inc"lpat"l %a +i %av1!%it ante!i#! &i%p"ne!ii a'1na!ii #
alta in+!acti"ne &e ca!e in%tanta n" a av"t c"n#%tinta -n '#'ent"l
-n ca!e a &i%p"% a'1na!eaH
,9 acea%ta in+!acti"ne %a +ie &e%c#pe!ita -n te!'en"l &e
%"p!aveg@e!eH
c9 pent!" in+!acti"nea n#" &e%c#pe!ita %a %e aplice #
pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea.
n ca)"l an"la!ii pe&eap%a pent!" in+!acti"nea ."&ecata
initial %i pe&eap%a pent!" in+!acti"nea n#" &e%c#pe!ita %e v#!
c#nt#pi aplic1n&":%eB &"pa ca)B &i%p#)itiile p!ivit#a!e la c#nc"!%"l
&e in+!acti"niB !eci&iva 8p#ate +i !eci&iva at"nci c1n& in+!acti"nea
pent!" ca!e %:a &i%p"% a'1na!ea e%te al &#ilea te!'en al !eci&ivei9
%a" pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!a.
n ca)"l c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"niB &aca pe&eap%a !e)"ltata
-n&epline%te c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e a!t. $* N.C.p. %e p#ate
&i%p"ne a'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei.
E%te i'p#!tant &e !etin"t ca a!t. 0> alin. N.C.p. p!eve&e
ca a'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei n" p!#&"ce e+ecte a%"p!a
'a%"!il#! &e %ig"!anta
%i a #,ligatiil#! civile p!eva)"te -n
@#ta!1!ea &e c#n&a'na!e.
1$0
D *. S"%pen&a!ea e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei %", %"p!aveg@e!e
Acea%ta '#&alitate &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e %e !ega%e%te -n
a',ele C#&"!i penaleB +iin& &e %e'nalat t#t"%i c1teva '#&i+ica!i
a&"%e &e n#"a !egle'enta!e.
*.1. C#n&itiile %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e
I. C#n&itiile c" p!ivi!e la in+!acti"neE
a9 pe&eap%a %ta,ilitaB incl"%iv -n ca)"l c#nc"!%"l"i &e
in+!acti"niB e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e cel '"lt * aniH -n ca)"l %"%pen&a!ii
%", %"p!aveg@e!eB !egle'entata &e a!t. $61 C.p.B pent!" #
in+!acti"ne "nica &"!ata pe&ep%ei p"tea +i &e cel '"lt / ani.
,9 %"%pen&a!ea n" %e aplica -n ca)"l pe&ep%ei a'en)ii.
II. C#n&itiile c" p!ivi!e la in+!act#!E
a9 in+!act#!"l n" a 'ai +#%t c#n&a'nat ante!i#! la pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e "n anB c" e(ceptia ca)"!il#! p!eva)"te -n
a!t. / N.C.p. %a" a c#n&a'na!il#! pent!" ca!e a inte!venit
!ea,ilita!ea #!i %:a -'plinit te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!eH
,9 in+!act#!"l %i:a 'ani+e%tat ac#!&"l &e a p!e%ta # '"nca
ne!e'"ne!ata -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatiiH
c9 -n !ap#!t &e pe!%#ana in+!act#!"l"iB &e c#n&"ita av"ta
ante!i#! %av1!%i!ii in+!acti"niiB &e e+#!t"!ile &ep"%e &e ace%ta
pent!" -nlat"!a!ea %a" &i'in"a!ea c#n%ecintel#! in+!acti"niiB
p!ec"' %i &e p#%i,ilitatile %ale &e -n&!epta!eB in%tanta ap!ecia)a ca
aplica!ea pe&ep%ei e%te %"+icienta%iB c@ia! +a!a e(ec"ta!ea
ace%teiaB c#n&a'nat"l n" va 'ai c#'ite alte in+!acti"niB -n%a e%te
nece%a!a %"p!aveg@e!ea c#n&"itei %ale pent!" # pe!i#a&a
&ete!'inataH
&9 in+!act#!"l %a n" %e +i %"%t!a% &e la "!'a!i!e penala #!i
."&ecata%i %a n" +i -nce!cat )a&a!nici!ea a+la!ii a&eva!"l"i #!i a
i&enti+ica!ii %i t!age!ii la !a%p"n&e!e penala a a"t#!"l"i %a" a
pa!ticipantil#!.
10>
*.. Regi'"l %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e
n ca)"l %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e te!'en"l &e
%"p!aveg@e!e e%te c"p!in% -nt!e %i / aniB +a!a a p"tea +i -n%a
'ai 'ic &ec1t &"!ata pe&ep%ei aplicate. n vec@ea !egle'enta!e
te!'en"l e!a c#'p"% &int!:# &"!ata c"p!in%a -nt!e %i 2 ani
%ta,ilita &e in%tantaB a&"nata la &"!ata pe&ep%ei %ta,ilita pent!"
in+!acti"nea pent!" ca!e %:a &i%p"% %"%pen&a!ea %", %"p!aveg@e!e.
Pe &"!ata te!'en"l"i &e %"p!aveg@e!eB pe!%#ana +ata &e
ca!e %:a &i%p"% a'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei t!e,"ie %a !e%pecte
'a%"!ile &e %"p!aveg@e!e %i %a e(ec"te #,ligatiile ce -i !evinB
%ta,ilite &e in%tanta p#t!ivit a!t. 0* N.C.p. Si -n ace%t ca)B
&i%p"ne!ea 'a%"!il#! &e %"p!aveg@e!e e%te #,ligat#!ie %i p!ive%te
t#talitatea ace%t#!aB &a! %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e a'1na!ea aplica!ii
pe&ep%eiB -n ace%t ca) e%te #,ligat#!ie i'p"ne!ea cel p"tin a "neia
&int!e #,ligatiile p!eva)"te &e a!t. 0* alin. N.C.p. E%te &e
a%e'enea #,ligat#!ie p!e%ta!ea "nei '"nci ne!e'"ne!ate -n
+#l#%"l c#'"nitatiiB pe # pe!i#a&a c"p!in%a -nt!e 6> %i 1> &e )ileB
-n c#n&itiile %ta,ilite &e in%tantaB a+a!a &e ca)"l -n ca!eB &in ca")a
%ta!ii &e %anatateB pe!%#ana n" p#ate p!e%ta acea%ta '"nca.
*.*. Rev#ca!ea %i an"la!ea %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e
Ca")ele !ev#ca!ii %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e %"nt
%i'ila!e c" cele &e la !ev#ca!ea a'1na!ii aplica!ii pe&ep%ei. n
%c@i',B t!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#! aplica,il at"nci c1n&
!ev#ca!ea %:a &at#!at c#'ite!ii "nei n#i in+!acti"ni e%te &i+e!itB
&e acea%ta &ata #pe!1n& !eg"lile &e la !eci&iva %a" pl"!alitate
inte!'e&ia!a. A%a&a!B %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea &ata &e
C#&"l penal &in 1060B n" 'ai #pe!ea)a -nt#t&ea"na c"'"l"l
a!it'etic -n ca) &e !ev#ca!e &at#!ata c#'ite!ii "nei n#i
in+!acti"ni.
7e a%e'eneaB ca")ele &e an"la!e %i e+ectele ace%teia %"nt
i&entice c" cele &e la a'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei.
101
*./. E+ectele %"%pen&a!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!e
O alta '#&i+ica!e i'p#!tanta +ata &e !egle'enta!ea
c#ntin"ta -n C#&"l penal &in 1060B e%te +apt"l caB p#t!ivit n#"l"i
C#& penalB %"%pen&a!ea %", %"p!aveg@e!e a e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei
n" 'ai a!e ca e+ect !ea,ilita!ea &e &!ept. S"%pen&a!ea a!e ca
e+ect &#a! c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata a pe&ep%eiB a%t+el caB &"pa
-'plini!ea te!'en"l"i &e %"p!aveg@e!eB va -ncepe %a c"!ga
te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!e.
D /. E(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei -nt!:"n penitencia!
Regi'"l &e e(ec"ta!e a pe&ep%el#! -n !egi' &e &etentie
p#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penal "!'ea)a %a +ie !egle'entat &e legea
p!ivin& !egi'"l &e e(ec"ta!e a pe&ep%el#!B c#'pletata c"
p!eve&e!ile n#"l"i C#& &e p!#ce&"!a penala.
N" ne #p!i' aici a%"p!a !egi'"l"i &e &etentieB ci v#' +ace
&#a! c1teva p!eci)a!i !e+e!it#a!e la '#&alitatea &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e
legata &e e(ec"ta!ea -nt!:"n penitencia! : li,e!a!ea c#n&iti#nata.
/.1. Li,e!a!ea c#n&iti#nata
Li,e!a!ea c#n&iti#nata e%te # '#&alitate &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e
a e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii c#n%t1n& -n e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei
-n !egi' &e li,e!tate &in '#'ent"l -n ca!e %"nt -n&eplinite
c#n&itiile legale. Li,e!a!ea c#n&iti#nata a!e a%a&a! "n
ca!acte! +ac"ltativ.
1. C#n&itiile li,e!a!ii c#n&iti#nate &in e(ec"ta!ea
pe&ep%ei &etenti"nii pe viata
8a!t. 00 N.C.p.9
a9 cel c#n&a'nat a e(ec"tat e+ectiv > &e ani &e
&etenti"neH
10
,9 cel c#n&a'nat a av"t # ,"na c#n&"ita pe t#ata &"!ata
e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%eiH
c9 cel c#n&a'nat a -n&eplinit integ!al #,ligatiile civile
%ta,ilite p!in @#ta!1!ea &e c#n&a'na!eB a+a!a &e ca)"l c1n&
&#ve&e%te ca n" a av"t nici # p#%i,ilitate %a le -n&eplinea%caH
&9 in%tanta a!e c#nvinge!ea ca pe!%#ana c#n&a'nata %:a
-n&!eptat %i %e p#ate !einteg!a -n %#cietate.
Regle'enta!ea &ata &e n#"l C#& penal &i+e!a +ata &e
vec@ea !egle'enta!e %", &#"a a%pecteE %:a int!#&"% c#n&itia
-n&eplini!ii #,ligatiil#! civile pent!" ac#!&a!ea li,e!a!ii %i a +#%t
-nlat"!ata !egle'enta!ea %peciala a li,e!a!ii -n ca)"l
pe!%#anel#! ca!e a" -'plinit v1!%ta &e 6> &e ani -n ca)"l
,a!,atil#!B !e%pective 22 &e ani -n ca)"l +e'eil#!.
. C#n&itiile li,e!a!ii c#n&iti#nate &in e(ec"ta!ea
pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii 8a!t. 1>> N.C.p.9
a9 cel c#n&a'nat a e(ec"tat cel p"tin &#"a t!ei'i &in
&"!ata pe&ep%eiB -n ca)"l -nc@i%#!ii ca!e n" &epa%e%te 1> aniB %a"
cel p"tin t!ei pat!i'i &in &"!ata pe&ep%eiB &a! n" 'ai '"lt &e >
&e aniB -n ca)"l -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!i &e 1> ani.
La calc"la!ea ace%t#! +!acti"ni &e pe&eap%a n" %e ia -n
c#n%i&e!a!e &#a! ti'p"l pet!ec"t e+ectiv -n &etentieB ci %i pe!i#a&a
c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tata -n ,a)a '"ncii p!e%tate.
Pent!" a n" %e a."nge la e(ec"ta!ea "nei pa!ti +#a!te 'ici
&in pe&eap%aB legi"it#!"l a %ta,ilit ni%te +!acti"ni ca!e t!e,"ie
e(ec"tate e+ectiv -n penitencia!E pent!" in+!acti"nile intenti#nate
+!acti"nea e%te &e 1C &in pe&eap%a at"nci c1n& acea%ta e%te 'ai
'ica &e 1> ani %i &e C* &in pe&eap%a c1n& acea%ta &epa%e%te 1>
ani.
10*
,9 cel c#n&a'nat %e a+la -n e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei -n !egi'
%e'i&e%c@i% %a" &e%c@i%H
c9 cel c#n&a'nat a -n&eplinit integ!al #,ligatiile civile
%ta,ilite p!in @#ta!1!ea &e c#n&a'na!eB a+a!a &e ca)"l c1n&
&#ve&e%te ca n" a av"t nici # p#%i,ilitate %a le -n&eplinea%caH
&9 in%tanta a!e c#nvinge!ea ca pe!%#ana c#n&a'nata %:a
-n&!eptat %i %e p#ate !einteg!a -n %#cietate.
Regle'enta!ea &ata &e n#"l C#& penal &i+e!a +ata &e
vec@ea !egle'enta!e %", 'ai '"lte a%pecteE
:
%:a int!#&"% c#n&itia -n&eplini!ii #,ligatiil#! civile pent!"
ac#!&a!ea li,e!a!iiH
:
a +#%t -nlat"!ata &i+e!entie!ea -nt!e pe&ep%ele aplicate
pent!" in+!acti"ni intenti#nate %i cele &i%p"%e pent!"
in+!acti"ni &in c"lpa %", a%pect"l c#n&itiil#! &e ac#!&a!e
a li,e!a!iiH
:
%:a -nlat"!at p#%i,ilitatea li,e!a!ii &i!ect &in !egi' -nc@i%
&e e(ec"ta!eH
:
%:a "ni+icat la 6> &e ani at1t -n ca)"l ,a!,atil#! c1t %i -n
ca)"l +e'eil#! v1!%ta &e la ca!e %e p#ate ,ene+icia &e
!egi'"l %pecial &e ac#!&a!e a li,e!a!ii. A%t+elB
c#n&a'natii ca!e a."ng la 6> &e ani p#t +i li,e!ati
c#n&iti#nat &"pa e(ec"ta!ea a 1C &in pe&eap%a at"nci
c1n& acea%ta e%te 'ai 'ica &e 1> ani %i a C* &in pe&eap%a
c1n& acea%ta &epa%e%te 1> ani. Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB %i ace%ti c#n&a'nati t!e,"ie %a +i
e(ec"tat e+ectiv # pa!te &in pe&eap%a. E%te v#!,a &e%p!e
cel p"tin # t!ei'e &in &"!ata pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!iiB c1n&
acea%ta n" &epa%e%te 1> aniB %i cel p"tin ."'atateB c1n&
pe&eap%a e%te 'ai 'a!e &e 1> ani.
E+ectele li,e!a!ii c#n&iti#nate
E(i%ta &#"a categ#!ii &e e+ecteE i'e&iate %i &e+initive.
10/
E+ect"l i'e&iat c#n%ta -n p"ne!ea -n li,e!tate a pe!%#anei
ce ,ene+icia)a &e li,e!a!ea c#n&iti#nata. Pe!%#ana va +i
c#n%i&e!ata -n c#ntin"a!e ca a+l1n&":%e -n e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%eiB &a!
+a!a p!iva!e &e li,e!tate. Pe &"!ata te!'en"l"i &e %"p!aveg@e!eB %e
v#! e(ec"ta a%t+el pe&ep%ele acce%#!ii. Te!'en"l &e %"p!aveg@e!e
!ep!e)inta &i+e!enta -nt!e pe&eap%a aplicata%i pe&eap%a e(ec"tata
e+ectiv p!in p!iva!e &e li,e!tate. n ca)"l li,e!a!ii &in e(ec"ta!ea
pe&ep%ei &etenti"nii pe viataB te!'en"l &e %"p!aveg@e!e e%te &e 1>
ani.
N#"l C#& penal '#&i+ica%i c#ntin"t"l #,ligatiil#!
c#n&a'nat"l"i pe &"!ata te!'en"l"i &e %"p!aveg@e!e. 7aca
p#t!ivit C#&"l"i penal &in 1060 li,e!at"l n" avea &ec1t #,ligatia
&e a n" c#'ite # in+!acti"neB n#"l C#& penal p!eve&e ca &aca
!e%t"l &e pe&eap%a !a'a% nee(ec"tat la &ata li,e!a!ii e%te &e
ani %a" 'ai 'a!eB c#n&a'nat"l t!e,"ie %a !e%pecte 'a%"!ile &e
%"p!aveg@e!e a!atate -n a!t. 1>1 alin.1 %i i %e p#ate i'p"ne "na
%a" 'ai '"lte &int!e #,ligatiile p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1>1 alin..
E+ect"l &e+initiv %e p!#&"ce la e(pi!a!ea te!'en"l"i &e
-nce!ca!eB a&ica la -'plini!ea &"!atei pe&ep%eiB %i c#n%ta -n
c#n%i&e!a!ea pe&ep%ei ca e(ec"tata. 7"pa e(pi!a!ea te!'en"l"i &e
-nce!ca!e -ncepe %a %e e(ec"te pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a
inte!)ice!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
Rev#ca!ea li,e!a!ii c#n&iti#nate
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B n#"l C#& penal
p!eve&e ca !ev#ca!ea li,e!a!ii e%te #,ligat#!ie at"nci c1n&E
:pe &"!ata %"p!aveg@e!ii pe!%#ana c#n&a'nataB c" !eac!e&intaB
n" !e%pecta 'a%"!ile &e %"p!aveg@e!e %a" n" e(ec"ta
#,ligatiile i'p"%eH
:&"pa ac#!&a!ea li,e!a!ii cel c#n&a'nat a %av1!%it # n#"a
in+!acti"neB ca!e a +#%t &e%c#pe!ita -n te!'en"l &e %"p!aveg@e!e
102
%i pent!" ca!e %:a p!#n"ntat # c#n&a'na!e la pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!iiB c@ia! &"pa e(pi!a!ea ace%t"i te!'en.
n ca) &e !ev#ca!e &at#!ata c#'ite!ii "nei n#i in+!acti"niB
%:a !en"ntat la aplica!ea -nt#t&ea"na a c"'"l"l"i ."!i&icB p!eva)"ta
&e a!t. 61 C.p.B %ta,ilin&":%e ca pe&eap%a pent!" n#"a in+!acti"ne
%e %ta,ile%te %i %e e(ec"taB &"pa ca)B p#t!ivit &i%p#)itiil#! &e la
!eci&iva %a" pl"!alitate inte!'e&ia!a 8a!t. 1>/ N.C.p.9.
D 2. M#&alitati &e e(ec"ta!e ne!egle'entate &e n#"l C#& penal
N#"l C#& penal n" a 'ai !el"at &#"a &int!e '#&alitatile
&e in&ivi&"ali)a!e p!eva)"te &e C#&"l ante!i#! 4 e(ec"ta!ea
pe&ep%ei -nt!:# -nc@i%#a!e 'ilita!a%i !e%pectiv e(ec"ta!ea
pe&ep%ei la l#c"l &e '"nca.
n ca)"l p!i'ei '#&alitatiB !en"nta!ea la !egle'enta!e %e
i'p"nea &at#!ita +apt"l"i ca acea%ta !a'a%e%e +a!a #,iect &"pa
!en"nta!ea la %e!vici"l 'ilita! #,ligat#!i" -n ti'p &e paceB -n
c#n&itiile -n ca!e !e%pectiva '#&alitate p!ivea 'ilita!ii -n te!'en.
C1t p!ive%te e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei la l#c"l &e '"ncaB
'#&alitate &e e(ec"ta!e %peci+ica legi%latiil#! &in +#%tele %tate
%#ciali%teB ea n" -%i 'ai ga%ea l#c"l -n ca&!"l ec#n#'iei &e piata
%i
a #pe!at#!il#! ec#n#'ici p!ivati.
106
: Capit#l"l ?I5 :
MASURILE 7E SIGURANTA
D 1. A%pecte gene!ale
Ma%"!ile &e %ig"!anta %e &i%p"n -n %c#p"l -nlat"!a!ii "nei
%ta!i &e pe!ic#lB !elevata &e c#'ite!ea "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e
legea penala ne."%ti+icateB %ta!e ca!e a! p"tea c#n&"ce -n viit#! la
c#'ite!ea alt#! a%e'enea +apte. Se p#ate c#n%tata ca
%+e!a
'a%"!il#! &e %ig"!anta %:a !e&"% -n n#"l C#& penal c#'pa!ativ
c" !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB &at#!ita +apt"l"i ca "nele &int!e
'a%"!ile &e %ig"!anta p!eva)"te ante!i#! a" +#%t t!an%+e!ateB c"
"nele '#&i+ica!iB -n categ#!ia pe&ep%el#! c#'ple'enta!e. E%te
v#!,a &e%p!e inte!)ice!ea &e a %e a+la -n an"'ite l#calitatiB
e(p"l)a!ea %i inte!)ice!ea &e a !eveni -n l#c"inta +a'iliei.
D . O,liga!ea la t!ata'ent 'e&ical
Ma%"!a %e &i%p"ne &aca +apt"it#!"lB &in ca")a "nei ,#liB
incl"%iv cea p!#v#cata &e c#n%"'"l c!#nic &e alc##l %a" alte
%",%tante p%i@#activeB %t"pe+iante %a" alte a%e'enea %",%tanteB
p!e)inta pe!ic#l pent!" %#cietate.
Ma%"!a %e &i%p"ne pe pe!i#a&a ne&ete!'inataB p1na la
-n%anat#%i!eB in&i+e!ent &aca %:a aplicat %i # pe&eap%a %a" n".
n ca) &e ne!e%pecta!eB 'a%"!a %e -nl#c"ie%te c" inte!na!ea
'e&icala.
N#"l C#& penal n" a 'ai !el"at &i%p#)itia p!ivin&
&i%p"ne!ea p!#vi)#!ie a 'a%"!ii -n c"!%"l p!#ce%"l"iB &e#a!ece
acea%ta &in "!'a e%te # 'a%"!a p!#ce%"ala%i -%i va ga%i
!egle'enta!ea -n C#&"l &e p!#ce&"!a penala.
10<
D *. Inte!na!ea 'e&icala
Se &i%p"ne c1n& +apt"it#!"l e%te ,#lnav p%i@icB c#n%"'at#!
c!#nic &e %",%tante p%i@#active %a" %"+e!a &e # ,#ala in+ect#c#ntagi#a%a%i
p!e)inta pe!ic#l pent!" %#cietate.
E%te # 'a%"!a p!ivativa &e li,e!tate %i %e &i%p"ne &e
a%e'enea pe # pe!i#a&a ne&ete!'inataB p1na la -n%anat#%i!e. n
ca)"l -n ca!e %ta!ea cel"i inte!nat %e a'eli#!ea)aB ea p#ate +i
-nl#c"ita c" #,liga!ea la t!ata'ent 'e&ical.
S"%t!age!ea &e la e(ec"ta!ea 'a%"!ii c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne
&e %ine %tatat#a!e 4 nee(ec"ta!ea %ancti"nil#! penale 8a!t. $$
N.C.p.9.
D /. Inte!)ice!ea "nei +"nctii %a" p!#+e%ii
Regle'enta!ea &in n#"l C#& penal n" &i+e!a &e
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB 'a%"!a vi)1n& inte!&ictia e(e!cita!ii
"nei +"nctiiB p!#+e%iiB 'e%e!ii %a" alte #c"patii %i %e &i%p"ne
&at#!ita incapacitatiiB nep!egati!ii %a" alt#! ca")e ca!e -l +ac
i'p!#p!i" pent!" #c"pa!ea ace%t#!a.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a c" c#ntin"t
%i'ila!B aici n" e%te v#!,a &e # e(e!cita!e a,")iva a +"nctiei %a" a
p!#+e%iei. n ace%t ca)B a"t#!"l # e(e!cita c" ,"na:c!e&intaB &a! e%te
inapt %a" nep!egatit pent!" e(e!cita!ea ei %i &in acea%ta ca")a a
c#'i% # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala 8%p!e e(e'pl"B "n
c#n&"cat#! a"t# a!e g!ave &e+iciente &e ve&e!e %i a%t+el c#'ite "n
acci&ent !"tie! %#l&at c" '#a!tea "nei pe!%#ane9.
Ma%"!a %e &i%p"ne pe # pe!i#a&a ne&ete!'inataB &a! %e
p#ate !ev#ca &"pa cel p"tin "n an &e la &i%p"ne!eB &aca a"
&i%pa!"t ca")ele ca!e a" &ete!'inat aplica!ea ei. Ne!e%pecta!ea
inte!&ictiei c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne &e %ine %tatat#a!e 4 nee(ec"ta!ea
%ancti"nil#! penale 8a!t. $$ N.C.p.9.
10$
D 2. C#n+i%ca!ea %peciala
E%te # 'a%"!a &e %ig"!anta c" ca!acte! pat!i'#nialB
c#n%t1n& -n c#n+i%ca!ea "n#! ,"n"!i &ete!'inateB a+late -n legat"!a
c" +apta penala c#'i%a. 3ac #,iect"l c#n+i%ca!ii "!'at#a!ele
categ#!ii &e ,"n"!iE
a9 ,"n"!ile p!#&"%e p!in %av1!%i!ea +aptei p!eva)"te &e
legea penala.
E%te v#!,a &e ,"n"!i ca!e n" e(i%ta" ante!i#! c#'ite!ii
+aptei %a" e(i%ta" -nt!:# alta +#!'a. Sp!e e(e'pl"B '#ne&a
c#nt!a+ac"taB ,a"t"!ile alc##lice p!#&"%e ilegal etc.
,9
,"n"!ile ca!e a" +#%t +#l#%iteB -n #!ice '#&B %a"
&e%tinate a +i +#l#%ite la %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"niB
&aca %"nt ale in+!act#!"l"i %a" &acaB apa!tin1n& altei
pe!%#aneB acea%ta a c"n#%c"t %c#p"l +#l#%i!ii l#!.
Pent!" a %e p"tea &i%p"ne c#n+i%ca!ea e%te nece%a! ca
"!'at#a!ele c#n&itii %a +ie -n&epliniteE
.
in+!acti"nea -n ca")a %a ai,a la ,a)a "n ele'ent
intenti#nalH
.
,"n"l %a %e a+le -n p!#p!ietatea in+!act#!"l"i la
&ata c#'ite!ii +aptei. N" e%te nece%a! %a +ie ale a"t#!"l"iB ele p#t +i
%i ale c#'plicel"iB ca!e le:a p"% la &i%p#)itia a"t#!"l"i. 7aca
in+!act#!"l a -n%t!ainat ,"n"!ileB ace%tea %e v#! c#n+i%ca &e la te!t"l
&#,1n&it#! n"'ai &aca ace%ta e!a &e !ea:c!e&inta. 7aca te!t"l a
+#%t &e ,"na c!e&intaB %e va c#n+i%ca &e la in+!act#! p!et"l ,"n"l"i.
.
,"n"l %a +i +#%t +#l#%it la c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nii :
a!'a c" ca!e a +#%t "ci%a victi'aB i'p!i'anta c" ca!e a" +#%t
c#n+ecti#nate ,iletele c#nt!a+ac"te etc.
.
in+!acti"nea %a n" +i +#%t %av1!%ita p!in p!e%a.
c9
,"n"!ile +#l#%iteB i'e&iat &"pa %av1!%i!ea +apteiB
pent!" a a%ig"!a %capa!ea +apt"it#!"l"i %a" pa%t!a!ea
+#l#%"l"i #!i a p!#&"%"l"i #,tin"tB &aca %"nt ale
100
+apt"it#!"l"i %a" &acaB apa!tin1n& altei pe!%#aneB
acea%ta a c"n#%c"t %c#p"l +#l#%i!ii l#!.
E%te # ip#te)a &e c#n+i%ca!e n#"aB ca!e n" a!e
c#!e%p#n&ent -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a. 3ac #,iect"l
c#n+i%ca!ii pe ace%t te'eiB %p!e e(e'pl"B ve@ic"lele ca!e a" +#%t
+#l#%ite la t!an%p#!t"l ,"n"!il#! p!#venite &int!:# in+!acti"ne.
&9 ,"n"!ile ca!e a" +#%t &ate pent!" a &ete!'ina
%av1!%i!ea "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala %a"
pent!" a !a%plati pe +apt"it#!.
Se incl"&e -n acea%ta categ#!ieB %p!e e(e'pl"B # %"'a &e
,ani &ata "nei pe!%#ane pent!" a c#'ite "n #'#!.
e9 ,"n"!ile &#,1n&ite p!in %av1!%i!ea +aptei p!eva)"te &e
legea penalaB &aca n" %"nt !e%tit"ite pe!%#anei
vata'ate %i -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e n" %e!ve%c la
&e%pag",i!ea ace%teia.
E%te v#!,a &e%p!e ,"n"!i ca!e e(i%ta" %i ante!i#! c#'ite!ii
+apteiB -n aceea%i +#!'aB &a! ca!e %i:a" %c@i',at %it"atia &e +apt
8%p!e e(e'pl"B ,"n"!ile %"%t!a%e9. Ace%te ,"n"!i %e c#n+i%ca
n"'ai -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e n" %e!ve%c la &e%pag",i!ea pe!%#anei
vata'ate. 7aca in+!act#!"l a +#%t #,ligat la # &e%pag",i!e -n
+av#a!ea pa!tii vata'ateB %e va c#n+i%ca n"'ai ceea ce e(ce&e
platii +ac"te -n +av#a!ea ace%teia.
At"nci c1n& in+!act#!"l a -n%t!ainat ,"n"!ile "n"i
c"'pa!at#! !a'a% nei&enti+icatB %e va c#n+i%ca %"'a -nca%ata
e+ectiv ca p!et%i n" val#a!ea &e piata a ,"n"l"i.
7aca te!t"l c"'pa!at#! e%te i&enti+icatB %e va c#n+i%ca
,"n"l %a" %"'a &e ,ani -n +"nctie &e ,"na %a" !ea"a c!e&inta a
ace%t"ia.
+9
,"n"!ile a ca!#! &etine!e e%te inte!)i%a &e legea
penala.
>>
E%te v#!,a &e ,"n"!i a ca!#! &etine!e n" e%te a"t#!i)ata &e
legeB %a" &e ,"n"!i &etin"te -n alte c#n&itii &ec1t cele a"t#!i)ate
8%p!e e(e'pl"B a!'eB %",%tante %t"pe+ianteB %",%tante e(pl#)ive9.
A%a c"' %e p#ate #,%e!vaB n#"l C#& penal n" 'ai !eia #
ip#te)a &e c#n+i%ca!e int!#&"%a -n a!t. 11$ C.P. -n "!'a
'#&i+ica!ii p!in Legea n!. <$C>>6. E%te v#!,a &e%p!e
c#n+i%ca!ea ,"n"!il#! p!#&"%eB '#&i+icate %a" a&aptate -n
%c#p"l %av1!%i!ii "nei in+!acti"niB &aca a" +#%t "tili)ate la
c#'ite!ea ace%teia %i &aca %"nt ale in+!act#!"l"i. Ace%te ,"n"!i
int!a -n%a #!ic"' %", inci&enta te(t"l"i lit. ,9B +iin& ,"n"!i +#l#%ite
%a" &e%tinate a +i +#l#%ite la c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nii.
Li'ita!ea c#n+i%ca!ii -n ip#te)a e(i%tentei "nei
&i%p!#p#!tii -nt!e val#a!ea ,"n"!il#! %"p"%e c#n+i%ca!ii %i
nat"!a %i g!avitatea +apteiB e%te 'entin"ta%i &e n#"l C#& penal
-n a!t. 11 alin.B ca!e p!eve&e ca -n ace%t ca) %e &i%p"ne
c#n+i%ca!ea -n pa!teB p!in ec@ivalent ,ane%cB tin1n& %ea'a &e
"!'a!ea p!#&"%a %a" ca!e %:a! +i p"t"t p!#&"ce %i &e c#nt!i,"tia
,"n"l"i la acea%ta. Li'ita!ea #pe!ea)a ca %i p1na ac"' -n
p!ivinta ,"n"!il#! p!eva)"te la lit.,9B &a! e%te e(tin%a%i c"
p!ivi!e la ip#te)a n#":int!#&"%a la lit.c9. Ra'1n -n%a c#n+i%ca,ile
-n -nt!egi'e ,"n"!ile p!#&"%eB '#&i+icate %a" a&aptate -n %c#p"l
%av1!%i!ii +aptei p!eva)"te &e legea penala.
P#t!ivit a!t. 11 alin.6 N.C.p.B %e c#n+i%caB &e a%e'eneaB
,"n"!ile %i ,anii #,tin"ti &in e(pl#ata!ea ,"n"!il#! %"p"%e
c#n+i%ca!iiB p!ec"' %i ,"n"!ile p!#&"%e &e ace%teaB c" e(ceptia
,"n"!il#! p!eva)"te -n alin.1 lit. ,9 %i lit. c9.
7e a%e'eneaB n#"l C#& penal n" a 'ai !el"at li'ita!ea
in%tit"ita p!in Legea n!. <$C>>6 %i incl"%a -n te(t"l a!t. 11$
alin.6 C.p.B p!ivin& nec#n+i%ca!ea ,"n"!il#! ca!e +ac pa!te &in
'i.l#acele &e e(i%tentaB &e t!e,"inta )ilnica #!i &e e(e!cita!e a
p!#+e%iei pe!%#anei -n ca")a.
>1
: Capit#l"l ?5 :
MINORITATEA
A%a c"' a' a!atat -nt!:# %ecti"ne ante!i#a!aB c#n+#!' a!t.
11* N.C.p.B 'in#!"l ca!e n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1/ ani n"
!a%p"n&e penal. Min#!"l ca!e a!e v1!%ta -nt!e 1/ %i 16 ani !a%p"n&e
penalB n"'ai &aca %e &#ve&e%te ca a %av1!%it +apta c"
&i%ce!na'1ntB ia! 'in#!"l ca!e a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 16 ani
!a%p"n&e penal.
Regle'enta!ea !egi'"l"i %ancti#nat#! al 'in#!itatii e%te
"na &in 'ate!iile ca!e a" %"+e!it cele 'ai 'a!i t!an%+#!'a!i -n
n#"l C#& penal. A%a c"' %e %tieB p#t!ivit a!t. 1>> C.p.B +ata &e
'in#!"l ca!e !a%p"n&e penal %e p"tea l"a # 'a%"!a e&"cativa #!i i
%e p"tea aplica # pe&eap%a. N#"l C#& penal !en"nta c#'plet la
pe&ep%e -n ca)"l 'in#!il#!B in%tit"in& "n %i%te' %ancti#nat#!
,a)at e(cl"%iv pe 'a%"!i e&"cative.
P#t!ivit a!t. 11/ N.C.p.B +ata &e 'in#!"l ca!e !a%p"n&e
penal %e iaB &e !eg"laB # 'a%"!a e&"cativa nep!ivativa &e
li,e!tate. 3ata &e 'in#! %e p#ate l"a # 'a%"!a e&"cativa
p!ivativa &e li,e!tate -n "!'at#a!ele ca)"!iE
a9 &aca a 'ai %av1!%it # in+!acti"neB pent!" ca!e i %:a aplicat #
'a%"!a e&"cativa ce a +#%t e(ec"tata #!i a ca!ei e(ec"ta!e a
-ncep"t -nainte &e c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nii pent!" ca!e e%te
."&ecatH
,9 at"nci c1n& pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" in+!acti"nea
%av1!%ita e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e < ani %a" 'ai 'a!e #!i &etenti"nea
pe viata.
D 1. Ma%"!ile e&"cative nep!ivative &e li,e!tate
S"nt %ancti"ni &e &!ept penal ca!e %e aplica 'in#!il#! ca!e
a" c#'i% # in+!acti"ne a ca!ei g!avitate n" nece%ita p!iva!ea &e
>
li,e!tate. Ace%tea %"ntE %tagi"l &e +#!'a!e civicaH %"p!aveg@e!eaH
c#n%e'na!ea la %+1!%it &e %apta'1naH a%i%ta!ea )ilnica.
1.1. Stagi"l &e +#!'a!e civica
P#t!ivit a!t. 11< N.C.p.B %tagi"l &e +#!'a!e civica c#n%ta -n
#,ligatia 'in#!"l"i &e a pa!ticipa la "n p!#g!a' c" # &"!ata &e cel
'"lt / l"niB pent!" a:l a."ta %a -nteleaga c#n%ecintele legale %i
%#ciale la ca!e %e e(p"ne -n ca)"l %av1!%i!ii &e in+!acti"ni %i pent!"
a:l !e%p#n%a,ili)a c" p!ivi!e la c#'p#!ta'ent"l %a" viit#!.
P!#g!a'"l t!e,"ie ale% pe c1t p#%i,il -n !ap#!t &e nat"!a
in+!acti"nii c#'i%e.
1.. S"p!aveg@e!ea
Ma%"!a e&"cativa a %"p!aveg@e!ii c#n%ta -n c#nt!#la!ea %i
-n&!"'a!ea 'in#!"l"i -n ca&!"l p!#g!a'"l"i %a" )ilnicB pe #
&"!ata c"p!in%a -nt!e &#"a%i 6 l"niB %", c##!&#na!ea %e!vici"l"i &e
p!#,ati"neB pent!" a a%ig"!a pa!ticipa!ea la c"!%"!i %c#la!e %a" &e
+#!'a!e p!#+e%i#nala%i p!eveni!ea &e%+a%"!a!ii "n#! activitati %a"
int!a!ea -n legat"!a c" an"'ite pe!%#ane ca!e a! p"tea a+ecta
p!#ce%"l &e -n&!epta!e al ace%t"ia.
Ma%"!a %e ap!#pie &e c#ntin"t"l 'a%"!ii e&"cative a
li,e!tatii %"p!aveg@eateB p!eva)"ta ante!i#! &e a!t. 1>* C.p.B av1n&
-n%a # &"!ata 'ai !e&"%a &a! valente e&"cative 'ai p!#n"ntate p!in
i'plica!ea %e!vici"l"i &e p!#,ati"ne.
1.*. C#n%e'na!ea la %+1!%it &e %apta'1na
Ma%"!a e&"cativa a c#n%e'na!ii la %+1!%it &e %apta'1na
c#n%ta -n #,ligatia 'in#!"l"i &e a n" pa!a%i l#c"inta -n )ilele &e
%1',ata%i &"'inicaB pe # &"!ata c"p!in%a -nt!e / %i 1 %apta'1niB
a+a!a &e ca)"l -n ca!eB -n acea%ta pe!i#a&aB a!e #,ligatia &e a
pa!ticipa la an"'ite p!#g!a'e #!i &e a &e%+a%"!a an"'ite activitati
i'p"%e &e in%tanta.
>*
1./. A%i%ta!ea )ilnica
Ma%"!a e&"cativa a a%i%ta!ii )ilniceB &i%p"%a pe # &"!ata
c"p!in%a -nt!e * %i 6 l"niB c#n%ta -n #,ligatia 'in#!"l"i &e a
!e%pecta "n p!#g!a' %ta,ilit &e %e!vici"l &e p!#,ati"neB ca!e
c#ntine #!a!"l %i c#n&itiile &e &e%+a%"!a!e a activitatil#!B p!ec"' %i
inte!&ictiile i'p"%e 'in#!"l"i.
Ma%"!a %e &e#%e,e%te &e %"p!aveg@e!e &e#a!ece
p!e%"p"ne # i'plica!e activa -n p!#g!a'"l )ilnic al 'in#!"l"iB -n
v!e'e ce %"p!aveg@e!ea n" p!e%"p"ne &ec1t # '#nit#!i)a!e &in
e(te!i#! a c#n&"itei ace%t"ia.
T!e,"ie 'enti#nat caB p#t!ivit a!t. 11 N.C.p.B pe &"!ata
e(ec"ta!ii #!ica!eia &int!e 'a%"!ile e&"cative nep!ivative &e
li,e!tateB in%tanta p#ate i'p"ne 'in#!"l"i "na %a" 'ai '"lte
&int!e "!'at#a!ele #,ligatiiE
a9 %a "!'e)e "n c"!% &e p!egati!e %c#la!a %a" +#!'a!e
p!#+e%i#nalaH
,9 %a n" &epa%ea%caB +a!a ac#!&"l %e!vici"l"i &e p!#,ati"neB
li'ita te!it#!iala %ta,ilita &e in%tantaH
c9 %a n" %e a+le -n an"'ite l#c"!i %a" la an"'ite
'ani+e%ta!i %p#!tiveB c"lt"!ale #!i la alte a&"na!i p",liceB %ta,ilite
&e in%tantaH
&9 %a n" %e ap!#pie %i %a n" c#'"nice c" victi'a %a" c"
'e',!i &e +a'ilie ai ace%teiaB c" pa!ticipantii la %av1!%i!ea
in+!acti"nii #!i c" alte pe!%#ane %ta,ilite &e in%tantaH
e9 %a %e p!e)inte la %e!vici"l &e p!#,ati"ne la &atele +i(ate
&e ace%taH
+9 %a %e %"p"na 'a%"!il#! &e c#nt!#lB t!ata'ent %a"
-ng!i.i!e 'e&icala.
n ca)"l -n ca!e 'in#!"l n" e(ec"ta 'a%"!a e&"cativa -n
c#n&itiile i'p"%e &e in%tantaB %e p#ate &i%p"ne +ie p!el"ngi!ea
&"!atei 'a%"!iiB +a!a a &epa%i 'a(i'"l p!eva)"t &e legeB +ie
-nl#c"i!ea 'a%"!ii c" # alta 'a%"!a 'ai %eve!aB p"t1n&":%e a."nge
-n +inal la # 'a%"!a p!ivativa &e li,e!tate 8a!t. 1* N.C.p.9.
>/
D . Ma%"!ile e&"cative p!ivative &e li,e!tate
N#"l C#& penal !egle'entea)a &#"a 'a%"!i e&"cative
p!ivative &e li,e!tateE inte!na!ea -nt!:"n cent!" e&"cativ %i
!e%pectiv inte!na!ea -nt!:"n cent!" &e &etentie.
.1. Inte!na!ea -nt!:"n cent!" e&"cativ
Ma%"!a e&"cativa a inte!na!ii -nt!:"n cent!" e&"cativ
c#n%ta -n inte!na!ea 'in#!"l"iB pe # pe!i#a&a c"p!in%a -nt!e 1 %i *
aniB -nt!:# in%tit"tie %peciali)ata -n !ec"pe!a!ea 'in#!il#!B "n&e va
"!'a "n p!#g!a' &e p!egati!e %c#la!a%i +#!'a!e p!#+e%i#nala
p#t!ivit aptit"&inil#! %aleB p!ec"' %i p!#g!a'e &e !einteg!a!e
%#ciala.
Ma%"!a c#!e%p"n&e inte!na!ii -nt!:"n cent!" &e !ee&"ca!eB
p!eva)"ta &e a!t. 1>/ C.p.B ne+iin& -n%a &i%p"%a pe # pe!i#a&a
ne&ete!'inataB ci pe # pe!i#a&a %ta,ilita &e in%tanta.
n ca)"l -n ca!e pe &"!ata inte!na!ii 'in#!"l a &#ve&it
inte!e% c#n%tant pent!" -n%"%i!ea c"n#%tintel#! %c#la!e %i
p!#+e%i#nale %i a +ac"t p!#g!e%e evi&ente -n ve&e!ea !einteg!a!ii
%#cialeB &"pa e(ec"ta!ea a cel p"tin ."'atate &in &"!ata inte!na!iiB
in%tanta p#ate &i%p"neE
a9 -nl#c"i!ea inte!na!ii c" 'a%"!a e&"cativa a a%i%ta!ii
)ilnice pe # pe!i#a&a egala c" &"!ata inte!na!ii nee(ec"tateB &a! n"
'ai '"lt &e 6 l"niB &aca pe!%#ana inte!nata n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e
1$ aniH
,9 li,e!a!ea &in cent!"l e&"cativB &aca pe!%#ana inte!nata a
-'plinit v1!%ta &e 1$ ani.
O&ata c" -nl#c"i!ea %a" li,e!a!eaB in%tanta i'p"ne
!e%pecta!ea "neia %a" 'ai '"lt#!a &int!e #,ligatiile p!eva)"te -n
a!t. 11 p1na la -'plini!ea &"!atei 'a%"!ii inte!na!ii.
n 'a%"!a -n ca!e 'in#!"l n" !e%pectaB c" !ea:c!e&intaB
c#n&itiile &e e(ec"ta!e a 'a%"!ii a%i%ta!ii )ilnice %a" #,ligatiile
i'p"%eB in%tanta !evine a%"p!a -nl#c"i!ii %a" li,e!a!ii %i &i%p"ne
>2
e(ec"ta!ea !e%t"l"i !a'a% nee(ec"tat &in &"!ata 'a%"!ii inte!na!ii
-nt!:"n cent!" e&"cativ.
In%tanta p#ate &i%p"ne p!el"ngi!ea &"!atei 'a%"!iiB +a!a a
&epa%i 'a(i'"l p!eva)"t &e legeB %a" # p#ate -nl#c"i c" 'a%"!a
inte!na!ii -nt!:"n cent!" &e &etentie at"nci c1n&E
:-n pe!i#a&a inte!na!ii 'in#!"l %av1!%e%te # n#"a in+!acti"ne %a"
e%te ."&ecat pent!" # in+!acti"ne c#nc"!enta %av1!%ita ante!i#!H
:&"pa -nl#c"i!ea c" a%i%ta!ea )ilnica pe!%#ana c#'ite # n#"a
in+!acti"ne -nainte &e -'plini!ea v1!%tei &e 1$ ani.
7aca -n c"!%"l e(ec"ta!ii 'a%"!ii e&"cative pe!%#ana
inte!nataB ca!e a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1$ aniB a!e "n c#'p#!ta'ent
p!in ca!e in+l"entea)a negativ %a" -'pie&ica p!#ce%"l &e
!ec"pe!a!e %i !einteg!a!e a cel#!lalte pe!%#ane inte!nateB in%tanta
p#ate &i%p"ne c#ntin"a!ea e(ec"ta!ii 'a%"!ii e&"cative -nt!:"n
penitencia!.
.. Inte!na!ea -nt!:"n cent!" &e &etentie
Ma%"!a e&"cativa a inte!na!ii -nt!:"n cent!" &e &etentie
c#n%ta -n inte!na!ea 'in#!"l"i -nt!:# in%tit"tie %peciali)ata -n
!ec"pe!a!ea 'in#!il#!B c" !egi' &e pa)a%i %"p!aveg@e!eB "n&e va
"!'a p!#g!a'e inten%ive &e !einteg!a!e %#cialaB p!ec"' %i
p!#g!a'e &e p!egati!e %c#la!a%i +#!'a!e p!#+e%i#nala p#t!ivit
aptit"&inil#! %ale.
Inte!na!ea %e &i%p"ne pe # pe!i#a&a c"p!in%a -nt!e %i 2
aniB a+a!a &e ca)"l -n ca!e pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!"
in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e > &e ani %a" 'ai 'a!e
#!i &etenti"nea pe viataB c1n& inte!na!ea %e ia pe # pe!i#a&a
c"p!in%a -nt!e 2 %i 12 ani.
Acea%ta 'a%"!a n" a!e c#!e%p#n&ent p!int!e 'a%"!ile
e&"cative !egle'entate &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B ea +iin&
aplica,ila -n ip#te)ele -n ca!e p#t!ivit vec@ii !egle'enta!i %:a! +i
aplicat pe&ep%e p!ivative &e li,e!tate.
>6
Regi'"l ace%tei 'a%"!i e%te %i'ila!B %", a%pect"l
-nl#c"i!iiB li,e!a!ii %a" p!el"ngi!iiB c" cel p!eva)"t pent!"
inte!na!ea -n cent!"l e&"cativ. Si -n ace%t ca) in%tanta p#ate
&i%p"ne c#ntin"a!ea e(ec"ta!ii 'a%"!ii -nt!:"n penitencia! &"pa
-'plini!ea v1!%tei &e 1$ ani at"nci c1n& -n c"!%"l e(ec"ta!ii
pe!%#ana a!e "n c#'p#!ta'ent p!in ca!e in+l"entea)a negativ %a"
-'pie&ica p!#ce%"l &e !ec"pe!a!e %i !einteg!a!e a cel#!lalte
pe!%#ane inte!nate.
D *. T!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#! al pl"!alitatii &e in+!acti"ni -n
ca)"l 'in#!"l"i
P#t!ivit a!t. 10 N.C.p.B -n ca) &e c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"ni
%av1!%ite -n ti'p"l 'in#!itatiiB %e %ta,ile%te %i %e ia # %ing"!a
'a%"!a e&"cativa pent!" t#ate +apteleB -n c#n&itiile a!t. 11/ N.C.p.B
tin1n& %ea'a &e c!ite!iile gene!ale &e in&ivi&"ali)a!e a
%ancti"nil#!.
n ca)"l %av1!%i!ii a &#"a in+!acti"niB &int!e ca!e "na -n
ti'p"l 'in#!itatii %i "na &"pa 'a.#!atB pent!" in+!acti"nea c#'i%a
-n ti'p"l 'in#!itatii %e ia # 'a%"!a e&"cativaB ia! pent!"
in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita &"pa 'a.#!at %e %ta,ile%te # pe&eap%aB &"pa
ca!eE
a9 &aca 'a%"!a e&"cativa e%te nep!ivativa &e li,e!tateB %e
e(ec"ta n"'ai pe&eap%aH
,9 &aca 'a%"!a e&"cativa e%te p!ivativa &e li,e!tateB ia!
pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!eaB %e aplica pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!iiB ca!e %e
'a.#!ea)a c" # &"!ata egala c" cel p"tin # pat!i'e &in &"!ata
'a%"!ii e&"cative #!i &in !e%t"l !a'a% nee(ec"tat &in acea%ta la
&ata %av1!%i!ii in+!acti"nii c#'i%e &"pa 'a.#!atH &in pe&eap%a
a%t+el #,tin"ta %e %ca&e ceea ce %:a e(ec"tat &in '#'ent"l
%av1!%i!ii in+!acti"nii c#'i%e &"pa 'a.#!at p1na la &ata ."&eca!ii.
Pe&eap%a a%t+el aplicata n" p#ate +ace #,iect"l a'1na!ii aplica!ii
pe&ep%ei %a" al %"%pen&a!ii e(ec"ta!ii %", %"p!aveg@e!eH
><
c9 &aca pe&eap%a aplicata pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita
&"pa 'a.#!at e%te &etenti"nea pe viataB %e e(ec"ta n"'ai acea%ta
pe&eap%aH
&9 &aca 'a%"!a e&"cativa e%te p!ivativa &e li,e!tateB ia!
pe&eap%a e%te a'en&aB %e e(ec"ta 'a%"!a e&"cativaB a ca!ei &"!ata
%e 'a.#!ea)a c" cel '"lt 6 l"niB +a!a a &epa%i 'a(i'"l p!eva)"t &e
lege pent!" acea%ta.
n ca)"l %av1!%i!ii &"pa 'a.#!at a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
in+!acti"ni c#nc"!ente %e aplica 'ai -nt1i !eg"lile !e+e!it#a!e la
c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"niB &"pa ca!e %e aplica !eg"lile p!ivin&
c#nt#pi!ea c" 'a%"!a e&"cativa.
D /. Alte pa!tic"la!itati ale !egi'"l"i %ancti#nat#! al 'in#!il#!
n 'ate!ia p!e%c!iptiei !a%p"n&e!ii penale pent!"
in+!acti"nile c#'i%e &e 'in#!iB n#"l C#& penal pa%t!ea)a !eg"la
c#n%ac!ata &e a!t. 10 C.p.B p#t!ivit ca!eia te!'enele &e p!e%c!iptie
a !a%p"n&e!ii penale %e !e&"c la ."'atate pent!" cei ca!e la &ata
%av1!%i!ii in+!acti"nii e!a" 'in#!i.
n %c@i',B ne'aie(i%t1n& pe&ep%e aplica,ile 'in#!"l"iB -n
'ate!ia p!e%c!iptiei e(ec"ta!ii %ancti"nil#! apa! !eg"li n#i #&ata
c" int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a n#"l"i C#& penal. A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t.
1* N.C.p.B 'a%"!ile e&"cative nep!ivative &e li,e!tate %e
p!e%c!i" -nt!:"n te!'en &e ani &e la &ata !a'1ne!ii &e+initive a
@#ta!1!ii p!in ca!e a" +#%t l"ate. Ma%"!ile e&"cative p!ivative &e
li,e!tate %e p!e%c!i" -nt!:"n te!'en egal c" &"!ata 'a%"!ii
e&"cative l"ateB &a! n" 'ai p"tin &e ani.
La +el ca %i -n vec@ea !egle'enta!eB in+!acti"nile c#'i%e -n
ti'p"l 'in#!itatii n" at!ag inte!&ictiiB &eca&e!i %a" incapacitati.
>$
: Capit#l"l ?5I :
RASPUN7EREA PENALA A PERSOANEI ;URI7ICE
D 1. A%pecte gene!ale
n 'ate!ia !a%p"n&e!ii penale a pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB n#"l
C#& penal pa%t!ea)a -n linii gene!ale !egle'enta!ea in%tit"ita &e
C#&"l penal &in 1060B a%a c"' a +#%t '#&i+icat p!in Legea n!.
<$C>>6. C" t#ate ace%teaB a" +#%t a&"%e c1teva '#&i+ica!iB
a%"p!a ca!#!a v#' %ta!"i -n cele ce "!'ea)a.
A%a c"' %e p#ate #,%e!vaB n#"l C#& penal !eg!"pea)a
-nt!:"n capit#l &i%tinct p!incipalele p!eve&e!i !e+e!it#a!e la
pe!%#ana ."!i&ica.
P#t!ivit a!t. 101 C.p.B pe!%#anele ."!i&iceB c" e(ceptia
%tat"l"iB a a"t#!itatil#! p",lice %i a in%tit"tiil#! p",lice ca!e
&e%+a%#a!a # activitate ce n" p#ate +ace #,iect"l &#'eni"l"i
p!ivatB !a%p"n& penal pent!" in+!acti"nile %av1!%ite -n !eali)a!ea
#,iect"l"i &e activitate %a" -n inte!e%"l #!i -n n"'ele pe!%#anei
."!i&iceB &aca +apta a +#%t %av1!%ita c" +#!'a &e vin#vatie
p!eva)"ta &e legea penala. Ra%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei
."!i&ice n" e(cl"&e !a%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei +i)ice ca!e a
c#nt!i,"itB -n #!ice '#&B la %av1!%i!ea aceleia%i in+!acti"ni.
La !1n&"l %a"B a!t. 1*2 N.C.p. p!eve&e ca
pe!%#ana
."!i&icaB c" e(ceptia %tat"l"i %i a a"t#!itatil#! p",liceB !a%p"n&e
penal pent!" in+!acti"nile %av1!%ite -n !eali)a!ea #,iect"l"i &e
activitate %a" -n inte!e%"l #!i -n n"'ele pe!%#anei ."!i&ice.
In%tit"tiile p",lice n" !a%p"n& penal pent!" in+!acti"nile
%av1!%ite -n e(e!cita!ea "nei activitati ce n" p#ate +ace #,iect"l
&#'eni"l"i p!ivat. Ra%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei ."!i&ice n"
e(cl"&e !a%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei +i)ice ca!e a c#nt!i,"it
la %av1!%i!ea aceleia%i +apte.
>0
E%te &e %",liniat ca a',ele !egle'enta!i c#n%ac!a "n
'#&el &e !a%p"n&e!e penala &i!ectaB -n ca!e pe!%#ana ."!i&ica
!a%p"n&e pent!" +apta p!#p!ie %i n" pent!" +apta altei pe!%#ane.
D . Pe!%#anele ."!i&ice ca!e p#t !a%p"n&e penal
A%a c"' !e)"lta &in te(t"l a!t. 1*2 N.C.p. 8a!t. 101 C.p.9B
!a%p"n&e!ea penala p#ate +i anga.ata &#a! -n %a!cina "nei pe!%#ane
."!i&iceB a&ica a "nei entitati ca!eia legea civila -i !ec"n#a%te
acea%ta pe!%#nalitate. Pe cale &e c#n%ecintaB # entitate ca!eia n" -i
e%te !ec"n#%c"ta pe!%#nalitatea ."!i&ica : %p!e e(e'pl"B # %#cietate
civila %a" # a%#cie!e -n pa!ticipatie : n" p#ate +i %",iect activ al
"nei in+!acti"ni.
5#! !a%p"n&eB -n%aB penal t#ate pe!%#anele ."!i&ice &e
&!ept p!ivatB in&i+e!ent &e +#!'a ."!i&ica pe ca!e # -',!aca :
%#cietati c#'e!cialeB %#cietati ag!ic#leB a%#ciatiiB +"n&atii etc.
Legi"it#!"l n" a &#!itB -n%aB %a incl"&a -n %+e!a %",iectil#!
!a%p"n&e!ii penale t#ate entitatile &#tate c" pe!%#nalitate ."!i&icaB
in%tit"in& # %e!ie &e e(cepta!i.
a9 Stat"l.A%a&a!B Stat"l ,ene+icia)a &e # i'"nitate &e
."!i%&ictie penala gene!ala%i a,%#l"taB nep"t1n& +i anga.ata
!a%p"n&e!ea ace%t"ia nici -n ca)"l +aptel#! c#'i%e -n e(e!cita!ea
a"t#!itatii &e %tatB &a! nici -n ca)"l acel#! +apte ca!e %:a! %av1!%i -n
e(e!cita!ea "n#! activitati ce tin &e &#'eni"l p!ivat al %tat"l"i.
,9 A"t#!itatile p",lice. 5#! ,ene+iciaB a%a&a!B &e i'"nitate
penala t#ate a"t#!itatile p",lice !egle'entate &e C#n%tit"tie %a" &e
alte acte n#!'ative :Pa!la'ent"lB G"ve!n"lB C"!tea
C#n%tit"ti#nalaB in%tantele ."&ecat#!e%tiB C#n%ili"l S"pe!i#! al
Magi%t!at"!iiB C"!tea &e C#nt"!iB C#n%ili"l S"p!e' &e Apa!a!e a
Ta!ii etc.
c9 In%tit"tiile p",lice ca!e &e%+a%#a!a # activitate ce n"
p#ate +ace #,iect"l &#'eni"l"i p!ivat.
1>
n p!ivinta ace%t#!a n#"l C#& penal a&"ce # '#&i+ica!e a
li'itel#! i'"nitatii. P#t!ivit C#&"l"i penal &in 1060B -n ca)"l
in%tit"tiil#! p",liceB #!gan"l ."&icia! t!e,"ia %a anali)e)e n" &#a!
activitatea ca!e a #ca)i#nat c#'ite!ea in+!acti"niiB pent!" a ve&ea
&aca acea%ta p#ate %a" n" %a +aca #,iect"l &#'eni"l"i p!ivatB ci
-nt!eaga %+e!a a at!i,"tiil#! c#n+e!ite entitatii !e%pective p!in act"l
&e -n+iinta!e 8legeB @#ta!1!e &e G"ve!n etc.9B %p!e a ve!i+ica a%t+el
&aca p!int!e ace%tea +ig"!ea)a cel p"tin # activitate ca!e ie%e &in
%+e!a &#'eni"l"i p!ivat. E(i%tenta "nei a%e'enea activitati at!agea
# i'"nitate gene!ala a in%tit"tiei p",lice !e%pective.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1*2 alin. N.C.p.B in%tit"tiile p",lice %e
,"c"!a &e i'"nitate n"'ai pent!" in+!acti"nile %av1!%ite -n
e(e!cita!ea "nei activitati ce n" p#ate +ace #,iect"l &#'eni"l"ip!ivat. n c#n%ecintaB ace%te in%tit"tii p#t
!a%p"n&e penalB -n%a
n"'ai pent!" in+!acti"ni c#'i%e -n !eali)a!ea "n#! activitati ce
p#t +ace #,iect"l &#'eni"l"i p!ivat. E%te ca)"l "n#! in%tit"tii
c"' a! +iE =anca Nati#nalaB penitencia!eleB cent!ele &e e&"cative
%i cent!ele &e &etentieB "nitatile 'ilita!eB In%tit"t"l Nati#nal &e
E(pe!ti)e C!i'inali%ticeB In%tit"t"l Nati#nal al Magi%t!at"!ii etc.
P!in activitate ca!e n" p#ate +ace #,iect"l &#'eni"l"i
p!ivat "!'ea)a a %e -ntelegeB -n #pinia n#a%t!aB # activitate ca!eB
p#t!ivit legiiB n" e%te %"%cepti,ila a +i e(e!citata &e # pe!%#ana
+i)ica %a" &e # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica &e &!ept p!ivat.
5#! c#ntin"a %a !a%p"n&a penal la +el ca -nainte
"nive!%itatile &e %tatB 'a.#!itatea in%tit"tiil#! %anita!e &e %tatB
cent!ele &e pla%a'ent pent!" 'in#!i etc.
D *. In+!acti"nile ce p#t +i %av1!%ite &e # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica
N#"l C#& penal pa%t!ea)a
%i%te'"l !a%p"n&e!ii gene!ale.
Ace%t &in "!'a %i%te' p!e%"p"ne ca # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica
p#ateB -n p!incipi"B %a c#'ita #!ice in+!acti"neB in&i+e!ent &e
nat"!a ace%teiaB "!'1n& a %e %ta,iliB -n +ieca!e ca) -n pa!teB &aca
%"nt -n&eplinite c#n&itiile pent!" a anga.a !a%p"n&e!ea entitatii
c#lective. 7e%ig"!B e(i%ta an"'ite in+!acti"ni ca!eB -n c#n%i&e!a!ea
11
nat"!ii l#!B %e &#ve&e%c inc#'pati,ile c" %av1!%i!eaB -n calitate &e
a"t#!B &e cat!e # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica 8eva&a!eB &e)e!ta!eB ,iga'ieB
in+!acti"ni c#'i%e &e +"ncti#na!i etc.9. Ni'ic n" -'pie&icaB -n%aB
pa!ticipa!ea "nei pe!%#ane ."!i&iceB -n calitate &e in%tigat#! %a"
c#'pliceB la c#'ite!ea "nei a%e'enea +apte.
D /. C#n&itiile &e anga.a!e a !a%p"n&e!ii penale a pe!%#anei
."!i&ice
a9 Pe!%#anele +i)ice ca!e p#t anga.a penal pe!%#ana
."!i&ica.
A!t. 1*2 N.C.p.B la +el ca %i a!t. 101 C.p.B n" c#ntine nici#
p!eci)a!e -n ace%t %en%. Evit1n& %a in&ivi&"ali)e)e pe!%#anele
+i)ice %a" #!ganele p!in inte!'e&i"l ca!#!a !a%p"n&e!ea penala a
pe!%#anei ."!i&ice a! p"tea +i anga.ataB legi"it#!"l a evitat li'ita!ea
%+e!ei ace%t#! pe!%#ane %iB i'plicitB #+e!i!ea &e p#%i,ilitati &e a
el"&a !a%p"n&e!ea penala p!in -nc!e&inta!ea +#!'ala &e cat!e
pe!%#ana ."!i&ica a "n#! at!i,"tii &e &eci)ie alt#! pe!%#ane &ec1t
cele e(p!e% p!eva)"te &e lege. Ca ata!eB p#t +i i'p"tate pe!%#anei
."!i&ice actele c#'i%e &e #!ganeB !ep!e)entantiB 'an&ata!iB p!ep"%i
%a" c@ia! pe!%#ane ca!eB +#!'alB n" l"c!ea)a pent!" pe!%#ana
."!i&icaB &a! ca!eB -n +aptB acti#nea)a %", a"t#!itatea ace%teia #!i &e
a ca!#! acti"ne pe!%#ana ."!i&ica a ,ene+iciat.
,9 Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii c#'i%e &e pe!%#ana
."!i&ica.
Si %", ace%t a%pectB n#"l C#& penal pa%t!ea)a
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a.
Legi"it#!"l a c#n%ac!at t!ei c!ite!ii pe ,a)a ca!#!a #
in+!acti"ne p#ate +i at!i,"ita "nei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice. P#t!ivit a!t.
1*2 N.C.p. 8a!t. 101 C.p.9B pe!%#anele ."!i&ice !a%p"n& penal
pent!" in+!acti"nile %av1!%ite -n !eali)a!ea #,iect"l"i &e activitate
%a" -n inte!e%"l #!i -n n"'ele pe!%#anei ."!i&ice.
1
. Sav1!%i!ea -n !eali)a!ea #,iect"l"i &e activitate.
E%te v#!,a aici &e%p!e +apte ca!e %e leaga &i!ect &e activitatile
p!incipale 'enite %a &"ca la !eali)a!ea #,iect"l"i %#cialB %i n" &e
+apte ca!e a" +#%t &#a! #ca)i#nate &e activitati legate in&i!ect &e
ace%t #,iect. A%t+elB %e v#! incl"&e aiciE in+!acti"ni p!ivin& !egi'"l
"n#! activitati ec#n#'iceB in+!acti"ni p!ivin& p!#tectia 'e&i"l"i
etc.
. Sav1!%i!ea -n inte!e%"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice. n
categ#!ia in+!acti"nil#! c#'i%e -n inte!e%"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice %e
v#! !ega%i in+!acti"ni ce e(ce& ca&!"l"i activitatil#! legate &e
!eali)a!ea #,iect"l"i &e activitateB &a! ca!e %"nt %"%cepti,ile %a
a&"ca "n ,ene+ici" pe!%#anei ."!i&ice. =ene+ici"l t!e,"ie -ntele%
aici at1t ca #,tine!ea "n"i p!#+itB c1t %i ca evita!e a "nei pie!&e!i.
. Sav1!%i!ea -n n"'ele pe!%#anei ."!i&ice. n +ineB
in+!acti"nile c#'i%e -n n"'ele pe!%#anei ."!i&ice %"nt in+!acti"ni
ca!e n" %e leaga ne'i.l#cit &e #,iect"l &e activitate al pe!%#anei
."!i&ice %i nici n" %"nt &e nat"!a a a&"ce "n ,ene+ici" ace%teiaB &a!
%e c#'it -n p!#ce%"l #!gani)a!ii activitatii %i +"ncti#na!ii pe!%#anei
."!i&ice. Sp!e e(e'pl"B # in+!acti"ne &e a,") -n %e!vici" c#n%t1n&
-n !e+")"l anga.a!iiB &at#!ita etniei ace%teiaB a "nei pe!%#ane ca!e a
c1%tigat c#nc"!%"lB n" va a&"ce nici"n p!#+it pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB
&a! e%te c#'i%a &e +"ncti#na!"l -n ca")a -n n"'ele ei.
c9 Ele'ent"l %",iectiv -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice.
Anga.a!ea !a%p"n&e!ii penale a pe!%#anei ."!i&ice i'p"ne
c#n%tata!ea "n"i ele'ent %",iectiv p!#p!i" ace%teiaB %epa!at &e
ele'ent"l %",iectiv ce ca!acte!i)ea)a +apta "nei an"'ite pe!%#ane
+i)ice.
Nici %", ace%t a%pect n" e(i%ta &e#%e,i!i -nt!e vec@ea %i
n#"a !egle'enta!e. Pent!" &ete!'ina!ea ele'ent"l"i %",iectiv -n
ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice %e va avea -n ve&e!eB -n p!i'"l !1n&B
p#)itia %",iectiva a #!ganel#! &e c#n&"ce!e a entitatii c#lective.
A%t+elB in+!acti"nea p#ate avea la ,a)a +ie # &eci)ie a&#ptata
intenti#nat &e pe!%#ana ."!i&icaB +ie # negli.enta a ace%teiaB
negli.enta ce p#ate c#n%taB %p!e e(e'pl"B -nt!:# #!gani)a!e inte!na
1*
&e+icita!aB -n 'a%"!i &e %ec"!itate in%"+iciente %a" -n !e%t!ictii
,"geta!e ne!e)#na,ile ce a" c!eat c#n&itiile c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii.
C"'B -n%aB !a%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei ."!i&ice n" %e
li'itea)a la in+!acti"nile c#'i%e &e #!ganele ace%teiaB -n ca)"l
+aptel#! "n#! p!ep"%i %a" 'an&ata!iB e%te nece%a! ca pe!%#ana
."!i&ica %a +i av"t c"n#%tinta &e intentia &e a c#'ite ace%te
in+!acti"ni %i %a +i c#n%i'tit #!i %a +i -n&e'nat la %av1!%i!ea l#!. n
ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! &in c"lpaB t!e,"ie %a %e c#n%tate ca pe!%#ana
."!i&ica a av"t c"n#%tinta &e !i%c"l c#'ite!ii l#! %i a negli.at %a
a&#pte 'a%"!ile nece%a!e pent!" a le p!eveni.
&9 C"'"l"l &e !a%p"n&e!i -nt!e pe!%#ana +i)ica%i
pe!%#ana ."!i&ica.
A!t. 1*2 alin.* N.C.p. p!eve&e ca !a%p"n&e!ea penala a
pe!%#anei ."!i&ice n" e(cl"&e !a%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei
+i)ice ca!e a c#nt!i,"it la %av1!%i!ea aceleia%i +apte.
A%a&a!B %#l"tia alea%a &e legi"it#!"l n#%t!" e%te c"'"l"l &e
!a%p"n&e!e -nt!e pe!%#ana ."!i&ica%i pe!%#ana +i)icaB la +el ca -n
C#&"l penal &in 1060.
D 2. Sancti"nile aplica,ile pe!%#anei ."!i&ice
n 'ate!ia %ancti"nil#! aplica,ileB n#"l C#& penal a&"ce
c1teva ele'ente &e n#"tate +ata &e vec@ea !egle'enta!e.
A9 Pe&eap%a p!incipala
La +el ca -n ca)"l C#&"l"i penal &in 1060B pe&eap%a
p!incipala !a'1ne a'en&a. Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e vec@ea
!egle'enta!eB n#"l C#& penal int!#&"ce %i -n ca)"l pe!%#anei
."!i&ice %i%te'"l )ilel#!:a'en&a.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1*< N.C.p.B c"ant"'"l a'en)ii %e %ta,ile%te
p!in %i%te'"l )ilel#!:a'en&a. S"'a c#!e%p"n)at#a!e "nei )ilea'en&aB
c"p!in%a -nt!e 1>> %i 2.>>> leiB %e -n'"lte%te c"
n"'a!"l )ilel#!:a'en&aB ca!e e%te c"p!in% -nt!e *> &e )ile %i 6>>
1/
&e )ile. n C#&"l penal &in 1060 li'itele gene!ale ale a'en)ii e!a"
.2>> leiB !e%pectiv .>>>.>>> lei.
Li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei a'en)ii aplica,ile pe!%#anei
."!i&ice %"nt &ete!'inateB ca -n ca)"l pe!%#anei +i)iceB -n +"nctie
&e pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii c" ca!e a'en&a e%te p!eva)"ta alte!nativ.
N#"l C#& penal int!#&"ce 'ai '"lte li'ite %peciale ale
pe&ep%ei a'en)ii +ata &e vec@ea !egle'enta!e.
P#t!ivit a!t. <11 C.p.B c1n& legea p!eve&ea pent!"
in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita &e pe!%#ana +i)ica pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e cel
'"lt 1> ani %a" a'en&aB 'ini'"l %pecial al a'en)ii pent!"
pe!%#ana ."!i&ica e!a &e 2.>>> leiB ia! 'a(i'"l %pecial al a'en)ii
&e 6>>.>>> lei. C1n& legea p!eve&ea pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita
&e pe!%#ana +i)ica pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viata %a" pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e 1> aniB 'ini'"l %pecial al a'en)ii pent!"
pe!%#ana ."!i&ica e!a &e 1>.>>> leiB ia! 'a(i'"l %pecial al a'en)ii
&e 0>>.>>> lei.
A!t. 1*< alin./ N.C.p. p!eve&e ca li'itele %peciale ale
)ilel#!:a'en&a %"nt c"p!in%e -nt!eE 6> %i 1$> &e )ile:a'en&aB c1n&
legea p!eve&e pent!" in+!acti"nea %av1!%ita n"'ai pe&eap%a
a'en)iiH 1> %i /> &e )ile:a'en&aB c1n& legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii &e cel '"lt 2 aniB "nica %a" alte!nativ c" pe&eap%a
a'en)iiH 1$> %i *>> &e )ile:a'en&aB c1n& legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii &e cel '"lt 1> aniH /> %i /> &e )ile:a'en&aB c1n&
legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e cel '"lt > &e aniH *6> %i
21> &e )ile:a'en&aB c1n& legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai
'a!e &e > &e ani %a" &etenti"nea pe viata.
=9 Pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e
P#t!ivit a!t. 1*6 alin.* N.C.p.B pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e
%"ntE
a9 &i)#lva!ea pe!%#anei ."!i&iceH
,9 %"%pen&a!ea activitatii %a" a "neia &int!e activitatile
pe!%#anei ."!i&ice pe # &"!ata &e la * l"ni la * aniH
12
c9 -nc@i&e!ea "n#! p"ncte &e l"c!" ale pe!%#anei ."!i&ice pe
# &"!ata &e la * l"ni la * aniH
&9 inte!)ice!ea &e a pa!ticipa la p!#ce&"!ile &e ac@i)itii
p",lice
pe # &"!ata &e la 1 la * aniH
e9 pla%a!ea %", %"p!aveg@e!e ."&icia!aH
+9 a+i%a!ea %a" p",lica!ea @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e.
Se #,%e!va ca n#"a !egle'enta!e pa%t!ea)a -n linii
gene!ale categ#!iile &e pe&ep%e c#'ple'enta!e c#n%ac!ate &e
C#&"l penal &in 1060B #pe!1n& &#a! '#&i+ica!i %", a%pect"l
&"!atei "n#!a &int!e pe&ep%e %i a&a"g1n& # pe&eap%a n#"a 4
pla%a!ea %", %"p!aveg@e!e ."&icia!a.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1*$ N.C.p.B aplica!ea "neia %a" 'ai '"lt#!
pe&ep%e c#'ple'enta!e %e &i%p"ne at"nci c1n& in%tanta c#n%tata
caB +ata &e nat"!a %i g!avitatea in+!acti"niiB p!ec"' %i +ata &e
-'p!e."!a!ile -n ca!e a +#%t %av1!%itaB ace%te pe&ep%e %"nt nece%a!e.
Aplica!ea "neia %a" 'ai '"lt#! pe&ep%e c#'ple'enta!e e%te
#,ligat#!ie c1n& legea p!eve&e acea%ta pe&eap%aB ia! pe&ep%ele
c#'ple'enta!e p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1*6 alin.* lit. ,9 4 +9 %e p#t aplica
-n '#& c"'"lativ.
a9 7i)#lva!ea %e aplica at"nci c1n& pe!%#ana ."!i&ica a +#%t
c#n%tit"ita -n %c#p"l %av1!%i!ii &e in+!acti"ni %a" c1n& #,iect"l %a"
&e activitate a +#%t &et"!nat -n ace%t %c#pB &aca -n ace%t "lti' ca)
pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege e%te -nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e * ani. 7e
a%e'eneaB -n ca) &e nee(ec"ta!eB c" !ea:c!e&intaB a "neia &int!e
pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1*6 alin.* lit. ,9 4 e9B
in%tanta &i%p"ne &i)#lva!ea pe!%#anei ."!i&ice.
,9 S"%pen&a!ea activitatii %a" a "neia &int!e activitatile
pe!%#anei ."!i&ice c#n%ta -n inte!)ice!ea &e%+a%"!a!ii activitatii %a"
a "neia &int!e activitatile pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB -n !eali)a!ea ca!eia a
+#%t %av1!%ita in+!acti"nea. n ca) &e nee(ec"ta!eB c" !ea:c!e&intaB
a pe&ep%ei c#'ple'enta!e p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1*6 alin.* lit. +9
N.C.p.B in%tanta &i%p"ne %"%pen&a!ea activitatii %a" a "neia &int!e
16
activitatile pe!%#anei ."!i&ice p1na la p"ne!ea -n e(ec"ta!e a
pe&ep%ei c#'ple'enta!eB &a! n" 'ai '"lt &e * l"ni. 7aca p1na la
-'plini!ea ace%t"i te!'en pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a n" a +#%t p"%a
-n e(ec"ta!eB in%tanta &i%p"ne &i)#lva!ea pe!%#anei ."!i&ice 8a!t.
1/> N.C.p.9.
A!t. 1/1 p!eve&e ca &i)#lva!ea %i %"%pen&a!ea activitatii n"
p#t +i aplicate in%tit"tiil#! p",liceB pa!ti&el#! p#liticeB %in&icatel#!B
pat!#natel#! %i #!gani)atiil#! !eligi#a%e #!i apa!tin1n& 'in#!itatil#!
nati#naleB c#n%tit"ite p#t!ivit legii. Ace%te &i%p#)itii %e aplica%i
pe!%#anel#! ."!i&ice ca!e -%i &e%+a%#a!a activitatea -n &#'eni"l
p!e%ei. 3ata &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a %"nt &e %e'nalat &#"a
'#&i+ica!iE -n p!i'"l !1n&B %e a&a"ga in%tit"tiile p",lice -n
acea%ta categ#!ieB &at#!ita e(tin&e!ii inci&entei !a%p"n&e!ii
penale -n ca)"l ace%t#! in%tit"tii p!in li'ita!ea i'"nitatiiH -n al
&#ilea !1n&B %e ci!c"'%c!ie 'ai e(act %+e!a 'in#!itatil#! ale
ca!#! #!gani)atii n" p#t +ace #,iect"l ace%t#! %ancti"niB
p!eci)1n&":%e ca e%te v#!,a &#a! &e 'in#!itati nati#nale.
c9 Pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a -nc@i&e!ii "n#! p"ncte &e
l"c!" ale pe!%#anei ."!i&ice c#n%ta -n -nc@i&e!ea "n"ia %a" a 'ai
'"lt#!a &int!e p"nctele &e l"c!" apa!tin1n& pe!%#anei ."!i&ice c"
%c#p l"c!ativB -n ca!e %:a &e%+a%"!at activitatea -n !eali)a!ea ca!eia
a +#%t %av1!%ita in+!acti"nea. 7i%p#)itiile ace%tea n" %e aplica
pe!%#anel#! ."!i&ice ca!e -%i &e%+a%#a!a activitatea -n &#'eni"l
p!e%ei.
&9 Inte!)ice!ea &e a pa!ticipa la p!#ce&"!ile &e ac@i)itii
p",lice c#n%ta -n inte!)ice!ea &e a pa!ticipaB &i!ect %a" in&i!ectB la
p!#ce&"!ile pent!" at!i,"i!ea c#nt!actel#! &e ac@i)itii p",lice
p!eva)"te &e lege. Inte!&ictia n" a+ectea)a &e!"la!ea c#nt!actel#!
&e.a a&."&ecate -nainte &e c#n&a'na!e.
e9 Pla%a!ea %", %"p!aveg@e!e ."&icia!a c#n%ta -n
&e%e'na!ea &e cat!e in%tanta a "n"i a&'ini%t!at#! ."&icia! %a" a
"n"i 'an&ata! ."&icia! ca!e va %"p!aveg@eaB pe # pe!i#a&a &e la
1<
"n" la * aniB &e%+a%"!a!ea activitatii ce a #ca)i#nat %av1!%i!ea
in+!acti"nii. A&'ini%t!at#!"l %a" 'an&ata!"l ."&icia! n" %e
%",%tit"ie #!ganel#! &e c#n&"ce!e %tat"ta!e ale pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB
el av1n& -n%a #,ligatia &e a %e%i)a in%tanta at"nci c1n& c#n%tata ca
pe!%#ana ."!i&ica n" a l"at 'a%"!ile nece%a!e -n ve&e!ea p!eveni!ii
c#'ite!ii &e n#i in+!acti"ni. n ca)"l -n ca!e in%tanta c#n%tata ca
%e%i)a!ea e%te -nte'eiataB &i%p"ne -nl#c"i!ea ace%tei pe&ep%e c"
%"%pen&a!ea activitatii %a" a "neia &int!e activitati. Nici pla%a!ea
%", %"p!aveg@e!e ."&icia!a n" %e aplica -n ca)"l pe!%#anel#!
."!i&ice 'enti#nate -n a!t. 1/1. E%te # pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a
int!#&"%a &e n#"l C#& penalB neav1n& c#!e%p#n&ent -n
!egle'enta!ile ante!i#a!e.
+9 A+i%a!ea %a" p",lica!ea @#ta!1!ii &e+initive &e
c#n&a'na!e %e !eali)ea)a pe c@elt"iala pe!%#anei ."!i&ice
c#n&a'nate. P!in a+i%a!ea %a" &i+")a!ea @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e
n" p#ate +i &e)val"ita i&entitatea alt#! pe!%#ane.
C9 E(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%el#! -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice
n ca)"l pe&ep%ei p!incipaleB n#"l C#& penalB la +el ca %i
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB n" p!eve&e p#%i,ilitatea %"%pen&a!ii
e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei.
E(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%el#! c#'ple'enta!e -ncepe &"pa
!a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e.
Si n#"l C#& penal !egle'entea)a in%tit"tia !eci&ivei pent!"
pe!%#ana ."!i&icaB e(i%tenta at"nci c1n&B &"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva
a "nei @#ta!1!i &e c#n&a'na!e %i p1na la !ea,ilita!eB pe!%#ana
."!i&ica %av1!%e%te &in n#" # in+!acti"neB c" intentie %a" c" intentie
&epa%ita. n ca) &e !eci&ivaB li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei
p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" n#"a in+!acti"ne %e 'a.#!ea)a c"
."'atateB +a!a a &epa%i 'a(i'"l gene!al al pe&ep%ei a'en)ii. 7aca
a'en&a ante!i#a!a n" a +#%t e(ec"tataB -n t#t %a" -n pa!teB a'en&a
%ta,ilita pent!" n#"a in+!acti"ne -n li'itele 'a.#!ate c" ."'atateB
%e a&a"ga la pe&eap%a ante!i#a!a %a" la !e%t"l !a'a% nee(ec"tat
&in acea%ta. M#&i+ica!ile +ata &e p!eve&e!ile C#&"l"i penal &in
1$
1060 %e &at#!ea)a '#&i+ica!ii t!ata'ent"l"i %ancti#nat#! al
!eci&ivei %i -n ca)"l pe!%#anei +i)iceB p!in c#n%ac!a!ea c"'"l"l"i
a!it'etic -n ca)"l !eci&ivei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1/$ N.C.p.B !a%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei
."!i&ice %e p!e%c!ie -n c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" pe!%#ana
+i)ica. N#"l C#& penal !en"nta a%a&a! la p!eve&e!ea "n#!
te!'ene &e p!e%c!iptie a !a%p"n&e!ii penale pent!" pe!%#ana
."!i&ica &i+e!ite &e cele p!eva)"te pent!" pe!%#ana +i)icaB %#l"tie
+i!ea%ca &aca ave' -n ve&e!e caB -n p!incipi"B !a%p"n&e!ea penala
a cel#! &#"a categ#!ii &e %",iecti %e anga.ea)a c#nc#'itent.
Te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie a e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei a'en)ii
aplicate pe!%#anei ."!i&ice e%te &e 2 ani. N#"l C#& penal c#n%ac!a
%i p#%i,ilitatea %tinge!ii p!in p!e%c!iptie a e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%el#!
c#'ple'enta!e aplicate pe!%#anel#! ."!i&iceB -nt!:"n te!'en &e
* aniB ca!e c"!ge &e la &ata la ca!e pe&eap%a a'en)ii a +#%t
e(ec"tata %a" c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tata.
10
: Capit#l"l ?5II :
CAU6ELE CARE NLATURA RASPUN7EREA
PENALA
D 1. A'ni%tia
1.1. 7e+initie
E%te act"l &e cle'enta al Pa!la'ent"l"i R#'1niei p!in
ca!eB &in c#n%i&e!ente &e p#litica penalaB e%te -nlat"!ata
!a%p"n&e!ea penalaB e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%ei %i celelalte c#n%ecinte ale
c#n&a'na!ii pent!" in+!acti"ni c#'i%e ante!i#! apa!itiei legii &e
a'ni%tie.
n +"nctie &e '#'ent"l -n ca!e inte!vineB %e +ace &i%tinctie
-nt!eE
a9 a'ni%tia antec#n&a'nat#!ieE c1n& inte!vine &"pa
%av1!%i!ea in+!acti"niiB &a! -nainte &e c#n&a'na!ea &e+initiva
pent!" acea%taH
,9 a'ni%tia p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ieE c1n& inte!vine &"pa ce
@#ta!1!ea &e c#n&a'na!e a !a'a% &e+initiva.
Regle'enta!ea &ata a'ni%tiei &e n#"l C#& penal e%te
%i'ila!a c" !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a.
1.. E+ectele a'ni%tiei
1..1. E+ectele a'ni%tiei antec#n&a'nat#!ii
A'ni%tia a!e ca e+ect -nlat"!a!ea !a%p"n&e!ii penale pent!"
+apta %av1!%ita. A%t+elB &aca n" a +#%t &eclan%at p!#ce%"l penalB
ace%ta n" va 'ai +i p#!nitB ia! &aca p!#ce%"l a -ncep"t &e.aB ace%ta
va -nceta -n '#'ent"l aplica!ii act"l"i &e a'ni%tie. E(i%ta #
e(ceptie -n ace%t ca)B at"nci c1n& p!#ce%"l va c#ntin"a la ce!e!ea
inc"lpat"l"i pent!" ca ace%ta %a:%i p#ata &#ve&i nevin#vatia. 7aca
>
la +inali)a!ea p!#ce%"l"i inc"lpat"l e%te ga%it nevin#vat in%tanta va
p!#n"nta # %#l"tie &e ac@ita!e. n ca)"l -n ca!e %e c#n%tata
vin#vatia inc"lpat"l"i el n" va +i c#n&a'natB +ac1n&":%e aplica!ea
p!eve&e!il#! act"l"i &e a'ni%tie.
1... E+ectele a'ni%tiei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ii
A'ni%tia a!e ca e+ect -nceta!ea e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%eiB
p!ec"' %i -nlat"!a!ea t"t"!#! c#n%ecintel#! ca!e &ec"!g &in
c#n&a'na!e. Acea%ta -n%ea'na ca !e%pectiva c#n&a'na!e n" %e ia
-n c#n%i&e!a!e la %ta,ili!ea %ta!ii &e !eci&iva%i ca n" va c#n%tit"i
"n i'pe&i'ent la ac#!&a!ea li,e!a!ii c#n&iti#nate.
E+ectele a'ni%tiei p#%tc#n&a'nat#!ie %e p!#&"c
-nt#t&ea"na n"'ai pent!" viit#!. A%t+elB a'en&a platita p1na -n
'#'ent"l inte!veni!ii act"l"i &e a'ni%tie n" %e va !e%tit"iB ia!
c#n&a'nat"l n" va p!i'i &e%pag",i!i pent!" pa!tea e(ec"tata &in
pe&eap%a.
1.*. Li'itele a'ni%tiei
1.*.1. Li'ita te'p#!ala
P!eve&e!ile act"l"i &e a'ni%tie %e aplica in+!acti"nil#!
%av1!%ite p1na la &ata in&icata -n c"p!in%"l act"l"i %a"B -n lip%a
"nei a%e'enea p!eci)a!iB p1na la &ata int!a!ii -n vig#a!e a legii &e
a'ni%tie.
n legat"!a c" in+!acti"nile c" &"!ata &e c#n%"'a!e -n ti'p
ale ca!#! acte %"nt %av1!%ite -n pa!te -nainte &e inte!veni!ea
a'ni%tiei %i -n pa!te &"pa inte!veni!ea ace%teiaB at1t &#ct!ina c1t %i
."!i%p!"&enta !#'1nea%ca ap!ecia)a ca a'ni%tia p#ate p!#&"ce
e+ecte n"'ai -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e in+!acti"nea %:a ep"i)at ante!i#!
a&#pta!ii act"l"i &e a'ni%tie %a" &atei p!eva)"ta pent!"
aplica,ilitatea ace%t"ia.
1
1.*.. Li'ita e+ectel#!
P#t!ivit a!t. 12 alin. N.C.p.B a'ni%tia n" p!#&"ce e+ecte
a%"p!a 'a%"!il#! &e %ig"!anta
%i a%"p!a &!ept"!il#! pe!%#anei
vata'ate.
N#"l C#& penal n" a 'ai !el"at li'ita!ea p!ivin& e+ectele
a'ni%tiei c" p!ivi!e la 'a%"!ile e&"cative -n%c!i%a -n a!t. 110
alin. C.p. S#l"tia e%te c#!ectaB -nt!"c1t 'a%"!ile e&"cative %"nt
%ancti"ni p!incipaleB ia! neaplica!ea a'ni%tiei -n ca)"l l#! a!
c#n&"ce la c!ea!ea "nei %it"atii 'ai g!ele pent!" 'in#! &ec1t
pent!" 'a.#!. 7e alt+elB 'a!ea 'a.#!itate a actel#! &e a'ni%tie &in
t!ec"t a" p!eva)"t ca a'ni%tia %e aplica%i 'a%"!il#! e&"cativeB
legi"it#!"l &e!#g1n& &e la p!eve&e!ile a!t. 110 alin. C.p.
D . P!e%c!iptia !a%p"n&e!ii penale
A!e ca e+ect -nlat"!a!ea !a%p"n&e!ii penale pent!" +apta
%av1!%ita. 7e aceea %e c#n%i&e!a caB -n &!ept"l penalB p!e%c!iptia
!ep!e)inta # %ancti"ne la a&!e%a pa%ivitatii #!ganel#! ."&icia!e ca!e
n" a" l"at 'a%"!ile nece%a!e pent!" a:l t!age la !a%p"n&e!e pe
in+!act#!. E+ect"l p!e%c!iptiei !a%p"n&e!ii penale e%te %i'ila! c" cel
al a'ni%tiei antec#n&a'nat#!ii.
Te!'enele &e p!e%c!iptie %e &ete!'ina -n +"nctie &e nat"!a
%i &"!ata %ancti"nii p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" +apta ca!e %e p!e%c!ieE
. &aca e%te # pe&eap%a c" &etenti"nea pe viata %a" c"
-nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e > &e aniB te!'en"l e%te &e 12 aniH
. &aca e%te # pe&eap%a c"p!in%a -nt!e 1>:> aniB
te!'en"l e%te &e 1> aniH
. &aca e%te # pe&eap%a c"p!in%a -nt!e 2:1> aniB
te!'en"l e%te &e $ aniH
. &aca e%te # pe&eap%a c"p!in%a -nt!e 1:2 aniB
te!'en"l e%te &e 2 aniH

. &aca e%te # pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea p1na la "n an
%a" a'en&aB te!'en"l e%te &e * ani.
Te!'enele !egle'entate &e n#"l C#& penal %"nt %i'ila!e
c" cele !egle'entate &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B c" # %ing"!a
'#&i+ica!eB -n %en%"l ca pe&ep%ele c"p!in%e -nt!e 12 %i > &e ani
%e p!e%c!i" -n 1> ani %i n" -n 12 ani ca -n !egle'enta!ea
ante!i#a!a.
Te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie -ncepe %a c"!ga &e la &ata
%av1!%i!ii in+!acti"nii 8c1n& a!e l#c acti"nea %a" inacti"nea -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nil#! +#!'aleB c1n& %e ep"i)ea)a in+!acti"nea -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nil#! c" &"!ata &e e(ec"ta!e9.
N#"l C#& penal int!#&"ce &#"a n#i p!eve&e!i -n 'ate!ia
'#'ent"l"i &e la ca!e -ncepe %a c"!ga te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptieB
-n a!t. 12/ alin.* %i /. A%t+elE
:-n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! p!#g!e%iveB te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie a
!a%p"n&e!ii penale -ncepe %a c"!ga &e la &ata %av1!%i!ii acti"nii
%a" inacti"nii %i %e calc"lea)a -n !ap#!t c" pe&eap%a
c#!e%p"n)at#a!e !e)"ltat"l"i &e+initiv p!#&"%. Reg"la %e ."%ti+ica
p!in aceea ca -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii p!#g!e%iveB ag!ava!ea "!'a!ii
a!e l#c +a!a # n#"a inte!ventie a a"t#!"l"iB a%t+el -nc1t te!'en"l &e
p!e%c!iptie t!e,"ie %a c"!ga &e la '#'ent"l -nceta!ii acti"nii %a"
inacti"nii.
:-n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! c#nt!a li,e!tatii %i integ!itatii %e("aleB
%av1!%ite +ata &e "n 'in#!B te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie -ncepe %a
c"!ga &e la &ata la ca!e ace%ta a &evenit 'a.#!. 7aca 'in#!"l a
&ece&at -nainte &e -'plini!ea 'a.#!at"l"iB te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie
-ncepe %a c"!ga &e la &ata &ece%"l"i. O a%e'enea p!eve&e!e e!a
nece%a!a &e#a!eceB &e cele 'ai '"lte #!iB 'in#!ii victi'e ale
ace%t#! in+!acti"ni n" p#t %e%i)a #!ganele ."&icia!e &at#!ita
p!e%i"nii p%i@ice la ca!e %"nt %"p"%i &e cat!e ag!e%#!.
nt!e!"pe!ea p!e%c!iptiei
A!t. 122 N.C.p. p!eve&eE c"!%"l te!'en"l"i p!e%c!iptiei
!a%p"n&e!ii penale %e -nt!e!"pe p!in -n&eplini!ea #!ica!"i act &e
*
p!#ce&"!a -n ca")a. N#"l C#& a !en"ntat a%t+el la li'ita!ea
i'p"%a &e vec@ea !egle'enta!eB p#t!ivit ca!eia &#a! actele ca!e
t!e,"ia" c#'"nicate -nvin"it"l"i %a" inc"lpat"l"i p"tea"
-nt!e!"pe c"!%"l p!e%c!iptiei. 3iin& # %ancti"ne pent!" pa%ivitatea
#!ganel#! ."&icia!eB p!e%c!iptia n" -%i ga%e%te l#c"l at"nci c1n& n"
a e(i%tat # a%e'enea pa%ivitateB ia! #!ganele ."&icia!e a" e+ect"at
acte &e p!#ce&"!a -n ca")aB in&i+e!ent &e nat"!a ace%t#!a.
S"%pen&a!ea c"!%"l"i p!e%c!iptiei
P#t!ivit a!t. 126 N.C.p. 8a!t. 1$ alin. 1 C.p.9B ca")ele &e
%"%pen&a!e p#t +i ca")e &e %"%pen&a!e &e &!ept %a" &e +apt.
Ca")ele &e %"%pen&a!e &e &!ept #pe!ea)a at"nci c1n&
p#t!ivit legiiB e(i%ta # ca")a ca!e -'pie&ica p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e %a"
c#ntin"a!ea acti"nii penale 8&e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#!
ca!e int!a %", inci&enta legii penale !#'1ne -n ,a)a p!incipi"l"i
!ealitatiiB acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e n"'ai c" a"t#!i)a!ea
p!#c"!#!"l"i gene!alH p1na c1n& inte!vine acea%ta a"t#!i)a!eB
c"!%"l p!e%c!iptiei e%te %"%pen&at9. 7e a%e'eneaB %e c#n%i&e!a
%"%pen&at c"!%"l p!e%c!iptiei %i -n ca) &e %"%pen&a!ea p!#ce%"l"i
penal pe '#tiv"l e(i%tentei "nei ,#li g!ave a -nvin"it"l"i %a"
inc"lpat"l"i.
C#n%tit"ie ca")e &e %"%pen&a!e &e +apt %it"atiile c1n&
-'p!e."!a!i &e +apt nep!eva)"te -'pie&ica p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a
acti"nii penale %a" c#ntin"a!ea p!#ce%"l"i penalB ca &e e(e'pl"
+apt"l ca l#calitatea -n ca!e %:a c#'i% in+!acti"nea e i)#lata &in
ca")a "n#! cala'itati nat"!ale etc.
7i+e!enta &int!e -nt!e!"pe!ea %i %"%pen&a!ea p!e%c!iptieiE
&"pa -nt!e!"pe!e -ncepe %a c"!ga "n n#" te!'en &e la -ncep"t"l
%a"B ia! -n ca) &e %"%pen&a!eB c"!%"l te!'en"l"i c#ntin"a &"pa
&i%pa!itia ca")ei &e %"%pen&a!eB l"1n&":%e -n calc"l %i pe!i#a&a
ante!i#a!a inte!veni!ii %"%pen&a!ii.
P!e%c!iptia %peciala
Pent!" a evita # p!e%c!iptie pe!pet"aB legi"it#!"l a
!egle'entat # p!e%c!iptie %peciala ca!e a!e ca e+ect -nlat"!a!ea
/
!a%p"n&e!ii penale pent!" +apta c#'i%a in&i+e!ent &e n"'a!"l
-nt!e!"pe!il#! &aca te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie a +#%t &epa%it c" -nca
."'atate &in &"!ata %a 8a!t. 122 alin./ N.C.p.9. Te(t"l !eia +a!a
'#&i+ica!i &i%p#)itia &in a!t. 1/ C.p.
D *. Lip%a %a" !et!age!ea pl1nge!ii p!eala,ile
7e !eg"laB acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e &in #+ici".
E(i%ta t#t"%i %i e(ceptiiB c1n& p!#'#va!ea ace%tei acti"ni e%te
la%ata la latit"&inea pe!%#anei vata'ate. Acea%ta %e +ace +ie -n
c#n%i&e!a!ea pe!ic#l"l"i !e&"% al in+!acti"niiB +ie &at#!ita +apt"l"i
ca &e%+a%"!a!ea p!#ce%"l"i i:a! p"tea ca")a p!e."&icii '#!ale pa!tii
vata'ate.
At"nci c1n& legea p!eve&e ca acti"nea %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e
&#a! la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pa!tii vata'ateB a,%enta ace%tei
pl1nge!i -nlat"!a !a%p"n&e!ea penala. P!in e(ceptieB acti"nea
penala %e p#ate p"ne -n 'i%ca!e %i &in #+ici" at"nci c1n& pe!%#ana
vata'ata e lip%ita &e capacitate &e e(e!citi" %a" e # pe!%#ana c"
capacitate &e e(e!citi" !e%t!1n%a.
A!t. 12$ N.C.p. int!#&"ce # p!eve&e!e %"pli'enta!a -n
acea%ta 'ate!ie. P#t!ivit te(t"l"iB &aca pe!%#ana vata'ata a
&ece&atB %a" -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB acea%ta a +#%t lic@i&ataB
-nainte &e e(pi!a!ea te!'en"l"i p!eva)"t &e lege pent!"
int!#&"ce!ea pl1nge!iiB acti"nea penala p#ate +i p"%a -n 'i%ca!e
&in #+ici". Te(t"l a +#%t int!#&"% pent!" a !a%p"n&e %#licita!il#!
p!acticii ."&icia!eB ca!e a !ec"!% a&e%e#!i la # anal#gie pent!" a
pe!'ite anga.a!ea !a%p"n&e!ii inc"lpat"l"iB 'ai ale% -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nii &e vi#lB at"nci c1n& victi'a a +#%t "ci%a &"pa
c#n%"'a!ea +aptei.
S#li&a!itatea activa%i pa%iva
Int!#&"ce!ea pl1nge!ii p!eala,ile e g"ve!nata &e p!incipi"l
%#li&a!itatii active %i pa%ive.
2
P!incipi"l %#li&a!itatii active &e%e'nea)a +apt"l ca at"nci
p!in aceea%i +apta %:a a&"% vata'a!e 'ai '"lt#! pe!%#aneB va +i
at!a%a !a%p"n&e!ea penala a +apt"it#!"l"i -n !ap#!t &e t#ate
pe!%#aneleB c@ia! &aca pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila %:a +ac"t n"'ai &e
cat!e "na &int!e ace%tea.
P#t!ivit p!incipi"l"i %#li&a!itatii pa%iveB at"nci c1n& +apta
a +#%t c#'i%a -n pa!ticipatie e%te %"+icienta int!#&"ce!ea pl1nge!ii
&e cat!e victi'a pent!" "n"l %ing"! &int!e pa!ticipanti pent!" a %e
ant!ena !a%p"n&e!ea penala a t"t"!#! pa!ticipantil#!.
Ret!age!ea pl1nge!ii
A!e acela%i e+ect ca %i lip%a ace%teiaB a&ica -nlat"!a
!a%p"n&e!ea penala. Pent!" acea%ta t!e,"ie -n&eplinite 'ai '"lte
c#n&itiiE
1. !et!age!ea pl1nge!ii t!e,"ie +ac"ta &e pe!%#ana
p!eva)"ta &e legeB a&ica &e cat!e pe!%#ana vata'ata %a" &e
!ep!e)entant"l legal #!i c#nt!act"al al ace%teiaH
. !et!age!ea t!e,"ie %a +ie e(plicitaB a&ica %a c#n%tea -nt!#
&ecla!atie -n +ata in%tantei p!in ca!e pe!%#ana vata'ata a!ata
ca !en"nta la acti"nea penala int!#&"%a 8!et!age!ea p#ate +i +ac"ta
pe!%#nal %a" p!in pe!%#ane c" 'an&at %pecial #!i p!in -n%c!i%"!i
a"tentice9H
*. !et!age!ea pl1nge!ii %a inte!vina -nainte &e !a'1ne!ea
&e+initiva a @#ta!1!iiH
/. !et!age!ea %a +ie t#tala.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e int!#&"ce!ea pl1nge!ii p!eala,ileB
p#t!ivit n#"l"i C#& penalB -n 'ate!ia !et!age!ii pl1nge!ii
p!eala,ile n" 'ai #pe!ea)a %#li&a!itatea pa%iva. A%t+elB c#n+#!'
a!t. 12$ alin. N.C.p.B !et!age!ea pl1nge!ii p!eala,ile -nlat"!a
!a%p"n&e!ea penala a pe!%#anei c" p!ivi!e la ca!e pl1nge!ea a
+#%t !et!a%a. n c#n%ecintaB &"pa int!a!ea -n vig#a!e a n#"l"i C#&
penalB e%te p#%i,ila !et!age!ea pl1nge!ii p!eala,ile %i -n p!ivinta
"n"ia %a" 'ai '"lt#! c#inc"lpatiB "!'1n& %a !a%p"n&a penal &#a!
cei c" p!ivi!e la ca!e pl1nge!ea a +#%t 'entin"ta.
6
O alta n#"tate int!#&"%a p!in p!eve&e!ile a!t. 12$ N.C.p.
p!ive%te ip#te)a in+!acti"nil#! pent!" ca!e p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a
acti"nii penale e%te c#n&iti#nata &e int!#&"ce!ea "nei pl1nge!i
p!eala,ileB &a! acti"nea penala a +#%t p"%a -n 'i%ca!e &in #+ici"
-n c#n&itiile legiiB ca) -n ca!e !et!age!ea pl1nge!ii p!#&"ce e+ecte
n"'ai &aca e%te -n%"%ita &e p!#c"!#!. S#l"tia e%te +i!ea%ca &at
+iin& ca p!#c"!#!"l e%te cel ca!e a e(e!citat acti"nea penala.
n ca)"l !et!age!ii pl1nge!ii penaleB inc"lpat"l p#ate ce!e
c#ntin"a!ea p!#ce%"l"i pent!" a:%i &#ve&i nevin#vatiaB la +el ca -n
ca)"l a'ni%tiei antec#n&a'nat#!ii.
D /. 'paca!ea
E%te "n act ,ilate!al p!in ca!e inc"lpat"l %i pe!%#ana
vata'ata c#n%i't %a p"na capat p!#ce%"l"iB -nlat"!1n&
!a%p"n&e!ea penala%i %ting1n& acti"nea civila.
'paca!ea p!#&"ce e+ecte in pe!%#na'B #pe!1n& &#a! -nt!e
pa!tile ca!e %:a" -'pacat.
P!incipala '#&i+ica!e +ata &e p!eve&e!ile C#&"l"i penal
&in 1060 p!ive%te !e%t!1nge!ea &#'eni"l"i &e inci&enta a
-'paca!ii. 7aca -n vec@ea !egle'enta!e -'paca!ea p"tea #pe!a
at1t -n ca)"l +aptel#! "!'a!ite la pl1nge!e p!eala,ila c1t %i al
cel#! "!'a!ite &in #+ici"B p#t!ivit a!t. 120 N.C.p.B -'paca!ea
p#ate inte!veni n"'ai -n ca)"l -n ca!e p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a
acti"nii penale %:a +ac"t &in #+ici"B &aca legea # p!eve&e -n '#&
e(p!e%. n pl"%B pent!" a p!#&"ce e+ecteB -'paca!ea t!e,"ie %a
inte!vina p1na la citi!ea act"l"i &e %e%i)a!e a in%tantei 8-n
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a p"tea inte!veni p1na la !a'1ne!ea
&e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii 4 a!t. 1* alin. C.p.9.
Pent!" a p!#&"ce e+ecteB -'paca!ea pa!til#! t!e,"ie %a
-n&eplinea%ca c#n&itiileE
<
1. %a +ie v#!,a &e%p!e # acti"ne penala p"%a -n 'i%ca!e &in
#+ici". 7e !eg"laB e%te v#!,a &e%p!e in+!acti"ni ca!e %e "!'a!e%c
&in #+ici"B &a! e%te p#%i,ila -'paca!ea %i -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#!
ca!e %e "!'a!e%c la pl1nge!e p!eala,ilaB -n 'a%"!a -n ca!eB -n
c#nc!etB acti"nea penala %:a p"% -n 'i%ca!e &in #+ici" 8&e pil&aB
pent!" ca victi'a e!a # pe!%#ana lip%ita &e capacitate &e e(e!citi"9H
. legea %a p!eva&a e(p!e% -'paca!eaH
*. -'paca!ea %a inte!vina p1na la citi!ea act"l"i &e
%e%i)a!eH
/. -'paca!ea %a %e +aca &e cat!e pe!%#anele a,ilitate -n
ace%t %en%. 7e !eg"laB -'paca!ea inte!vine -nt!e inc"lpat %i
pe!%#ana vata'ata. T#t"%iB -n ca)"l pe!%#anel#! lip%ite &e
capacitate &e e(e!citi"B -'paca!ea %e +ace &e cat!e !ep!e)entantii
l#! legaliB ia! -n ca)"l pe!%#anel#! c" capacitate &e e(e!citi"
!e%t!1n%aB -'paca!ea %e +ace pe!%#nal c" -nc"viinta!ea
#c!#tit#!"l"i legal.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e !et!age!ea pl1nge!ii p!eala,ileB
-'paca!ea n" -nlat"!a &#a! !a%p"n&e!ea penalaB ciB c#n+#!' a!t.
120 alin. N.C.p.B %tinge %i acti"nea civila.
7aca pa!tile %:a" -'pacatB tin1n& c#nt ca e%te v#!,a &e "n
act ,ilate!alB inc"lpat"l n" 'ai p#ate ce!e c#ntin"a!ea p!#ce%"l"i.
n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB -'paca!ea %e !eali)ea)a &e
!ep!e)entant"l %a" legal %a" c#nventi#nal #!i &e cat!e pe!%#ana
&e%e'nata -n l#c"l ace%t"ia. 'paca!ea inte!venita -nt!e pe!%#ana
."!i&ica ce a %av1!%it in+!acti"nea %i pe!%#ana vata'ata n" p!#&"ce
e+ecte +ata &e pe!%#anele +i)ice ca!e a" pa!ticipat la c#'ite!ea
aceleia%i +apte 8a!t. 120 alin.2 N.C.p.9.
n ca)"l -n ca!e in+!acti"nea e%te %av1!%ita &e
!ep!e)entant"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice vata'ateB -'paca!ea p!#&"ce
e+ecte n"'ai &aca e%te -n%"%ita &e p!#c"!#!.
$
: Capit#l"l ?5III :
CAU6ELE CARE NLATURA E?ECUTAREA
PE7EPSEI
D 1. G!atie!ea
1.1. 7e+initie %i cla%i+ica!e
E%te "n act &e cle'enta a&#ptat &e cat!e Pa!la'ent pe cale
&e lege %a" &e cat!e %e+"l %tat"l"i p!in &ec!etB ca!e a!e ca e+ect
-nlat"!a!ea e(ec"ta!ii "nei pe&ep%eB !e&"ce!ea "nei pe&ep%e %a"
-nl#c"i!ea ace%teia c" # %pecie &e pe&eap%a 'ai "%#a!a.
a9 7"pa &e%tinata!ii eiB Legea n!. 2/6C>> p!ivin&
g!atie!ea %i p!#ce&"!a ac#!&a!ii g!atie!ii &i%tinge -nt!eE
:g!atie!e c#lectivaE ca!e vi)ea)a "n n"'a! &ete!'inat &e
pe!%#aneB %ta,ilit -n +"nctie &e an"'ite c!ite!iiH
:g!atie!e in&ivi&"alaE ca!e vi)ea)a "na %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#aneB
n#'inali)ate e(p!e% -n &ec!et"l &e g!atie!e.
,9 n +"nctie &e -ntin&e!ea e+ectel#!B %e p#ate &i%tinge
-nt!eE
:g!atie!e t#talaE c1n& %e -nlat"!a -n -nt!egi'e e(ec"ta!ea
pe&ep%eiH
:g!atie!e pa!tialaE c1n& p!#&"ce e+ecte &#a! a%"p!a "nei pa!ti &in
pe&eap%a.
c9 7"pa '#&"l -n ca!e %e p!#&"c e+ectele g!atie!iiB e(i%taE
:g!atie!e nec#n&iti#nataE e+ectele %ale %e p!#&"c &e+initiv %i
i!ev#ca,il &e la &ata aplica!ii act"l"i &e g!atie!eH
:g!atie!e c#n&iti#nataE e+ectele &e+initive %e v#! p!#&"ce &#a! la
e(pi!a!ea "n"i te!'en &e -nce!ca!e %ta,ilit p!in act"l &e g!atie!e.
7e%i C#&"l penal n" # 'enti#nea)a -n '#& e(p!e%B g!atie!ea
c#n&iti#nata e%te !egle'entata &e Legea n!. 2/6C>>. E+ectele
0
&e+initive ale ace%teiaB !e%pectiv c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata a
pe&ep%ei #!i a "nei pa!ti &in pe&eap%aB %e p!#&"c la e(pi!a!ea
te!'en"l"i &e -nce!ca!e. Ace%t te!'en e%te %ta,ilit p!in +ieca!e
lege -n pa!teB &a!B &e !eg"laB el e%te &e * ani.
1.. E+ectele g!atie!ii
In&i+e!ent &e +#!'a g!atie!iiB %e v#! p!#&"ce acelea%i
e+ecte. Ace%tea p#t +iE c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata a pe&ep%ei -n
-nt!eg"l %a"B c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata a "nei pa!ti &in pe&eap%a
%a" c#'"ta!ea pe&ep%ei -nt!:# %pecie 'ai "%#a!a 8c#'"ta!ea
&etenti"nii pe viata -n pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea %a" c#'"ta!ea
ace%teia &in "!'a -n pe&eap%a c" a'en&a9.
7aca e%te v#!,a &e # g!atie!e nec#n&iti#nataB ace%te e+ecte
%e p!#&"c &e la '#'ent"l aplica!ii g!atie!ii. 7aca inte!vine #
g!atie!e c#n&iti#nataB e+ectele %e p!#&"c la '#'ent"l e(pi!a!ii
te!'en"l"i &e -nce!ca!e.
Ca!acte!i%tic g!atie!ii c#n&iti#nate e%te %i +apt"l ca -n ca)"l
ace%teia p#ate inte!veni !ev#ca!ea ei. Acea%ta inte!vine at"nci
c1n& c#n&a'nat"l %av1!%e%te # n#"a in+!acti"ne 8"ne#!i legi"it#!"l
p!eve&e ca #!ice in+!acti"ne p#ate at!age !ev#ca!eaB alte#!i
li'itea)a ace%t e+ect &#a! la in+!acti"nile intenti#nate9 -n te!'en"l&e -nce!ca!e. n ca) &e !ev#ca!e a
g!atie!ii c#n&iti#nate %e aplica
c"'"l"l a!it'eticB pe&eap%a g!atiata a&a"g1n&":%e la pe&eap%a
aplicata pent!" in+!acti"nea ca!e a at!a% !ev#ca!ea g!atie!ii.
C#n&a'na!ile -n p!ivinta ca!#!a a inte!venit g!atie!ea p#t
+i l"ate -n calc"l"l %ta!ii &e !eci&iva.
1.*. Li'itele g!atie!ii
a9 Li'ita te'p#!ala
La +el ca a'ni%tiaB g!atie!ea #pe!ea)a !et!#activ c" p!ivi!e
la +apte %av1!%ite ante!i#! a&#pta!ii act"l"i &e g!atie!e. n %c@i',B
%p!e &e#%e,i!e &e a'ni%tieB c@ia! &aca inte!vine ante!i#!
c#n&a'na!iiB g!atie!ea va p!#&"ce e+ecte &#a! &"pa !a'1ne!ea
*>
&e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e. n ca) &e g!atie!e inte!venita
-nainte &e c#n&a'na!e e%te #,ligat#!ie c#ntin"a!ea p!#ce%"l"i
penal p1na la +inali)a!ea ace%t"ia %i a,ia ap#i %e va +ace aplica!ea
act"l"i &e g!atie!e.
E%te i'p#!tant &e p!eci)at ca &#a! g!atie!ea ac#!&ata pe
,a)a &e lege &e cat!e Pa!la'ent p#ate inte!veni ante!i#! ."&eca!ii
&e+initive. G!atie!ea ac#!&ata &e %e+"l %tat"l"i p!in &ec!et
p!e)i&ential inte!vine -nt#t&ea"na &"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a
@#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e.
,9 Li'ite 'ate!iale
Se !e+e!a la %+e!a in+!acti"nil#! la ca!e %e aplica g!atie!ea.
Acea%ta li'ita!e e%te %ta,ilita -n +ieca!e ca) -n pa!te p!in legea &e
g!atie!e.
c9 Li'ite ca!e p!ive%c e+ectele
G!atie!ea n" p!#&"ce e+ecte a%"p!a pe&ep%el#!
c#'ple'enta!e a+a!a &e ca)"l c1n& p!in act"l &e g!atie!e %e
&i%p"ne alt+el.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e a!t. 1> C.p. ca!e p!eve&ea ca g!atie!ea
n" a!e e+ecte a%"p!a 'a%"!il#! e&"cativeB n#"l C#& penal
p!eve&e -n a!t. 16> alin. ca g!atie!ea n" a!e e+ecte a%"p!a
'a%"!il#! e&"cative nep!ivative &e li,e!tateB -n a+a!a &e ca)"l
c1n& %e &i%p"ne alt+el p!in act"l &e g!atie!e. N#"l C#& !e%t!1nge
a%t+el li'ita!eaB p"n1n&:# -n ac#!& c" p!actica legi%lativa &in
t!ec"tB ca!e a c"n#%c"t n"'e!#a%e acte &e g!atie!e a ca!#!
aplica,ilitate a +#%t e(tin%a%i -n ca)"l 'a%"!il#! e&"cativeB 'ai
ale% al cel#! p!ivative &e li,e!tate.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B n#"l C#& penal
p!eve&e -n a!t. 16> alin./ ca g!atie!ea n" a!e e+ecte a%"p!a
pe&ep%el#! a ca!#! e(ec"ta!e e%te %"%pen&ata %", %"p!aveg@e!eB -n
a+a!a &e ca)"l -n ca!e %e &i%p"ne alt+el p!in act"l &e g!atie!e. Se
in%tit"ie a%t+el # li'ita!e %"pli'enta!aB c!itica,ila &"pa pa!e!ea
n#a%t!aB -n c#n&itiile -n ca!e %"%pen&a!ea %", %"p!aveg@e!e i'plica
n"'e!#a%e #,ligatii -n %a!cina c#n&a'nat"l"iB incl"%iv p!e%ta!ea "nei
*1
'"nci ne!e'"ne!ate -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatii. 7e aceeaB a! +i &e &#!it ca
actele &e g!atie!e c#lectiva%a&epa%ea%caacea%tali'ita.
7e a%e'eneaB g!atie!ea n" p!#&"ce e+ecte a%"p!a 'a%"!il#!
&e %ig"!anta
%i &!ept"!il#! pe!%#anei vata'ate.
&9 Li'ite %peci+ice g!atie!ii in&ivi&"ale
Legea n!. 2/6C>> p!eve&e "nele li'ite %"pli'enta!e -n
ca)"l g!atie!ii in&ivi&"ale. A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. 0 &in LegeB
g!atie!ea in&ivi&"ala %e p#ate ac#!&a &#a! pent!" pe&ep%ep!ivative &e li,e!tate. n pl"% +ata &e t#ate
celelalte li'ita!i ce
+"ncti#nea)a -n ca)"l g!atie!ii c#lectiveB acela%i a!t. 0 &in Lege
p!eve&e ca n" p#t +i g!atiate pe&ep%ele &e.a e(ec"tateB pe&ep%ele a
ca!#! e(ec"ta!e n" a -ncep"t &in ca")a %"%t!age!ii c#n&a'nat"l"i
&e la e(ec"ta!eB c#n&a'na!ile c" %"%pen&a!ea e(ec"ta!ii
pe&ep%eiB pe&ep%ele c#'ple'enta!e %i cele acce%#!ii.
D . P!e%c!iptia e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei
A!e ca e+ect c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata a pe&ep%ei &"pa
t!ece!ea "n"i inte!val &e ti'p p!eva)"t &e lege. Te!'enele &e
p!e%c!iptieB -n ace%t ca)B %e &ete!'ina -n +"nctie &e nat"!a pe&ep%ei
a ca!ei e(ec"ta!e %e p!e%c!ieB tin1n&":%e c#nt &e &"!ata c#nc!et
%ta,ilita &e in%tanta a ace%tei pe&ep%e. A%t+elE
. &aca e%te # pe&eap%a c" &etenti"nea pe viata %a" c"
-nc@i%#a!ea 'ai 'a!e &e 12 aniB te!'en"l e%te &e > &e aniH
. &aca e%te # pe&eap%a c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e p1na la 12
aniB te!'en"l va +i +#!'at &int!:# pe!i#a&a +i(a &e 2 ani la ca!e %e
a&a"ga ."'atate &in pe&eap%a aplicataB +a!a ca te!'en"l %a
&epa%ea%ca 12 aniH
. &aca e%te # pe&eap%a c" a'en&aB te!'en"l va +i &e
* aniH
Te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie a e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei c"!ge &e la
&ata !a'1ne!ii &e+initive a @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e.
N#"l C#& penal pa%t!ea)a a%a&a! te!'enele &e
p!e%c!iptie !egle'entate &e C#&"l penal &in 1060B a&"c1n& &#a!
*
# %e!ie &e p!eci)a!i p!ivin& '#'ent"l &e la ca!e ace%te te!'ene
-ncep %a c"!ga. A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. 16 N.C.p.B -n ca)"l !ev#ca!ii
%a" an"la!ii a'1na!ii aplica!ii pe&ep%eiB %"%pen&a!ii e(ec"ta!ii
pe&ep%ei %", %"p!aveg@e!e #!i li,e!a!ii c#n&iti#nateB te!'en"l &e
p!e%c!iptie -ncepe %a c"!ga &e la &ata c1n& @#ta!1!ea &e !ev#ca!e
%a" an"la!e a !a'a% &e+initiva. n ca)"l !ev#ca!ii li,e!a!ii
c#n&iti#nateB pent!" ne!e%pecta!ea 'a%"!il#! &e %"p!aveg@e!e %i a
#,ligatiil#!B te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie -ncepe %a c"!ga &e la &ata
c1n& @#ta!1!ea &e !ev#ca!e a !a'a% &e+initiva%i %e calc"lea)a -n
!ap#!t c" !e%t"l &e pe&eap%a nee(ec"tat. n ca)"l -nl#c"i!ii
pe&ep%ei a'en)ii c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!iiB te!'en"l &e p!e%c!iptie
c"!ge &e la &ata c1n& @#ta!1!ea &e -nl#c"i!e a !a'a% &e+initiva%i
%e calc"lea)a -n !ap#!t c" &"!ata pe&ep%ei -nc@i%#!ii.
Pe pe!i#a&a te!'en"l"i &e p!e%c!iptie a e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei
#pe!ea)a pe&ep%ele acce%#!iiB ia! &"pa e(pi!a!ea ace%t"i te!'en
#pe!ea)a pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a inte!)ice!ii "n#! &!ept"!i
nt!e!"pe!ea te!'en"l"i p!e%c!iptiei
Legi"it#!"l a !egle'entat -n a!t. 16* N.C.p. t!ei ca")e &e
-nt!e!"pe!eE
:-ncepe!ea e(ec"ta!ea pe&ep%eiH
:%av1!%i!ea "nei n#i in+!acti"niH
:-nl#c"i!ea #,ligatiei &e plata a a'en)ii c" #,ligatia &e a p!e%ta #
'"nca ne!e'"ne!ata -n +#l#%"l c#'"nitatii.
Acea%ta &in "!'a ca")a &e -nt!e!"pe!e e%te n#"
int!#&"%a p!in p!eve&e!ile a!t. 16* N.C.p.B ea nee(i%t1n& -n
!egle'enta!ea a!t. 1< C.p.
S"%pen&a!ea te!'en"l"i p!e%c!iptiei inte!vine at"nci c1n&
e(i%ta # &i%p#)itie legala ce -'pie&icaB p#t!ivit C#&"l"i &e
p!#ce&"!a penalaB p"ne!ea -n e(ec"ta!e %a" c#ntin"a!ea e(ec"ta!ii
pe&ep%ei.
O pe&eap%a p!e%c!i%a %e c#n%i&e!a e(ec"tata%i %e ia -n
c#n%i&e!a!e la %ta!ea &e !eci&iva.
**
: Capit#l"l ?I? :
CAU6ELE CARE NLATURA CONSECINTELE
CON7AMNARII. REA=ILITAREA
D 1. 7e+initie %i '#&alitati
Rea,ilita!ea +ace %a -ncete)e &eca&e!ile %i inte!&ictiileB
p!ec"' %i incapacitatile ca!e !e)"lta &in c#n&a'na!e. Legi"it#!"l
!egle'entea)a &#"a +el"!i &e !ea,ilita!eE &e &!ept %i
."&ecat#!ea%ca.
D . Rea,ilita!ea &e &!ept
Acea%ta inte!vine -n ca)"l pe!%#anei +i)ice &aca %"nt
-n&eplinite "!'at#a!ele c#n&itiiE
1. pe!%#ana c" p!ivi!e la ca!e inte!vine !ea,ilita!ea a +#%t
c#n&a'nata la pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii &e cel '"lt ani %a" la
pe&eap%a a'en)iiH
. c#n&a'nat"l n" a %av1!%it # alta in+!acti"ne -n te!'en
&e * ani &e la e(ec"ta!ea %a" c#n%i&e!a!ea ca e(ec"tata a
pe&ep%ei. C#n&a'nat"l p#ate ,ene+icia &e !ea,ilita!ea &e &!ept %i
pent!" c#n&a'na!i %"cce%ive -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e nici"na &int!e
in+!acti"ni n" a +#%t %av1!%ita -n te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!e pent!"
c#n&a'na!ea p!ece&enta.
N#"l C#& penal e(tin&e &#'eni"l &e inci&enta al
!ea,ilita!ii &e &!eptB acea%ta vi)1n& c#n&a'na!ile &e p1na la
aniB %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB ca!e li'ita
inci&enta !ea,ilita!ii &e &!ept la pe&ep%ele &e cel '"lt "n an 8a!t.
1*/ C.p.9.
Rea,ilita!ea &e &!ept inte!vine p!in %i'pla -'plini!e a
te!'en"l"iB ne+iin& nece%a! ca ea %a +ie p!#n"ntata &e cat!e
in%tanta. C#n&a'nat"l p#ateB event"alB %#licita in%tantei %a
c#n%tate inte!veni!ea !ea,ilita!ii %i %a &i%p"na !a&ie!ea
*/
c#n&a'na!il#! &in ca)ie!"l ."&icia! -n 'a%"!a -n ca!e ace%t l"c!"
n" %:a +ac"t &in #+ici".
n ca)"l pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB p#t!ivit a!t. 12> N.C.p.B
!ea,ilita!ea a!e l#c &e &!ept &aca -n &ec"!% &e * ani &e la &ata la
ca!e pe&eap%a a'en)ii %a"B &"pa ca)B pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!aB a
+#%t e(ec"tata %a" c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tataB pe!%#ana ."!i&ica n" a
'ai %av1!%it nici# alta in+!acti"ne. Regle'enta!ea e%te %i'ila!a
c" cea ante!i#a!a.
D *. Rea,ilita!ea ."&ecat#!ea%ca
E%te ac#!&ata &e cat!e in%tanta &aca %"nt -n&eplinite
c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e legeE
a9 %:a -'plinit te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!e p!eva)"t &e a!t. 166
N.C.p.. Ace%ta %e calc"lea)a -n !ap#!t &e &"!ata pe&ep%ei
e(ec"tata %a" c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tataE
:/ aniB -n ca)"l c#n&a'na!ii la pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e
aniB &a! ca!e n" &epa%e%te 2 aniH
:2 aniB -n ca)"l c#n&a'na!ii la pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e 2
aniB &a! ca!e n" &epa%e%te 1> aniH
:< aniB -n ca)"l c#n&a'na!ii la pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e
1> ani %a" -n ca)"l pe&ep%ei &etenti"nii pe viataB c#'"tata %a"
-nl#c"ita c" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!iiH
:1> aniB -n ca)"l c#n&a'na!ii la pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viata
c#n%i&e!ata e(ec"tata ca "!'a!e a g!atie!iiB a -'plini!ii te!'en"l"i
&e p!e%c!iptie a e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei %a" a li,e!a!ii c#n&iti#nate.
Se p#ate c#n%tata ca n#"l C#& penal !e&"ce %e'ni+icativ
te!'enele &e !ea,ilita!e ."&ecat#!ea%ca. nt!:a&eva!B vec@ea
!egle'enta!e 8a!t. 1*2 C.p.9 p!eve&ea ca la te!'enele &e /B 2
!e%pectiv < ani %e a&a"ga ."'atate &in &"!ata pe&ep%ei e(ec"tate.
Te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!e c"!ge &e la &ata c1n& pe&eap%a a
+#%t e(ec"tata %a" c#n%i&e!ata ca e(ec"tata. 7aca pe&eap%a %:a
*2
e(ec"tat integ!al -n !egi' &e &etentieB te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!e
c"!ge &e la &ata p"ne!ii -n li,e!tate a c#n&a'nat"l"i.
At"nci c1n& c#n&a'nat"l a +#%t li,e!at c#n&iti#natB
te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!e c"!ge &e la -'plini!ea &"!atei pe&ep%eiB
a&ica &e la e(pi!a!ea te!'en"l"i &e %"p!aveg@e!e a li,e!a!ii
c#n&iti#nate.
n ca)"l -n ca!e a inte!venit g!atie!ea t#talaB te!'en"l c"!ge
&e la &ata aplica!ii act"l"i &e g!atie!e 8acea%ta &ata p#ate +i &ata
!a'1ne!ii &e+initive a @#ta!1!ii &e c#n&a'na!e at"nci c1n& legea
&e g!atie!e a inte!venit -n c"!%"l p!#ce%"l"iB !e%pectiv &ata int!a!ii
-n vig#a!e a act"l"i &e g!atie!e at"nci c1n& acea%ta a inte!venit
&"pa !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii9. n ca) &e g!atie!e
c#n&iti#nataB te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!e c"!ge t#t &e la &ata aplica!ii
g!atie!ii %i n" &e la &ata -'plini!ii te!'en"l"i &e -nce!ca!e.
C1n& a inte!venit p!e%c!iptia e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%eiB te!'en"l
&e !ea,ilita!e c"!ge &e la &ata -'plini!ii te!'en"l"i &e p!e%c!iptie.
n ca) &e c#n&a'na!i %"cce%iveB te!'en"l &e !ea,ilita!e %e
calc"lea)a -n !ap#!t &e pe&eap%a c" &"!ata cea 'ai 'a!e %i c"!ge
&e la &ata e(ec"ta!ii %a" c#n%i&e!a!ii ca e(ec"tata a "lti'ei
pe&ep%e.
,9 %a n" +i %av1!%it # alta in+!acti"ne -n te!'en"l &e
!ea,ilita!e.
c9 inc"lpat"l %a +i ac@itat integ!al c@elt"ielile &e ."&ecata
%i %i:a -n&eplinit #,ligatiile civile %ta,ilite p!in @#ta!1!ea &e
c#n&a'na!eB a+a!a &e ca)"l c1n& ace%ta &#ve&e%te ca n" a av"t
p#%i,ilitatea %a le -n&eplinea%ca %a" c1n& pa!tea civila a !en"ntat
la &e%pag",i!i. S:a c#n%i&e!at -n p!actica ."&icia!a ca acea%ta
c#n&itie n" e -n&eplinita at"nci c1n& plata &e%pag",i!il#! n" 'ai
p#ate +i ce!"ta &e cat!e pa!tea civila &at#!ita inte!veni!ii
p!e%c!iptiei civile.
N#"l C#& penal a !en"ntat la &#"a &int!e c#n&itiile
p!eva)"te ante!i#! &e a!t. 1*< C.p. 4 ,"na c#n&"ita a
*6
inc"lpat"l"i %i a%ig"!a!ea e(i%tentei p!in 'i.l#ace #ne%te. Cele
&#"a c#n&itii n" %e lega" ne'i.l#cit &e ele'ente !elevante pent!"
-nlat"!a!ea &eca&e!il#!B inte!&ictiil#! %a" incapacitatil#! &ec"!g1n&
&int!:# @#ta!1!e penalaB ia! p!i'a &int!e ace%tea p!e)enta "n
c#ntin"t e(t!e' &e la!g %i i'p!eci%.
P#t!ivit a!t. 1<> N.C.p.B -n ca) &e !e%pinge!e a ce!e!ii &e
!ea,ilita!eB n" %e p#ate +ace # alta ce!e!e &ec1t &"pa "n te!'en &e
"n anB te!'en ca!e %e %#c#te%te &e la &ata !e%pinge!ii p!in @#ta!1!e
&e+initiva a p!ece&entei ce!e!i. Si -n ace%t ca) n#"l C#& penal
c#ntine # !egle'enta!e 'ai +av#!a,ila c#n&a'nat"l"iB -nt!"c1t
p#t!ivit vec@il#! &i%p#)itii n" %e p"tea +ace # n#"a ce!e!e &ec1t
&"pa "n te!'en &e * aniB -n ca)"l c#n&a'na!ii la pe&eap%a
-nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e 1> aniB &"pa "n te!'en &e aniB -n ca)"l
c#n&a'na!ii la pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e &e 2 ani %i !e%pectivB
&"pa "n te!'en &e "n an -n celelalte ca)"!iH ace%te te!'ene %e
%#c#te%c &e la &ata !e%pinge!ii ce!e!ii.
7aca !e%pinge!ea ce!e!ii &e !ea,ilita!e a +#%t &ete!'inata
&e ne-n&eplini!ea "n#! c#n&itii &e +#!'aB # n#"a ce!e!e p#ate +i
int!#&"%a p#t!ivit &i%p#)itiil#! C#&"l"i &e p!#ce&"!a penala.
n +ineB c#n+#!' a!t. 1<1 N.C.p.B e(i%ta%i p#%i,ilitatea
pent!" in%tanta &e a an"la !ea,ilita!ea. An"la!ea e%te p#%i,ila &#a!
-n ip#te)a !ea,ilita!ii ."&ecat#!e%ti %i va inte!veni at"nci c1n& &"pa
ac#!&a!ea ei %:a &e%c#pe!it ca cel !ea,ilitat 'ai %"+e!i%e # alta
c#n&a'na!eB ca!e &aca a! +i +#%t c"n#%c"taB &"cea la !e%pinge!ea
ce!e!ii &e !ea,ilita!e.
*<
PARTEA SPECIALA
: Capit#l"l I :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA 5IETII
A!t. 1$0. OMORUL CALI3ICAT
819 O'#!"l %av1!%it -n v!e"na &int!e "!'at#a!ele -'p!e."!a!iE
a9 c" p!e'e&ita!eH
,9 &in inte!e% 'ate!ialH
c9 pent!" a %e %"%t!age #!i pent!" a %"%t!age pe alt"l &e la t!age!ea
la !a%p"n&e!e penala %a" &e la e(ec"ta!ea "nei pe&ep%eH
&9 pent!" a -nle%ni %a" a a%c"n&e %av1!%i!ea altei in+!acti"niH
e9 &e cat!e # pe!%#ana ca!e a 'ai c#'i% ante!i#! # in+!acti"ne &e
#'#! %a" # tentativa la in+!acti"nea &e #'#!H
+9 a%"p!a a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lt#! pe!%#aneH
g9 a%"p!a "nei +e'ei g!avi&eH
@9 p!in c!")i'iB
%e pe&ep%e%te c" &etenti"ne pe viata %a" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 12 la 2
&e ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
89 Tentativa %e pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E 7aca in+!acti"nea &e #'#! -n va!ianta %a
%i'pla -%i pa%t!ea)a -n t#talitate c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv av"t -n
act"al"l C.p.B ele'ent"l &e n#"tateB &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al
n#!'ei &e inc!i'ina!eB -l c#n%tit"ie eli'ina!ea n#ti"nii &e I#'#!
&e#%e,it &e g!avG.
S:a !en"ntat la &i+e!entie!ea -nt!e in+!acti"nea &e #'#!
cali+icat %i cea &e #'#! &e#%e,it &e g!avB ne."%ti+icata -n p!e)ent
-n C.p. act"alB ia! %it"atiile p!eva)"te &e a!t. 1<6 lit. &9 %"nt
-nc#!p#!ateB -n pa!teB -n in+!acti"nea &e #'#! cali+icat.
A +#%t eli'inata inc!i'ina!ea #'#!"l"i cali+icat a%"p!a
%#t"l"i %a" "nei !"&e ap!#piateH p!#+it1n& &e %ta!ea &e nep"tinta a
*$
victi'ei &e a %e apa!aH p!in 'i.l#ace ce p"n -n pe!ic#l viata 'ai
'"lt#! pe!%#aneH -n legat"!a c" -n&eplini!ea -n&at#!i!il#! &e
%e!vici" %a" p",lice ale victi'ei.
C@ia! &aca in+!acti"nea &e #'#! c#'i%a a%"p!a %#t"l"i %a"
a "nei !"&e ap!#piate n" 'ai e%te e(p!e% p!eva)"ta ca %i va!ianta a
#'#!"l"i cali+icatB c#'ite!ea +aptel#! &e #'#! 8a!t. 1$$9 %i #'#!
cali+icat 8-n #!ica!e &int!e va!iantele p!eva)"te &e a!t. 1$09 a%"p!a
"n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie a!e &!ept c#n%ecinta 'a.#!a!ea li'itel#!
&e pe&eap%a p#t!ivit a!t. 100 &in N.C.p.B ca!e %e !e+e!a la vi#lenta
-n +a'ilie.
Mai '"ltB p#t!ivit a!t. 1<< alin.1 lit. c9 -n ca!e e%te &e+inita
n#ti"nea &e I'e',!" &e +a'ilieGB %"nt 'e',!i &e +a'ilie %i &eci
p#t +i %",iecti pa%ivi ai in+!acti"nii &e vi#lenta -n +a'ilieB -n
#!ica!e &int!e va!iantele eiB pe!%#anele ca!e a" %ta,ilit !elatii
a%e'anat#a!e acel#!a &int!e %#ti %a" &int!e pa!inti %i c#piiB -n
ca)"l -n ca!e c#nviet"ie%cB c"' %"ntB %p!e e(e'pl"B c#nc",inii.
A +#%t eli'inata &i+e!entie!ea e(i%tenta ante!i#! -n ca)"l
#'#!"l"i &e#%e,it &e g!av pent!" a %av1!%i %a" a a%c"n&e
%av1!%i!ea "nei t1l@a!ii %a" pi!ate!iiB ca!e n" %e ."%ti+icaB +iin& -n%a
inc!i'inat #'#!"l cali+icatB %av1!%it pent!" a -nle%ni #!i a a%c"n&e
c#'ite!ea #!ica!ei in+!acti"ni.
3apta &e #'#! a%"p!a "n"i 'agi%t!atB p#liti%tB .an&a!' #!i
a%"p!a "n"i 'ilita!B -n ti'p"l %a" -n legat"!a c" -n&eplini!ea
-n&at#!i!il#! &e %e!vici" %a" p",lice ale ace%t#!aB n" %e 'ai
!ega%e%te -n te(t"l ce inc!i'inea)a in+!acti"nea &e #'#! cali+icatH
ea n" a +#%t -n%a eli'inataB ci e%te inc!i'inata -n te(t"l a!t. <2
!e+e!it#! la "lt!a.B c" c#n%ecinta 'a.#!a!ii li'itel#! &e pe&eap%aB
&"pa ca).
A +#%t eli'inat -n t#talitateB ca %i va!ianta a #'#!"l"i
cali+icatB #'#!"l c#'i% &e cat!e "n ."&ecat#! %a" p!#c"!#!B p#liti%tB
.an&a!' %a" 'ilita!B -n ti'p"l %a" -n legat"!a c" -n&eplini!ea
-n&at#!i!il#! &e %e!vici" %a" p",lice ale ace%t#!aB calitatea
pe!%#nala a ace%t#!a ne."%ti+ic1n& # n#!'a %peciala &e inc!i'ina!e
%i "n t!ata'ent %ancti#nat#! &i+e!it.
*0
A!t. 1$0 alin.1 lit. e9 a !e)#lvat # p!#,le'a &i%p"tata -n
."!i%p!"&entaB %i an"'e inte!p!eta!ea %intag'ei I&e cat!e #
pe!%#ana ca!e a 'ai c#'i% "n #'#!GB p!eci)1n&":%e e(p!e% ca
+apta c#n%tit"ie #'#! cali+icat %i -n %it"atia -n ca!e +apt"it#!"l a
c#'i% ante!i#! # +apta &e #'#! 8%a" &e #'#! cali+icat9 !a'a%a -n
+a)a &e tentativa.
A!t. 1$0 alin.1 lit. c9 "tili)ea)a # alta te!'in#l#gie &ec1t
aceea &in te(t"l ante!i#!B ca!e %e !e+e!ea la %"%t!age!ea &e la
"!'a!i!e %a" a!e%ta!e. A%t+elB cele &#"a %it"atii a" +#%t -nl#c"ite c"
%intag'a c" %+e!a 'ai la!ga &e c"p!in&e!e 4 It!age!ea la
!a%p"n&e!ea penalaGB -nt!"c1t +apta %e p#ate c#'ite -nainte &e
-ncepe!ea "!'a!i!ii penale %a" a p"ne!ii -n 'i%ca!e a acti"nii
penale.
A!t. 10. UCI7EREA 7IN CULPA
819 Uci&e!ea &in c"lpa a "nei pe!%#ane %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani.
89 Uci&e!ea &in c"lpa ca "!'a!e a ne!e%pecta!ii &i%p#)itiil#!
legale #!i a 'a%"!il#! &e p!eve&e!e pent!" e(e!citi"l "nei p!#+e%ii
%a" 'e%e!ii #!i pent!" e+ect"a!ea "nei an"'ite activitati %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani. C1n& -ncalca!ea
&i%p#)itiil#! legale #!i a 'a%"!il#! &e p!eve&e!e c#n%tit"ie p!in
ea -n%a%i # in+!acti"ne %e aplica !eg"lile p!ivin& c#nc"!%"l &e
in+!acti"ni.
8*9 7aca p!in +apta %av1!%ita %:a ca")at '#a!tea a &#"a %a" 'ai
'"lt#! pe!%#aneB li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei p!eva)"te -n alin.1
%i alin. %e 'a.#!ea)a c" ."'atate.
C#'enta!i"E Regle'enta!ea "ci&e!ii &in c"lpa a +#%t
%i'pli+icataB !en"nt1n&":%e la # pa!te &int!e +#!'ele ag!avateB ca!e
p!actic e!a" &",l" %ancti#nateB -n '#& ne."%ti+icatB at1t -n C.p.B ca
+#!'a ag!avata a in+!acti"nii &e "ci&e!e &in c"lpaB c1t %i ca
in+!acti"ni &i%tincte -n legi%latia p!ivin& !egle'enta!ea ci!c"latiei
pe &!"'"!ile p",lice.
Pent!" a eli'ina event"alele necla!itatiB te(t"l p!eve&e -n
/>
'#& e(p!e% +apt"l caB at"nci c1n& -ncalca!ea &i%p#)itiil#! legale
#!i a 'a%"!il#! &e p!eve&e!e c#n%tit"ie p!in ea -n%a%i # in+!acti"neB
%e aplica !eg"lile p!ivin& c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l c#'ite!ii "nei "ci&e!i &in c"lpa &e
cat!e "n c#n&"cat#! &e ve@ic"l c" t!acti"ne 'ecanica av1n& -n
%1nge # -',i,atie alc##lica ce &epa%e%te li'ita legalaB %e va !etine
-n c#nc"!% "ci&e!ea &in c"lpa%i in+!acti"nea la !egi'"l ci!c"latiei
pe &!"'"!ile p",lice.
A +#%tB -n%aB 'entin"ta
ag!avanta p!ivin& c#'ite!ea +aptei
a%"p!a a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lt#! pe!%#aneB c" c#n%ecinta 'a.#!a!ii
li'itel#! &e pe&eap%a c" ."'atate.
/1
: Capit#l"l II :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA INTEGRITATII CORPORALE
SAU SANATATII
A!t. 10*. LO5IREA SAU ALTE 5IOLENTE
819 L#vi!ea %a" #!ice acte &e vi#lenta ca")at#a!e &e %"+e!inte
+i)ice %e pe&ep%e%c c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la ani %a" c"
a'en&a.
89 3apta p!in ca!e %e p!#&"c le)i"ni t!a"'atice %a" e%te a+ectata
%anatatea "nei pe!%#aneB a ca!ei g!avitate e%te eval"ata p!in )ile
&e -ng!i.i!i 'e&icale &e cel '"lt 0> &e )ileB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la 2 ani %a" c" a'en&a.
8*9 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E n N.C.p. %:a !en"ntat la in+!acti"nea &e
vata'a!e c#!p#!ala g!avaB alin. * al ace%tei in+!acti"ni &evenin&
in+!acti"nea &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala.
n acela%i %en%B pent!" +apta &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala ante!i#!
p!eva)"ta -n C.p.B ca!e p!e%"p"nea c#'ite!ea "nei vata'a!i ca!e
nece%ita pent!" vin&eca!e -ng!i.i!i 'e&icale &e cel '"lt 6> &e )ileB
a +#%t '#&i+icat c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tivB +iin& inc!i'inata ac"' &e
in+!acti"nea &e l#vi!e %a" alte vi#lenteB eli'in1n&":%e a%t+el
e(i%tenta 4 -n '#& ne."%ti+icatB &e alt+elB a "nei &i+e!entie!i pe t!ei
g!a&e &e g!avitate a +aptei %i a t!ei in+!acti"ni ca!e %a !egle'ente)e
aceea%i acti"ne ilicita.
Se %ancti#nea)a -n va!ianta tip acti"nea &e l#vi!e
in&i+e!ent &e p!#&"ce!ea "n#! le)i"niB ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al
in+!acti"nii +iin& acti"nea &e l#vi!e.
n acea%ta va!ianta tipB "!'a!ea i'e&iata a +aptei #
!ep!e)inta
ca")a!ea &e %"+e!inte +i)ice.
5a!ianta tip 'entine c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al
in+!acti"nii &in !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a.
/
n va!ianta ag!avataB e%te %ancti#nata aceea%i acti"neB &e
l#vi!e a pe!%#aneiB ca!e -n%a a!e ca "!'a!e i'e&iata p!#&"ce!ea
&e le)i"ni t!a"'atice.
A%t+elB #!ice +apta p!in ca!e %e p!#&"c le)i"ni t!a"'atice
"nei pe!%#aneB eval"a,ila p!in )ile &e -ng!i.i!e 'e&icalaB ca!e
p#t +i &e la # )i p1na la cel '"lt 0> &e )ileB c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"nea
&e l#vi!e %a" alte vi#lente.
7i+e!enta +ata &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a # c#n%tit"ie
pe!i#a&a &e )ile &e -ng!i.i!e 'e&icalaB ca!e pent!" in+!acti"nea &e
l#vi!i %i alte vi#lente e!a &e cel '"lt > &e )ile.
O alta &i+e!enta e%te aceea ca %av1!%i!ea +aptei -n #!ica!e
&int!e va!iantele eiB a%"p!a "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie1B e%te ac"'
!egle'entata &i%tinct &e in+!acti"nea &e vi#lenta -n +a'ilieB -n
a!t. 100.
7in p"nct &e ve&e!e p!#ce&"!alB acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n
'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#aneiB 'entin1n&":%e -n
c#ntin"a!e !egle'enta!ea &in act"al"l C.p..
A +#%t eli'inata p#%i,ilitatea inte!veni!ii -'paca!ii -nt!e
inc"lpat %i pa!tea vata'ata*.
A!t. 10/. 5ATAMAREA CORPORALA
819 3apta p!eva)"ta -n a!t. 10*B ca!e a ca")at v!e"na &int!e
"!'at#a!ele c#n%ecinteE
a9 # in+i!'itateH
1 P#t!ivit a!t. 1<< al.1 lit. c -n ca!e e%te &e+inita n#ti"nea &e I'e',!" &e
+a'ilieGB %"nt 'e',!i &e +a'ilie %i &eci p#t +i %",iecti pa%ivi ai in+!acti"nii &e
vi#lenta -n +a'ilieB -n #!ica!e &int!e va!iantele eiB pe!%#anele ca!e a" %ta,ilit
!elatii a%e'anat#a!e acel#!a &int!e %#ti %a" &int!e pa!inti %i c#piiB -n ca)"l -n
ca!e c#nviet"ie%cB c"' %"ntB %p!e e(e'pl"B c#nc",inii.
Pent!" in+!acti"nea &e vi#lenta -n +a'ilieB -n va!ianta p!ev. &e a!t. 100 !ap. la
a!t. 10* alin.1 %a" B &"pa ca)B acti"nea penala p#ate +i p"%a -n 'i%ca!e %i &in
#+ici".
* Pent!" in+!acti"nea &e vi#lenta -n +a'ilieB -n va!ianta p!ev. &e a!t. 100 !ap. la
a!t. 10* alin.1 %a" B &"pa ca)B e%te p#%i,ila -'paca!ea pa!til#!B c#n+#!' a!t.
100 alin..
/*
,9 le)i"ni t!a"'atice %a" a+ecta!ea %anatatii "nei pe!%#aneB ca!e
a" nece%itatB pent!" vin&eca!eB 'ai '"lt &e 0> &e )ile &e -ng!i.i!i
'e&icaleH
c9 "n p!e."&ici" e%tetic g!av %i pe!'anentH
&9 av#!t"lH
e9 p"ne!ea -n p!i'e.&ie a vietii pe!%#aneiB
%e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani.
89 C1n& +apta a +#%t %av1!%ita -n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii "neia &int!e
c#n%ecintele p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 lit. a9B lit. ,9 %i lit. c9B pe&eap%a
e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la * la 1> ani.
8*9 Tentativa la in+!acti"nea p!eva)"ta -n alin. 89 %e pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala g!ava
&evine in+!acti"nea &e vata'a!e c#!p#!alaH %"nt pa%t!ateB -n
e%entaB %it"atiile ce e!a" p!eva)"te la a!t. 1$ &in act"al"l C.p.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii e%te i&entic c" cel al
in+!acti"nii &e l#vi!e %i alte vi#lenteB &i+e!enta c#n%tit"in&:#
"!'a!ea i'e&iataB -n va!iantele alte!native p!eva)"te -n te(t.
3apta c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"nea &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala &aca
p!#&"ce le)i"ni t!a"'atice %a" a+ecta!ea %anatatii "nei
pe!%#ane ca!e nece%ita pent!" vin&eca!e 'ai '"lt &e 0> &e )ile &e
-ng!i.i!e 'e&icala
8al ca!#! c"ant"' "!'ea)a a +i %ta,ilit pe ,a)a
"nei e(pe!ti)e 'e&ic#:legale9.
7in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al te!'in#l#gieiB %e !en"nta la
n#ti"nea &e Ipie!&e!e a "n"i %i't %a" #!gan %a" -nceta!ea
+"ncti#na!ii ace%t#!aG 'entin1n&":%e aceea &e Iin+i!'itateGB ce
"!'ea)a a +i &ete!'inata pe ,a)a "nei e(pe!ti)e 'e&ic#:legale. Se
eli'ina &e a%e'enea e(p!i'a!ea Iin+i!'itate pe!'anenta +i)ica
#!i p%i@icaGB nep!e)ent1n& !elevanta -'p!e."!a!ea ca e%te +i)ica #!i
p%i@ica.
7e a%e'eneaB te!'en"l &e I%l"ti!eG e%te -nl#c"it c" cel &e
Ip!e."&ici" e%tetic g!av %i pe!'anentGB ceea ce p!e%"p"ne
e+ect"a!ea "nei e(pe!ti)e 'e&ic#:legale ca!e %a %ta,ilea%ca &aca a
//
+#%t c!eat "n a%e'enea p!e."&ici"B ce t!e,"ie %a +ieB -n '#&
c"'"lativE
:e%tetic
:g!av
:pe!'anent.
E%te !e)#lvata a%t+el # p!#,le'a c#nt!#ve!%ata -n p!acticaB
aceea a pie!&e!ii "n#! &inti ca "!'a!e a ag!e%i"niiB p!#,le'a pe
ca!e nici 'aca! p!#n"nta!ea "nei &eci)ii -n !ec"!% -n inte!e%"l legii
n" a %#l"ti#nat:# pe &eplin.
7in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii %",iectiveE
:in+!acti"nea p#ate +i c#'i%aB -n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e
alin.1B c" intentie &i!ecta %a" in&i!ectaB -n ceea ce p!ive%te
&i%p#)itiile alin. 1 lit. &9H
:pent!" va!iantele p!eva)"te la alin.1 lit. a9B ,9B c9B e9B +apta
p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie in&i!ecta. n %it"atia -n ca!e +apta e%te
c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ectaB -n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e alin.1 lit. a9B
,9B c9 t!ata'ent"l %ancti#nat#! e%te &i+e!itB +iin& inci&ente
&i%p#)itiile alineat"l"i H
:p"ne!ea -n p!i'e.&ie a vietii pe!%#anei p!eva)"ta &e
alin.1 lit.e9B p#ate +i c#'i%a n"'ai c" intentie in&i!ecta.
A +#%t eli'inata va!ianta ag!avata a c#'ite!ii +aptei -n
%c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii av#!t"l"iB/ p!ec"' %i aceea a c#'ite!ii +aptei
-n ve&e!ea p"ne!ii -n p!i'e.&ie a vietii pe!%#aneiB -nt!"c1t acea%ta
&in "!'a c#n%tit"ieB -n !ealitateB tentativa la in+!acti"nea &e #'#!
%a"B &"pa ca)B &e #'#! cali+icat.
n ca)"l %av1!%i!ii +aptei -'p#t!iva "n"i 'e',!" &e
+a'ilieB li'itele &e pe&eap%a %e 'a.#!ea)a c" # t!ei'eB p#t!ivit a!t.
100 alin.1.
Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e &in #+ici"B nee(i%t1n&
p#%i,ilitatea pa!tii vata'ate &e a %e -'paca c" +apt"it#!"l.
/ P#t!ivit a!t. >1 alin. &in n#"l C#& penalB Int!e!"pe!ea c"!%"l"i %a!ciniiB
%av1!%ita -n #!ice c#n&itiiB +a!a c#n%i'ta'1nt"l +e'eii -n%a!cinateB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#!
/2
&!ept"!iG.
A!t. 106. 5ATAMAREA CORPORALA 7IN CULPA
819 3apta p!eva)"ta -n a!t. 10* alin. 89 %av1!%ita &in c"lpa &e cat!e
# pe!%#ana a+lata %", in+l"enta ,a"t"!il#! alc##lice #!i a "nei
%",%tante p%i@#active %a" -n &e%+a%"!a!ea "nei activitati ce
c#n%tit"ie p!in ea -n%a%i in+!acti"ne %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e
&e la * l"ni la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
89 3apta p!eva)"ta -n a!t. 10/ alin. 819 %av1!%ita &in c"lpa %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
8*9 C1n& +apta p!eva)"ta -n alin. 89 a +#%t %av1!%ita ca "!'a!e a
ne!e%pecta!ii &i%p#)itiil#! legale %a" a 'a%"!il#! &e p!eve&e!e
pent!" e(e!citi"l "nei p!#+e%ii %a" 'e%e!ii #!i pent!" e+ect"a!ea
"nei an"'ite activitatiB pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 6 l"ni la *
ani %a" a'en&a.
8/9 7aca "!'a!ile p!eva)"te -n alin. 81948*9 %:a" p!#&"% +ata &e
&#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#aneB li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei %e
'a.#!ea)a c" # t!ei'e.
829 7aca ne!e%pecta!ea &i%p#)itiil#! legale #!i a 'a%"!il#! &e
p!eve&e!e %a" &e%+a%"!a!ea activitatii ca!e a c#n&"% la c#'ite!ea
+aptel#! p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 %i alin. 8*9 c#n%tit"ie p!in ea -n%a%i
# in+!acti"neB %e aplica !eg"lile p!ivin& c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni.
Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E
1. L#vi!ea %i alte vi#lente c#'i%e &in c"lpa
Ca %i -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB l#vi!ea %a" alte vi#lente
%av1!%ite &in c"lpa%iB p#t!ivit a!t. 10* alin.1 al N.C.p. 4 !e%pectiv
+a!a p!#&"ce!ea "n#! le)i"ni 4 n" %e pe&ep%e%te penal.
n %it"atia -n ca!eB "!'a!e a ace%tei +apte c#'i%e &in c"lpaB
%e p!#&"c le)i"ni &e cel '"lt 0> &e )ileB +apta c#n%tit"ie
in+!acti"ne &#a! -n ip#te)a -n ca!eE
:a +#%t c#'i%a &e # pe!%#ana a+lata %", in+l"enta
,a"t"!il#! alc##lice #!i a "nei %",%tante p%i@#activeH
:a +#%t c#'i%a -n &e%+a%"!a!ea "nei activitati ce
c#n%tit"ie p!in ea -n%a%i in+!acti"ne.
/6
Li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei %e 'a.#!ea)a -n%a c" #
t!ei'e -n ca)"l -n ca!e "!'a!ile +aptei %:a" p!#&"% a%"p!a a &#"a
%a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane.
E%te pe&ep%ita ca +#!'a cali+icata a ace%tei in+!acti"ni
+apta ca!e e%te %av1!%ita ca "!'a!e a ne!e%pecta!ii &i%p#)itiil#!
legale %a" a 'a%"!il#! &e p!eve&e!e pent!" e(e!citi"l "nei p!#+e%ii
%a" 'e%e!ii #!i pent!" e+ect"a!ea "nei an"'ite activitatiH -n
c#n%ecintaB +apta e%te c#n%i&e!ata 'ai g!ava n"'ai -n an"'ite
ci!c"'%tante.
7aca ne!e%pecta!ea &i%p#)itiil#! legale #!i a 'a%"!il#! &e
p!eve&e!e %a" &e%+a%"!a!ea activitatii ca!e a c#n&"% la c#'ite!ea
+aptei c#n%tit"ie p!in ea -n%a%i # in+!acti"neB %e aplica !eg"lile
p!ivin& c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni.
Cel 'ai i'p#!tant ele'ent &e n#"tate ce !e)"lta &in
anali)a te(t"l"i e%te acela ca
a +#%t &e)inc!i'inata c#'ite!ea
+aptei &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala &in c"lpaB -n %it"atia -n ca!e +apta a
av"t ca "!'a!e p!#&"ce!ea &e le)i"ni ce nece%ita pent!" -ng!i.i!e
cel '"lt 0> &e )ile &e -ng!i.i!e 'e&icalaB at1ta v!e'e c1t %",iect"l
activ al in+!acti"nii n" %e a+la -n %it"atia p!eva)"ta &e legeB
!e%pectivE
:n" %e a+la %", in+l"enta ,a"t"!il#! alc##liceH
:n" %e a+la %", in+l"enta %",%tantel#! p%i@#active.
7e a%e'eneaB +apta n" %e pe&ep%e%te &e legea penalaB
&aca n" a +#%t c#'i%a -n &e%+a%"!a!ea "nei activitati ce
c#n%tit"ie p!in ea -n%a%i in+!acti"ne.
. 5ata'a!ea c#!p#!ala -n +#!'a n#"a p!eva)"ta &e N.C.p.
4 vec@ea vata'a!e c#!p#!ala g!ava 4 e%te pe&ep%ita
-n t#ate
%it"atiileB &aca e%te c#'i%a &in c"lpa.
Li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei %e 'a.#!ea)a c" # t!ei'e -n
ca)"l -n ca!e "!'a!ile +aptei %:a" p!#&"% a%"p!a a &#"a %a" 'ai
'"lte pe!%#ane.
E%te pe&ep%ita ca +#!'a cali+icata a ace%tei in+!acti"ni :
vata'a!ea c#!p#!ala &in c"lpaB +apta &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala ca!e
/<
e%te %av1!%ita ca "!'a!e a ne!e%pecta!ii &i%p#)itiil#! legale %a" a
'a%"!il#! &e p!eve&e!e pent!" e(e!citi"l "nei p!#+e%ii %a" 'e%e!ii
#!i pent!" e+ect"a!ea "nei an"'ite activitatiH +apta e%te c#n%i&e!ata
'ai g!ava n"'ai -n an"'ite ci!c"'%tante.
Si -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala &in c"lpaB %:a
!eali)at # %i'pli+ica!e a !egle'enta!iiB c#!e%p"n)at#! c" aceea -n
ca)"l "ci&e!ii &in c"lpaB %i a +#%t int!#&"%a # inc!i'ina!e
c#'ple(aB inci&enta at"nci c1n& &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane a"
+#%t vata'ate.
7aca ne!e%pecta!ea &i%p#)itiil#! legale #!i a 'a%"!il#! &e
p!eve&e!e %a" &e%+a%"!a!ea activitatii ca!e a c#n&"% la c#'ite!ea
+aptei c#n%tit"ie p!in ea -n%a%i # in+!acti"neB %e aplica !eg"lile
p!ivin& c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni.
Ca ele'ent &e n#"tateB t#ate +aptele ce c#n%tit"ie
in+!acti"nea &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala &in c"lpaB in&i+e!ent &e
g!avitatea l#!B %e ce!cetea)a n"'ai la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
P#t!ivit a!t. < alin. N.C.p. 8ca!e inc!i'inea)a
in+!acti"nea &e in+l"enta!e a &ecla!atiil#!9B n" c#n%tit"ie
in+!acti"ne -ntelege!ea pat!i'#niala &int!e in+!act#! %i pe!%#ana
vata'ataB inte!venita -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! pent!" ca!e acti"nea
penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!e p!eala,ila %a" pent!" ca!e
inte!vine -'paca!ea.
A!t. 10<. RELELE TRATAMENTE APLICATE
MINORULUI
P"ne!ea -n p!i'e.&ie g!avaB p!in 'a%"!i %a" t!ata'ente &e #!ice
+elB a &e)v#lta!ii +i)iceB intelect"ale %a" '#!ale a 'in#!"l"i &e
cat!e pa!inti %a" &e #!ice pe!%#ana
-n g!i.a ca!eia %e a+la 'in#!"l
%e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la * la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea
e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea &e !ele t!ata'ente aplicate
'in#!"l"i a +#%t incl"%a -n N.C.p. -n capit#l"l IIB p!ivin&
in+!acti"ni c#'i%e -'p#t!iva integ!itatii c#!p#!ale %i %anatatiiB
/$
8-n act"al"l C.p. a!t. *>6 e!a incl"% -n Titl"l I? FIn+!acti"ni ca!e
a&"c atinge!e "n#! !elatii p!ivin& c#nviet"i!ea %#cialaGB Capit#l"l I
4 FIn+!acti"ni c#nt!a +a'ilieiG9.
In+!acti"nile &e !ele t!ata'ente aplicate 'in#!"l"i %i
-ncaie!a!e a" +#%t a&"%e -n acea%ta %ecti"neB &e#a!ece ele p"n -n
pe!ic#l -n p!i'"l !1n& integ!itatea +i)ica %a" %anatatea pe!%#anei %i
a,ia -n %",%i&ia! !elatiile &e +a'ilieB !e%pectiv &e c#nviet"i!e
%#ciala.
C#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii a +#%t 'entin"tB
%ing"!"l ele'ent &e n#"tate +iin& e(tin&e!ea %+e!ei %",iectil#!
activi ai in+!acti"niiB !e%pectiv calitatea %",iect"l"i activ al
in+!acti"nii &e a +iE
:pa!inte
:#!ice pe!%#ana -n g!i.a ca!eia %e a+la 'in#!"lB ceea ce
incl"&e at1t pe!%#ana ca!e a +#%t &e%e'nata &e a"t#!itati pent!" a
avea 'in#!"l -n -ng!i.i!eB c1t %i pe!%#ana ca!e a!e 'in#!"l -n
-ng!i.i!e -n +apt 8-n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii p"tea +i #!ice pe!%#ana ca!eia 'in#!"l i:a +#%t
-nc!e&intat %p!e c!e%te!e %i e&"ca!eB c" alte c"vinte n"'ai
pe!%#anele ce a" +#%t &e%e'nate &e a"t#!itati -n ace%t %c#p9.
S",iecti pa%ivi ai in+!acti"nii p#t +iE
:"n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie
:'in#!ii inte!nati -n cent!e &e pla%a'ent %a" -n alte +#!'e
&e #c!#ti!e
n acea%ta &in "!'a %it"atieB %",iect activ al in+!acti"nii
e%te pe!%#ana &e%e'nata c" -ng!i.i!ea ace%t#!a -n ca&!"l
in%tit"tiei &e pla%a'ent %a" #c!#ti!e.
/0
: Capit#l"l III :
IN3RACTIUNI SA5RSITE ASUPRA UNUI MEM=RU 7E
3AMILIE
A!t. 100. 5IOLENTA N 3AMILIE
819 7aca +aptele p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1$$B a!t. 1$0 %i a!t. 10*4102
%"nt %av1!%ite a%"p!a "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilieB 'a(i'"l %pecial
al pe&ep%ei p!eva)"te &e lege %e 'a.#!ea)a c" # pat!i'e.
89 n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! p!eva)"te -n a!t. 10* %i a!t. 106
%av1!%ite a%"p!a "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilieB acti"nea penala p#ate
+i p"%a -n 'i%ca!e %i &in #+ici". 'paca!ea -nlat"!a !a%p"n&e!ea
penala.
C#'enta!i"E 7aca -n pa!tea gene!ala a N.C.p. n#ti"nea &e
'e',!" &e +a'ilie a +#%t e(tin%aB -n pa!tea %peciala %e int!#&"ce
"n capit#l &i%tinct ce p!ive%te in+!acti"nile &e vi#lenta -n +a'ilie.
Te(t"l in%tit"ie "n !egi' %ancti#nat#! &i+e!it -n ca)"l
an"'it#! in+!acti"ni -'p#t!iva vietii pe!%#anei %i %ta,ile%te
'a.#!a!ea 'a(i'"l"i %pecial al pe&ep%ei -n ca)"l -n ca!e %"nt
%av1!%ite a%"p!a "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie c" !e+e!i!e la
in+!acti"nile &eE
: #'#! p!eva)"t &e a!t. 1$$
: #'#! cali+icat p!eva)"t &e a!t. 1$0
:l#vi!e %i alte vi#lente p!eva)"t &e a!t. 10*
:vata'a!e c#!p#!ala p!eva)"ta &e a!t. 10/
:l#vit"!i ca")at#a!e &e '#a!te p!eva)"ta &e a!t. 102.
S",iecti activi %i pa%ivi ai in+!acti"nii &e vi#lenta -n
+a'ilie p#t +i 'e',!ii &e +a'ilieB -n accepti"nea a!t. 1<< alin.1
lit. c -n ca!e e%te &e+inita n#ti"nea &e I'e',!" &e +a'ilieGE %"nt
'e',!i &e +a'ilie pe!%#anele ca!e a" %ta,ilit !elatii a%e'anat#a!e
acel#!a &int!e %#ti %a" &int!e pa!inti %i c#piiB -n ca)"l -n ca!e
c#nviet"ie%cB c"' %"ntB %p!e e(e'pl"B c#nc",iniiB %a" c#piii
c#nc",inil#!.
2>
n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! &e l#vi!e %i alte vi#lente %i &e
vata'a!e c#!p#!ala &in c"lpaB c#'i%e a%"p!a 'e',!il#! &e
+a'ilieB acti"nea penala p#ate +i p"%a -n 'i%ca!e %i &in #+ici"B -n%a
legea pe!'ite -'paca!ea pa!til#!B n"'ai c" p!ivi!e la ace%te &#"a
in+!acti"ni.
21
: Capit#l"l I5 :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA LI=ERTATII PERSOANEI
A!t. >2. LIPSIREA 7E LI=ERTATE N MO7 ILEGAL
819 Lip%i!ea &e li,e!tate a "nei pe!%#ane -n '#& ilegal %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la < ani.
89 Se c#n%i&e!a lip%i!e &e li,e!tate %i !api!ea "nei pe!%#ane
a+late -n i'p#%i,ilitatea &e a:%i e(p!i'a v#inta #!i &e a %e apa!a.
8*9 7aca +apta e%te %av1!%itaE
a9 &e cat!e # pe!%#ana -na!'ataH
,9 a%"p!a "n"i 'in#!H
c9 p"n1n& -n pe!ic#l %anatatea %a" viata victi'eiB pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea c"p!in%a -nt!e * %i 1> ani.
8/9 7aca +apta a av"t ca "!'a!e '#a!tea victi'eiB pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la < la 12 ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#!
&!ept"!i.
829 Tentativa la in+!acti"nile p!eva)"te -n alin. 81948*9 %e
pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E n p!ivinta in+!acti"nii &e lip%i!e &e li,e!tate
-n '#& ilegal a +#%t !e%t!"ct"!ata !egle'enta!eaB p!in eli'ina!ea
"n#! +#!'e ag!avate %a" ele'ente &e ag!ava!e ca!e n" %e
."%ti+ica"B %i int!#&"ce!ea alt#!aB 'enite a ac#pe!i lac"nele -n
!egle'enta!e.
5a!ianta %i'pla a in+!acti"nii pa%t!ea)a -n t#talitate
ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii &in !egle'enta!ea
ante!i#a!a.
E%te a%i'ilata va!iantei %i'ple a in+!acti"nii %i %it"atia -n
ca!e +apta e%te c#'i%a p!in !api!ea "nei pe!%#ane a+late -n
i'p#%i,ilitatea &e a:%i e(p!i'a v#inta #!i &e a %e apa!a
8c#'ite!ea +aptei p!in !api!e n" 'ai c#n%tit"ie va!ianta cali+icata a
in+!acti"nii9.
A" +#%t eli'inate %it"atiile -n ca!e +apta e%te c#'i%a p!in
%i'"la!ea &e calitati #+icialeB &e &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane
2
-'p!e"na %a" &aca -n %c@i',"l eli,e!a!ii %e ce!e "n +#l#% 'ate!ial
%a" #!ice alt avanta.H lip%i!ea &e li,e!tate a "nei pe!%#ane %av1!%ita
-n %c#p"l &e a # #,liga la p!actica!ea p!#%tit"tiei 8acea%ta %it"atie
e%te inc!i'inata ca va!ianta a in+!acti"nii &e t!a+ic &e pe!%#ane9B
%it"atia -n ca!e pent!" eli,e!a!ea pe!%#anei %e ce!eB -n #!ice '#&B
ca %tat"lB # pe!%#ana ."!i&icaB # #!gani)atie inte!nati#nala
inte!g"ve!na'entala %a" "n g!"p &e pe!%#ane %a -n&eplinea%ca %a"
%a n" -n&eplinea%ca "n an"'it act %i %it"atia -n ca!e +apta e%te
c#'i%a &e # pe!%#ana ca!e +ace pa!te &int!:"n g!"p #!gani)at.
5a!ianta ag!avata a +#%t eli'inata -n t#ate %it"atiile -n ca!e
act"al"l C.p. inc!i'ina %av1!%i!ea +aptei &e &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
pe!%#ane -'p!e"naB -nt!"c1t -n N.C.p. c#'ite!ea +aptei &e t!ei %a"
'ai '"lte pe!%#ane -'p!e"na c#n%tit"ie ci!c"'%tanta ag!avanta
legalaB c#n+#!' a!t. << lit.a9.
A +#%t 'entin"ta
+#!'a ag!avata -n %it"atia -n ca!e +apta
a!e ca "!'a!e '#a!tea victi'ei.
A!t. >6. AMENINTAREA
819 3apta &e a a'eninta # pe!%#ana c" %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni
%a" a "nei +apte pag",it#a!e -n&!eptate -'p#t!iva %a #!i a altei
pe!%#aneB &aca e%te &e nat"!a %a -i p!#&"ca
# %ta!e &e te'e!eB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la "n an %a" c" a'en&aB +a!a
ca pe&eap%a aplicata %a p#ata &epa%i %ancti"nea p!eva)"ta &e lege
pent!" in+!acti"nea ca!e a +#!'at #,iect"l a'eninta!ii.
89 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e a'eninta!eB %:a
ap!eciat &e legi"it#! ca e%te nece%a!a la!gi!ea %+e!ei pe!%#anel#!
vi)ate &e +apta c" ca!e %e a'enintaB a%t+el -nc1t in%tanta %a ai,a
p#%i,ilitatea &e a ap!ecia -n +ieca!e ca) c#nc!et &aca +apta e%te &e
nat"!a %a p!#&"ca tea'a pe!%#anei a'enintate. P!actica a
&e'#n%t!at ca acea%ta %ta!e &e ala!'a!e p#ate +i ca")ata n" &#a!
&e "n !a" ce vi)ea)a %#t"l %a" # !"&a ap!#piata a cel"i a'enintatB
2*
ci %i &e # event"ala +apta -n&!eptata -'p#t!iva "n"i p!ieten #!i a
altei pe!%#ane &e ca!e cel a'enintat e%te legat a+ectiv.
7e a%e'eneaB a +#%t eli'inata &in te(t %intag'a I&e nat"!a
%a # ala!'e)eGB ca!e a %t1!nit inte!p!eta!i &ive!%e -n p!actica%i n"
c#!e%p"n&e "n"i li',a. ."!i&ic a&ecvat.
Ce!inta e%entiala pent!" e(i%tenta ele'ent"l"i 'ate!ial al
in+!acti"nii e%te ca acea%ta %a +ie I&e nat"!a %a -i p!#v#ace #
%ta!e &e te'e!eG. Re)"lta &in ec#n#'ia te(t"l"i ca a'eninta!ea
t!e,"ie %a +ie apta %a p!#v#ace pe!%#anei vata'ate # %ta!e &e
te'e!e.
A!t. >$. AARTUIREA
819 3apta cel"i ca!eB -n '#& !epetatB "!'a!e%teB +a!a &!ept %a"
+a!a "n inte!e% legiti'B # pe!%#ana #!i -i %"p!aveg@ea)a
l#c"intaB l#c"l &e '"nca %a" alte l#c"!i +!ecventate &e cat!e
acea%taB ca")1n&":i a%t+el # %ta!e &e te'e!eB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la * la 6 l"ni %a" c" a'en&a.
89 E+ect"a!ea &e apel"!i tele+#nice %a" c#'"nica!i p!in
'i.l#ace &e t!an%'ite!e la &i%tantaB ca!eB p!in +!ecventa %a"
c#ntin"tB -i ca")ea)a # te'e!e "nei pe!%#aneB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la # l"na la * l"ni %a" c" a'en&aB &aca +apta n"
c#n%tit"ie # in+!acti"ne 'ai g!ava.
8*9 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E Ca !a%p"n% la !ealitatile e(i%tente -n
%#cietate la ace%t '#'entB legi"it#!"l a int!#&"% -n N.C.p.
in+!acti"nea &e @a!t"i!eB &i%tinct &e in+!acti"nea &e @a!t"i!e
%e("ala 8a %e ve&ea a!t. * &in N.C.p.9B ca!e p#ate +i c#'i%a p!inE
:"!'a!i!ea pe!%#anei
:%"p!aveg@e!ea l#c"inteiB a l#c"l"i &e '"nca %a" a alt"i
l#c +!ecventat &e pa!tea vata'ata.
Ace%te acti"ni ale +apt"it#!"l"i c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"nea &e
@a!t"i!e &aca %"nt -n&eplinite &#"a ce!inte e%entiale c"'"lativeE
2/
ca ele %a %e &e%+a%#a!e -n '#& !epetat %i +a!a &!ept %a" inte!e%
legiti'.
U!'a!ea i'e&iata a +aptei # c#n%tit"ie p!#&"ce!eaB
ca")a!ea "nei %ta!i &e te'e!e.
3apta p#ate +i %av1!%ita%i p!inE
:e+ect"a!ea &e apel"!i tele+#nice %a" alte c#'"nica!i
p!in 'i.l#ace &e t!an%'ite!e la &i%tanta
8ceea ce incl"&eB %p!e
e(e'pl"B p#%ta elect!#nica %a" 'e%a.e %c!i%e t!an%'i%e p!in
inte!'e&i"l tele+#n"l"i '#,il9.
n acea%ta &in "!'a %it"atieB %e ce!e +ie ca e+ect"a!ea
ace%t#! c#'"nica!i %a +ie +!ecventa %a"B +a!a a +i +!ecventaB %a ai,a
"n c#ntin"t ca!e %a p!#&"ca pe!%#anei vata'ate # %ta!e &e te'e!e.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca ace%te
c#'"nica!i %a -i p!#v#ace pe!%#anei vata'ate # %ta!e &e te'e!e.
7in ec#n#'ia te(t"l"i !e)"lta ca +apta p!eva)"ta la
alineat"l 1 e%te &i%tincta &e aceea p!eva)"ta la alin. B +iin&
%ancti#nate &i+e!it. Ap!ecie' caB -n %it"atia c#'ite!ii +aptei at1t -n
va!ianta p!eva)"ta la alin. 1 c1t %i -n aceea p!eva)"ta la alin. B %e
p#ate aplica +apt"it#!"l"i # pe&eap%a -n li'itele p!ev. la alin.1B
+a!a a e(i%ta "n c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"ni -nt!e cele &#"aB a!g"'entat
&e &i%p#)itia +inala a alin. 4 F&aca +apta n" c#n%tit"ie #
in+!acti"ne 'ai g!avaG.
Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila
a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
22
: Capit#l"l 5 :
TRA3ICUL SI E?PLOATAREA PERSOANELOR
5ULNERA=ILE
A!t. 1*. PRO?ENETISMUL
819 7ete!'ina!ea %a" -nle%ni!ea p!actica!ii p!#%tit"tiei #!i
#,tine!ea &e +#l#a%e pat!i'#niale &e pe "!'a p!actica!ii
p!#%tit"tiei &e cat!e "na %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
89 n ca)"l -n ca!e &ete!'ina!ea la -ncepe!ea %a" c#ntin"a!ea
p!actica!ii p!#%tit"tiei %:a !eali)at p!in c#n%t!1nge!eB pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la * la 1> ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#!
&!ept"!i.
8*9 7aca +aptele %"nt %av1!%ite +ata &e "n 'in#!B li'itele %peciale
ale pe&ep%ei %e 'a.#!ea)a c" ."'atate.
8/9 P!in p!actica!ea p!#%tit"tiei %e -ntelege -nt!etine!ea &e acte
%e("ale c" &i+e!ite pe!%#ane -n %c#p"l #,tine!ii &e +#l#a%e
pat!i'#niale pent!" %ine %a" pent!" alt"l.
C#'enta!i"E Te(t"l e%te %i'ila! cel"i &in act"al"l C.p.B
alineat"l 1 +iin& '#&i+icat n"'ai &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al
e(p!i'a!iiB te!'en"l &e I-n&e'nG +iin& -nl#c"it c" cel &e
I&ete!'ina!eGB ca!e p!e%"p"ne c#nvinge!ea "nei pe!%#ane %a
p!actice p!#%tit"tia.
A%t+elB ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ieB
alte!nativE
:&ete!'ina!ea
:-nle%ni!ea
:#,tine!ea &e +#l#a%e pat!i'#niale.
nle%ni!ea p!e%"p"ne a%ig"!a!ea 'i.l#acel#! &e p!actica!e a
p!#%tit"tiei &e cat!e # pe!%#anaB p!in p"ne!ea la &i%p#)itie a "nei
l#c"inteB #!i at!age!ea &e clienti %a" p!#tectia ac#!&ata -n ti'p"l
p!actica!ii p!#%tit"tiei.
26
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e te(t"l ante!i#!B ca!e n" +acea nici#
&i%tinctieB legi"it#!"l a p!eci)at e(p!e% ca +#l#a%ele #,tin"te &e pe
"!'a p!actica!ii p!#%tit"tiei t!e,"ie %a +ie pat!i'#niale.
7e a%e'eneaB n" a!e !elevanta &aca +apt"it#!"l a
&ete!'inatB -nle%nit %a" #,tin"t +#l#a%e pat!i'#niale &e pe "!'a
"nei %ing"!e pe!%#ane %a" a 'ai '"lt#!aB +apta c#n%tit"ie # %ing"!a
in+!acti"ne -nt!"c1t -n va!ianta %i'pla a ace%teia n" e(i%ta
pe!%#ana vata'ataB pe!%#ana ca!e %e p!#%tit"ea)a ne'ai+iin&
in+!act#! &a! nici victi'a.
Alineat"l +inal c#ntine # &e+initie a n#ti"nii &e
Ip!actica!e a p!#%tit"tieiGB nece%a!a -nt!"c1t p!#%tit"tia a +#%t
&e)inc!i'inata p!in N.C.p. Se #,%e!va ca legea n" +ace &i%tinctieH
pe!%#ana ca!e %e p!#%tit"ea)a p#ate +i &e %e( +e'inin %a" &e %e(
'a%c"lin.
Se 'entine va!ianta ag!avata p!ivin& %av1!%i!ea +aptei
+ata &e "n 'in#!B #!i at"nci c1n& in+!acti"nea e%te c#'i%a p!in
c#n%t!1nge!e. n acea%ta va!ianta c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv
p!e)inta%i %",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii.
7ete!'ina!ea p!in c#n%t!1nge!e p#ate avea ca %c#pE
:-ncepe!ea p!actica!ii p!#%tit"tiei
:c#ntin"a!ea p!actica!ii p!#%tit"tiei.
P!in acea%ta p!eci)a!eB legi"it#!"l a -ntele% %a la'"!ea%ca
-'p!e."!a!ea ca +apta &e &ete!'ina!eB p!in c#n%t!1nge!eB la
p!actica!ea p!#%tit"tiei e%te pe&ep%ita &e lege %i -n %it"atia -n ca!e
%",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii a p!acticat ante!i#! p!#%tit"tia.
E%te eli'inata t!i'ite!ea la t!a+ic"l &e pe!%#ane ca!e a
%t1!nit n"'e!#a%e &i+ic"ltati &e -nca&!a!e ."!i&ica &"pa int!a!ea -n
vig#a!e a Legii 6<$C>>1 p!ivin& t!a+ic"l &e pe!%#aneB c" at1t 'ai
'"lt c" c1t in+!acti"nile &e t!a+ic &e pe!%#ane %i t!a+ic &e 'in#!i
a" +#%t int!#&"%e &in legea %peciala -n N.C.p.
A!t. 1/. E?PLOATAREA CERSETORIEI
819 3apta pe!%#anei ca!e &ete!'ina "n 'in#! %a" # pe!%#ana c"
&i)a,ilitati +i)ice #!i p%i@ice %a apele)e -n '#& !epetat la 'ila
p",lic"l"i pent!" a ce!e a."t#! 'ate!ial %a" ,ene+icia)a &e
2<
+#l#a%e pat!i'#niale &e pe "!'a ace%tei activitati %e pe&ep%e%te
c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 7aca +apta e%te %av1!%ita -n "!'at#a!ele -'p!e."!a!iE
a9 &e pa!inteB t"t#!eB c"!at#! #!i &e cat!e cel ca!e a!e -n -ng!i.i!e
pe!%#ana ca!e ce!%e%teH
,9 p!in c#n%t!1nge!eB pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2
ani.
C#'enta!i"E n "!'a !ati+ica!ii &e cat!e R#'1nia a
C#nventiei C#n%ili"l"i E"!#pei p!ivin& l"pta -'p#t!iva t!a+ic"l"i
&e +iinte "'ane 8p!in Legea n!. *>>C>>69B a +#%t int!#&"%a%i #
inc!i'ina!e n#"aB +#l#%i!ea %e!viciil#! ca!e +ac #,iect"l e(pl#ata!ii
"nei pe!%#ane t!a+icate 8inc!i'ina!e ce!"ta &e a!t. 10 &in
C#nventie9.
Sp!e e(e'pl"B te(t"l e%te aplica,il -n ca)"l pe!%#anei ca!e
accepta %a p!i'ea%ca p!in t!an%plant "n #!ganB %tiin& ca e%te
p!elevat ilegal &e la # victi'a a t!a+ic"l"i &e pe!%#aneB %a" -n ca)"l
cel"i ca!e accepta %a +#l#%ea%ca '"nca +#!tata p!e%tata &e
pe!%#ane &e%p!e ca!e a!e c"n#%tinta ca %"nt victi'e ale t!a+ic"l"i
&e pe!%#ane 8ca)"!i n" p"tine -n !1n&"l '"ncit#!il#! !#'1ni
plecati -n %t!ainatate9.
N.C.p. !en"nta la inc!i'ina!ea in+!acti"nii &e ce!%et#!ie
-n +#!'a c#n%ac!ata &e C.p. act"alB &a! p!#p"ne &#"a
inc!i'ina!i n#iB c#ne(e ce!%et#!ieiB 'enite %a !a%p"n&a "n#!
%it"atii +!ecvente -n !ealitatea act"ala. E%te v#!,a &e e(pl#ata!ea
ce!%et#!iei p!acticate &e "n 'in#! %a" &e # pe!%#ana c" &i)a,ilitati
8&ete!'ina!ea la p!actica!ea ce!%et#!iei %a" #,tine!ea &e +#l#a%e &e
pe "!'a ace%tei activitati9 %i !e%pectiv &e +#l#%i!ea "n"i 'in#! &e
cat!e 'a.#!"l ca!e a!e capacitatea &e a '"nciB -n %c#p"l &e a
#,tine a%t+el a."t#! 'ate!ial &in pa!tea p",lic"l"i.
P!acticB a +#%t &e)inc!i'inata in+!acti"nea &e ce!%et#!ie
p!eva)"ta &e a!t. *6 &in act"al"l C.p.B -n%a e%te inc!i'inata +apta
pe!%#anei ca!e e(pl#atea)a ce!%et#!iaB a cel"i ca!e &ete!'ina %a"
-nle%ne%te p!actica!ea ce!%et#!iei &e cat!e # alta pe!%#ana.
2$
3apta a!e ca!acte!"l "nei in+!acti"ni &e #,iceiB -nt!"c1t
pent!" e(i%tenta ace%teia %e ce!e ca %",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii
%a apele)e -n '#& !epetat la 'ila p",lic"l"i.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ieE
:acti"nea &e a &ete!'ina 'in#!"l %a" pe!%#ana c"
&i)a,ilitati +i)ice %i p%i@ice %a apele)e la 'ila p",lic"l"i. n
va!ianta %i'plaB acea%ta &ete!'ina!e p#ate avea l#c -n #!ice '#&
8acti"ni &e c#nvinge!eB p!#'i%i"ni9.
Sc#p"l "!'a!it p!in acti"ne e%te ca %",iect"l pa%iv al
in+!acti"nii %a apele)e la 'ila p",lic"l"i pent!" a ce!e a."t#!
'ate!ial.
:acti"nea &e a ,ene+icia &e +#l#a%e pat!i'#niale &e pe
"!'a ace%tei activitatiB ceea ce p!e%"p"ne caB +a!a a &ete!'ina
ante!i#! pe!%#ana %a apele)e la 'ila p",lic"l"iB +apt"it#!"l
p!i'e%te &e la acea%ta +#l#a%e %a" ,ene+icia)a &e +#l#a%e
pat!i'#niale 8e%te %it"atia cel#! ce a%ig"!a Fp!#tectieG ce!%et#!il#!
%a" le a%ig"!a # l#catie pent!" ce!%it -n %c@i',"l "nei %"'e &e
,ani9.
n va!ianta ag!avataB &ete!'ina!ea %e !eali)ea)a p!in
c#n%t!1nge!e %a" &e cat!e "n %",iect activ cali+icat 4 pa!inteB
t"t#!eB c"!at#! #!i cel ce a!e -n -ng!i.i!e pe!%#ana ca!e ce!%e%teB
c@ia! &aca -ng!i.i!ea a!e l#c -n +apt.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii p#ate +iE
:"n 'in#!
:# pe!%#ana 'a.#!a ca!e p!e)inta &i)a,ilitati +i)ice
#!i p%i@ice.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a at1t c" intentie &i!ecta c1t %i c"
intentie in&i!ecta.
A!t. 12. 3OLOSIREA UNUI MINOR N SCOP 7E
CERSETORIE
3apta 'a.#!"l"i ca!eB av1n& capacitatea &e a '"nciB apelea)a -n
'#& !epetat la 'ila p",lic"l"iB ce!1n& a."t#! 'ate!ialB
20
+#l#%in&":%e -n ace%t %c#p &e p!e)enta "n"i 'in#!B %e pe&ep%e%te
c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E 7e%i ce!%et#!ia n" 'ai e%te inc!i'inataB
at"nci c1n& a&"lt"l %e +#l#%e%te &e p!e)enta "n"i 'in#! la
p!actica!ea ce!%et#!ieiB +apta c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne %i e%te
pe&ep%ita &e legea penala.
Acea%ta &in "!'a %it"atie 4 %p!e e(e'pl"B # +e'eie ca!e
'e!ge la ce!%itB ia! pent!" a in%pi!a 'ila p",lic"l"i tine "n c#pilB
"ne#!i c" v1!%ta 'ai 'ica &e "n anB -n ,!ate 4 p!e)inta "n evi&ent
pe!ic#lB n" &#a! p!in aceea ca le)ea)a g!av &e'nitatea "'anaB
c#pil"l +iin& +#l#%it ca "n #,iectB &a! pe!iclitea)a %anatatea %a"
c@ia! viata 'in#!"l"iB &ate +iin& c#n&itiile -n ca!e ace%ta e%te tin"t
-n ti'p"l ce!%it"l"i 8te'pe!at"!i %ca)"te %a" !i&icateB pl#aieB
)apa&a etc.9.
n ace%t ca)B ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie
acti"nea pe!%#anei ca!e ce!%e%teB apel1n& la 'ila p",lic"l"i p!in
ce!e!i &e a."t#! 'ate!ialB %i ca!e %e +#l#%e%te -n ace%t %c#p &e
p!e)enta "n"i 'in#!B pe ca!eB +a!a a:l &ete!'ina %a ce!%ea%ca
pe!%#nalB -l p!e)inta p",lic"l"i pent!" a c!ea c#'pa%i"ne.
Si acea%ta +apta e%te # in+!acti"ne &e #,iceiB -nt!"c1t
te(t"l ce!e ca acti"nea ce c#n%tit"ie ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al
in+!acti"nii %a ai,a l#c -n '#& !epetat.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i n"'ai pe!%#ana
'a.#!aB ce!inta e%entiala pent!" a p"tea +i %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii +iin& aceea ca pe!%#ana 'a.#!a
%a ai,a
capacitatea &e
a '"nci.
S",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii e%te "n 'in#!B +a!a e(i%tenta
alt#! c#n&itii c" p!ivi!e la ace%ta.
A!t. 16. 3OLOSIREA SER5ICIILOR UNEI PERSOANE
E?PLOATATE
3apta &e a "tili)a %e!viciile p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1$B p!e%tate &e #
pe!%#ana &e%p!e ca!e ,ene+icia!"l %tie ca e%te victi'a a
t!a+ic"l"i &e pe!%#ane #!i a t!a+ic"l"i &e 'in#!iB %e pe&ep%e%te
6>
c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&aB &aca +apta n"
c#n%tit"ie # in+!acti"ne 'ai g!ava.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nile &e t!a+ic &e pe!%#ane 4 a!t. 1>
%i t!a+ic &e 'in#!i 4 a!t. 11 a" +#%t int!#&"%e &in Legea 6<$C>>1
-n N.C.p.B pa%t!1n&":%i c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv &in te(tele
ante!i#a!e.
Te(tele &e inc!i'ina!e a t!a+ic"l"i &e pe!%#aneB &e 'in#!i
%i &e 'ig!anti a" +#%t %i%te'ati)ate pent!" # 'ai "%#a!a -ntelege!e
%i # 'ai ,"na c#!ela!e c" alte te(te &e inc!i'ina!eB +a!a a li %e
a&"ce -n%a '#&i+ica!i &e %",%tanta.
Ca ele'ent &e n#"tateB e%te inc!i'inata &e acea%ta &ata%i
+apta pe!%#anei ca!e +#l#%e%te %e!viciile "nei pe!%#ane e(pl#atateH
acea%ta p!e%"p"ne ca %",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii %a +ie # alta
pe!%#ana &ec1t aceea ca!e !eali)ea)a t!a+ic"l. 7aca t!a+icant"l
e(pl#atea)a t#t#&ata pe!%#ana t!a+icataB +apta -nt!"ne%te
ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii &e t!a+ic &e pe!%#ane %iB
&"pa ca)B -n c#nc"!% c" alte in+!acti"ni.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective e%te !ep!e)entat &e
acti"nea &e a "tili)a %e!viciile "nei pe!%#ane e(pl#atate.
P!in %e!vicii %e -nteleg activitatile p!eva)"te la a!t. 1$ &in
pa!tea gene!ala a n#"l"i C#&"l"i penalE
:e(ec"ta!ea "nei '"nci %a" -n&eplini!ea &e %e!viciiB -n '#& +#!tatH
:%clavia %a" alte p!#ce&ee a%e'anat#a!e &e lip%i!e &e li,e!tate #!i
&e a%e!vi!eH
:p!actica!ea p!#%tit"tieiB 'ani+e%ta!ile p#!n#g!a+ice -n ve&e!ea
p!#&"ce!ii %i &i+")a!ii &e 'ate!iale p#!n#g!a+ice %a" alte +#!'e &e
e(pl#ata!e %e("alaH
:p!actica!ea ce!%et#!ieiH
:p!eleva!ea &e #!gane -n '#& ilegal.
7in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii %",iectiveB ce!inta legii
e%te ca acea pe!%#ana
%a c"n#a%ca -'p!e."!a!ea ca cel &e la
ca!e #,tine %e!viciile !e%pective e%te victi'a t!a+ic"l"i &e
pe!%#ane. n ace%te c#n&itiiB +apta %e c#'ite c" intentie &i!ecta.
61
: Capit#l"l 5I :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA LI=ERTATII SI INTEGRITATII
SE?UALE
A!t. 1$. 5IOLUL
819 Rap#!t"l %e("alB act"l %e("al #!al %a" anal c" # pe!%#anaB
%av1!%it p!in c#n%t!1nge!eB p"ne!e -n i'p#%i,ilitate &e a %e apa!a
#!i &e a:%i e(p!i'a v#inta %a" p!#+it1n& &e acea%ta %ta!eB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la * la 1> ani %i inte!)ice!ea
e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
89 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a #!ice alte acte &e
penet!a!e vaginala %a" anala c#'i%e -n c#n&itiile alin. 819.
8*9 Pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 2 la 1 ani %i inte!)ice!ea
e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i at"nci c1n&E
a9 victi'a %e a+la -n -ng!i.i!eaB #c!#ti!eaB e&"ca!eaB pa)a %a"
t!ata'ent"l +apt"it#!"l"iH
,9 victi'a e%te !"&a -n linie &i!ectaB +!ate %a" %#!aH
c9 victi'a n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 16 aniH
&9 +apta a +#%t c#'i%a -n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii &e 'ate!iale
p#!n#g!a+iceH
e9 +apta a av"t ca "!'a!e vata'a!ea c#!p#!alaH
+9 +apta a +#%t %av1!%ita &e &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane -'p!e"na.
8/9 7aca +apta a av"t ca "!'a!e '#a!tea victi'eiB pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la < la 1$ ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#!
&!ept"!i.
829 Acti"nea penala pent!" +apta p!eva)"ta -n alin. 819 %i alin. 89
%e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
869 Tentativa la in+!acti"nile p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 4 8*9 %e
pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E 7e%i va!ianta tip a in+!acti"nii n" a +#%t
'#&i+icata -n e%entaB te!'in#l#gia "tili)ata &e te(t a +#%t alea%a -n
a%a +el -nc1t %a !a%p"n&a%i %a -nlat"!e c#nt!#ve!%ele apa!"te -n
p!actica.
6
n c#ntin"t"l ace%tei in+!acti"ni %e va incl"&eB ca act
'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iectiveE
:!ap#!t"l %e("al 4 -n -ntele%"l pe ca!e acea%ta %intag'a la
c"n#%c"t -n '#& t!a&iti#nal -n &!ept"l n#%t!"B acela &e c#n."nctie
a #!gan"l"i %e("al 'a%c"lin c" cel +e'inin %a" ceea ce %e n"'e%te
-n li',a. c#'"nB ne."!i&icB act %e("al n#!'al.
:act"l %e("al #!al
:act"l %e("al anal 8in&i+e!ent &aca -n ace%te "lti'e ca)"!i
e%te v#!,a &e "n act @ete!#%e("al %a" @#'#%e("al9
:actele &e penet!a!e vaginala %a" analaB !eali)ate -n
alte '#&alitati 8p!in int!#&"ce!e &e #,iecteB &egete etc.9.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii &e vi#lB e%te nece%a! ca
acti"nea ce !ep!e)inta act"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective %a +ie
c#'i%a
-nt!:"na &int!e '#&alitatile p!eva)"te &e legeE
:
p!in c#n%t!1nge!e
:
p!in p"ne!ea victi'ei -n i'p#%i,ilitate &e a %e
apa!a %a" &e a:%i e(p!i'a v#inta
:
p!#+it1n& &e i'p#%i,ilitatea victi'ei &e a %e apa!a
%a" &e a:%i e(p!i'a v#inta.
A%t+el &e+initB vi#l"l ac#pe!a t#ate actele &e penet!a!eB
in&i+e!ent &aca a" +#%t c#'i%e &e ag!e%#! a%"p!a victi'ei %a" &aca
victi'a a +#%t #,ligata %a +aca ace%t l"c!".
n p!ivinta +#!'el#! ag!avate %:a !eali)at %i &e acea%ta &ata
# %i'pli+ica!e a !egle'enta!iiB !en"nt1n&":%e la acele ele'ente &e
ag!ava!e ca!e p#t +i val#!i+icate c#!e%p"n)at#! -n ca&!"l
in&ivi&"ali)a!ii ."&icia!e.
7e &ata acea%taB a +#%t 'entin"ta ag!avanta !e+e!it#a!e la
%av1!%i!ea +aptei &e &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane -'p!e"naB
c#'plet ."%ti+icata -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e vi#l 8%it"atie -n ca!e
ag!avanta c#'ite!ii +aptei &e t!ei %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane
-'p!e"na p!eva)"ta &e a!t. << n" 'ai e%te aplica,ila9.
Unele &int!e va!iantele ag!avate a" +#%t !e+#!'"lateB a%a
c"' %:a -nt1'plat -n ca)"l c#'ite!ii +aptei a%"p!a "nei victi'e
ca!e e%te !"&a -n linie &i!ectaB +!ate %a" %#!a c" +apt"it#!"lB pent!"
6*
a !e)"lta c" cla!itate ca acea%ta +apta a,%#a!,e ince%t"l2B p"n1n&
a%t+el capat ince!tit"&inil#! &in p!actica ."&icia!a c" p!ivi!e la
ace%t a%pectH &e a%e'eneaB -n ca)"l p!#&"ce!ii &e vata'a!iB
!e+e!i!ea la vata'a!i g!ave a%"p!a %anatatii a +#%t -nl#c"ita c"
aceea &e vata'a!e c#!p#!alaB -n c#n+#!'itate c" '#&i+ica!ile
a&"%e in+!acti"nii &e vata'a!e c#!p#!ala.
A +#%t int!#&"%a
# n#"a va!ianta cali+icata a in+!acti"niiB
at"nci c1n& acea%ta a +#%t c#'i%a
-n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii &e
'ate!iale p#!n#g!a+ice. n ace%t ca)B +apta e%te c#'i%a c" +#!'a
&e vin#vatie a intentiei &i!ecte.
C#n%tit"ie ag!avanta c#'ite!ea +aptei a%"p!a "n"i 'in#! ce
n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 16 ani.
A +#%tB &e a%e'eneaB 'entin"ta
va!ianta ag!avata a
in+!acti"niiB -n %it"atia -n ca!e "!'a!ea i'e&iata a c#n%tit"it:#
'#a!tea victi'ei.
Ca %i -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii tip
acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
A!t. 10. AGRESIUNEA SE?UALA
819 Act"l &e nat"!a %e("alaB alt"l &ec1t cele p!eva)"te -n a!t.
1$B c" # pe!%#anaB %av1!%it p!in c#n%t!1nge!eB p"ne!e -n
i'p#%i,ilitate &e a %e apa!a %a" &e a:%i e(p!i'a v#inta #!i
p!#+it1n& &e acea%ta %ta!eB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la
la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
8 9Pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la * la 1> ani %i inte!)ice!ea
e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i at"nci c1n&E
a9victi'a %e a+la -n -ng!i.i!eaB #c!#ti!eaB e&"ca!eaB pa)a
t!ata'ent"l +apt"it#!"l"iH
,9 victi'a e%te !"&a -n linie &i!ectaB +!ate %a" %#!aH
c9 victi'a n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 16 aniH
&9 +apta a +#%t c#'i%a -n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii &e 'ate!iale
2 A!t. *<<. INCESTUL. Rap#!t"l %e("al c#n%i'titB %av1!%it -nt!e !"&e -n linie
&i!ecta %a" -nt!e +!ati %i %"!#!iB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n an la 2 ani.
6/
p#!n#g!a+iceH
e9 +apta a av"t ca "!'a!e vata'a!ea c#!p#!alaH
+9 +apta a +#%t %av1!%ita &e &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane
-'p!e"na.
8*9 7aca +apta a av"t ca "!'a!e '#a!tea victi'eiB pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la < la 12 ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#!
&!ept"!i.
8/9 7aca actele &e ag!e%i"ne %e("ala a" +#%t p!ece&ate %a"
"!'ate &e %av1!%i!ea actel#! %e("ale p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1$
alin.819 %i alin. 89B +apta c#n%tit"ie vi#l.
829 Acti"nea penala pent!" +apta p!eva)"ta -n alin. 819 %e p"ne
-n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
869 Tentativa la in+!acti"nile p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 %i alin. 89 %e
pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E 3apta c#n%tit"ie # n#"a in+!acti"neH
ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective e%te c#n%tit"it &int!:#
acti"ne ca!e n" p!e%"p"ne e(i%tenta "n"i act %e("al n#!'alB anal
%a" #!al %i nici penet!a!e c" alte #,iecteB ci #!ice act &e nat"!a
%e("ala
ca!e n" p!e%"p"ne penet!a!eB %i nici act #!alH %p!e
e(e'pl"B atinge!i ne&#!ite.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii &e ag!e%i"ne %e("alaB e%te
nece%a! ca acti"nea ce !ep!e)inta act"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective
%a +ie c#'i%a
-nt!:"na &int!e '#&alitatile p!eva)"te &e legeE
:
p!in c#n%t!1nge!e
:
p!in p"ne!ea victi'ei -n i'p#%i,ilitate &e a %e
apa!a %a" &e a:%i e(p!i'a v#inta
:
p!#+it1n& &e i'p#%i,ilitatea &e a %e apa!a %a" &e a%i
e(p!i'a v#inta.
n ca)"l -n ca!e a%t+el &e acte %"nt p!ece&ate %a" "!'ate &e
in+!acti"nea &e vi#l a%a c"' e%te ea !egle'entata &e a!t. 16B n"
%e va !etine "n c#nc"!% &e in+!acti"niB ci # %ing"!a -nca&!a!eB aceea
&e vi#l. Re)"lta ca ace%te acte &e ag!e%i"ne %e("ala t!e,"ie %a +ie
c#'i%e -n aceea%i -'p!e."!a!e ca in+!acti"nea &e vi#lH -n ca)
c#nt!a!B %"nt inci&ente &i%p#)itiile !e+e!it#a!e la c#nc"!%"l &e
62
in+!acti"ni 8%p!e e(e'pl"B ag!e%i"nea %e("ala %e &e%+a%#a!a pe
pa!c"!%"l "nei pe!i#a&e &e ti'p &e c1teva l"ni &"pa ca!e a!e l#c
vi#l"l -n accepti"nea a!t. 169.
Ca va!ianta cali+icata a in+!acti"niiB -n ac#!& c" celelalte
te(te ce inc!i'inea)a in+!acti"ni c#nt!a vietii %e("aleB acea%ta
%",)i%ta at"nci c1n& +apta a +#%t c#'i%a
-n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii &e
'ate!iale p#!n#g!a+ice. n ace%t ca)B +apta e%te c#'i%a c" +#!'a
&e vin#vatie a intentiei &i!ecte.
Si -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e ag!e%i"ne %e("ala a +#%t
'entin"ta ag!avanta !e+e!it#a!e la %av1!%i!ea +aptei &e &#"a %a"
'ai '"lte pe!%#ane -'p!e"naB c#'plet ."%ti+icata -n ca)"l ace%tei
in+!acti"ni %a" a in+!acti"nii &e vi#l 8%it"atie -n ca!e ag!avanta
c#'ite!ii +aptei &e t!ei %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane -'p!e"na
p!eva)"ta &e a!t. << n" 'ai e%te aplica,ila9.
A +#%tB &e a%e'eneaB 'entin"ta va!ianta ag!avata a
in+!acti"niiB -n %it"atia -n ca!e "!'a!ea i'e&iata a c#n%tit"it:#
'#a!tea victi'ei.
Ca %i -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii tip
acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
A!t. >. ACTUL SE?UAL CU UN MINOR
819 Rap#!t"l %e("alB act"l %e("al #!al %a" analB p!ec"' %i #!ice
alte acte &e penet!a!e vaginala %a" anala c#'i%e c" "n 'in#! c"
v1!%ta -nt!e 1* %i 12 ani %e pe&ep%e%c c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la
2 ani.
89 3apta p!eva)"ta -n alin.819B %av1!%ita a%"p!a "n"i 'in#! ca!e
n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1* aniB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la
la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
8*9 3apta p!eva)"ta -n alin.819B c#'i%a &e "n 'a.#! c" "n 'in#! c"
v1!%ta -nt!e 1* %i 1$ aniB c1n& 'a.#!"l a a,")at &e a"t#!itatea #!i
in+l"enta %a a%"p!a victi'eiB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la
la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
8/9 3apta p!eva)"ta -n alin.81948*9 %e %ancti#nea)a c" -nc@i%#a!ea
&e la * la 1> ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!iB at"nci
66
c1n&E
a9 'in#!"l e%te !"&a -n linie &i!ectaB +!ate %a" %#!aH
,9 'in#!"l %e a+la -n -ng!i.i!eaB #c!#ti!eaB e&"ca!eaB pa)a %a"
t!ata'ent"l +apt"it#!"l"iH
c9 a +#%t c#'i%a -n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii &e 'ate!iale p#!n#g!a+ice.
829 3aptele p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 %i alin. 89 n" %e %ancti#nea)a
&aca &i+e!enta &e v1!%ta n" &epa%e%te * ani.
C#'enta!i"E C!ite!i"l &e &i%tinctie -nt!e vi#l %i ag!e%i"nea
%e("alaB %", a%pect"l ele'ent"l"i 'ate!ialB %e !ega%e%te %i -n ca)"l
"!'at#a!el#! &#"a in+!acti"ni 4 act"l %e("al c" "n 'in#! %i
!e%pectiv c#!"pe!ea %e("ala &e 'in#!i. A%t+elB &aca act"l %e("al
p!e%"p"ne penet!a!e %a" act %e("al #!alB v#' +i -n p!e)enta act"l"i
%e("al c" "n 'in#!B ia! &aca e%te v#!,a &e alte acte &e nat"!a
%e("alaB +apta %e va -nca&!a ca %i c#!"pe!e &e 'in#!i.
n c#ntin"t"l ace%tei in+!acti"ni %e va incl"&eB ca act
'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iectiveE
:!ap#!t"l %e("al 4 -n -ntele%"l pe ca!e acea%ta %intag'a la
c"n#%c"t -n '#& t!a&iti#nal -n &!ept"l n#%t!"B acela &e c#n."nctie
a #!gan"l"i %e("al 'a%c"lin c" cel +e'inin %a" ceea ce %e n"'e%te
-n li',a. c#'"nB ne."!i&icB act %e("al n#!'alH
:act"l %e("al #!alH
:act"l %e("al anal 8in&i+e!ent &aca -n ace%te "lti'e ca)"!i
e%te v#!,a &e "n act @ete!#%e("al %a" @#'#%e("al9H
:actele &e penet!a!e vaginala %a" analaB !eali)ate -n
alte '#&alitati 8p!in int!#&"ce!e &e #,iecteB &egete etc.9.
Pent!" a +i -n p!e)enta in+!acti"niiB act"l %e("alB -n #!ica!e
&int!e va!iantele p!eva)"te &e legeB t!e,"ie %a +ie c#n%i'tit.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie "n 'in#!B &e
#!ice %e(B n"'ai %ancti"nea +iin& &i%tincta -n +"nctie &e v1!%ta
ace%t"ia.
n p!ivinta v1!%tei 'in#!"l"iB %:a c#n%i&e!atB la +el ca -n
alte legi%latii e"!#pene 8a %e ve&ea D 1</B !e%pectiv D 1<6 C.
p. ge!'an9B ca t!e,"ie &i+e!entiata v1!%ta %",iect"l"i pa%iv &"pa
c"' e%te v#!,a &e p!#tectia integ!itatii %e("ale a 'in#!"l"i -n
6<
!ap#!t"!ile c" "n 'a.#! %a" c" alt 'in#!. A%t+elB -n p!ivinta act"l"i
%e("al c#'i% &e "n 'a.#! c" "n 'in#! %:a pa%t!at li'ita act"ala &e
v1!%ta 812 ani9B +iin& &i+e!entiata%i %ancti"nea -n !ap#!t &e v1!%ta
'in#!"l"iB &"pa c"' ace%ta a -'plinit %a" n" 1* ani.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii e%te # pe!%#ana 'a.#!aB &e
#!ice %e(.
n p!ivinta actel#! %e("ale -nt!e 'in#!iB intentia
legi"it#!"l"i a +#%t ca ace%tea %a !a'1na -n a+a!a &#'eni"l"i &e
inci&enta al legii penaleB ne+iin& %ancti#nate &in p"nct &e
ve&e!e penal.
7e a%e'eneaB n" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne +apta &e !ap#!t
%e("al c" "n 'in#!B c#'i%a &e "n 'a.#!B &aca &i+e!enta &e
v1!%ta -nt!e 'a.#!"l %",iect activ al in+!acti"nii %i 'in#!"l
%",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii e%te 'ai 'ica &e * ani.
n ce p!ive%te va!iantele ag!avateB ca %i la in+!acti"nea &e
vi#lB a +#%t !e+#!'"lataB a%a c"' %:a -nt1'plat -n ca)"l c#'ite!ii
+aptei a%"p!a "nei victi'e ca!e e%te !"&a -n linie &i!ectaB +!ate %a"
%#!a c" +apt"it#!"lB pent!" a !e)"lta c" cla!itate ca acea%ta +apta
a,%#a!,e ince%t"l. 7in ec#n#'ia te(tel#! !e)"lta a%t+el ca ince%t"lB
ca in+!acti"ne &e %ine %tatat#a!eB p#ate e(i%ta n"'ai &aca a!e l#c
"n !ap#!t %e("al c#n%i'tit 8&eci "n act %e("al Fn#!'alG9 -nt!e !"&e
-n linie &i!ecta %a" -nt!e +!ati %i %"!#!i 'a.#!iH -n ca) c#nt!a!B +apta
%e -nca&!ea)a -n &i%p#)itiile a!t. 10 %a" >B &"pa ca).
A +#%t 'entin"ta va!ianta cali+icata a in+!acti"niiB at"nci
c1n& acea%ta a +#%t c#'i%a
-n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii &e 'ate!iale
p#!n#g!a+ice. n ace%t ca)B +apta e%te c#'i%a c" +#!'a &e
vin#vatie a intentiei &i!ecte.
3apta &e a avea "n !ap#!t %e("al %a" &e a avea act %e("al
#!al %i anal c#'i%a &e "n 'a.#! c" "n 'in#! c" v1!%ta -nt!e 1* %i
1$ aniB c1n& 'a.#!"l a a,")at &e a"t#!itatea #!i in+l"enta %a
a%"p!a victi'eiB e%te %ancti#nata ca va!ianta ag!avata a
in+!acti"nii.
6$
A!t. 1. CORUPEREA SE?UALA A MINORILOR
819 C#'ite!ea "n"i act &e nat"!a %e("alaB alt"l &ec1t cel
p!eva)"t -n a!t. >B -'p#t!iva "n"i 'in#! ca!e n" a -'plinit
v1!%ta &e 1* aniB p!ec"' %i &ete!'ina!ea 'in#!"l"i %a %"p#!te
#!i %a e+ect"e)e "n a%t+el &e act %e pe&ep%e%c c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e
la "n" la 2 ani.
89 Pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea
e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!iB at"nci c1n&E
a9 'in#!"l e%te !"&a -n linie &i!ectaB +!ate %a" %#!aH
,9 'in#!"l %e a+la -n -ng!i.i!eaB #c!#ti!eaB e&"ca!eaB pa)a %a"
t!ata'ent"l +apt"it#!"l"iH
c9 +apta a +#%t c#'i%a -n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii &e 'ate!iale
p#!n#g!a+ice.
8*9 Act"l %e("al &e #!ice nat"!a %av1!%it &e "n 'a.#! -n p!e)enta
"n"i 'in#! ca!e n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1* ani %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
8/9 7ete!'ina!ea &e cat!e "n 'a.#! a "n"i 'in#! ca!e n" a
-'plinit v1!%ta &e 1* ani %a a%i%te la c#'ite!ea "n#! acte c"
ca!acte! e(@i,iti#ni%t #!i la %pectac#le %a" !ep!e)entatii -n
ca&!"l ca!#!a %e c#'it acte %e("ale &e #!ice nat"!aB p!ec"' %i
p"ne!ea la &i%p#)itia ace%t"ia &e 'ate!iale c" ca!acte!
p#!n#g!a+ic %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la "n an %a"
c" a'en&a.
829 3aptele p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 n" %e %ancti#nea)a &aca
&i+e!enta &e v1!%ta n" &epa%e%te * ani.
C#'enta!i"E
1. 5a!ianta tip a in+!acti"nii
A%a c"' a' a!atatB c!ite!i"l &e &i%tinctie -nt!e vi#l %i
ag!e%i"nea %e("ala %", a%pect"l ele'ent"l"i 'ate!ial %e !ega%e%te
%i -n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! &e act %e("al c" "n 'in#! %i !e%pectiv
c#!"pe!ea %e("ala &e 'in#!i. A%t+elB &aca act"l %e("al p!e%"p"ne
penet!a!e %a" act %e("al #!alB v#' +i -n p!e)enta act"l"i %e("al c"
60
"n 'in#!B ia! &aca e%te v#!,a &e alte acte &e nat"!a %e("alaB +apta
%e va -nca&!a ca %i c#!"pe!e &e 'in#!i.
n c#ntin"t"l ace%tei in+!acti"ni %e va incl"&eB ca act
'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iectiveE
: # acti"ne ca!e n" p!e%"p"ne e(i%tenta "n"i act %e("al
n#!'alB anal %a" #!al %i nici penet!a!e c" alte #,iecteB ci #!ice act
&e nat"!a %e("ala
ca!e n" p!e%"p"ne penet!a!eB %p!e e(e'pl"B
atinge!i ne&#!iteH
:&ete!'ina!ea 'in#!"l"i %a %"p#!te "n a%t+el &e act &e
nat"!a %e("alaH
:&ete!'ina!ea 'in#!"l"i %a e+ect"e)e "n a%t+el &e act &e
nat"!a %e("ala.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii e%te # pe!%#ana 'a.#!aB &e
#!ice %e(.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie "n 'in#! ca!e
n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1* aniB &e #!ice %e(.
n p!ivinta actel#! %e("ale -nt!e 'in#!iB ace%tea !a'1n -n
a+a!a &#'eni"l"i &e inci&enta al legii penaleB ne+iin& %ancti#nate
&in p"nct &e ve&e!e penal.
7e a%e'eneaB n" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne +apta &e c#!"pe!e
%e("ala a "n"i 'in#!B c#'i%a &e "n 'a.#!B &aca &i+e!enta &e
v1!%ta -nt!e 'a.#!"l %",iect activ al in+!acti"nii %i 'in#!"l
%",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii e%te 'ai 'ica &e * ani.
. 5a!iantele ag!avate
.1. n ce p!ive%te va!iantele ag!avanteB ca %i la
in+!acti"nea &e vi#l %i cea &e ag!e%i"ne %e("alaB a" +#%t
!e+#!'"lateB c"' e%te -n ca)"l c#'ite!ii +aptei a%"p!a "nei victi'e
ca!e e%te !"&a -n linie &i!ectaB +!ate %a" %#!a c" +apt"it#!"l.
A +#%t 'entin"ta va!ianta cali+icata a in+!acti"niiB
e(i%tenta%i -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB at"nci c1n& acea%ta a +#%t
c#'i%a
-n %c#p"l p!#&"ce!ii &e 'ate!iale p#!n#g!a+ice. n ace%t
ca)B +apta e%te c#'i%a c" +#!'a &e vin#vatie a intentiei &i!ecte.
<>
.. E%te %ancti#nata t#t ca va!ianta ag!avata a
in+!acti"nii +apta 'a.#!"l"iE
:&e a c#'ite "n act %e("al &e #!ice nat"!a
-n p!e)enta
"n"i 'in#! ca!e n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1* aniH
:&e a &ete!'ina "n 'in#! ca!e n" a -'plinit v1!%ta &e
1* ani %a a%i%te la c#'ite!ea "n#! acte c" ca!acte! e(@i,iti#ni%t #!i
la %pectac#le %a" !ep!e)entatii -n ca&!"l ca!#!a %e c#'it acte
%e("ale &e #!ice nat"!aH
:p"ne!ea la &i%p#)itia "n"i 'in#! ca!e n" a -'plinit
v1!%ta &e 1* ani &e 'ate!iale c" ca!acte! p#!n#g!a+ic.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii -n acea%ta va!ianta e%te #
pe!%#ana 'a.#!aB in&i+e!ent &e %e(B ia! %",iect pa%iv al
in+!acti"nii e%te -nt#t&ea"na 'in#!"l ca!e n" a -'plinit v1!%ta
&e 1* ani.
7ete!'ina!ea "n"i 'in#! ca!e a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1*
ani %a a%i%te la c#'ite!ea "n#! acte c" ca!acte! e(@i,iti#ni%t #!i la
%pectac#le %a" !ep!e)entatii -n ca&!"l ca!#!a %e c#'it acte %e("ale
&e #!ice nat"!a #!i p"ne!ea la &i%p#)itia "n"i 'in#! ca!e a -'plinit
v1!%ta &e 1* ani &e 'ate!iale c" ca!acte! p#!n#g!a+ic n" e%te
pe&ep%ita &e legea penala.
A!t. . RACOLAREA MINORILOR N SCOPURI SE?UALE
3apta pe!%#anei 'a.#!e &e a:i p!#p"ne "n"i 'in#! ca!e n" a
-'plinit v1!%ta &e 1* ani %a %e -nt1lnea%caB -n %c#p"l c#'ite!ii
"n"i act &int!e cele p!eva)"te -n a!t. > %a" a!t. 1B incl"%iv
at"nci c1n& p!#p"ne!ea a +#%t +ac"ta p!in 'i.l#acele &e
t!an%'ite!e la &i%tantaB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la # l"na
la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E Inc!i'ina!ea ace%tei +apte !ep!e)inta #
n#"tate -n legea penala !#'1na.
<1
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective e%te acti"nea &e a
p!#p"ne "n"i 'in#! # -nt1lni!e -n %c#p"!i %e("ale6.
P!#p"ne!ea p#ate +i +ac"ta -n '#& &i!ectB in&i!ect %a" p!in
'i.l#ace &e t!an%'ite!e la &i%tantaB legi"it#!"l %ancti#n1n& a%t+el
!ac#la!ea 'in#!il#! incl"%iv p!in inte!'e&i"l inte!net"l"i.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii n" e%te nece%a! ca -nt1lni!ea
%a" actele %e("ale %a ai,a l#c. Ce!inta legii e%te &#a! ca %c#p"l
-nt1lni!ii %a +ie c#'ite!ea "n"i act &int!e cele p!eva)"te la a!t. >
%a" 1. n ca)"l -n ca!e c#'ite!ea actel#! p!eva)"te &e a!t. >
%a" 1 a av"t l#cB %"nt aplica,ile &i%p#)itiile c#nc"!%"l"i &e
in+!acti"ni.
S",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii e%te # pe!%#ana 'a.#!a.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i 'in#!"l ca!e n" a
-'plinit v1!%ta &e 1* ani. Min#!"l ca!e a -'plinit v1!%ta &e 1*
ani n" p#ate +i %",iect pa%iv al ace%tei in+!acti"ni.
A!t. *. AARTUIREA SE?UALA
819 P!etin&e!ea -n '#& !epetat &e +av#!"!i &e nat"!a %e("ala -n
ca&!"l "nei !elatii &e '"nca %a" al "nei !elatii %i'ila!eB &aca
p!in acea%ta victi'a a +#%t inti'i&ata %a" p"%a -nt!:# %it"atie
"'ilit#a!eB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la "n an %a"
c" a'en&a.
89 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E E(i%tenta%i -n legea act"alaB acea%ta
in+!acti"ne a c"n#%c"t # n#"a %i%te'ati)a!eB p!in c!ea!ea a &#"a
te(te. P!i'"lB ca!e c"p!in&e @a!t"i!ea p!#p!i":)i%aB c#'i%a p!in
acte !epetate %i ca!e c!eea)a pent!" victi'a # %it"atie inti'i&anta
6 P#t!ivit a!t. > %i 1 C.p. 4 !ap#!t %e("alB act %e("al #!al %a" analB acte &e
penet!a!e vaginala %a" anala c" alte #,iecteB #!ice alte acte &e nat"!a %e("alaB
%av1!%i!ea "n"i act %e("al -n p!e)enta 'in#!"l"iB &ete!'ina!ea l"i &e a a%i%ta la
c#'ite!ea "n#! acte c" ca!acte! e(@i,iti#ni%t #!i la %pectac#le %a" !ep!e)entatii
-n ca&!"l ca!#!a %e c#'it acte %e("ale &e #!ice nat"!aB p!ec"' %i p"ne!ea la
<
&i%p#)itia 'in#!"l"i &e 'ate!iale c" ca!acte! p#!n#g!a+ic.
%a" "'ilit#a!eB a +#%t incl"% -n ace%t capit#l.
Te(t"l !e+e!it#! la +aptele ce p!e%"p"n @a!t"i!ea %e("ala
p!in a,") &e a"t#!itate a +#%t incl"% -n categ#!ia in+!acti"nil#! &e
%e!vici". n ace%t +el %e p"ne capat &i%p"tel#! &in &#ct!ina%i
p!actica !e+e!it#a!e la ca!acte!"l &e #,icei al in+!acti"nii 8ca!acte!
p!e)ent -n ca)"l a!t. *B &a! a,%ent -n ca)"l a!t. 00 4 +#l#%i!ea
a,")iva a +"nctiei -n %c#p %e("al9B p!ec"' %i nec#!ela!il#! &int!e
te(t"l ca!e inc!i'inea)a @a!t"i!ea -n legea -n vig#a!e %i alte
in+!acti"ni 8%anta."lB %p!e e(e'pl"9.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii c#n%ta -n p!etin&e!ea &e
+av#!"!i &e nat"!a %e("ala.
Ce!inta e%entiala
e%te ca acea%ta p!etin&e!e %a ai,a l#c -n
ca&!"l "nei !elatii &e '"nca %a" al "nei !elatii %i'ila!e 8%p!e
e(e'pl"B %it"atii -n ca!eB +a!a a +i v#!,a &e%p!e "n !ap#!t &e
%",#!&#na!e %a" +a!a a e(i%ta "n c#nt!act &e '"ncaB +apt"it#!"l %e
a+la -nt!:"n pa!tene!iat &e a+ace!i c" victi'a9.
In+!acti"nea e%te "na ce p!e%"p"ne e(i%tenta 'ai '"lt#!
acte 'ate!ialeB +iin& # in+!acti"ne &e #,iceiB pent!" e(i%tenta
ace%teia ce!1n&":%e ca act"l 'ate!ial al p!etin&e!ii %a ai,a l#c -n
'#& !epetatB +ata &e aceea%i pe!%#ana. n ca)"l -n ca!e
+apt"it#!"l %av1!%e%te acte !epetate &e @a!t"i!e +ata &e 'ai '"lte
pe!%#aneB v#! +i inci&ente &i%p#)itiile !e+e!it#a!e la c#nc"!%"l &e
in+!acti"ni. Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii n" e%te nece%a! ca
+av#!"!ile &e nat"!a %e("ala %a +i +#%t acceptateH e%te %"+icient ca
+apt"it#!"l %a le p!etin&a. Nat"!a ace%t#! +av#!"!i "!'ea)a a +i
%ta,ilita &e in%tantaB &e la ca) la ca).
7e a%e'eneaB pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii %e ce!e ca
"!'a!ea i'e&iata a +aptei %a # c#n%tit"ieB alte!nativE
:inti'i&a!ea victi'eiH
:p"ne!ea ace%teia -nt!:# %it"atie "'ilit#a!e.
3apta e(i%ta%i -n %it"atia -n ca!e +av#!"!ile p!etin%e a" +#%t
ac#!&ateB c" c#n&itia p!#&"ce!ii "!'a!ii i'e&iate.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB -n '#& +i!e%c
-n N.C.p. acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea
p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
<*
: Capit#l"l 5II :
IN3RACTIUNI CE A7UC ATINGERE 7OMICILIULUI SI
5IETII PRI5ATE
A!t. /. 5IOLAREA 7E 7OMICILIU
819 Pat!"n&e!ea +a!a &!eptB -n #!ice '#&B -nt!:# l#c"intaB -ncape!eB
&epen&inta %a" l#c -'p!e.'"it tin1n& &e ace%teaB +a!a
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l pe!%#anei ca!e le +#l#%e%teB #!i !e+")"l &e a le
pa!a%i la ce!e!ea ace%teia %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni
la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 n ca)"l -n ca!e +apta e%te %av1!%ita &e # pe!%#ana -na!'ataB -n
ti'p"l n#ptii #!i p!in +#l#%i!e &e calitati 'incin#a%eB pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" a'en&a.
8*9 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea &e vi#la!e &e &#'icili" -%i
pa%t!ea)a ap!#ape -n t#talitate c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv &in act"al"l
C.p.B c" %ing"!a '#&i+ica!e ca +apta c#'i%a &e &#"a %a" 'ai
'"lte pe!%#ane -'p!e"na n" 'ai e%te inc!i'inata ca %i va!ianta
ag!avanta a +aptei.
Un alt ele'ent &e n#"tate -l c#n%tit"ie +apt"l ca acti"nea
penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei
vata'ateB at1t -n va!ianta %i'pla c1t %i -n cea cali+icata.
A!t. 2. 5IOLAREA SE7IULUI PRO3ESIONAL
819 Pat!"n&e!ea +a!a &!eptB -n #!ice '#&B -n #!ica!e &int!e %e&iile
"n&e # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica %a" +i)ica -%i &e%+a%#a!a activitatea
p!#+e%i#nala #!i !e+")"l &e a le pa!a%i la ce!e!ea pe!%#anei
-n&!eptatite %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la ani %a"
c" a'en&a.
89 n ca)"l -n ca!e +apta e%te %av1!%ita &e # pe!%#ana -na!'ataB
-n ti'p"l n#ptii #!i p!in +#l#%i!e &e calitati 'incin#a%eB pe&eap%a
e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" a'en&a.
</
8*9 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea e%te int!#&"%a p!in N.C.p.H a
+#%t inc!i'inata ca +apta &i%tincta vi#la!ea %e&i"l"i p!#+e%i#nalB
a!g"'entat &e -'p!e."!a!ea caB p#t!ivit ."!i%p!"&entei C"!tii
E"!#pene a 7!ept"!il#! O'"l"iB %i %e&i"l pe!%#anei ."!i&ice %a"
%e&i"l p!#+e%i#nal al pe!%#anei +i)ice ,ene+icia)a &e p!#tectia
c#n+e!ita &e a!t. $ &in C#nventie 8a %e ve&ea @#ta!1!ea Nie'iet) c.
Ge!'anieiB &in 16 &ece',!ie 1009.
At1t va!ianta %i'pla c1t %i cea ag!avata %"nt i&entice c"
cele &e la a!t. / 4 vi#la!ea &e &#'icili".
O,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie &e acea%ta
&ata
%e&i"l "n&e # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica %a" +i)ica -%i &e%+a%#a!a
activitatea. N" %e ce!e ca ace%t %e&i" %a +ie p!#p!ietatea ace%tei
pe!%#aneB e%te %"+icient ca %",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii %a -%i
&e%+a%#a!e activitatea -n acel %e&i".
7e a%e'eneaB n" %e &i+e!entia)a -n !ap#!t &e nat"!a ace%t"i
%e&i"B &aca e%te p!incipalB %"c"!%alaB agentie %a" p"nct &e l"c!"H &e
a%e'eneaB p#ate +i #!ice i'#,il.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%aB ca %i -n ca)"l vi#la!ii &e &#'icili"B
p!in !e+")"l &e a pa!a%i ace%t %e&i"H e%te nece%a! ca ace%t !e+") %a
inte!vina &"pa ce pe!%#ana -n&!eptatita i:a ce!"t +apt"it#!"l"i %a -l
pa!a%ea%ca. P!in pe!%#ana -n&!eptatita ap!ecie' ca %e -ntelege
pe!%#ana +i)ica ca!e -%i &e%+a%#a!a activitatea -n acel %e&i" %a"
#!ice !ep!e)entant al pe!%#anei ."!i&iceB c@ia! %i &e +aptB &aca
acti#nea)a c" -nc"viinta!ea !ep!e)entant"l"i legal al pe!%#anei
."!i&ice.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii e%te pe!%#ana +i)ica %a"
."!i&ica ce -%i &e%+a%#a!a activitatea -n acel %e&i" p!#+e%i#nalB
a%t+el caB pent!" +#!'"la!ea pl1nge!ii p!eala,ile e%te nece%a! %a +ie
-n&eplinite c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e C#&"l &e p!#ce&"!a penala
!elativ la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila.
<2
Si &e acea%ta &ataB acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la
pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ateB in&i+e!ent &aca +apta
a +#%t %av1!%ita -n va!ianta %i'pla %a" -n va!ianta cali+icata.
A!t. 6. 5IOLAREA 5IETII PRI5ATE
819 Atinge!ea a&"%a vietii p!ivateB +a!a &!eptB p!in +#t#g!a+ie!eaB
capta!ea %a" -n!egi%t!a!ea &e i'aginiB a%c"lta!ea c" 'i.l#ace
te@nice %a" -n!egi%t!a!ea a"&i# a "nei pe!%#ane a+late -nt!:#
l#c"inta %a" -ncape!e #!i &epen&inta
tin1n& &e acea%ta %a" a
"nei c#nv#!,i!i p!ivate %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la # l"na
la 6 l"ni %a" c" a'en&a.
89 7iv"lga!eaB &i+")a!eaB p!e)enta!ea %a" t!an%'ite!eaB +a!a
&!eptB a %"netel#!B c#nv#!,i!il#! #!i a i'aginil#! p!eva)"te -n
alin.819 cat!e # alta pe!%#ana %a" cat!e p",licB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
8*9 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
8/9 N" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne +apta %av1!%itaE
a9 &e cat!e cel ca!e a pa!ticipat la -nt1lni!ea c" pe!%#ana
vata'ata -n ca&!"l ca!eia a" +#%t %"!p!in%e %"neteleB
c#nv#!,i!ile %a" i'aginileB &aca ."%ti+ica "n inte!e% legiti'H
,9 &aca pe!%#ana vata'ata a acti#nat e(plicit c" intentia &e a +i
va)"ta #!i a")ita &e +apt"it#!H
c9 &aca +apt"it#!"l %"!p!in&e %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni %a"
c#nt!i,"ie la &#ve&i!ea %av1!%i!ii "nei in+!acti"niH
&9 &aca %"!p!in&e +apte &e inte!e% p",licB ca!e a" %e'ni+icatie
pent!" viata c#'"nitatii %i a ca!#! &iv"lga!e p!e)inta avanta.e
p",lice 'ai 'a!i &ec1t p!e."&ici"l p!#&"% pe!%#anei vata'ate.
829 Pla%a!eaB +a!a &!eptB &e 'i.l#ace te@nice &e -n!egi%t!a!e
a"&i# %a" vi&e#B -n %c#p"l %av1!%i!ii +aptel#! p!eva)"te -n alin.
819 %i alin. 89B %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani.
C#'enta!i"E Av1n& -n ve&e!e !ealitatile %#cietatii
!#'1ne%tiB N.C.p. a t!e,"it %a !a%p"n&a p!#,le'el#! apa!"te
p!ivin& &!ept"l la viata p!ivataB p!ec"' %i e(igentel#! C#nventiei
<6
E"!#pene a 7!ept"!il#! O'"l"i. A%t+elB p#t!ivit a!t. $ &in
C#nventia E"!#peana a 7!ept"!il#! O'"l"iB #!ice pe!%#ana a!e
&!ept"l la !e%pecta!ea vietii %ale p!ivate %i &e +a'ilieB a
&#'icili"l"i %a" %i a c#!e%p#n&entei %ale %i n" e%te a&'i%
a'e%tec"l "nei a"t#!itati p",lice -n e(e!cita!ea ace%t"i &!ept &ec1t
-n 'a%"!a -n ca!e ace%t a'e%tec e%te p!eva)"t &e lege %i &aca
c#n%tit"ie # 'a%"!a ca!eB -nt!:# %#cietate &e'#c!aticaB e%te
nece%a!a pent!" %ec"!itatea nati#nalaB %ig"!anta p",licaB
,"na%ta!ea ec#n#'ica a ta!iiB apa!a!ea #!&inii %i p!eveni!ea
+aptel#! penaleB p!#te.a!ea %anatatii %a" a '#!aleiB #!i p!#te.a!ea
&!ept"!il#! %i li,e!tatil#! alt#!a.
Stat"l e%te #,ligat %a %e a%ig"!e n" n"'ai ca agentii %ai n"
c#'it inge!inte -n viata p!ivata a "nei pe!%#ane ci %i nea'e%tec"l
"n#! pe!%#ane -n viata p!ivata a altei pe!%#aneB p!in e&icta!ea &e
n#!'e ca!e %a %ancti#ne)e "n a%e'enea a'e%tec ce a!e l#c +a!a
&!ept.
P!acticB te(t"l inc!i'inea)a
t!ei in+!acti"ni &i%tincteB
p!eva)"te la alin.1B %i alin. 2B ce p#t +i c#'i%e -n c#nc"!% &e
acela%i +apt"it#!B -n %it"atia -n ca!e acti#nea)a &i%tinct %i p#t!ivit
cel#! t!ei te(te &e lege.
1. P!i'"l alineat inc!i'inea)a acti"nea &e a -n!egi%t!a p!in
#!ice 'i.l#ace te@nice i'agini %a" c#nv#!,i!i ale "nei pe!%#aneB
+a!a &!eptE
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a p!in acti"nea &eE
:
+#t#g!a+ie!eH
:
capta!e %a" -n!egi%t!a!e &e i'aginiH
:
a%c"lta!e c" 'i.l#ace te@niceH
:
-n!egi%t!a!e a"&i#.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective t!e,"ie %a
-n&eplinea%ca
ce!inta e%entialaB alte!nativaB caE
:
%",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii %a %e a+le -nt!:#
l#c"intaB -ncape!e %a" &epen&inta
tin1n& &e
acea%taH
:
c#nv#!,i!ea a%c"ltata %a" -n!egi%t!ata
%a +ie p!ivata.
<<
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#anaB
incl"%iv p!#p!ieta!"l %a" cel ca!e l#c"ie%te -n acel i'#,ilB at"nci
c1n& pe!%#ana vata'ata %e a+la -n l#c"inta ace%teia.
n %it"atia -n ca!e +apta p!ive%te # c#nv#!,i!e p!ivataB
acea%ta p#ate avea l#c c@ia! -nt!:"n l#c p",licB %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii p"t1n& +i pa!ticipant"l la acea c#nv#!,i!e c"
pe!%#ana vata'ata %a" # te!ta pe!%#ana.
. Cea &e:a &#"a +apta inc!i'inata e%te &iv"lga!ea %a"
t!an%'ite!ea cat!e alte pe!%#ane a in+#!'atiil#! #,tin"te p!in
acti"nile inc!i'inate la alin. 1 al te(t"l"i.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ieE
:
&iv"lga!ea %"netel#!B c#nv#!,i!il#! %a" i'aginil#!H
:
&i+")a!ea %"netel#!B c#nv#!,i!il#! %a" i'aginil#!H
:
p!e)enta!ea %"netel#!B c#nv#!,i!il#! %a"
i'aginil#!H
:
t!an%'ite!ea %"netel#!B c#nv#!,i!il#! %a"
i'aginil#!.
7iv"lga!ea p#ate avea -n #!ice '#&B incl"%iv p!in %i'pla
in+#!'a!e a "nei pe!%#ane &e%p!e e(i%tenta %i c#ntin"t"l ace%t#!aB
+a!a p!e)enta!ea e+ectiva a %"netel#!B c#nv#!,i!il#! %a" i'aginil#!.
7i+")a!ea p!e%"p"ne "tili)a!ea "n#! 'i.l#ace &e
t!an%'ite!e cat!e p",lic 4 )ia!eB e'i%i"ni televi)ate #!i a"&i#B %a"
a+i%a!ea -n l#c"!i p",liceB vi)i,ile #!i pe inte!net.
P!e)enta!ea p#ate avea l#c +ie cat!e # %ing"!a pe!%#anaB
+ie cat!e 'ai '"lteB %p!e e(e'pl" -n ca&!"l "nei !e"ni"ni %i
p!e%"p"ne a"&itie %a" vi)i#na!eB +a!a -nc!e&inta!ea %"p#!t"l"i pe
ca!e %e a+la %"neteleB c#nv#!,i!ile %a" i'aginile.
T!an%'ite!ea p!e%"p"ne -nc!e&inta!ea %"p#!t"l"i pe ca!e
%e a+la ace%te %"neteB c#nv#!,i!i %a" i'agini %a" -nc!e&inta!ea l#!
p!in #!ice 'i.l#c 8%p!e e(e'pl"B p!in inte!'e&i"l p#%tei
elect!#nice9 "n"i n"'a! li'itat &e pe!%#ane.
<$
O,tine!ea ace%t#! in+#!'atii t!e,"ie %a +i av"t l#c p!in
acti"nile en"'e!ate la alin. 1 al te(t"l"iB ia! &iv"lga!eaB &i+")a!eaB
p!e)enta!ea %a" t!an%'ite!ea ace%t#!a %a %e +acaB alte!nativB cat!eE
:# alta pe!%#anaH
:p",lic.
Ce!inta e%entiala c#'"na
a t"t"!#! ace%t#! acti"ni e%te ca
ele %a %e &e%+a%#a!e +a!a &!eptB a&ica +a!a a"t#!i)a!ea victi'ei %i
+a!a a"t#!i)a!ea in%tit"tiil#! a,ilitate 8%p!e e(e'pl"B -n ca&!"l "nei
anc@ete penale9.
Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea
p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ateB pent!" a',ele in+!acti"ni
p!eva)"te la alin.1 %i .
n ca)"l a',el#! in+!acti"ni p!eva)"te &e alin.1 %i B +apta
n" %e pe&ep%e%te -nt!"c1t legea p!eve&e -n '#& e(p!e% ca
+apta
n" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"neE
:at"nci c1n& e%te c#'i%a &e cat!e cel ca!e a pa!ticipat la
-nt1lni!ea c" pe!%#ana vata'ata -n ca&!"l ca!eia a" +#%t %"!p!in%e
%"neteleB c#nv#!,i!ile %a" i'aginileB &aca ."%ti+ica "n inte!e%
legiti' 8%p!e e(e'pl"B p!e)inta -n!egi%t!a!ile ca p!#,e -n ca&!"l
"nei inve%tigatii penale9H
:&aca pe!%#ana vata'ata a acti#nat e(plicit c" intentia
&e a +i va)"ta #!i a")ita &e +apt"it#!H
:&aca +apt"it#!"l %"!p!in&e %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni
%a" c#nt!i,"ie la &#ve&i!ea %av1!%i!ii "nei in+!acti"niH
:&aca %"!p!in&e +apte &e inte!e% p",licB ca!e a"
%e'ni+icatie pent!" viata c#'"nitatii %i a ca!#! &iv"lga!e p!e)inta
avanta.e p",lice 'ai 'a!i &ec1t p!e."&ici"l p!#&"% pe!%#anei
vata'ateH -n acea%ta -'p!e."!a!e inte!e%"l p",lic p!evalea)a +ata
&e inte!e%"l p!#tectiei vietii p!ivate a "nei pe!%#ane.
*. Alin.2 inc!i'inea)a cea &e:a t!eia in+!acti"ne p!eva)"ta
&e ace%t te(t &e lege.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a p!in acti"nea &e a pla%a 'i.l#ace
te@nice &e -n!egi%t!a!e a"&i# %a" vi&e#.
<0
Pla%a!ea p!e%"p"ne '#nta!ea &e a%t+el &e 'i.l#ace te@nice
-n l#c"inta pe!%#anei vata'ateB -nt!:# -ncape!e %a" &epen&inta ce
tine &e ace%teaB #!i c@ia! -n a+a!a ace%t#!aB &a! -n a%a +el -nc1t %a
+ie captate %"neteB i'agini %a" c#nv#!,i!i &in l#c"inta pe!%#anei
vata'ateB &int!:# -ncape!e %a" &epen&inte ce tin &e acea%ta. 7e
a%e'eneaB pla%a!ea &e a%e'enea 'i.l#ace p#ate avea l#c a%"p!a
"nei pe!%#aneB incl"%iv a%"p!a pe!%#anei vata'ateB -n%a +a!a%tiinta
ace%teia.
n cea &e:a &#"a %it"atie la ca!e %e !e+e!a alin.1B !e%pectiv
-n %it"atia -n ca!e #,iect"l in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie # c#nv#!,i!e
p!ivataB pla%a!ea p#ate avea l#c c@ia! -n %pati"l p",lic.
Ce!inta e%entiala pent!" e(i%tenta ele'ent"l"i 'ate!ial al
lat"!ii #,iective a in+!acti"nii # c#n%tit"ie nece%itatea ca pla%a!ea
'i.l#acel#! &e -n!egi%t!a!e a"&i# %a" vi&e# %a +ie e+ect"ata
+a!a
&!ept.
3apta %e c#'ite c" intentie &i!ectaB %c#p"l +iin& cali+icat 4
acela al c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nil#! p!eva)"te la alin.1 %a" alin. al
te(t"l"i &e legeB +a!a %a +ie nece%a! ca ace%tea %a +ie c#'i%e. n
%it"atia -n ca!e +apt"it#!"l "tili)ea)a ace%te 'i.l#ace te@nice -n
%c#p"l p!eva)"t &e legeB a%a c"' a' a!atatB +apta va +i c#'i%a -n
c#nc"!% c" in+!acti"nea p!eva)"ta la alin. 1 %iB &"pa ca)B aceea
p!eva)"ta la alin..
7e &ata acea%taB acti"nea penala n" %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e
la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ateB ci &in #+ici".
7aca in+!acti"nile p!eva)"te la alin.1 %i %"nt in+!acti"ni
&e !e)"ltatB !e%pectiv atinge!ea a&"%a vietii p!ivateB in+!acti"nea
p!eva)"ta la alin.* e%te # in+!acti"ne &e pe!ic#l.
$>
: CAPTOLUL 5III :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA PATRIMONIULUI
A!t. $. 3URTUL
819 L"a!ea "n"i ,"n '#,il &in p#%e%ia %a" &etentia alt"iaB +a!a
c#n%i'ta'1nt"l ace%t"iaB -n %c#p"l &e a %i:l -n%"%i pe ne&!eptB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 3apta c#n%tit"ie +"!t %i &aca ,"n"l apa!tine -n -nt!egi'e %a" -n
pa!te +apt"it#!"l"iB &a! -n '#'ent"l %av1!%i!ii acel ,"n %e ga%ea -n
p#%e%ia %a" &etentia legiti'a a altei pe!%#ane.
8*9 Se c#n%i&e!a ,"n"!i '#,ile %i -n%c!i%"!ileB ene!gia elect!icaB
p!ec"' %i #!ice alt +el &e ene!gie ca!e a!e val#a!e ec#n#'ica.
C#'enta!i"E 3"!t"l %i'pl" a!e acela%i c#ntin"t c#n%tit"tiv
ca %i -n C.p. act"al.
Legi"it#!"l a -ntele% %a +aca p!eci)a!i !e+e!it#! la #,iect"l
'ate!ial al in+!acti"niiB ca!e p#ate +iE
:#!ice ,"n '#,ilH
:-n%c!i%"!ileH
:ene!gia elect!icaH
:#!ice alt +el &e ene!gie ca!e a!e val#a!e ec#n#'ica.
Se eli'ina a%t+el &i%c"tiile &in p!actica !e+e!it#a!e la
-nca&!a!ea ."!i&ica a +aptei p!in ca!e # pe!%#ana %e !ac#!&ea)a
ilegal la !etea"a elect!ica p",lica %a" ca!e apa!tine altei pe!%#ane.
Ele'ent"l &e n#"tate e%te caB -n N.C.p.B +"!t"l &e
+#l#%inta ,ene+icia)a &e # !egle'enta!e &i%tincta%i e%te
%ancti#nat 'ai ,l1n& &ec1t +"!t"l -n %c#p &e -n%"%i!e a ,"n"l"i
pe ne&!ept.
A!t. 0. 3URTUL CALI3ICAT
819 3"!t"l %av1!%it -n "!'at#a!ele -'p!e."!a!iE
a9 -nt!:"n 'i.l#c &e t!an%p#!t -n c#'"nH
,9 -n ti'p"l n#ptiiH
c9 &e # pe!%#ana 'a%cataB &eg@i)ata %a" t!ave%titaH
$1
&9 p!in e+!actieB e%cala&a!e %a" p!in +#l#%i!ea +a!a &!ept a "nei c@ei
a&eva!ate #!i a "nei c@ei 'incin#a%eH
e9 p!in %c#ate!ea &in +"ncti"ne a %i%te'"l"i &e ala!'a #!i &e
%"p!aveg@e!eB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani.
89 7aca +"!t"l a +#%t %av1!%it -n "!'at#a!ele -'p!e."!a!iE
a9 a%"p!a "n"i ,"n ca!e +ace pa!te &in pat!i'#ni"l c"lt"!alH
,9 p!in vi#la!e &e &#'icili" %a" %e&i" p!#+e%i#nalH
c9 &e # pe!%#ana av1n& a%"p!a %a # a!'aB
pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani.
8*9 3"!t"l p!ivin& "!'at#a!ele categ#!ii &e ,"n"!iE
a9 titeiB ga)#linaB c#n&en%atB etan lic@i&B ,en)inaB '#t#!inaB alte
p!#&"%e pet!#lie!e %a" ga)e nat"!ale &in c#n&"cteB &ep#)iteB
ci%te!ne #!i vag#ane:ci%te!naH
,9 c#'p#nente ale %i%te'el#! &e i!igatiiH
c9 c#'p#nente ale !etelel#! elect!iceH
&9 "n &i%p#)itiv #!i "n %i%te' &e %e'nali)a!eB ala!'a!e #!i ale!ta!e
-n ca) &e incen&i" %a" alte %it"atii &e "!genta p",licaH
e9 "n 'i.l#c &e t!an%p#!t %a" #!ice alt 'i.l#c &e inte!ventie la
incen&i"B la acci&ente &e cale +e!ataB !"tie!eB navale %a" ae!iene #!i
-n ca) &e &e)a%t!"H
+9 in%talatii &e %ig"!anta
%i &i!i.a!e a t!a+ic"l"i +e!#via!B !"tie!B
navalB ae!ian %i c#'p#nente ale ace%t#!aB p!ec"' %i c#'p#nente
ale 'i.l#acel#! &e t!an%p#!t a+e!enteH
g9 ,"n"!i p!in -n%"%i!ea ca!#!a %e p"ne -n pe!ic#l %ig"!anta
t!a+ic"l"i %i a pe!%#anel#! pe &!"'"!ile p",liceH
@9 ca,l"!iB liniiB ec@ipa'ente %i in%talatii &e telec#'"nicatiiB
!a&i#c#'"nicatiiB p!ec"' %i c#'p#nente &e c#'"nicatiiB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la * la 1> ani.
C#'enta!i"E n ca)"l +"!t"l"i cali+icat %:a !en"ntat la
"nele ele'ente ci!c"'%tantiale &e ag!ava!e p!eva)"te -n C.p. -n
vig#a!eB !e+e!it#a!e la %av1!%i!ea +"!t"l"i &e &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte
pe!%#ane -'p!e"naB la +el ca %i -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e t1l@a!ieH
a%"p!a "nei pe!%#ane a+late -n i'p#%i,ilitatea &e a:%i e(p!i'a
v#inta %a" a %e apa!aH -nt!:"n l#c p",lic #!i -n ti'p"l "nei
$
cala'itatiB %i'ila! ca %i -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e t1l@a!ieB p!ec"' %i
la ag!avanta !e+e!it#a!e la %"%t!age!ea "n"i act ce %e!ve%te pent!"
legiti'a!e %a" i&enti+ica!e. S:a av"t -n ve&e!e +apt"l ca ace%te
-'p!e."!a!i %"nt p!eva)"teB c" acela%i c#ntin"t %a" c" "n c#ntin"t
ap!#piatB ca ci!c"'%tante ag!avante legale p#t!ivit a!t. <<B &"c1n&
la 'a.#!a!ea li'itel#! &e pe&eap%a -n te'ei"l a!t. <$B ia! pent!"
"nele &int!e ele "n t!ata'ent %ancti#nat#! %pecial n" %e ."%ti+ica.
Ca !egle'enta!e n#"aB a" +#%t int!#&"%e -n c#ntin"t"l
+"!t"l"i cali+icat &#"a n#i ele'ente ci!c"'%tantiale &e ag!ava!eE
:%av1!%i!ea +"!t"l"i p!in %c#ate!ea &in +"ncti"ne a
%i%te'"l"i &e ala!'a %a" %"p!aveg@e!eH
:%av1!%i!ea +"!t"l"i p!in vi#la!ea &e &#'icili" %a" %e&i"
p!#+e%i#nal.
Int!#&"ce!ea celei &e:a &#"a -'p!e."!a!i ce c#n%tit"ie
va!ianta ag!avata a +"!t"l"i cali+icat %:a i'p"% pent!" a !e)#lva
legal %it"atia -n ca!e +"!t"l e%te %av1!%it p!in pat!"n&e!ea +a!a
&!ept -nt!:"n &#'icili" %a" %e&i" p!#+e%i#nal. Se #,%e!va caB -n
acea%ta %it"atieB n" a!e !elevanta '#&alitatea &e pat!"n&e!e -n
&#'icili" %a" -n %e&i"l p!#+e%i#nalB ca!e c#n%tit"ie ag!avanta
in&i+e!ent &e '#&alitatea &e pat!"n&e!e.
Legi"it#!"l a &#!it %a %",linie)e g!avitatea +aptei &e +"!t
&in l#c"intaB #c!#tin& -n '#& egal %i %e&i"l p!#+e%i#nalB
%ancti#n1n& c#'ite!ea +"!t"l"i -n %it"atiile -n ca!e pat!"n&e!ea -n
ace%te l#catii a av"t l#c +a!a &!ept.
7e a%e'eneaB ca %i -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB legi"it#!"l
a -ntele% %a %ancti#ne)e c" # pe&eap%a 'ai g!ava +"!t"l ce a!e ca
#,iect 'ate!ial an"'ite ,"n"!i &e "tilitate p",lica.
A!t. *>. 3URTUL N SCOP 7E 3OLOSINTA
819 3"!t"l ca!e a!e ca #,iect "n ve@ic"lB %av1!%it -n %c#p"l &e a:l
+#l#%i pe ne&!eptB %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta -n a!t.
$ %a" a!t. 0B &"pa ca)B ale ca!ei li'ite %peciale %e !e&"c c" #
t!ei'e.
89 C" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta -n alin. 819 %e %ancti#nea)a +#l#%i!ea
+a!a &!ept a "n"i te!'inal &e c#'"nicatii al alt"ia %a" +#l#%i!ea
$*
"n"i te!'inal &e c#'"nicatii !ac#!&at +a!a &!ept la # !eteaB &aca
%:a p!#&"% # pag",a.
C#'enta!i"E 3"!t"l &e +#l#%inta ,ene+icia)a &e #
!egle'enta!e &i%tinctaB ca!e incl"&e %i # ip#te)a n#"aB p#t!ivit
ca!eia %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta pent!" +"!t
I+#l#%i!ea +a!a &!ept a "n"i te!'inal &e c#'"nicatii elect!#nice al
alt"ia %a" +#l#%i!ea "n"i te!'inal &e c#'"nicatii !ac#!&at +a!a
&!ept la !eteaG. Acea%ta ip#te)a a%i'ilata +"!t"l"i &e +#l#%inta vine
%a t!an%e)e -n '#& &e+initiv %it"atiile c#nt!#ve!%ate -nca -n
."!i%p!"&enta
%i &#ct!ina !e+e!it#a!e la -nca&!a!ea ."!i&ica a +aptei
&e !ac#!&a!e ilegala la # !etea &e tele+#nie %a" la # alta !etea &e
c#'"nicatii.
n pl"%B te(t"l vine %a a&"ca -n %+e!a ilicit"l"i penal +aptele
&e +#l#%i!e +a!a &!ept a "n"i te!'inal &e telec#'"nicatii al alt"iaB
+apte c#n%i&e!ate pe!ic"l#a%e %i al ca!#! n"'a! a c!e%c"t -n
p!e)entB ca")1n& "ne#!i p!e."&icii i'p#!tante.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie -n%"%i!ea.
Ce!inta e%entiala pent!" e(i%tenta ele'entel#!
c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"niiB !e%pectiv a lat"!ii %",iectiveB e%te ca
-n%"%i!ea %a ai,a &!ept %c#p +#l#%i!ea +a!a &!eptB ceea ce
p!e%"p"ne c#'ite!ea +aptei c" intentie &i!ecta.
O,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii p#ate +iE
:
"n ve@ic"lH
:
"n te!'inal &e c#'"nicatii 8e(e'pl"l cla%ic -l
c#n%tit"ie tele+#n"l +i( %a" '#,il9H
:# !etea &e c#'"nicatie la ca!e e%te !ac#!&at "n
te!'inal &e c#'"nicatii ce apa!tine +apt"it#!"l"i.
Pent!" e(i%tenta ele'entel#! c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii -n
va!ianta -n ca!e #,iect"l 'ate!ial al ace%teia -l c#n%tit"ie "n
a"t#ve@ic"lB n" e%te nece%a! ca %c#p"l "!'a!it &e +apt"it#!B
!e%pectiv +#l#%i!ea ,"n"l"iB %a +ie atin% 8&e%i &in p"nct &e ve&e!e
p!acticB %"%t!age!ea -n %c#p &e +#l#%inta p!e%"p"ne p"ne!ea -n
'i%ca!e a a"t#ve@ic"l"l"i9B -n%a acea%ta ce!intaB ca a"t#'#,il"l %a
+ie +#l#%it e+ectivB n" !e)"lta &in te(t"l &e lege.
$/
A"t#ve@ic"l"l ce +ace #,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii
p#ate apa!tine pe!%#anei vata'ate %a" c@ia! %i +apt"it#!"l"iB
nee(i%t1n& # &i+e!entie!e p#t!ivit a!t. $.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii -n va!ianta &e +#l#%i!e a "n"i
te!'inal &e c#'"nicatii al alt"ia %a" +#l#%i!ea "n"i te!'inal &e
c#'"nicatii !ac#!&at +a!a &!ept la # !eteaB e%te nece%a! %a %e
p!#&"ca
"!'a!ea i'e&iataB !e%pectiv %a %e +i p!#&"% # pag",a.
Ele'ent"l &e n#"tate e%te ca +"!t"l &e +#l#%inta ,ene+icia)a
&e "n t!ata'ent %ancti#nat#! 'ai ,l1n& &ec1t +"!t"l -n va!ianta
%i'plaB %a"B &"pa ca)B cali+icata.
A!t. *1. PE7EPSIREA UNOR 3URTURI LA PLNGEREA
PREALA=ILA
3aptele p!eva)"te -n p!e)ent"l capit#l %av1!%ite -nt!e 'e',!ii &e
+a'ilieB &e cat!e "n 'in#! -n pag",a t"t#!el"i #!i &e cat!e cel ca!e
l#c"ie%te -'p!e"na c" pe!%#ana vata'ata %a" e%te ga)&"it &e
acea%taB %e pe&ep%e%c n"'ai la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei
vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E n !ap#!t &e !egle'enta!ea &i+e!ita a
n#ti"nii &e I'e',!" &e +a'ilieG -n N.C.p.B te(t"l !e+e!it#! la
+"!t"l pe&ep%it la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a +#%t c#!elat c" cel al a!t.
1<<.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii &e +"!t 8%i'pl"B cali+icat %a"
&e +#l#%inta9 pe&ep%it la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila p#ate +iE
:
"n 'e',!" &e +a'ilieH
:
t"t#!ele +apt"it#!"l"i 'in#!H
:
cel ca!e l#c"ie%te c" pe!%#ana vata'ata 8&a! ca!e
n" a!e calitatea &e 'e',!" &e +a'ilie9H
:
cel ca!e e%te ga)&"it &e pe!%#ana vata'ata.
Un alt ele'ent &e n#"tate e%te caB -n n#"a !egle'enta!eB
-'paca!ea pa!til#! n" 'ai e%te pe!'i%a &e lege.
N.C.p. pe&ep%e%te tentativa la in+!acti"nile &e +"!tB +"!t
cali+icatB +"!t &e +#l#%inta #!i +"!t pe&ep%it la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila.
$2
A!t. **. TLAARIA
3"!t"l %av1!%it p!in -nt!e,"inta!ea &e vi#lente %a" a'eninta!i #!i
p!in p"ne!ea victi'ei -n %ta!e &e inc#n%tienta %a" nep"tinta &e a %e
apa!aB p!ec"' %i +"!t"l "!'at &e -nt!e,"inta!ea "n#! a%t+el &e
'i.l#ace pent!" pa%t!a!ea ,"n"l"i +"!at %a" pent!" -nlat"!a!ea
"!'el#! in+!acti"nii #!i pent!" ca +apt"it#!"l %a:%i a%ig"!e %capa!ea
%e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea
e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
C#'enta!i"E T1l@a!ia -n va!ianta %a %i'pla -%i pa%t!ea)a
-n t#talitate c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv &in vec@ea !egle'enta!e.
A!t. */. TLAARIA CALI3ICATA
819 T1l@a!ia %av1!%ita -n "!'at#a!ele -'p!e."!a!iE
a9 p!in +#l#%i!ea "nei a!'e #!i %",%tante e(pl#)iveB na!c#tice %a"
pa!ali)anteH
,9 p!in %i'"la!ea &e calitati #+icialeH
c9 &e # pe!%#ana 'a%cataB &eg@i)ata %a" t!ave%titaH
&9 -n ti'p"l n#ptiiH
e9 -nt!:"n 'i.l#c &e t!an%p#!t %a" a%"p!a "n"i 'i.l#c &e
t!an%p#!tH
+9 p!in vi#la!e &e &#'icili" %a" %e&i" p!#+e%i#nalB %e pe&ep%e%te
c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la * la 1> ani %i inte!)ice!e a e(e!cita!ii "n#!
&!ept"!i.
89 T1l@a!ia %av1!%ita -n c#n&itiile a!t. 0 alin. 8*9 %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 2 la 1 ani.
8*9 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a t1l@a!ia ca!e a av"t ca
"!'a!e vata'a!ea c#!p#!ala.
C#'enta!i"E Legi"it#!"l a pa%t!at +#!'a %i'pla a
in+!acti"niiB p!e+e!1n& %a '#&i+ice va!ianta cali+icata.
5a!ianta cali+icata a t1l@a!iei a +#%t %i'pli+icataB
eli'in1n&":%e "nele &i%c#!&anteB c"' e%te aceea a inc!i'ina!ii ca
va!ianta cali+icata at1t a +aptei &e t1l@a!ie c#'i%e -n l#c p",lic c1t
$6
%i a t1l@a!iei c#'i%e -nt!:# l#c"intaH &int!e ace%tea &#"aB a +#%t
eli'inata t1l@a!ia cali+icata -n l#c p",lic.
7e a%e'eneaB a +#%t eli'inata t1l@a!ia cali+icata c#'i%a &e
&#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane -'p!e"naH -n ti'p"l "nei cala'itatiB
!ati"nea '#&i+ica!ii +iin& aceea ca ace%te &#"a -'p!e."!a!i %"nt
p!eva)"teB c" "n c#ntin"t ap!#piatB ca %i ci!c"'%tante ag!avante
legale p#t!ivit a!t. <<.
7e a%e'eneaB a" +#%t int!#&"%e n#i ip#te)e &e ag!ava!eB
inci&ente -n %it"atia -n ca!e +apta %e %av1!%e%te Ia%"p!a "n"i 'i.l#c
&e t!an%p#!tI %a" p!in %i'"la!ea &e Icalitati #+icialeIB -n c#n&itiile
-n ca!e p!actica ."&icia!a a %e'nalat ca)"!i !elativ +!ecvente -n
ca!e in+!act#!ii !ec"!g la a%e'enea p!#ce&ee.
A +#%t !e+#!'"lata va!ianta p!ivin& 'i.l#c"l &e t!an%p#!t 4
t1l@a!ia -n va!ianta ag!avata p#ate avea l#cE
:-nt!:"n 'i.l#c &e t!an%p#!tH
:a%"p!a "n"i 'i.l#c &e t!an%p#!t.
A +#%t !e+#!'"lata va!ianta p!ivin& c#'ite!ea t1l@a!iei &e
cat!e # pe!%#ana -na!'ataB -n n#"a !egle'enta!e +iin& nece%a!B
pent!" e(i%tenta va!iantei cali+icateB ca t1l@a!ia %a +ie c#'i%a p!in
+#l#%i!ea e+ectiva a a!'ei !e%pective.
T1l@a!ia p#ate +i c#'i%a p!in %i'"la!ea &e calitati
#+iciale 4 c" alte c"vinte p!in p!e)enta!ea %", # an"'e calitateB
%p!e e(e'pl"B &e p#liti%tB ca!e &ete!'ina victi'a %a ai,a # an"'e
atit"&ine ce +acilitea)a +apt"it#!"l"i c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nii.
T1l@a!ia c#'i%a -nt!:# l#c"inta a +#%t -nl#c"ita c" aceea
c#'i%a
p!in vi#la!e &e &#'icili" #!i p!in vi#la!ea %e&i"l"i
p!#+e%i#nalB ac#!&1n&":%e p!#tectie egalaB p#t!ivit &i%p#)itiil#!
a!t. / %i 2 &in N.C.p.B &#'icili"l"i pe!%#anei +i)ice %i %e&i"l"i
p!#+e%i#nal al pe!%#anei +i)ice %a" ."!i&ice.
Se 'entine inc!i'ina!ea in+!acti"nii &e t1l@a!ie ca!e a av"t
ca "!'a!e p!#&"ce!ea &e le)i"niB &a! -n va!ianta vata'a!ii
c#!p#!ale ca!e a +#%t ap!eciata &e legi"it#! ca # va!ianta ag!avata
a in+!acti"nii.
$<
T1l@a!ia av1n& ca #,iect 'ate!ial ,"n"!ile 8&e "tilitate
p",lica9 la ca!e +ace !e+e!i!e a!t. 0 alin.* p!ivin& +"!t"l cali+icat
c#n%tit"ie # va!ianta ag!avanta a in+!acti"nii.
U!'a!ea p!aete!intenti#nata c#n%t1n& -n '#a!tea victi'ei
-n ca)"l t1l@a!iei %i pi!ate!iei a +#%t p!eva)"ta -nt!:"n te(t &i%tinct
%i c#'"n 8a!t. *6B ia! tentativa la in+!acti"nea &e t1l@a!ieB -n
#!ica!e &int!e va!iantele eiB %e pe&ep%e%te p#t!ivit a!t. *<9.
$$
: Capit#l"l I? :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA PATRIMONIULUI PRIN
NESOCOTIREA NCRE7ERII
A!t. *$. A=U6UL 7E NCRE7ERE
819 n%"%i!eaB &i%p"ne!ea %a" +#l#%i!eaB pe ne&!eptB a "n"i ,"n
'#,il al alt"ia &e cat!e cel ca!"ia i:a +#%t -nc!e&intat -n ,a)a "n"i
titl" %i c" "n an"'it %c#p #!i !e+")"l &e a:l !e%tit"i %e pe&ep%e%te
c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E Se #,%e!va caB +ata &e vec@ea !egle'enta!eB
a" +#%t a&a"gate %i alte +apte -'p#t!iva pat!i'#ni"l"i ale ca!#!
acti"ni ilicite %e -nte'eia)a pe ne%#c#ti!ea -nc!e&e!ii %i an"'eE
a,")"l &e -nc!e&e!e p!in +!a"&a!ea c!e&it#!il#!B -n%elaci"nea
p!ivin& a%ig"!a!ileB &et"!na!ea licitatiil#! p",lice %i e(pl#ata!ea
pat!i'#niala a "nei pe!%#ane v"lne!a,ile.
La p!i'a categ#!ie &e +apte 8cele p!eva)"te %i -n C.p. -n
vig#a!e9B a" +#%t #pe!ate %i "nele '#&i+ica!iB 'enite a p"ne te(tele
-n %it"atia &e a !a%p"n&e 'ai ,ine nece%itatii !ep!i'a!ii "n#!
'#&alitati &e c#'ite!e a !e%pectivel#! +apteB evi&entiate &e
p!actica ."&icia!a.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii c#n%ta -n acti"nea &e aE
:-n%"%iH
:&i%p"neH
:+#l#%iH
:!e+")a !e%tit"i!ea.
O,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii c#n%ta -nt!:"n ,"n
'#,ilB ca!e t!e,"ie %a -n&eplinea%ca "!'at#a!ele ce!inteE
:%a
apa!tina altei pe!%#aneH
:%a +ie &etin"t -n ,a)a "n"i titl"H
$0
:%a -i +i +#%t -nc!e&intat +apt"it#!"l"iH
:%a +i +#%t -nc!e&intat +apt"it#!"l"i c" "n an"'it %c#p.
A%t+elB -n ca)"l a,")"l"i &e -nc!e&e!e a +#%t c#n%ac!ata #
n#"a '#&alitate &e c#'ite!e a +apteiB p!in +#l#%i!ea +a!a &!ept a
"n"i ,"n -nc!e&intat c" "n an"'it %c#pB &e cat!e cel ca!e l:a
p!i'it. Te(t"l a!e -n ve&e!e at1t %it"atia -n ca!e pe!%#ana n" avea
&!ept"l &e a +#l#%i ,"n"l 8%p!e e(e'pl"B "n a"t#ve@ic"l e%te
-nc!e&intat &e cat!e p!#p!ieta! 'ecanic"l"i -n ve&e!ea e+ect"a!ii
"nei !epa!atiiB ia! ace%ta &in "!'a -l +#l#%e%te pent!" a +ace c"!%e
-n inte!e% pe!%#nal #!i al "n#! te!ti9B &a! %i %it"atia -n ca!e cel ce a
p!i'it ,"n"l a!e &!ept"l &e a:l +#l#%iB &a! -l "tili)ea)a -n alt %c#p
&ec1t cel pent!" ca!e i:a +#%t -nc!e&intat 8&e e(e'pl"B a"t#!"l"i -i
e%te -nc!e&intat "n a"t#t"!i%' pent!" a +ace # pli',a!eB &a! ace%ta
-l +#l#%e%te pent!" a t!an%p#!ta ,"n"!i9.
A!t.*0. A=U6UL 7E NCRE7ERE PRIN 3RAU7AREA
CRE7ITORILOR
819 3apta &e,it#!"l"i &e a -n%t!ainaB a%c"n&eB &ete!i#!a %a"
&i%t!"geB -n t#t %a" -n pa!teB val#!i #!i ,"n"!i &in pat!i'#ni"l
%a" #!i &e a inv#ca acte %a" &at#!ii +ictive -n %c#p"l +!a"&a!ii
c!e&it#!il#! %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a"
c" a'en&a.
89 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a +apta pe!%#anei ca!eB
%tiin& ca n" va p"tea platiB ac@i)iti#nea)a ,"n"!i #!i %e!vicii
p!#&"c1n& # pag",a c!e&it#!"l"i.
8*9 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E n 'ate!ia in+!acti"nil#! ce a" ca #,iect
."!i&ic !elatii ,a)ate pe -nc!e&e!ea -nt!e pe!%#ane a +#%t int!#&"%a #
n#"a inc!i'ina!eB a,")"l &e -nc!e&e!e p!in +!a"&a!ea c!e&it#!il#!.
In+!acti"nea %e p#ate c#'ite -n &#"a '#&alitatiB +ie p!in
+apta &e,it#!"l"iE
:&e a -n%t!ainaB a%c"n&eB &ete!i#!a %a" &i%t!"geB -n t#t
%a" -n pa!teB val#!i #!i ,"n"!i &in pat!i'#ni"l %a"H
0>
:&e a inv#ca acte %a" &at#!ii +ictive.
7in ec#n#'ia te(t"l"i !e)"lta ca n" e%te nece%a! ca +apta
%a p!#&"ca # pag",aB +iin& %"+icient %a +ie c#'i%a -n %c#p"l
p!eva)"t &e lege 4 +!a"&a!ea c!e&it#!il#!B +a!a a %e i'p"ne ca
ace%ta %a +ie e+ectiv atin%.
n ace%t ca)B %",iect activ al in+!acti"nii e%te &e,it#!"l
8calitatea ace%t"ia &e &e,it#! t!e,"ie %ta,ilita p!int!:"n -n%c!i% %a"
@#ta!1!e ."&ecat#!ea%ca9B ia! %",iect pa%iv c!e&it#!ii ace%t"ia.
Cea &e:a &#"a '#&alitate e%te p!eva)"ta &e alin. al
te(t"l"iB ca!e !ep!e)inta # inc!i'ina!e &i+e!ita a in+!acti"nii &e
-n%elaci"ne -n c#nventii &in act"al"l C.p. %i %ancti#nea)a +apta
cel"i ca!e c"'pa!aB ac@i)iti#nea)a ,"n"!i #!i %e!vicii
c"n#%c1n&B -nca &e la -nc@eie!ea c#nventiei &e c"'pa!a!e #!i
ac@i)iti#na!eB ca n" va p"tea plati.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii -n acea%ta a &#"a '#&alitate
&e c#'ite!e a in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca +apta %a ai,a ca "!'a!e
i'e&iata p!#&"ce!ea "nei pag",e &e,it#!"l"i.
Te(t"l &e lege p!eve&eB &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii
%",iectiveB "n %c#p cali+icatB pent!" t#ate va!iantele in+!acti"niiB
acela &e +!a"&a!e a c!e&it#!il#!B a%t+el ca +apta %e c#'ite c"
intentie &i!ectaB cali+icata.
At"nci c1n& +apta %e c#'ite p!in ac@i)iti#na!ea &e ,"n"!i
#!i %e!viciiB ce!inta e%entiala a lat"!ii %",iective e%te ca
&e,it#!"l %a%tie c" ce!tit"&ine la '#'ent"l -nc@eie!ii t!an)actiei
ca n" va p"tea plati %i ca p!#&"ce a%t+el # pag",a c!e&it#!"l"i.
A%t+elB a +#%t &e)inc!i'inata -n%elaci"nea c" cec"!i %i c" p!ile."l
e(ec"ta!ii "n"i c#nt!actB ca!e !i&ica" p!#,le'e %e!i#a%e &e
p!#,ati"ne a lat"!ii %",iective.
M#&alitatile &e c#'ite!e a +aptei a" +#%t %e'nalate &e
p!actica "lti'il#! aniB #!ganele ."&icia!e ne&i%p"n1n& -n%a &e "n
te(t legal ca!e %a pe!'ita !ep!i'a!ea ace%t#! acti"ni.
Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea
p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
01
A!t. /. GESTIUNEA 3RAU7ULOASA
819 P!icin"i!ea &e pag",e "nei pe!%#aneB c" #ca)ia a&'ini%t!a!ii
%a" c#n%e!va!ii ,"n"!il#! ace%teiaB &e cat!e cel ca!e a!e #!i t!e,"ie
%a ai,a g!i.a a&'ini%t!a!ii %a" c#n%e!va!ii acel#! ,"n"!i %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 C1n& +apta p!eva)"ta -n alin. 819 a +#%t %av1!%ita &e
a&'ini%t!at#!"l ."&icia!B &e lic@i&at#!"l ave!ii &e,it#!"l"i %a"
&e "n !ep!e)entant %a" p!ep"% al ace%t#!aB pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani.
8*9 3aptele p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 %i alin. 89 %av1!%ite -n %c#p"l &e
a &#,1n&i "n +#l#% pat!i'#nial %e pe&ep%e%c c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la
la < ani.
8/9 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E 7e%i c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii &e
ge%ti"ne +!a"&"l#a%a a +#%t 'entin"tB a +#%t eli'inata
# c@e%ti"ne
e%entialaB !e%pectiv c#n&itia !e+e!it#a!e la lat"!a %",iectiva a
in+!acti"nii %i an"'e ca +apta %a +ie c#'i%a Ic" !ea:c!e&intaGB
ceea ce i'plicaB &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii %",iectiveB
intentia &i!ecta.
Av1n& -n ve&e!e eli'ina!ea ace%tei ce!inte !e+e!it#a!e la
lat"!a %",iectivaB +apta p#ate +i c#'i%aB c#n+#!' N.C.p.B at1t c"
intentie &i!ecta c1t %i c" intentie in&i!ecta.
S",iect"l activ e%te ge%ti#na!"lB ca!e a!e #!i t!e,"ie %a
ai,a g!i.a a&'ini%t!a!ii %a" c#n%e!va!ii acel#! ,"n"!iB incl"%iv
ge%ti#na!"l &e +aptB legea ne+ac1n& &i%tinctie -n ace%t %en%.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"niiB e%te nece%a! ca +apta %a
p!#&"ca
"!'a!ea i'e&iataB !e%pectiv # pag",a.
5a!ianta ag!avata p!e%"p"ne "n %",iect activ cali+icat
%pecialB !e%pectivE
:
a&'ini%t!at#!"l ."&icia!H
:
lic@i&at#!"l ave!ii &e,it#!"l"iH
:
!ep!e)entant"l %a" p!ep"%"l a&'ini%t!at#!"l"i #!i
lic@i&at#!"l"i ."&icia!.
0
n ace%te va!ianteB +apta p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ecta
%a" in&i!ecta.
O alta va!ianta ag!avata %e !e+e!a la %it"atia -n ca!e +apta
e%te c#'i%a c" "n %c#p cali+icatB acela &e a &#,1n&i "n +#l#%
pat!i'#nialH -n ace%t ca)B +apta %e c#'ite c" intentie &i!ecta.
3apta a +#%t p!el"ata &in Legea $2C>>6 p!ivin& p!#ce&"!a
in%#lventei.
A!t. //. NSELACIUNEA
819 In&"ce!ea -n e!#a!e a "nei pe!%#ane p!in p!e)enta!ea ca
a&eva!ata a "nei +apte 'incin#a%e %a" ca 'incin#a%a a "nei +apte
a&eva!ateB -n %c#p"l &e a #,tine pent!" %ine %a" pent!" alt"l "n
+#l#% pat!i'#nial in."%t %i &aca %:a p!icin"it # pag",aB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 6 l"ni la * ani.
89 n%elaci"nea %av1!%ita p!in +#l#%i!ea &e n"'e %a" calitati
'incin#a%e #!i &e alte 'i.l#ace +!a"&"l#a%e %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani. 7aca 'i.l#c"l +!a"&"l#% c#n%tit"ie
p!in el -n%"%i # in+!acti"neB %e aplica !eg"lile p!ivin& c#nc"!%"l &e
in+!acti"ni.
8*9 'paca!ea -nlat"!a !a%p"n&e!ea penala.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea &e -n%elaci"ne -n +#!'a
p!eva)"ta &e a!t. 12 alin.1 %i &in act"al"l C.p. pa%t!ea)a -n
t#talitate +#!'a ante!i#a!a%i c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv.
A" +#%t -n%a eli'inate va!iantele cali+icate !e+e!it#a!e la
c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nii c" p!ile."l -nc@eie!ii %a" e(ec"ta!ii "n"i
c#nt!act 8ca!e -n N.C.p. e%te inc!i'inata -nt!:# +#!'a %pecialaB
n"'ai c" p!ivi!e la c"'pa!a!ea %a" ac@i)iti#na!ea &e ,"n"!i %a"
%e!vicii 4 in+!acti"nea p!ev. &e a!t. *0B A,")"l &e -nc!e&e!e p!in
+!a"&a!ea c!e&it#!il#!9H -n%elaci"nea c" cec"!i 8ca!e n" %e
."%ti+ica" ca &i+e!entie!e &e t!ata'ent %ancti#nat#! +ata &e celelalte
in+!acti"ni9 %i -n%elaci"nea c" c#n%ecinte &e#%e,it &e g!ave.
Unic"l ele'ent &e n#"tate e%te acela caB &e%i acti"nea
penala e%te p"%a -n 'i%ca!e &in #+ici"B -'paca!ea pa!til#!
-nlat"!a !a%p"n&e!ea penala.
0*
A!t. /2. NSELACIUNEA PRI5IN7 ASIGURARILE
819 7i%t!"ge!eaB &eg!a&a!eaB a&"ce!ea -n %ta!e &e
ne-nt!e,"inta!eB a%c"n&e!ea %a" -n%t!aina!ea "n"i ,"n a%ig"!at
-'p#t!iva &i%t!"ge!iiB &eg!a&a!iiB ")"!iiB pie!&e!ii %a" +"!t"l"iB
-n %c#p"l &e a #,tineB pent!" %ine %a" pent!" alt"lB %"'a
a%ig"!ataB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani.
89 3apta pe!%#anei ca!eB -n %c#p"l p!eva)"t -n alin. 819B
%i'"lea)aB -%i ca")ea)a %a" ag!avea)a le)i"ni %a" vata'a!i
c#!p#!ale p!#&"%e &e "n !i%c a%ig"!atB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&a.
8*9 'paca!ea -nlat"!a !a%p"n&e!ea penala.
C#'enta!i"E A +#%t int!#&"%a -n%elaci"nea p!ivin&
a%ig"!a!ileB ca %i va!ianta &i%tincta a in+!acti"nii &e -n%elaci"ne.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a p!inE
:
&i%t!"ge!eaB &eg!a&a!eaB a&"ce!ea -n %ta!e &e
ne-nt!e,"inta!e a "n"i ,"n a%ig"!atH
:
a%c"n&e!ea "n"i ,"n a%ig"!atH
:
-n%t!aina!ea "n"i ,"n a%ig"!atH
:
%i'"la!eaB ca")a!ea %a" ag!ava!ea "n#! le)i"ni %a"
vata'a!i c#!p#!ale.
O,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie "n ,"n
a%ig"!at -'p#t!iva &i%t!"ge!iiB &eg!a&a!iiB ")"!iiB pie!&e!ii %a"
+"!t"l"i.
n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e alin.B le)i"nile %a" vata'a!ile
c#!p#!ale t!e,"ie %a +ie acelea ce a! p"tea +i ca")ate &e !i%c"l
a%ig"!atH !i%c"l a%ig"!at p#ate +iB %p!e e(e'pl"B "n acci&ent %a" #
,#ala.
7in !egle'enta!e !e)"lta ca
%",iect"l activ al in+!acti"niiE
:-n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e alin.1 n" e%te cali+icatB p#ate
+i #!ice pe!%#anaB incl"%iv ,ene+icia!"l a%ig"!a!iiB ca!e acti#nea)a
-n %c#p"l p!eva)"t &e legeH
:-n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e alin.B %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii e%te pe!%#ana a%ig"!ata.
0/
n %it"atia -n ca!e pe!%#ana a%ig"!ata apelea)a la # alta
pe!%#ana pent!" a:i ca")a %a" ag!ava le)i"nileB acea%ta &in "!'a
va avea calitatea &e c#'plice.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii e%te %#cietatea &e a%ig"!a!e
ca!e a -nc@eiat p#lita &e a%ig"!a!e a ,"n"l"i.
3apta e%te c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ectaB %c#p"l +iin&
cali+icat : &e a #,tineB pent!" %ine %a" pent!" alt"l %"'a a%ig"!ata.
N" a!e !elevanta &aca %c#p"l a +#%t atin% %a" n"H &aca %c#p"l n" a
+#%t atin% +apta !a'1ne -n +a)a &e tentativa.
Ca %i -n ca)"l in+!acti"nii &e -n%elaci"ne -n va!ianta tipB
-'paca!ea pa!til#! -nlat"!a !a%p"n&e!ea penalaB legi"it#!"l
ap!eciin& ca n" %e i'p"ne t!age!ea la !a%p"n&e!e penala a
pe!%#anei -n c#n&itiile -n ca!e pa!tile -nteleg %a %e -'pace.
A!t. /<. E?PLOATAREA PATRIMONIALA A UNEI
PERSOANE 5ULNERA=ILE
819 3apta c!e&it#!"l"i ca!eB c" #ca)ia &a!ii c" -'p!"'"t &e ,ani
%a" ,"n"!iB p!#+it1n& &e %ta!ea &e va&ita v"lne!a,ilitate a
&e,it#!"l"iB &at#!ata v1!%teiB %ta!ii &e %anatateB in+i!'itatii #!i
!elatiei &e &epen&enta -n ca!e &e,it#!"l %e a+la +ata &e elB -l +ace
%a c#n%tit"ie %a" %a t!an%'itaB pent!" %ine %a" pent!" alt"lB "n
&!ept !eal #!i &e c!eanta &e val#a!e va&it &i%p!#p#!ti#nata +ata
&e acea%ta p!e%tatie %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2
ani.
89 P"ne!ea "nei pe!%#ane -n %ta!e &e va&ita v"lne!a,ilitate p!in
p!#v#ca!ea "nei int#(icatii c" alc##l %a" c" %",%tante
p%i@#active -n %c#p"l &e a # &ete!'ina %a c#n%i'ta la
c#n%tit"i!ea %a" t!an%'ite!ea "n"i &!ept !eal #!i &e c!eanta %a"
%a !en"nte la "n &!eptB &aca %:a p!#&"% # pag",aB %e pe&ep%e%te
c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani.
C#'enta!i"E Legi"it#!"l a ap!eciat nece%a! %a !a%p"n&a
!ealitatil#! &in %#cietatea !#'1nea%ca pent!" ca!e act"al"l C.p. %:a
&#ve&it a +i &epa%itB ca)"i%tica &#ve&in& c" p!i%#%inta ace%t l"c!".
In+!acti"nea &e e(pl#ata!e pat!i'#niala a "nei pe!%#ane
02
v"lne!a,ile e%te !a%p"n%"l la n"'e!#a%ele %it"atii apa!"te -n
p!actica -n ca!e pe!%#ane v"lne!a,ileB -n v1!%ta %a" c"
&i%ce!na'1nt pie!&"t #!i alte!at a" +#%t &ep#%e&ate &e ,"n"!i &e
val#a!eB '#,ile %i -n %pecial i'#,ileB +a!a ca a"t#!ii "n#!
a%e'enea +apte %a p#ata +i %ancti#nati c#!e%p"n)at#!B -n lip%a "nei
n#!'e &e inc!i'ina!e.
Legi"it#!"l %ancti#nea)a -n ace%t te(t +apta pe!%#anei ca!e
p!#+ita &e v"lne!a,ilitatea "nei alte pe!%#ane pent!" a # &ep#%e&a
&e "n &!ept !eal %a" &e c!eanta.
In+!acti"nea a!e &#"a +#!'eB &i+e!entiate p!in ele'ent"l
'ate!ial %i %",iect"l activ %i pa%iv al in+!acti"nii.
1. S",iect activ al in+!acti"niiB -n p!i'a +#!'a a ace%teiaB
e%te c!e&it#!"l "nei pe!%#aneB ia! %",iect pa%iv e%te &e,it#!"l
ace%teia.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"niiB e%te nece%a! ca %",iect"l
pa%iv al in+!acti"nii %a +ie -n %ta!e &e va&ita v"lne!a,ilitateB
p!ee(i%tenta c#'ite!ii in+!acti"niiB ca")ata &eE
:
v1!%taH
:
%ta!e &e %anatateH
:
in+i!'itateH
:
!elatia &e &epen&enta +ata &e c!e&it#!.
3apta %e c#'ite p!in &ete!'ina!ea &e,it#!"l"i %a
acti#ne)e -nt!:"na &in '#&alitatile p!eva)"te &e legeB "!'a!ea
i'e&iata a in+!acti"nii +iin&B alte!nativE
:
c#n%tit"i!ea "n"i &!ept !eal %a" &e c!eanta -n %c@i',"l
"nei p!e%tatii &in pa!tea c!e&it#!"l"iH
:
t!an%'ite!ea "n"i &!ept !eal %a" &e c!eanta -n
%c@i',"l "nei p!e%tatii &in pa!tea c!e&it#!"l"i.
N" a!e !elevanta &aca t!an%'ite!ea %a" c#n%tit"i!ea &e
&!ept"!i a!e l#c c@ia! -n +av#a!ea c!e&it#!"l"i %a" -n +av#a!ea altei
pe!%#ane.
Ce!intele e%entiale %i c"'"lative p!eva)"te &e lege
pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii %"ntE
06
:
p!e%tatia e+ect"ata &e c!e&it#! %a c#n%tea -nt!:"n
-'p!"'"t &e ,ani %a" ,"n"!iH
:
&!ept"l !eal %a" &e c!eanta %a ai,a # val#a!e va&it
&i%p!#p#!ti#nata
-n !ap#!t c" p!e%tatia e+ect"ata &e
c!e&it#!.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a
c" intentie &i!ecta %a" c" intentie
in&i!ecta.
. n cea &e:a &#"a '#&alitate &e c#'ite!e a +apteiB
p!eva)"ta &e alineat"l B %",iect activ %i %",iect pa%iv al
in+!acti"nii p#t +i #!ice pe!%#ane.
3apta c#n%ta -n p"ne!ea "nei pe!%#ane -n %ta!e &e va&ita
v"lne!a,ilitate. 7e &ata acea%taB %ta!ea &e v"lne!a,ilitate -n ca!e
%e a+la %",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii n" e%te p!ee(i%tenta +apteiB ci
e%te c#n%ecinta ace%teia.
3apta %e c#'ite p!int!:# acti"ne &ete!'inata e(p!e% &e
legeE p!#v#ca!ea "nei int#(icatii c" alc##l %a" c" %",%tante
p%i@#active.
7in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii %",iectiveB pent!" e(i%tenta
in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca acti"nea +apt"it#!"l"i %a "!'a!ea%ca "n
%c#p cali+icatB &ete!'inat &e n#!'a &e inc!i'ina!eB !e%pectiv &e a
&ete!'ina %",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"niiB alte!nativE
:
%a c#n%i'ta la c#n%tit"i!ea %a" t!an%'ite!ea "n"i
&!ept !eal #!i &e c!eantaH
:%a !en"nte la "n &!ept.
n acea%ta '#&alitateB +apta %e c#'ite c" intentie &i!ectaB
%c#p"l p!eva)"t &e lege +iin& cali+icat.
U!'a!ea i'e&iata # c#n%tit"ie p!#&"ce!ea "nei pag",e
p!in in+!acti"neH -n lip%a "nei a%e'enea pag",e +apta n" c#n%tit"ie
in+!acti"ne.
A!t. 2*. 7ISTRUGEREA
819 7i%t!"ge!eaB &eg!a&a!ea %a" a&"ce!ea -n %ta!e &e
ne-nt!e,"inta!e a "n"i ,"n apa!tin1n& alt"ia #!i -'pie&ica!ea l"a!ii
'a%"!il#! &e c#n%e!va!e %a" &e %alva!e a "n"i a%t+el &e ,"nB
0<
p!ec"' %i -nlat"!a!ea 'a%"!il#! l"ate %e pe&ep%e%c c" -nc@i%#a!e
&e la * l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 7i%t!"ge!ea "n"i -n%c!i% %", %e'nat"!a p!ivataB ca!e
apa!tine -n t#t %a" -n pa!te altei pe!%#ane %i %e!ve%te la &#ve&i!ea
"n"i &!ept &e nat"!a pat!i'#nialaB &aca p!in acea%ta %:a p!#&"%
# pag",aB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a"
c" a'en&a.
8*9 7aca +apta p!eva)"ta -n alin. 819 p!ive%te ,"n"!i ca!e +ac
pa!te &in pat!i'#ni"l c"lt"!alB pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la
"n" la 2 ani.
8/9 7i%t!"ge!eaB &eg!a&a!ea %a" a&"ce!ea -n %ta!e &e
ne-nt!e,"inta!e a "n"i ,"nB %av1!%ita p!in incen&ie!eB e(pl#)ie #!i
p!in #!ice alt a%e'enea 'i.l#c %i &aca e%te &e nat"!a %a p"na -n
pe!ic#l alte pe!%#ane %a" ,"n"!iB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e
la la < ani.
829 7i%p#)itiile p!eva)"te -n alin.8*9 %i alin. 8/9 %e aplica c@ia!
&aca ,"n"l apa!tine +apt"it#!"l"i.
869 Pent!" +aptele p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 %i alin. 89 acti"nea penala
%e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
8<9 Tentativa +aptel#! p!eva)"te -n alin.8*9 %i alin. 8/9 %e
pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E 3apta -n va!ianta %a %i'pla pa%t!ea)a i&entic
c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"nii &in !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a.
A +#%t int!#&"%a ca va!ianta ag!avanta &i%t!"ge!ea ce a!e ca
#,iect 'ate!ial "n -n%c!i% %", %e'nat"!a p!ivata.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca -n%c!i%"l %",
%e'nat"!a p!ivata ce +ace #,iect"l in+!acti"nii %a -n&eplinea%caB
c"'"lativB "!'at#a!ele c#n&itiiE
:
%a apa!tina -n t#t %a" -n pa!te "nei alte pe!%#aneH
:
%a %e!vea%ca la &#ve&i!ea "n"i &!ept &e nat"!a
pat!i'#niala.
7in c#ntin"t"l te(t"l"i !e)"lta ca +apta n" c#n%tit"ie
in+!acti"ne at1ta v!e'e c1t -n%c!i%"l apa!tine n"'ai +apt"it#!"l"i.
P#t %e!vi la &#ve&i!ea "n#! &!ept"!i &e nat"!a pat!i'#niala
c#nventiile civileB c@itanteleB +act"!ile +i%cale.
0$
n va!ianta %i'pla a in+!acti"niiB p!ec"' %i -n va!ianta
!e+e!it#a!e la &i%t!"ge!ea &e -n%c!i%"!i %", %e'nat"!a p!ivataB
%",iect activ p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#anaB c" e(ceptia p!#p!ieta!"l"i
%a" &etinat#!"l"i ace%t"ia.
Tentativa la in+!acti"nea &e &i%t!"ge!e -n va!ianta tip %i
va!ianta -n ca!e #,iect 'ate!ial e%te "n -n%c!i% %", %e'nat"!a
p!ivata n" %e pe&ep%e%te.
Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!eB -n a',ele %it"atiiB la
pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
A +#%t 'entin"ta ag!avanta !e+e!it#a!e la ,"n"!i c" val#a!e
c"lt"!ala &e#%e,itaB -n%a &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al te!'in#l#gieiB
ace%tea n" a" 'ai +#%t en"'e!ateB ci %:a p!e+e!at %intag'a
I,"n"!i ce +ac pa!te &in pat!i'#nial c"lt"!alG. Acea%ta
p!e%"p"ne ca ,"n"l !e%pectiv %a ai,a "n an"'it %tat"t ."!i&icB
&#ve&it c" -n%c!i%"!i e'i%e &e a"t#!itatiB &in ca!e !e)"lta ca +ace
pa!te &in pat!i'#ni"l c"lt"!al 8te(t"l n" %peci+icaB p#ate +i v#!,a
&e%p!e ,"n"!i &in pat!i'#ni"l c"lt"!al nati#nal %a" '#n&ial9.
S:a !en"ntat la ag!avanta !e+e!it#a!e la an"'ite ,"n"!i &e
"tilitate p",lica 8c#n&"cteB ca,l"!iB !etele etc.9B -n%a a +#%t
'entin"ta va!ianta ag!avanta p!ivin& c#'ite!ea +aptei p!in
an"'ite 'i.l#aceB ca!e t!e,"ie %a -n&eplinea%ca &#"a c#n&itii
c"'"lativeE
:
'i.l#acele %a c#n%tea -n incen&ie!eB e(pl#)ie #!i
#!ice alt a%e'enea 'i.l#cH
:
'i.l#c"l "tili)at %a +ie &e nat"!a %a p"na -n pe!ic#l
alte pe!%#ane %a" ,"n"!i.
Sc#p"l !egle'enta!ii a !a'a% acela%iB !e%pectiv acela &e a
%ancti#na c#'ite!ea +aptei p!in 'et#&e ce c!eea)a pe!ic#l n"
n"'ai pent!" ,"n"l &i%t!"% ci %i pent!" alte pe!%#ane %a" ,"n"!i.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB ca!e p!eve&ea ca %i
c#n&itie nece%a!a %a %e p!#&"ca pe!ic#l"l p",licB -n !egle'enta!ea
act"ala n" e%te nece%a! ca ace%t pe!ic#l pent!" alte pe!%#ane %a"
,"n"!i %a %e p!#&"caB ci e%te %"+icient ca 'i.l#acele +#l#%ite %a +ie
&e nat"!a a p!#&"ce "n a%e'enea pe!ic#l.
00
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii -n cele &#"a
va!iante
ag!avante p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#anaB incl"%iv p!#p!ieta!"l %a"
&etinat#!"l ,"n"l"i.
Tentativa -n ca)"l cel#! &#"a va!iante ag!avante %e
pe&ep%e%teB ia! acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e &in #+ici".
A!t. 2/. 7ISTRUGEREA CALI3ICATA
819 7aca +aptele p!eva)"te -n a!t. 2* a" av"t ca "!'a!e "n
&e)a%t!"B pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la < la 12 ani %i inte!)ice!ea
e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
89 7e)a%t!"l c#n%ta -n &i%t!"ge!ea %a" &eg!a&a!ea "n#! ,"n"!i
i'#,ile #!i a "n#! l"c!a!iB ec@ipa'enteB in%talatii %a" c#'p#nente
ale ace%t#!a %i ca!e a av"t ca "!'a!e '#a!tea %a" vata'a!ea
c#!p#!ala a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lt#! pe!%#ane.
C#'enta!i"E A +#%t eli'inata inc!i'ina!ea in+!acti"nii &e
&i%t!"ge!e cali+icata ca!e a p!#&"% c#n%ecinte &e#%e,it &e g!ave %i
a +#%t 'entin"ta &i%t!"ge!ea cali+icata ca!e a p!#&"% "n &e)a%t!".
Se pa%t!ea)a ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii &e
&i%t!"ge!e. Pent!" ca +apta %a +ie cali+icataB "!'a!ea i'e&iata a
ace%teia t!e,"ie %a +ie p!#&"ce!ea "n"i &e)a%t!".
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective e%te 'ai !e%t!ictiv
&ec1t -n va!ianta tip 8ca!e p#ate +i c#'i%a at1t p!in acti"ni c1t %i
p!in inacti"ni9 %i -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &eE
:
&i%t!"ge!eH
:
&eg!a&a!e.
Alineat"l al te(t"l"i c#ntine &e+initia &e)a%t!"l"iB pent!"
e(i%tenta ace%t"ia "!'1n& a +i -n&eplinite &#"a
c#n&itii
c"'"lativeE
a. #,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii %a -l c#n%tit"ieE
:
,"n"!i i'#,ileH
:
l"c!a!iB ec@ipa'enteB in%talatii %a" c#'p#nente ale
ace%t#!aH
,. "!'a!ea i'e&iata a +aptei %a # c#n%tit"ieB pe l1nga
&i%t!"ge!ea %a" &eg!a&a!ea "n"i ,"nB -n '#& alte!nativE
*>>
:'#a!tea a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#aneH
:vata'a!ea c#!p#!ala a &#"a %a" 'ai '"lte pe!%#ane.
A!t. 22. 7ISTRUGEREA 7IN CULPA
819 7i%t!"ge!eaB &eg!a&a!ea #!i a&"ce!ea -n %ta!e &e
ne-nt!e,"inta!eB &in c"lpaB a "n"i ,"nB c@ia! &aca ace%ta apa!tine
+apt"it#!"l"iB -n ca)"l -n ca!e +apta e%te %av1!%ita p!in incen&ie!eB
e(pl#)ie %a" p!in #!ice alt a%e'enea 'i.l#c %i &aca e%te &e nat"!a
%a p"na -n pe!ic#l alte pe!%#ane %a" ,"n"!iB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
89 7aca +aptele a" av"t ca "!'a!e "n &e)a%t!"B pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la 2 la 1 ani.
C#'enta!i"E C#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii a +#%t
pa%t!at ap!#ape i&entic -n va!ianta tipB +iin& eli'inate va!iantele
ag!avante ca %i la in+!acti"nea &e &i%t!"ge!e 4 &i%t!"ge!ea ce a!e ca
#,iect 'ate!ial an"'ite ,"n"!i &e "tilitate p",lica 8c#n&"cteB
ca,l"!iB !etele etc.9 n" 'ai e%te %ancti#nata %epa!atB nici aceea ce a
p!#&"% c#n%ecinte &e#%e,it &e g!ave.
7i%t!"ge!ea &in c"lpa a "n"i ,"n e%te %ancti#nata n"'ai -n
ip#te)a -n ca!e e%te c#'i%a p!in incen&ie!eB e(pl#)ie %a" #!ice
alte a%e'enea 'i.l#ace %i &aca ace%te 'i.l#ace %"nt &e nat"!a
%a p"na -n pe!ic#l alte pe!%#ane %a" ,"n"!i.
n n#"l C#& n" a 'ai +#%t !etin"ta &i%t!"ge!ea &in c"lpa -n
va!ianta &e%c!i%a -n a!t. 1< alin./ &in C.p. act"alB &e#a!ece #
a%e'enea +apta c#n%tit"ieB -n p!i'"l !1n&B # in+!acti"ne &e %e!vici"
pent!" ca %e %av1!%e%te p!in -ncalca!ea "nei at!i,"tii &e %e!vici"
8pa!a%i!ea p#%t"l"i %a" a #!ica!ei alte +apte &e cat!e pe!%#nal"l &e
c#n&"ce!e al "n"i 'i.l#c &e t!an%p#!t -n c#'"n #!i &e cat!e
pe!%#nal"l ca!e a%ig"!a &i!ect %ec"!itatea "n#! a%e'enea
t!an%p#!t"!i9B ia! -n al &#ilea !1n&B e%te g!e" &e acceptat ca #
a%e'enea +apta %a +ie %av1!%ita &in c"lpa. 7e alt+elB p!actica n" a
-n!egi%t!at ca)"!i &e aplica!e a te(t"l"i !e%pectiv.
3apta %e p#ate c#'ite %i -n va!ianta cali+icataB at"nci
c1n& "!'a!ea i'e&iata
# c#n%tit"ie "n &e)a%t!".
*>1
A!t. 26. TUL=URAREA 7E POSESIE
819 Oc"pa!eaB -n -nt!egi'e %a" -n pa!teB +a!a &!eptB p!in vi#lenta
%a" a'eninta!e #!i p!in &e%+iinta!ea %a" %t!a'"ta!ea %e'nel#! &e
@#ta!B a "n"i i'#,il a+lat -n p#%e%ia alt"ia %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la "n" la 2 ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E T"l,"!a!ea &e p#%e%ie e%te inc!i'inata -n
n#"l C#& -nt!:# +#!'"la!e %i'pli+icata. A%t+elB -n p!i'"l !1n&B %:a
!en"ntat la inc!i'ina!ea t"l,"!a!ii &e p#%e%ie at"nci c1n&
acea%ta n" %:a c#'i% nici p!in vi#lente %a" a'eninta!i %i nici
p!in %t!a'"ta!ea %a" &e%+iinta!ea %e'nel#! &e @#ta!.
Pent!" ace%t gen &e +apteB !e'e&i"l #+e!it &e legi%latia
civila 4 acti"nea p#%e%#!ie 4 e%te %"+icientB ne+iin& ."%ti+icata #
%ancti#na!e penala a ace%t#! +apte.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &e
#c"pa!eB ia! #,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie "n
i'#,il.
Oc"pa!ea p#ate +i c#'i%aB alte!nativB p!inE
:vi#lenta %a" a'eninta!eH
:&e%+iinta!ea %a" %t!a'"ta!ea %e'nel#! &e @#ta!.
Ce!inta e%entiala p!ivin& ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii
#,iective e%te ca #c"pa!ea %a ai,a l#c +a!a &!ept.
Ce!inta !e+e!it#a!e la #,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii e%te
ca i'#,il"l %a %e a+le -n p#%e%ia altei pe!%#ane &ec1t +apt"it#!"l.
C" alte c"vinteB %",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i #!ice
pe!%#anaB ia! %",iect pa%iv p#%e%#!"l i'#,il"l"i.
Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea
p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
*>
: Capit#l"l ? :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA AUTORITATII
A!t. 2<. ULTRA;UL
819 A'eninta!ea %av1!%ita ne'i.l#cit %a" p!in 'i.l#ace &e
c#'"nica!e &i!ectaB l#vi!ea %a" alte vi#lenteB vata'a!ea
c#!p#!alaB l#vi!ile %a" vata'a!ile ca")at#a!e &e '#a!te #!i
#'#!"l %av1!%ite -'p#t!iva "n"i +"ncti#na! p",lic ca!e
-n&epline%te # +"nctie ce i'plica e(e!citi"l a"t#!itatii &e %tatB a+lat
-n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici" %a" -n legat"!a c"
e(e!cita!ea ace%t#! at!i,"tiiB %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a
p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" acea in+!acti"neB ale ca!ei li'ite %peciale
%e 'a.#!ea)a c" # t!ei'e.
89 Sav1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni -'p#t!iva "n"i +"ncti#na! p",lic
ca!e -n&epline%te # +"nctie ce i'plica e(e!citi"l a"t#!itatii &e %tat
#!i a%"p!a ,"n"!il#! ace%t"iaB -n %c#p &e inti'i&a!e %a" &e
!a),"na!eB -n legat"!a c" e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici"B %e
%ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" acea
in+!acti"neB ale ca!ei li'ite %peciale %e 'a.#!ea)a c" # t!ei'e.
8*9 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a +aptele c#'i%e -n
c#n&itiile alin.89B &aca p!ive%c "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al
+"ncti#na!"l"i p",lic.
8/9 3aptele p!eva)"te -n alin. 819 4 8*9B c#'i%e a%"p!a "n"i p#liti%t
%a" .an&a!'B a+lat -n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici" %a" -n
legat"!a c" e(e!cita!ea ace%t#! at!i,"tiiB %e %ancti#nea)a c"
pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" acea in+!acti"neB ale ca!ei
li'ite %e 'a.#!ea)a c" ."'atate.
C#'enta!i"E Legi"it#!"l a !en"ntat la in+!acti"nea &e
#+en%a a&"%a "n#! -n%e'neB c#ncl")ie la ca!e %:a a."n% -n "!'a
anali)a!ii nece%itatii ace%tei inc!i'ina!iB &a! %i a p!#p#!ti#nalitatii
&int!e nat"!a %i %eve!itatea 'i.l#acel#! &e c#n%t!1nge!e pe &e #
pa!teB %i i'p#!tanta val#!ii %#ciale #c!#tite p!in ace%te 'i.l#aceB pe
&e alta pa!te.
*>*
n ceea ce p!ive%te nece%itatea inc!i'ina!ii "nei a%e'enea
+apteB n" e(i%ta" a!g"'ente ca!e %a %"%tina 'entine!ea ace%teia -n
%+e!a &e p!#tectie penalaB -n c#n&itiile -n ca!e p!actica e%te ap!#ape
ine(i%tenta -n acea%ta 'ate!ie.
n p!ivinta in+!acti"nii &e "lt!a. a" +#%t a&"%e "nele
'#&i+ica!i !elativ la %+e!a pe!%#anel#! p!#te.ate p!in acea%ta
inc!i'ina!e.
5a!ianta ag!avata a act"alei !egle'enta!i p!ivit#a!e la
'agi%t!ati n" %e 'ai !ega%e%te -n c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"nii &e "lt!a.
&in ca&!"l in+!acti"nil#! c#nt!a a"t#!itatiiB ci +#!'ea)a #,iect"l
"nei inc!i'ina!i &i%tincte -n ca&!"l in+!acti"nil#! c#nt!a -n+apt"i!ii
."%titiei 8"lt!a."l ."&icia! a!t. <$9B legi"it#!"l ap!eciin& ca %e
i'p"ne in%e!a!ea ace%tei in+!acti"ni -n ca&!"l acel#!a ce a" ca
#,iect ."!i&ic !elatiile p!ivin& p!#tectia penala a ."%titiei.
Te(t"l c#ntine &#"a in+!acti"ni &i%tincteB &i+e!ite at1t
p!in c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al lat"!ii #,iective c1t %i &in p"nct"l &e
ve&e!e al %",iect"l"i pa%iv %i al +#!'ei &e intentie c" ca!e p#t +ic#'i%e. n an"'ite %it"atiiB ace%te
in+!acti"ni p#t +i c#'i%e -n
c#nc"!% 8%p!e e(e'pl"B -n va!ianta -n ca!e a%"p!a %",iect"l"i activ
al in+!acti"nii p!eva)"te la alin. 1 %e c#'ite "na &int!e
in+!acti"nile la ca!e +ace !e+e!i!e ace%t te(t &e legeB %i -n acela%i
ti'pB %e c#'ite # in+!acti"ne a%"p!a ,"n"!il#! ace%t"iaB -n %c#p"l
p!eva)"t la alin.9. n alte %it"atiiB in+!acti"nea p!eva)"ta &e alin.
%e a,%#a!,e -n in+!acti"nea p!eva)"ta la alin.1.
1. Legi"it#!"l a %inteti)at act"ala !egle'enta!eB en"nt1n&
"n %ing"! alineat pent!" t#ate in+!acti"nile inc!i'inate. A%t+elB
%"nt %ancti#nate &i%tinctE
:a'eninta!eaH
:l#vi!ea %a" alte vi#lenteH
:vata'a!ea c#!p#!alaH
:l#vi!ile %a" vata'a!ile ca")at#a!e &e '#a!teH
:#'#!"l.
*>/
C#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii %e pa%t!ea)aB %ing"!a
&i+e!entaB pe l1nga %ancti#na!ea p!in li'ite &e pe&eap%a 'ai
!i&icateB +iin& calitatea %",iect"l"i pa%iv &e a +i +"ncti#na!
p",licB ia! pent!" a +i -nt!"nite ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale
in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca %",iect"l pa%iv %a -n&eplinea%ca &#"a
c#n&itii c"'"lativeE
:
%a -n&eplinea%ca # +"nctie ce i'plica e(e!citi"l
a"t#!itatii &e %tatH
:
%a %e a+le -n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici" %a"
+apta %a ai,a l#c -n legat"!a c" e(e!cita!ea
at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici" ale ace%t"ia.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ecta %a" in&i!ecta.
. 3apta p!eva)"ta la alin. e%te &i%tincta &e aceea
inc!i'inata -n alin.1 al a!tic#l"l"i.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l p#ate c#n%tit"i
#!ice in+!acti"neB &aca %"nt -n&eplinite celelalte c#n&itii
p!eva)"te &e lege. 3apta p#ate +iE
:
# in+!acti"ne -n&!eptata a%"p!a pe!%#aneiH
:
# in+!acti"ne -n&!eptata -'p#t!iva ,"n"!il#!.
S",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii e%te cali+icatB !e%pectiv "n
+"ncti#na! p",licB ia! pent!" a +i -nt!"nite ele'entele c#n%tit"tive
ale in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca %",iect"l pa%iv %a -n&eplinea%ca
&#"a c#n&itii c"'"lativeE
:
%a -n&eplinea%ca # +"nctie ce i'plica e(e!citi"l
a"t#!itatii &e %tatH
:
+apta %a ai,a l#c -n legat"!a c" e(e!cita!ea
at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici" ale ace%t"ia.
7e &ata acea%taB +apta %e c#'ite c" intentie &i!ectaB
%c#p"l +iin& cali+icat &e legi"it#! 4 &e inti'i&a!e %a" &e
!a),"na!e.
n acela%i ti'pB act"ala in+!acti"neB c#ntin"ta -nt!:"n te(t
%epa!at -n act"al"l C.p. %i &en"'ita Fca)"!i %peciale &e pe&ep%i!eGB
p!in ca!e %"nt %ancti#nate +aptele &e vi#lenta p%i@ica %a" +i)ica
-n&!eptate -'p#t!iva %#t"l"iB c#piil#! %a" pa!intil#! an"'it#!
*>2
categ#!ii &e +"ncti#na!i 8p#liti%tB .an&a!' etc.9B -n %c#p &e
inti'i&a!e %a" !a),"na!eB a +#%t incl"%a -n c#ntin"t"l in+!acti"nii
&e "lt!a.B &a! n"'ai -n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e alin.B -nt!"c1t
acea%ta n" !ep!e)inta -n +apt altceva &ec1t # +#!'a %peciala &e
a'eninta!e -n&!eptata -'p#t!iva +"ncti#na!"l"i pent!" +apte
-n&eplinite -n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici" %a" -n legat"!a c"
ace%tea.
n pl"%B n#"a !egle'enta!e %ancti#nea)a vi#lentele %a"
a'eninta!ile -n&!eptate n" n"'ai -'p#t!iva %#t"l"iB pa!intil#! %a"
c#piil#! "n"i p#liti%tB .an&a!' %a" 'ilita!B ci a cel#! -n&!eptate
-'p#t!iva "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al #!ica!"i +"ncti#na! ca!e
&etine # +"nctie ce i'plica e(e!citi"l a"t#!itatii &e %tatB c1n& ace%te
+apte %"nt c#'i%e -n %c#p &e inti'i&a!e %a" !a),"na!e.
*. At1t in+!acti"nea p!eva)"ta la alin.1B c1t %i cea p!eva)"ta
la alin. %i *B at"nci can& %",iect"l pa%iv -l c#n%tit"ieE
:
"n p#liti%t %a" "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al ace%t"iaH
:"n .an&a!' %a" "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al ace%t"ia.
Ce!inta e%entiala a lat"!ii #,iective e%te ca +apta %a +ie
c#'i%aE
:
at"nci c1n& p#liti%t"l %a" .an&a!'"l %e a+la -n
e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici"H
:
-n legat"!a c" e(e!cita!ea ace%t#! at!i,"tii.
*>6
: CAPITOLUL ?I :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA N3APTUIRII ;USTITIEI
A!t. 66. NE7ENUNTAREA
819 3apta pe!%#anei ca!eB l"1n& c"n#%tinta &e c#'ite!ea "nei +apte
p!eva)"te &e legea penala c#nt!a vietii %a" ca!e a av"t ca
"!'a!e '#a!tea "nei pe!%#aneB n" -n%tiintea)a &e -n&ata
a"t#!itatile %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la ani %a" c"
a'en&a.
89 Ne&en"nta!ea %av1!%ita &e "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie n" %e
pe&ep%e%te.
8*9 N" %e pe&ep%e%te pe!%#ana ca!eB -nainte &e p"ne!ea -n
'i%ca!e a acti"nii penale -'p#t!iva "nei pe!%#ane pent!"
%av1!%i!ea +aptei ne&en"ntateB -nc"n#%tintea)a a"t#!itatile
c#'petente &e%p!e acea%ta %a" ca!eB c@ia! &"pa p"ne!ea -n
'i%ca!e a acti"nii penaleB a -nle%nit t!age!ea la !a%p"n&e!e
penala a a"t#!"l"i %a" a pa!ticipantil#!.
C#'enta!i"E 7en"'i!ea 'a!ginala a te(t"l"i &e lege a
+#%t '#&i+icataB Ine&en"nta!ea "n#! in+!acti"niG &evenin&
Ine&en"nta!eaG.
O,ligatia &e a &en"nta c#'ite!ea "nei in+!acti"ni n"
%",)i%ta &ec1t -n ca)"l "n#! in+!acti"ni &e # g!avitate &e#%e,itaB
ca!e ."%ti+ica %ancti#na!ea #'i%i"nii &e a -n%tiinta a"t#!itatile.
E%te %ancti#nata pe!%#ana ca!eB l"1n& c"n#%tinta &e
%av1!%i!ea "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala c#nt!a vietii %a"
ca!e a av"t ca "!'a!e '#a!tea "nei pe!%#aneB &"pa %av1!%i!ea
ace%teiaB n" -n%tiintea)a &e -n&ata a"t#!itatile.
Se #,%e!va ca -n n#"a !egle'enta!e e(i%ta #,ligatia &e
&en"nta!e pent!" t#ate +aptele p!eva)"te &e legea penala c#nt!a
vietii %a" ca!e a" av"t ca "!'a!e '#a!tea "nei pe!%#ane %i n" &#a!
pent!" +aptele intenti#nate c#nt!a vietiiB a%a c"' p!eve&e te(t"l -n
vig#a!e.
*><
N" inte!e%ea)a ca +apt"it#!"l %a +ie c"n#%c"tH e%te %"+icient
ca pe!%#ana %a ia c"n#%tintaB pe #!ice caleB &e c#'ite!ea "neia
&int!e in+!acti"nile la ca!e %e !e+e!a te(t"l &e lege %i ap#i %a #'ita
%a an"nte a"t#!itatile.
Te(t"l &in N.C.p. a&"ce %i "nele '#&i+ica!i &e nat"!a
te!'in#l#gica p!in in%tit"i!ea "nei #,ligatii &e &en"nta!e a "nei
F+apte p!eva)"te &e legea penalaG %i n" a "nei Fin+!acti"niGB
!ati"nea +iin& aceea ca pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii &e ne&en"nta!e
inte!e%ea)a &#a! tine!ea %", tace!e +ata &e a"t#!itati a p!egati!ii
%a" c#'ite!ii "nei +apte pe!ic"l#a%e inte!)i%e &e legea penala
-'p#t!iva "nei pe!%#aneB +iin& +a!a !elevanta ca +apta !e%pectiva
n" a +#%t -nca p"%a -n e(ec"ta!eB ca actele &e e(ec"ta!e &e.a
c#'i%e %e a+la -n +a)a actel#! p!e'e!gat#a!e #!i a "nei tentative
nepe&ep%ite &e lege %a" ca n" %:a! p"tea anga.a !a%p"n&e!ea
penala ca "!'a!e a e(i%tentei "n#! ca")e &e nei'p"ta,ilitate 8&e
e(e'pl"B 'in#!itatea %a" i!e%p#n%a,ilitatea9. Pent!" ace%te !ati"ni
a +#%tB &e a%e'eneaB '#&i+icata &en"'i!ea 'a!ginala a in+!acti"nii
&in FNe&en"nta!ea "n#! in+!acti"niG -n cea &e FNe&en"nta!eG.
n acela%i ti'pB te(t"l in%tit"ie #,ligatia &e &en"nta!e at1t
at"nci c1n& +aptele 'enti#nate -',!aca +#!'a a"t#n#'a a "n#!
+apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala 8&e e(e'pl" #'#! %a" #'#!
cali+icat9B &a! %i c1n& ace%tea int!a ca ele'ent c#n%tit"tiv -n
c#ntin"t"l "nei in+!acti"ni c#'ple(e.
C1t p!ive%te ca")a &e nepe&ep%i!e inci&enta -n ca)"l
c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii &e %#t %a" &e # !"&a ap!#piata &in
!egle'enta!ea vec@eB acea%ta a +#%t 'entin"taB -n%a%i aici a" +#%t
#pe!ate "nele '#&i+ica!i. A%t+elB ne&en"nta!ea n" va +i pe&ep%ita
&aca a +#%t c#'i%a &e "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie 8-ntele%"l &at ace%tei
e(p!e%ii +iin& cel a!atat -n a!t. 1<69B &e#a!ece n#"l C#& penal n"
'ai #pe!ea)a c" e(p!e%ia F!"&e ap!#piateGB ia! pe!%#anele ca!e
int!a" -n acea%ta categ#!ie %"nt ac"' incl"%e -n categ#!ia
'e',!il#! &e +a'ilie. Pe &e alta pa!teB e(tin&e!ea ca")ei &e
nepe&ep%i!e &e la %#t %a" !"&ele ap!#piate la cea a 'e',!il#! &e
+a'ilie %e e(plica p!in -n%a%i !ati"nea ca!e a &ete!'inat
*>$
int!#&"ce!ea -n legea penala a ace%tei categ#!ii &e pe!%#aneB
!e%pectiv !ec"n#a%te!ea &e cat!e legi"it#! a e(i%tentei "n#! legat"!i
%peciale 8a+ectiveB &e -nc!e&e!eB &e %"%tine!e etc.9 -nt!e an"'ite
categ#!ii &e pe!%#ane ca!e c#nviet"ie%c 8c#nc",iniB pa!inte %a" +i"
vit!eg etc.9. 7in acea%ta pe!%pectivaB -nt!"c1t a!g"'entele ca!e
."%ti+ica nepe&ep%i!ea %#t"l"i %"nt la +el &e vala,ile %i -n ca)"l
c#nc",in"l"i c" ca!e c#nviet"ie%te +apt"it#!"lB e(tin&e!ea
e+ectel#! ca")ei &e nepe&ep%i!e e%te "na +i!ea%ca.
A +#%t 'entin"ta
ca")a &e nepe&ep%i!e p!ivin& +apt"it#!"l
ca!eE
:
-nc"n#%tintea)a a"t#!itatile c#'petente &e%p!e
%av1!%i!ea +aptei 'ai -nainte &e p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a
acti"nii penale -'p#t!iva "nei pe!%#aneH
:
&"pa p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a acti"nii penale -nle%ne%te
t!age!ea la !a%p"n&e!e penala a a"t#!"l"i %a"
pa!ticipantil#!.
A!t. 6<. OMISIUNEA SESI6ARII
819 3"ncti#na!"l p",lic ca!eB l"1n& c"n#%tinta &e %av1!%i!ea "nei
+apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala -n legat"!a c" %e!vici"l -n ca&!"l
ca!"ia -%i -n&epline%te %a!cinileB #'ite %e%i)a!ea &e -n&ata a
#!ganel#! &e "!'a!i!e penala %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la *
l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 C1n& +apta e%te %av1!%ita &in c"lpaB pe&eap%a e%te
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la * l"ni la "n an %a" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E 3apta a!e "n c#ntin"t ap!#ape i&entic c" cel
&in vec@ea !egle'enta!e.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie #
inacti"ne : #'i%i"nea &e a %e%i)a #!ganele &e "!'a!i!e penalaB c"
p!ivi!e la %av1!%i!ea "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala.
N" e%te &eci nece%a! ca +apta %a -nt!"nea%ca t#ate c#n&itiile
pent!" a +i # in+!acti"neH e%te %"+icient %a +ie v#!,a &e%p!e # +apta
p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaH +apt"it#!"l va !a%p"n&e pent!"
*>0
inacti"nea %a c@ia! &aca a"t#!"l in+!acti"nii ce +ace #,iect"l
%e%i)a!ii n" !a%p"n&e penal.
Se%i)a!ea t!e,"ie %a ai,a l#c &e -n&ata ce +apt"it#!"l a l"at
c"n#%tinta &e %av1!%i!ea "nei +apte.
S",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i &#a! "n +"ncti#na!
p",lic.
n p!ivinta +#!'ei &e vin#vatie %e c#n%tata ca +apta p#ate +i
c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ecta%i in&i!ectaH t#t#&ataB n#!'a &e
inc!i'ina!e p!eve&e e(p!e% ca #'i%i"nea %e%i)a!ii c#n%tit"ie
in+!acti"ne %i at"nci c1n& e%te c#'i%a &in c"lpaB 'enti"nea +iin&
nece%a!a ca "!'a!e a '#&i+ica!ii !eg"lii gene!ale &e &ete!'ina!e a
+#!'ei &e vin#vatie -n !ap#!t &e nat"!a act"l"i &e c#n&"ita
8acti"ne %a" inacti"ne9 &in a!t. 1< alin.869B p#t!ivit ca!eia +apta
c#'i%a &in c"lpa c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne n"'ai c1n& legea p!eve&e
acea%ta.
n acela%i ti'pB %e &a e+ect +#!'ei &e vin#vatie -n p!#ce%"l
&e in&ivi&"ali)a!e legala a pe&ep%ei p!in %ta,ili!ea "n#! li'ite &e
pe&eap%a 'ai !e&"%e -n ca)"l +aptei &in c"lpa -n !ap#!t c" cele
p!eva)"te -n ca)"l +aptei intenti#nateB -nlat"!1n&":%e a%t+el %i
c!iticile a&"%e act"alei !egle'enta!i ca!e p!eve&ea li'ite &e
pe&eap%a i&entice at1t pent!" +apta intenti#nata c1t %i pent!" cea
&in c"lpa.
A!t. 6$. IN7UCEREA N EROARE A ORGANELOR
;U7ICIARE
819 Se%i)a!ea penalaB +ac"ta p!in &en"nt %a" pl1nge!eB c" p!ivi!e
la e(i%tenta "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala #!i -n legat"!a c"
%av1!%i!ea "nei a%e'enea +apte &e cat!e # an"'ita pe!%#anaB
c"n#%c1n& ca acea%ta e%te ne!ealaB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e
&e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 P!#&"ce!ea %a" ticl"i!ea &e p!#,e ne!ealeB -n %c#p"l &e a
&#ve&i e(i%tenta "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala #!i
%av1!%i!ea ace%teia &e cat!e # an"'ita pe!%#anaB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani.
8*9 N" %e pe&ep%e%te pe!%#ana ca!e a %av1!%it in&"ce!ea -n e!#a!e a
*1>
#!ganel#! ."&icia!eB &aca &ecla!aB -nainte &e !etine!eaB a!e%ta!ea
%a" &e p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a acti"nii penale -'p#t!iva cel"i +ata &e
ca!e %:a +ac"t &en"nt"l %a" pl1nge!ea #!i %:a" p!#&"% p!#,eleB ca
&en"nt"lB pl1nge!ea %a" p!#,ele %"nt ne!eale.
C#'enta!i"E 7en"'i!ea 'a!ginala a +#%t c#'plet
'#&i+icataB &en"nta!ea cal#'ni#a%a &evenin& -n n#"a
!egle'enta!e Iin&"ce!ea -n e!#a!e a #!ganel#! ."&icia!eG.
Rati"nea ace%tei '#&i+ica!i a!e -n ve&e!e +apt"l ca
&en"nta!ea cal#'ni#a%a -n +#!'a &e ,a)aB &e%i !egle'entata ca #
in+!acti"ne c#nt!a -n+apt"i!ii ."%titieiB n" !ep!e)inta altceva &ec1t #
+#!'a %peciala%i g!ava a in+!acti"nii &e cal#'nieB "!'a!ea ace%tei
+apte +iin& at1t a+ecta!ea !ep"tatiei "nei pe!%#ane ca!eia i %e
i'p"taB -n '#& ne!ealB %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"niB c1t %i a+ecta!ea
i&eii &e ."%titieB p!in p#%i,ila ce!ceta!e penala a "nei pe!%#ane
nevin#vate.
n pl"%B -n c"p!in%"l n#"l"i C#& n" %e 'ai !ega%e%te
inc!i'inata in+!acti"nea &e cal#'nieB a%t+el ca &en"'i!ea
'a!ginala n" 'ai p"tea +i 'entin"ta.
n !ealitateB %e%i)a!ile 'incin#a%eB +ie ca inv#ca %av1!%i!ea
"n#! +apte ine(i%tenteB +ie i'p"ta!ea "n#! +apte !eale "nei
pe!%#ane nevin#vateB !ep!e)inta 'i.l#ace p!in ca!e #!ganele
."&icia!e %"nt &ete!'inate %a e+ect"e)e inve%tigatii #!i %a
&e%+a%#a!e an"'ite p!#ce&"!i &e ve!i+ica!e a ve!i&icitatii ace%t#!aB
ceea ce p!e%"p"ne # !i%ipa &e ti'pB ene!gieB pe!%#nal %i !e%"!%e -n
in%t!"'enta!ea "n#! ca")e %#!tite &in %ta!t e%ec"l"i 8%p!e e(e'pl"B
%e !ecla'a "ci&e!ea "nei pe!%#ane a+late -n viataB %"%t!age!ea #!i
&i%t!"ge!ea "n"i ,"n ine(i%tent etc. : +apte ca!e -n p!e)ent n" %"nt
inc!i'inate9.
Mai '"ltB ele p#t &ete!'ina c@ia! e+ect"a!ea "n#! acte
p!#ce&"!ale ca!e p!e%"p"n !e%t!1nge!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i
8&e e(e'pl"B e+ect"a!ea "nei pe!c@e)itiiB pent!" a ca!ei e'ite!e
e%te nece%a!a c#n&itia -ncepe!ii "!'a!i!ii penale c@ia! in !e'9.
P#!nin& &e la ace%te c#n%i&e!enteB in+!acti"nea &e in&"ce!e
-n e!#a!e a #!ganel#! ."&icia!e !egle'entea)a at1t %e%i)a!ea
*11
nea&eva!ata c" p!ivi!e la # +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala c1t %i
at!i,"i!ea pe ne&!ept a c#'ite!ii "nei +apte !eale "nei pe!%#ane
nevin#vate.
7in !egle'enta!e !e)"lta ca ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al
in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &e a %e%i)a #!ganele ."&icia!eB
p!in &en"nt %a" pl1nge!e.
O,iect"l %e%i)a!ii t!e,"ie %a -l c#n%tit"ieE
:
+ie %av1!%i!ea "nei +apte penale 8+a!a in&ica!ea
a"t#!"l"i9H
:
+ie %av1!%i!ea "nei +apte penale &e # an"'ita pe!%#ana.
7in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii %",iectiveB ce!inta
e%entiala e%te ca +apt"it#!"l %a c"n#a%ca lip%a &e %"p#!t a
-'p!e."!a!il#! la ca!e %e !e+e!a %e%i)a!eaB +apt"l ca ace%tea %"nt
ne!eale.
A +#%t 'entin"ta
ag!avanta !e+e!it#a!e la p!#&"ce!ea #!i
ticl"i!ea &e p!#,e ne!ealeB +apta +iin& c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ectaB
te(t"l ce!1n& ca %c#p"l "!'a!it %a +ie cali+icatE &#ve&i!ea
e(i%tentei "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penala #!i %av1!%i!ea "nei
+apte &e cat!e # an"'ita pe!%#ana.
O alta '#&i+ica!e a&"%a te(t"l"i %e !e+e!a la -nl#c"i!ea
vec@ii ca")e &e !e&"ce!e a pe&ep%ei p!eva)"ta -n a!t. 66 alin.* c"
# ca")a &e nepe&ep%i!eB -n %c#p"l &e a -nc"!a.a pe!%#anele ca!e
c#'it acea%ta in+!acti"ne %a c#'"nice #!ganel#! ."&icia!e &aca
&en"nt"lB pl1nge!ea %a" p!#,ele p!#&"%e %"nt nea&eva!ate pent!" a
n" 'ai c#ntin"a inve%tigatiile %i a n" %e p!#&"ce v!e# vata'a!e
&!ept"!il#! #!i inte!e%el#! "n#! pe!%#ane nevin#vateB ca")a &e
i'p"nitate p"t1n& inte!veni n"'ai p1na la !etine!eaB a!e%ta!ea %a"
p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a acti"nii penale -'p#t!iva cel"i +ata &e ca!e %:
a +ac"t &en"nt"l %a" pl1nge!ea #!i %:a" p!#&"% p!#,ele.
A!t. 60. 3A5ORI6AREA 3APTUITORULUI
819 A."t#!"l &at +apt"it#!"l"i -n %c#p"l -'pie&ica!ii %a"
-ng!e"na!ii ce!ceta!il#! -nt!:# ca")a penalaB t!age!ii la
!a%p"n&e!e penalaB e(ec"ta!ii "nei pe&ep%e %a" 'a%"!i p!ivative
&e li,e!tate %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la "n" la 2 ani %a" c"
*1
a'en&a.
89 Pe&eap%a aplicata +av#!i)at#!"l"i n" p#ate +i 'ai 'a!e &ec1t
pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" +apta %av1!%ita &e a"t#!.
8*9 3av#!i)a!ea %av1!%ita &e "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie n" %e
pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E 7en"'i!ea in+!acti"nii a +#%t '#&i+icataH %:a
!en"ntat la +#l#%i!ea n#ti"nil#! &e Fin+!acti"neG %i Fin+!act#!G -n
+av#a!ea cel#! &e F+apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penalaG %i &e
F+apt"it#!GB -nt!"c1t activitatea &e -n+apt"i!e a ."%titiei e%te
-'pie&icata incl"%iv p!in %p!i.ini!ea "nei pe!%#ane ca!e a c#'i% #
+apta inte!)i%a &e legea penala &a! ca!e a! p"tea -n c#nc!et %a n"
anga.e)e !a%p"n&e!ea penala 8&e e(e'pl"B 'in#!itatea %a"
e!#a!ea &e +apt9.
Acea%ta &e#a!ece ve!i+ica!ea c#n&itiil#! &e e(i%tenta %a"
ine(i%tenta a !e%p#n%a,ilitatii penale a "nei pe!%#ane %e +ace -n
ca&!"l "n"i p!#ce% penal %i n" -n !ap#!t &e ap!ecie!ea +ac"ta &e
+av#!i)at#!.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie +ie #
acti"neB +ie # inacti"ne ce -l a."ta pe +apt"it#!.
3apta e%te c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ectaB -n %c#p"lE
:
-'pie&ica!ii %a" -ng!e"na!ii ce!ceta!il#! -nt!:# ca")a
penalaH
:
-'pie&ica!ii %a" -ng!e"na!ii t!age!ii la !a%p"n&e!e
penalaH
:
-'pie&ica!ii %a" -ng!e"na!ii e(ec"ta!ii "nei pe&ep%e #!i
a "nei 'a%"!i p!ivative &e li,e!tate.
S:a !en"ntat la +av#!i)a!ea !ealaB ca '#&alitate &e c#'ite!e
a ace%tei in+!acti"ni. A%t+elB in+!acti"nea &e +av#!i)a!e a
+apt"it#!"l"i -n %c#p"l a%ig"!a!ii +#l#%"l"i %a" p!#&"%"l"i
in+!acti"nii n" %e 'ai !ega%e%te -n te(t"l ce inc!i'inea)a
in+!acti"nea &e +av#!i)a!e a in+!act#!"l"i.
C" t#ate ace%teaB +apta &e a ac#!&a "n a%e'enea a."t#!
+apt"it#!"l"i n" e%te &e)inc!i'inata &e legi"it#!B ci %e pa%t!ea)a
p!in la!gi!ea %+e!ei lat"!ii %",iective a in+!acti"nii &e tain"i!e.
*1*
S",iect"l activ n" e%te cali+icatB p"t1n& +i #!ice pe!%#ana.
Ca %i ca")a &e nepe&ep%i!eB legi"it#!"l a 'entin"t
c#nceptia ante!i#a!a a te(t"l"iB c" la!gi!ea %+e!ei %",iectil#!
ace%tei ca")e &e i'p"nitate. A%t+elB %av1!%i!ea +aptei &e "n
'e',!" &e +a'ilie n" %e pe&ep%e%te.
7in ace%t p"nct &e ve&e!eB legi"it#!"l a av"t -n ve&e!e
c#ntin"t"l a!t. 1<< ca!e &e+ine%te n#ti"nea &e F'e',!" &e
+a'ilieG.
A!t. <>. TAINUIREA
819 P!i'i!eaB &#,1n&i!eaB t!an%+#!'a!ea #!i -nle%ni!ea val#!i+ica!ii
"n"i ,"nB &e cat!e # pe!%#ana ca!e +ie a c"n#%c"tB +ie a p!eva)"t
&in -'p!e."!a!ile c#nc!ete ca ace%ta p!#vine &in %av1!%i!ea "nei
+apte p!eva)"te &e legea penalaB c@ia! +a!a a c"n#a%te nat"!a
ace%teiaB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la "n" la 2 ani %a" c"
a'en&a.
89 Pe&eap%a aplicata tain"it#!"l"i n" p#ate +i 'ai 'a!e &ec1t
pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" +apta %av1!%ita &e a"t#!.
8*9 Tain"i!ea %av1!%ita &e "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie n" %e
pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E 3apta -%i pa%t!ea)a &en"'i!ea 'a!ginala%i
c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii #,iective.
n c#ntin"a!eB &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al ele'ent"l"i
'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iectiveB +apta p#ate +i c#'i%a p!inE
:p!i'i!eaH
:&#,1n&i!eaH
:t!an%+#!'a!eaH
:-nle%ni!ea val#!i+ica!ii "n"i ,"n.
S",iect"l activ n" e%te cali+icatB p"t1n& +i #!ice pe!%#ana.
Ele'ent"l &e n#"tate -l c#n%tit"ie lat"!a %",iectiva a
in+!acti"niiB &e#a!ece +apt"it#!"l t!e,"ie +ie %a c"n#a%caB +ie %a
p!eva&a ca ,"n"l p!#vine &int!:# +apta p!eva)"ta &e legea penala.
n ca)"l -n ca!e p!eve&e ca ,"n"l p!#vine &in %av1!%i!ea
"nei in+!acti"niB e(i%tenta intentiei !e)"lta &in -'p!e."!a!ile
*1/
ca")eiH n" e%te nece%a! ca +apt"it#!"l %a c"n#a%ca nat"!a
in+!acti"nii.
Legi"it#!"l a eli'inat a%t+el ce!inta !e+e!it#a!e la c#'ite!ea
in+!acti"nii -n %c#p"l &e a #,tine pent!" %ine #!i pent!" alt"l "n
+#l#% 'ate!ialB a%t+el caB ne'aie(i%t1n& ce!inta %c#p"l"i cali+icatB
%i av1n& -n ve&e!e c#ntin"t"l act"al al te(t"l"iB -n !egle'enta!ea
act"ala +apta p#ate +i c#'i%a at1t c" intentie &i!ecta c1t %i c"
intentie in&i!ecta.
Ca %i -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB %e pa%t!ea)a ca %i ca")a
&e nepe&ep%i!eB %av1!%i!ea +aptei &e pe!%#ane ca!e a" legat"!i &e
!"&enie %a" a+ectiveB a&aptata la '#&i+ica!ile a&"%e pa!tii gene!ale
a C#&"l"i penalH tain"i!ea %av1!%ita &e "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie n"
%e pe&ep%e%te.
7in ace%t p"nct &e ve&e!eB legi"it#!"l a av"t -n ve&e!e
c#ntin"t"l a!t. 1<< ca!e &e+ine%te n#ti"nea &e F'e',!" &e
+a'ilieG.
A!t. <1. O=STRUCTIONAREA ;USTITIEI
819 Pe!%#ana ca!eB +iin& ave!ti)ata a%"p!a c#n%ecintel#! +aptei
%aleE
a9 -'pie&icaB +a!a &!eptB #!gan"l &e "!'a!i!e %a" in%tanta %a
e+ect"e)eB -n c#n&itiile legiiB "n act p!#ce&"!alH
,9 !e+")a %a p"na la &i%p#)itia #!gan"l"i &e "!'a!i!e penalaB
in%tantei %a" ."&ecat#!"l"i %in&icB -n t#t %a" -n pa!teB &ateleB
in+#!'atiileB -n%c!i%"!ile %a" ,"n"!ile &etin"teB ca!e i:a" +#%t
%#licitate -n '#& e(plicitB -n c#n&itiile legiiB -n ve&e!ea
%#l"ti#na!ii "nei ca")eB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni
la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
89 7i%p#)itiile alin. 819 n" %e aplica -n ca)"l pe!%#anei "!'a!ite
%a" ."&ecate pent!" in+!acti"nea ca!e +#!'ea)a #,iect"l
p!#ce%"l"i penal.
C#'enta!i"E Pent!" a '#&e!ni)a N.C.p.B legi"it#!"l a
int!#&"% %i ace%te in+!acti"ni c#'i%e -'p#t!iva ."%titiei.
*12
A%t+elB ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l p#ate
c#n%tit"iE
:
-'pie&ica!ea #!gan"l"i &e "!'a!i!e penala %a" a
in%tantei &e a e+ect"a "n act p!#ce&"!alH
n acea%ta %it"atieB e%te nece%a! ca -'pie&ica!ea %a ai,a l#c
+a!a &!eptB ia! act"l p!#ce&"!al %a +ie e+ect"at -n c#n&itiile legii.
:
!e+")"l "nei pe!%#ane &e a p"ne la &i%p#)itia
#!ganel#! ."&icia!e &ateB in+#!'atiiB -n%c!i%"!i %a"
,"n"!i &etin"te.
n ace%t ca)B ce!intele e%entiale %"nt ca ace%te &ateB
in+#!'atiiB -n%c!i%"!i %a +i +#%t %#licitate e(plicit %i -n c#n&itiile
legiiB &e #!ganele ."&icia!eB -n %c#p"l %#l"ti#na!ii "nei ca")e
penale.
Alin.* c#n%ac!a !e%pecta!ea &!ept"l"i pe!%#anei ce!cetate
&e a n" %e a"t#inc!i'inaB &!ept ca!e incl"&e &!ept"l la tace!e.
A!t. <. IN3LUENTAREA 7ECLARATIILOR
819 nce!ca!ea &e a &ete!'ina %a" &ete!'ina!ea "nei pe!%#aneB
in&i+e!ent &e calitatea ace%teiaB p!in c#!"pe!eB p!in c#n%t!1nge!e
#!i p!in alta +apta c" e+ect va&it inti'i&antB %av1!%ita a%"p!a %a
#!i a%"p!a "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al ace%teiaB %a n" %e%i)e)e
#!ganele &e "!'a!i!e penalaB %a n" &ea &ecla!atiiB %a -%i !et!aga
&ecla!atiileB %a &ea &ecla!atii 'incin#a%e #!i %a n" p!e)inte
p!#,eB -nt!:# ca")a penalaB civila %a" -n #!ice alta p!#ce&"!a
."&icia!aB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani. 7aca
act"l &e inti'i&a!e %a" c#!"pe!e c#n%tit"ie p!in el -n%"%i #
in+!acti"neB %e aplica !eg"lile p!ivin& c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"ni.
89 N" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne -ntelege!ea pat!i'#niala &int!e
in+!act#! %i pe!%#ana vata'ataB inte!venita -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nil#! pent!" ca!e acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la
pl1nge!e p!eala,ila %a" pent!" ca!e inte!vine -'paca!ea.
C#'enta!i"E 7en"'i!ea 'a!ginala a te(t"l"i a +#%t
'#&i+icataB -n acea%ta in+!acti"ne +iin& incl"%a at1t in+!acti"nea &e
Fnce!ca!e &e &ete!'ina!e a 'a!t"!iei 'incin#a%eGB p!eva)"ta &e
*16
a!t. 61 &in act"al"l C.p. c1t %i in+!acti"nea p!eva)"ta &e a!t. 611B
F'pie&ica!ea pa!ticipa!ii -n p!#ce%G.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &e
a -nce!ca %a &ete!'ine %a" &e a &ete!'ina # pe!%#anaE
:%a n" %e%i)e)e #!ganele &e "!'a!i!e penalaH
:%a n" &ea &ecla!atiiH
:%a -%i !et!aga &ecla!atiileH
:%a &ea &ecla!atii 'incin#a%eH
:%a n" p!e)inte p!#,e.
P!i'a ce!inta e%entiala a lat"!ii #,iective e%te ca acti"nea
&e -nce!ca!e &e a &ete!'ina %a" &e &ete!'ina!e a pe!%#anei %a ai,a
l#c p!inE
:c#!"pe!eH
:c#n%t!1nge!eH
:alta +apta c" e+ect inti'i&ant.
A &#"a ce!inta e%te ca ace%te acti"ni %a ai,a l#c a%"p!a
"nei pe!%#ane %a" a%"p!a "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al ace%teia.
S",iect"l pa%iv e%te -n '#& e(p!e% necali+icat &e legi"it#!
Fin&i+e!ent &e calitatea ace%t"iaG. N" a!e &eci !elevanta &aca
pe!%#ana !e%pectiva a!e calitatea &e 'a!t#!B &e pe!%#ana vata'ataB
&e e(pe!t #!i inte!p!et.
7e a%e'eneaB n" inte!e%ea)a #,iect"l ca")eiB acea%ta
p"t1n& +i penalaB civila %a" #!ice alta p!#ce&"!a ."&icia!a 8c" alte
c"vinte #!ice p!#ce&"!a &e%+a%"!ata -n +ata #!ganel#! ."&icia!e9.
Legi"it#!"l a p!eva)"t -n '#& e(p!e% caB &aca act"l &e
inti'i&a!e %a" c#!"pe!e c#n%tit"ie p!in el -n%"%i in+!acti"neB %e
aplica !eg"lile p!ivin& c#nc"!%"l &e in+!acti"niB a%t+el ca acea
in+!acti"ne n" %e a,%#a!,e -n c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii
&e in+l"enta!e a &ecla!atiil#!.
Legi"it#!"l vine c" # p!eci)a!eB -n %en%"l ca n" c#n%tit"ie
in+!acti"ne %i ca ata!e n" va p"tea +i %ancti#nata -ntelege!ea
pat!i'#niala inte!venita -nt!e in+!act#! %i pe!%#ana vata'ataB -n
ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! pent!" ca!e acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e
la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate %a" pent!" ca!e p#ate
*1<
inte!veni -'paca!ea pa!til#!<.
A!t. <*. MARTURIA MINCINOASA
819 3apta 'a!t#!"l"i ca!eB -nt!:# ca")a penalaB civila %a" -n #!ice
alta p!#ce&"!a -n ca!e %e a%c"lta 'a!t#!iB +ace a+i!'atii
'incin#a%e #!i n" %p"ne t#t ce %tie -n legat"!a c" +aptele %a"
-'p!e."!a!ile e%entiale c" p!ivi!e la ca!e e%te -nt!e,at %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 Ma!t"!ia 'incin#a%a %av1!%itaE
a9 &e "n 'a!t#! c" i&entitate p!#te.ata #!i a+lat -n P!#g!a'"l &e
p!#tectie a 'a!t#!il#!H
,9 &e "n inve%tigat#! %", ac#pe!i!eH
c9 &e # pe!%#ana ca!e -nt#c'e%te "n !ap#!t &e e(pe!ti)a #!i &e
"n inte!p!etH
&9 -n legat"!a c" # +apta pent!" ca!e legea p!eve&e pe&eap%a
&etenti"nii pe viata #!i -nc@i%#a!ea &e 1> ani %a" 'ai 'a!eB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2 ani.
8*9 A"t#!"l n" %e pe&ep%e%te &aca -%i !et!age 'a!t"!iaB -n ca")ele
penale -nainte &e !etine!eB a!e%ta!e %a" &e p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a
acti"nii penale #!i -n alte ca")e -nainte &e a %e +i p!#n"ntat #
@#ta!1!e %a" &e a %e +i &at # alta %#l"tieB ca "!'a!e a 'a!t"!iei
'incin#a%e.
C#'enta!i"E 3apta -%i pa%t!ea)a c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv &in
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB c" "nica 'enti"ne ca ea p#ate +i c#'i%a
-n #!ice p!#ce&"!a -n ca!e %e a%c"lta 'a!t#!i. Av1n& -n ve&e!e
ca +apta e%te # in+!acti"ne c#nt!a ."%titieiB e%te v#!,a &e%p!e #!ice
p!#ce&"!a ."&icia!aB ce %e &e%+a%#a!a -n +ata "n"i #!gan ."&icia!.
Ap!eciin&":%e ca g!avitatea +aptei ."%ti+ica "n t!ata'ent
%ancti#nat#! %pecialB a +#%t int!#&"%a -n%a va!ianta cali+icata a
in+!acti"niiB !e%pectiv at"nci c1n& %",iect"l activ e%te cali+icatE
< A %e ve&ea ane(a p!ivin& in+!acti"nile pent!" ca!e acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n
'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate %i ane(a p!ivin&
*1$
in+!acti"nile pent!" ca!e p#ate inte!veni -'paca!ea pa!til#!.
:
'a!t#! c" i&entitate p!#te.ata %a" a+lat -n p!#g!a'"l &e
p!#tectie a 'a!t#!il#!H
:
inve%tigat#! %", ac#pe!i!eH
:
pe!%#ana ca!e -nt#c'e%te "n !ap#!t &e e(pe!ti)aH
:
inte!p!et.
n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege e!a
i&entica in&i+e!ent &aca +apt"it#!"l avea calitatea &e 'a!t#!B e(pe!t
%a" inte!p!et.
5a!ianta ag!avata e(i%ta%i -n %it"atia -n ca!e 'a!t"!ia
'incin#a%a a!e l#c -n legat"!a c" # +apta pent!" ca!e legea p!eve&e
pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viata #!i -nc@i%#a!ea &e 1> ani %a" 'a!e.
n acea%ta %it"atieB %",iect"l activ n" e%te cali+icat.
A +#%t eli'inata ca")a &e !e&"ce!e a pe&ep%ei p!eva)"ta
-n C.p. ante!i#!$.
Ca")a &e nepe&ep%i!e e(i%tenta -n C.p. ante!i#! a +#%t
'#&i+icataB -n %en%"l caE
:
-n ca")ele penale inte!vine &aca !et!age!ea 'a!t"!iei a
av"t l#c 'ai -nainte &e !etine!eaB a!e%ta!ea %a" p"ne!ea
-n 'i%ca!e a acti"nii penaleH
:
-n ca")ele civile inte!vine &aca a av"t l#c 'ai -nainte
&e a %e p!#n"nta # @#ta!1!e %a" # %#l"tie -n ca")a.
A!t. </. RA6=UNAREA PENTRU A;UTORUL 7AT
;USTITIEI
Sav1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni -'p#t!iva "nei pe!%#ane #!i a "n"i
'e',!" &e +a'ilie al ace%teiaB pe '#tiv ca a %e%i)at #!ganele &e
"!'a!i!e penalaB a &at &ecla!atii #!i a p!e)entat p!#,e -nt!:#
ca")a penalaB civila %a" -n #!ice alta p!#ce&"!a &int!e cele
p!eva)"te -n a!t. <*B %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e
lege pent!" acea in+!acti"neB ale ca!ei li'ite %peciale %e
$ P#t!ivit a!t. 6> alin.* &in act"al"l C. p.B I7aca !et!age!ea 'a!t"!iei a
inte!venit -n ca")ele penale &"pa ce %:a p!#&"% a!e%ta!ea inc"lpat"l"i %a" -n
t#ate ca")ele &"pa ce %:a p!#n"ntat # @#ta!1!e %a" &"pa ce %:a &at # alta %#l"tie
ca "!'a!e a 'a!t"!iei 'incin#a%eB in%tanta va !e&"ce pe&eap%a p#t!ivit a!t. <6G.
*10
'a.#!ea)a c" # t!ei'e.
C#'enta!i"E Int!#&"ce!ea ace%tei ca")e &e 'a.#!a!e a
pe&ep%ei -n C.p. %e i'p"nea ca "!'a!e a !ealitatil#! %#ciale &in
R#'1nia. P!acticB n" e%te v#!,a &e%p!e inc!i'ina!ea "nei +apteB ci
&e # ca")a &e ag!ava!e a !a%p"n&e!ii penale 8pe cale &e c#n%ecinta
a pe&ep%ei9.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l c#n%tit"ie
%av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"niH !e)"lta &in te(t ca +apta !e%pectiva
t!e,"ie %a -nt!"nea%ca ele'entele c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii.
S",iect pa%iv p#ate +i # pe!%#ana %a" "n 'e',!" &e
+a'ilie al ace%teiaB ca!e a e+ect"at ante!i#! c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii
"na &int!e activitatile &e %p!i.in al #!ganel#! ."&icia!e la ca!e %e
!e+e!a te(t"l.
Li'itele &e pe&eap%a p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" #
in+!acti"ne %e 'a.#!ea)a c" # t!ei'e -n ca)"l c#'ite!ii #!ica!ei
in+!acti"ni -'p#t!iva "nei pe!%#ane %a" a "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie
al ace%teiaB ca "!'a!e a +apt"l"i ca acea%taE
:a %e%i)at #!ganele &e "!'a!i!e penalaH
:a &at &ecla!atiiH
:a p!e)entat p!#,eB -n #!ice +el &e p!#ce&"!a ."&icia!a.
A!t. <2. SUSTRAGEREA SAU 7ISTRUGEREA 7E PRO=E
ORI 7E NSCRISURI
819 S"%t!age!eaB &i%t!"ge!eaB !etine!eaB a%c"n&e!ea #!i alte!a!ea
&e 'i.l#ace 'ate!iale &e p!#,a %a" &e -n%c!i%"!iB -n %c#p"l &e a
-'pie&ica a+la!ea a&eva!"l"i -nt!:# p!#ce&"!a ."&icia!aB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 6 l"ni la 2 ani.
89 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a -'pie&ica!eaB -n #!ice
alt '#&B ca "n -n%c!i% nece%a! %#l"ti#na!ii "nei ca")eB e'i% &e
cat!e "n #!gan ."&icia! %a" a&!e%at ace%t"iaB %a a."nga la
&e%tinata!.
C#'enta!i"E 7en"'i!ea 'a!ginala a in+!acti"nii a +#%t
'#&i+icataB act"al"l a!t. < IS"%t!age!ea #!i !etine!ea &e
*>
-n%c!i%"!iG &evenin& IS"%t!age!ea %a" &i%t!"ge!ea &e p!#,e #!i &e
-n%c!i%"!iG.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &e
aE
:%"%t!age 'i.l#ace 'ate!iale &e p!#,a%i -n%c!i%"!iH
:&i%t!"ge 'i.l#ace 'ate!iale &e p!#,a%i -n%c!i%"!iH
:!etine 'i.l#ace 'ate!iale &e p!#,a%i -n%c!i%"!iH
:
a%c"n&e 'i.l#ace 'ate!iale &e p!#,a%i -n%c!i%"!iH
:
alte!a 'i.l#ace 'ate!iale &e p!#,a%i -n%c!i%"!iH
:
-'pie&icaB -n #!ice '#&B ca "n -n%c!i% e'i% &e "n #!gan
."&icia! %a" a&!e%at ace%t"ia %a a."nga la &e%tinata!.
O,iect"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii %"nt 'i.l#acele 'ate!iale
&e p!#,a 8&e #!ice +el9B -n%c!i%"!ileB ce c#n%tit"ie p!#,e -nt!:#
p!#ce&"!a ."&icia!aB p!ec"' %i -n%c!i%"!ile e'i%e %a" a&!e%ate
"n"i #!gan ."&icia! %i ca!e %"nt nece%a!e %#l"ti#na!ii "nei ca")e.
3apta e%te c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ectaB %c#p"l +iin&
cali+icatB acela &e a -'pie&ica a+la!ea a&eva!"l"i -n acea ca")a.
A!t. <6. PRESIUNI ASUPRA ;USTITIEI
3apta pe!%#anei ca!eB pe &"!ata "nei p!#ce&"!i ."&icia!e -n
c"!%B +ace &ecla!atii p",lice ne!eale !e+e!it#a!e la %av1!%i!eaB &e
cat!e ."&ecat#! %a" &e #!ganele &e "!'a!i!e penalaB a "nei
in+!acti"ni %a" a "nei a,ate!i &i%ciplina!e g!ave legata &e
in%t!"'enta!ea !e%pectivei ca")eB -n %c#p"l &e a le in+l"enta %a"
inti'i&aB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la "n an %a"
c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea a +#%t int!#&"%a t#t ca "!'a!e a
!ealitatil#! %#ciale &in R#'1nia.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &e
a +ace &ecla!atii !e+e!it#a!e la %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni %a"
a,ate!i &i%ciplina!e g!ave &e cat!e ."&ecat#! %a" &e cat!e #!gan"l
&e "!'a!i!e penala 8ceea ce incl"&e %i #!ganele &e ce!ceta!e
penala9.
*1
O p!i'a ce!inta e%entiala e%te ca ace%te &ecla!atii %a +ie
p",lice %i ne!eale.
A &#"a ce!inta e%entiala e%te ca in+!acti"nea %a" a,ate!ea
&i%ciplina!a g!ava %a +ie -n legat"!a c" in%t!"'enta!ea ca")ei
!e%pective.
Re+e!it#! la intentieB +apta %e c#'ite c" intentie &i!ectaB
%c#p"l +iin& cali+icat 4 acela &e a in+l"enta %a" inti'i&a
."&ecat#!"l %a" #!gan"l &e "!'a!i!e penala.
A!t. <<. COMPROMITEREA INTERESELOR ;USTITIEI
819 7iv"lga!eaB +a!a &!eptB &e in+#!'atii c#n+i&entiale p!ivin&
&ataB ti'p"lB l#c"lB '#&"l %a" 'i.l#acele p!in ca!e "!'ea)a %a
%e a&'ini%t!e)e # p!#,aB &e cat!e "n 'agi%t!at %a" "n alt
+"ncti#na! p",lic ca!e a l"at c"n#%tinta &e ace%tea -n vi!t"tea
+"nctieiB &aca p!in acea%ta p#ate +i -ng!e"nata %a" -'pie&icata
"!'a!i!ea penalaB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la
ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 7e)val"i!eaB +a!a &!eptB &e 'i.l#ace &e p!#,a %a" &e
-n%c!i%"!i #+iciale &int!:# ca")a penalaB -nainte &e a %e &i%p"ne #
%#l"tie &e net!i'ite!e -n ."&ecata #!i &e %#l"ti#na!e &e+initiva a
ca")eiB &e cat!e "n +"ncti#na! p",lic ca!e a l"at c"n#%tinta &e
ace%tea -n vi!t"tea +"nctieiB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la #
l"na la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
8*9 7e)val"i!eaB +a!a &!eptB &e in+#!'atii &int!:# ca")a penalaB
&e cat!e "n 'a!t#!B e(pe!t %a" inte!p!etB at"nci c1n& acea%ta
inte!&ictie e%te i'p"%a &e legea &e p!#ce&"!a penalaB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la # l"na la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea e%te n#" int!#&"%a -n legi%latia
penala%i a +#%t inc!i'inata ca "!'a!e a +!ecventel#! %it"atii ce a"
apa!"t -n !ealitateB -n ca!e acte &e "!'a!i!e penala a" apa!"t -n
'a%% 'e&ia c@ia! -nainte &e p"ne!ea -n 'i%ca!e a acti"nii penale.
Te(t"l inc!i'inea)a t!ei %it"atii -n ca!e p#t +i c#'p!#'i%e
inte!e%ele ."%titiei.
*
1. P!i'a +apta p#ate +i c#'i%a p!in acti"nea &e &iv"lga!e
&e in+#!'atii c#n+i&entiale !e+e!it#a!e la a&'ini%t!a!ea "n#!
p!#,e 4 &ataB ti'p"lB l#c"lB '#&"l %a" 'i.l#acele p!in ca!e v#! +i
a&'ini%t!ate p!#,e.
In+#!'atiile t!e,"ie %a +ie c#n+i&entialeB &eci cali+icate
a%t+el &e legeB ia! n" p",lice %a" %a c#n%tit"ie acte p!#ce&"!ale ce
t!e,"ie c#'"nicate pa!til#! -n vi!t"tea #,ligatiil#! pe ca!e le a"
a"t#!itatile p#t!ivit n#!'el#! &e p!#ce&"!a penalaB ia! &iv"lga!ea
%a ai,a l#c +a!a &!ept.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +iE
:
"n 'agi%t!atH
:"n alt +"ncti#na! p",lic 8%p!e e(e'pl"B "n g!e+ie!9.
Ce!inta e%entiala e%te ca +"ncti#na!"l p",lic %a +i l"at
c"n#%tinta &e ace%te in+#!'atii c#n+i&entiale -n vi!t"tea +"nctiei.
O alta
ce!inta e%entiala e%te ca p!in &iv"lga!ea ace%t#!
in+#!'atii %a p#ata +i -ng!e"nata %a" -'pie&icata "!'a!i!ea
penala. Evi&ent ca te(t"l %e !e+e!a la "!'a!i!ea penalaB ca!e e%te
%ec!eta. N" e%te nece%a! ca p!in &iv"lga!ea in+#!'atiil#!
c#n+i&entiale %a +i +#%t -ng!e"nata %a" -'pie&icata "!'a!i!ea
penala -n '#& e+ectivB ci e%te %"+icient ca acea%ta %a +aca p#%i,ila
# a%e'enea -ng!e"na!e %a" -'pie&ica!e. U!'a!ea i'e&iata #
c#n%tit"ie t#c'ai acea%ta
%ta!e &e pe!ic#l c!eata p!in &iv"lga!ea
in+#!'atiil#! c#n+i&entiale.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ecta %a" in&i!ecta.
. O a &#"a +apta inc!i'inata &e te(t"l &e lege # c#n%tit"ie
acti"nea &e &e)val"i!e &eE
:
'i.l#ace &e p!#,a &int!:# ca")a penalaH
:
-n%c!i%"!i &int!:# ca")a penala.
Pent!" e(i%tenta ele'entel#! c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"niiB
e%te nece%a! ca &e)val"i!ea %a ai,a l#c +a!a &!eptE
:
-nainte &e a %e &i%p"ne # %#l"tie &e net!i'ite!e -n
."&ecata
8-n c"!%"l "!'a!i!ii penale9H
:
-nainte &e %#l"ti#na!ea &e+initiva a ca")ei 8-n t#t
c"!%"l p!#ce%"l"i penal9.
**
Re)"lta &in ec#n#'ia te(t"l"i ca +apta p#ate +i c#'i%a
at1t
-n c"!%"l "!'a!i!ii penale c1t %i -n c"!%"l ."&ecatii.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii e%te "n +"ncti#na! p",lic
ca!e a l"at c"n#%tinta &e ace%te 'i.l#ace &e p!#,a %a" -n%c!i%"!i -n
vi!t"tea +"nctiei.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ecta %a" in&i!ecta.
*. O a t!eia +apta inc!i'inata &e te(t"l &e lege e%te
acti"nea &e &e)val"i!e &e in+#!'atii &int!:# ca")a penala.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca &e)val"i!ea %a
ai,a l#c +a!a &!ept.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii e%teB &e &ata acea%taE
:"n 'a!t#!H
:"n e(pe!tH
:"n inte!p!et.
Ce!inta e%entiala pent!" e(i%tenta ele'entel#!
c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii e%te ca inte!&ictia &e &e)val"i!e %a
+ie p!eva)"ta &e legea &e p!#ce&"!a penala. C" alte c"vinteB
+apta n" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne &aca n#!'a p!#ce&"!al penala n"
in%tit"ie -n '#& e(p!e% #,ligatia &e a pa%t!a c#n+i&entialitatea
ace%t#! in+#!'atii %i c#!elativ inte!&ictia &e a le &e)val"iB pent!"
'a!t#!B e(pe!t %a" inte!p!et.
A!t. <$. NCALCAREA SOLEMNITATII SE7INTEI
nt!e,"inta!ea &e c"vinte #!i ge%t"!i .ignit#a!e %a" #,%ceneB &e
nat"!a %a pe!t"!,e activitatea in%tanteiB &e cat!e # pe!%#ana ca!e
pa!ticipa %a" a%i%ta la # p!#ce&"!a ca!e %e &e%+a%#a!a -n +ata
in%tanteiB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la # l"na la * l"ni %a"
c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E 3apta e%te n#" +#!'"lata -n C.p.B ia! n" %i
n#" int!#&"%a ca inc!i'ina!eH a +#%t p!eva)"ta -n a!t. <1 C.p.
8%+i&a!ea #!ganel#! ."&icia!e 4 int!#&"%a -n an"l >>09.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &e
a -nt!e,"inta c"vinte #!i ge%t"!i .ignit#a!e %a" #,%cene.
*/
Acti"nea +apt"it#!"l"i t!e,"ie %a +ie &e nat"!a a pe!t"!,a
activitatea in%tantei. C" alte c"vinteB n" #!ice atit"&ine
i!eve!enti#a%a -n +ata in%tanteiB n" #!ice a,ate!e ."&icia!a ca!e
p#ate +i %ancti#nata p#t!ivit a!t. 10$ alin./ lit. @9 C.p.p. act"al
c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"nea &e -ncalca!e a %#le'nitatii %e&inteiB ci
acti"nea +apt"it#!"l"i t!e,"ie %a ai,a aptit"&inea &e a pe!t"!,a
activitatea in%tanteiB !e%pectiv &e%+a%"!a!ea %e&intei &e ."&ecata c"
!e%pecta!ea p!incipi"l"i %#le'nitatii.
S",iect"l activ n" e%te cali+icatB p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#ana
ca!e pa!ticipa %a" a%i%ta la # p!#ce&"!a ce %e &e%+a%#a!a -n
+ata in%tantei.
7e acea%ta &ataB +apta %e p#ate c#'ite n"'ai -nt!:#
p!#ce&"!a -n +ata in%tanteiB n" %i a #!ganel#! &e "!'a!i!e penala.
A!t. <0. ULTRA;UL ;U7ICIAR
819 A'eninta!eaB l#vi!ea %a" alte vi#lenteB vata'a!ea c#!p#!alaB
l#vi!ile %a" vata'a!ile ca")at#a!e &e '#a!te #!i #'#!"lB
%av1!%ite -'p#t!iva "n"i ."&ecat#! %a" p!#c"!#! a+lat -n
e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici"B %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a
p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!" acea in+!acti"neB ale ca!ei li'ite
%peciale %e 'a.#!ea)a c" ."'atate.
89 Sav1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni -'p#t!iva "n"i ."&ecat#! %a"
p!#c"!#! #!i -'p#t!iva ,"n"!il#! ace%t"iaB -n %c#p &e inti'i&a!e
%a" &e !a),"na!eB -n legat"!a c" e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e
%e!vici"B %e %ancti#nea)a c" pe&eap%a p!eva)"ta &e lege pent!"
acea in+!acti"neB ale ca!ei li'ite %peciale %e 'a.#!ea)a c"
."'atate.
8*9 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a +aptele c#'i%e -n
c#n&itiile alin.89B&aca p!ive%c "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al
."&ecat#!"l"i %a" al p!#c"!#!"l"i.
8/9 7i%p#)itiile alin. 819 4 8*9 %e aplica -n '#& c#!e%p"n)at#! %i
+aptel#! c#'i%e -'p#t!iva "n"i av#cat -n legat"!a c" e(e!cita!ea
p!#+e%iei.
*2
C#'enta!i"E n va!ianta %i'plaB "lt!a."l ."&icia! vine %a
+aca &i+e!enta -nt!e in+!acti"nea &e "lt!a. 4 a!t. 2< C.p.B "n&e
%",iect"l pa%iv e%te cali+icat 4 +"ncti#na! p",lic 4 %i %it"atia -n
ca!e %",iect"l pa%iv e%te t#t cali+icatB &a! n" e%te +"ncti#na! p",lic
4 ."&ecat#!B p!#c"!#! %a" av#cat.
E(i%tenta "nei in+!acti"ni &i%tincte %e i'p"ne pent!"
%i'pl"l '#tiv ca 'agi%t!atii 4 ."&ecat#!i %a" p!#c"!#!i 4 n" %"nt
+"ncti#na!i p",liciB ci a" %tat"t %pecialB ia! av#cat"!a e%te #
p!#+e%ie li,e!ala.
n va!ianta %i'plaB ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii e%te
i&entic c" cel al in+!acti"nii &e "lt!a. p!eva)"ta &e a!t. 2< C.p.E
:a'eninta!eaH
:l#vi!ea %a" alte vi#lenteH
:vata'a!ea c#!p#!alaH
:l#vi!ile %a" vata'a!ile ca")at#a!e &e '#a!teH
:#'#!"l.
Ce!inta e%entiala a lat"!ii #,iective a in+!acti"nii e%te ca
."&ecat#!"l %a" p!#c"!#!"l %a %e a+le -n e(e!cita!ea
at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici".
At"nci c1n& %",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii e%te "n av#catB
ce!inta e%entiala e%te ca +apta %a +ie -n legat"!a c" at!i,"tiile %ale
&e %e!vici".
C" alte c"vinteB %i'pla calitate &e ."&ecat#!B p!#c"!#! %a"
av#cat n" e%te %"+icienta pent!" ca %ancti"nea p!eva)"ta &e ace%t
te(t &e lege %a +ie aplicata pent!" c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nil#! &e
a'eninta!eB l#vi!eB vata'a!e c#!p#!alaB l#vi!i %a" vata'a!i
ca")at#a!e &e '#a!te #!i #'#!.
n va!ianta %i'plaB in+!acti"nea p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie
at1t &i!ecta c1t %i in&i!ecta.
n va!ianta ag!avataB e%te %ancti#nata c#'ite!ea #!ica!ei
in+!acti"ni 8&eci n" a "nei +apte p!eva)"te &e legea penalaB ceea
ce p!e%"p"ne e(i%tenta t"t"!#! t!a%at"!il#! e%entiale ale
in+!acti"nii9.
*6
In+!acti"nea p#ate %a +ie -n&!eptata -'p#t!ivaE
:
pe!%#anei ."&ecat#!"l"i %a" p!#c"!#!"l"iB %a"
-'p#t!iva ,"n"!il#! ace%t"iaH
:
pe!%#anei "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al
."&ecat#!"l"i %a" p!#c"!#!"l"iB %a" -'p#t!iva
,"n"!il#! ace%t"iaH
:
pe!%#anei av#cat"l"i %a" -'p#t!iva ,"n"!il#!
ace%t"iaH
:
pe!%#anei "n"i 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al av#cat"l"iB
%a" -'p#t!iva ,"n"!il#! ace%t"ia.
n va!ianta ag!avataB ce!inta e%entiala e%te ca +apta %a
+ie c#'i%a
-n legat"!a c" e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici"B
+ie ca %",iect"l pa%iv e%te "n ."&ecat#!B +ie ca e%te "n p!#c"!#! #!i
"n av#catB %a" "n 'e',!" &e +a'ilie al ace%t#!a 8&eci n" %e ce!e
ca la '#'ent"l c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii ."&ecat#!"lB p!#c"!#!"l %a %e
a+le -n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici"H &e alt+elB +apta p#ate +i
c#'i%a%i -'p#t!iva 'e',!il#! &e +a'ilie ai ace%t#!a9.
n va!ianta ag!avataB lat"!a %",iectiva p!e%"p"ne intentia
&i!ectaB %c#p"l +iin& cali+icat 4 -n %c#p &e inti'i&a!e %a" &e
!a),"na!e.
Legi"it#!"l a ap!eciat ca %e i'p"ne ca li'itele &e
pe&eap%aB ca!eB -n ca)"l +"ncti#na!il#! p",liciB %e 'a.#!ea)a c" #
t!ei'eB -n ca)"l ."&ecat#!il#!B p!#c"!#!il#! %i av#catil#! %a %e
'a.#!ea)e c" ."'atate.
A!t. $/. ASISTENTA SI REPRE6ENTAREA NELOIALA
819 3apta av#cat"l"i %a" a !ep!e)entant"l"i "nei pe!%#ane ca!eB
-n -ntelege!e +!a"&"l#a%a c" # pe!%#ana c" inte!e%e c#nt!a!e -n
aceea%i ca")aB -n ca&!"l "nei p!#ce&"!i ."&icia!e %a" n#ta!ialeB
vata'a inte!e%ele client"l"i %a" ale pe!%#anei !ep!e)entate %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
89 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a -ntelege!ea +!a"&"l#a%a
&int!e av#cat %a" !ep!e)entant"l "nei pe!%#ane %i "n te!t
inte!e%at &e %#l"tia ce %e va p!#n"nta -n ca")aB -n %c#p"l
vata'a!ii inte!e%el#! client"l"i %a" ale pe!%#anei !ep!e)entate.
*<
8*9 Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a
pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E 3apta e%te int!#&"%a p!in N.C.p.H av#cat"l"i
i %e a%ig"!a p!#tectia activitatii &e cat!e legea penala &a! p!in
acea%ta %e %ancti#nea)a%i ne!e%pecta!ea n#!'el#! &e etica.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &e
-ntelege!e +!a"&"l#a%a
c#'i%a &e +apt"it#!B ca!e t!e,"ie %a ai,a
l#cB ca %i ce!inte e%entialeB p!eva)"te -n '#& c"'"lativE
:
c" # pe!%#ana c" inte!e%e c#nt!a!eH
:
inte!e%ele c#nt!a!e %a +ie -n aceea%i ca")aH
:
ca")a %a e(i%te -n ca&!"l "nei p!#ce&"!i ."&icia!e
%a" n#ta!iale.
U!'a!ea i'e&iata a in+!acti"nii e%te vata'a!ea
inte!e%el#! client"l"i av#cat"l"i %a" a inte!e%el#! pe!%#anei
!ep!e)entate. 3apta e%te # in+!acti"ne &e !e)"ltatB pent!" e(i%tenta
in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca acea%ta vata'a!e %a %e p!#&"ca.
n %it"atiaB &i%tinctaB p!eva)"ta &e alineat"l al
a!tic#l"l"iB ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie
acti"nea &e -ntelege!e +!a"&"l#a%a
c#'i%a &e +apt"it#!B ca!e
t!e,"ie %a ai,a l#cE
:
c" "n te!t inte!e%at &e %#l"tia ce %e va p!#n"nta -n
ca")aH
:
ca")a %a e(i%teB %i &e acea%ta &ataB -n ca&!"l "nei
p!#ce&"!i ."&icia!e %a" n#ta!iale.
n %it"atiaB &i%tinctaB p!eva)"ta &e alin. al a!tic#l"l"iB
p!#&"ce!ea "!'a!ii i'e&iate n" 'ai e%te # c#n&itie &e e(i%tenta a
in+!acti"niiH e%te %"+icient ca +apta %a +ie c#'i%a
-n %c#p"l
vata'a!ii inte!e%el#! client"l"i %a" ale pe!%#anei !ep!e)entateB
ceea ce p!e%"p"neB &e a%e'eneaB &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii
%",iectiveB c#'ite!ea in+!acti"nii c" intentie &i!ecta.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"niiB -n a',ele va!ianteB p#ate +iE
:
av#cat"lH
:
!ep!e)entant"l "nei pe!%#ane -nt!:# ca")a
8legal %a"
c#nventi#nalB c"' e%te 'an&ata!"l "nei pe!%#aneH
*$
ap!ecie' ca p#ate +i %i c#n%ilie!"l ."!i&ic %a"
lic@i&at#!"l ."&icia!9.
Acti"nea penala %e p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea
p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate 8client"l av#cat"l"i %a" pe!%#ana
!ep!e)entata -n p!#ce% &e +apt"it#!9.
A!t. $<. NERESPECTAREA AOTARRILOR
;U7ECATORESTI
81 9Ne!e%pecta!ea "nei @#ta!1!i ."&ecat#!e%ti %av1!%ita p!inE
a9 -'p#t!ivi!ea la e(ec"ta!eB p!in #p"ne!ea &e !e)i%tenta +ata &e
#!gan"l &e e(ec"ta!eH
,9 !e+")"l #!gan"l"i &e e(ec"ta!e &e a p"ne -n aplica!e #
@#ta!1!e ."&ecat#!ea%caB p!in ca!e e%te #,ligat %a -n&eplinea%ca
"n an"'it actH
c9 !e+")"l &e a %p!i.ini #!gan"l &e e(ec"ta!e -n p"ne!ea -n
aplica!e a @#ta!1!iiB &e cat!e pe!%#anele ca!e a" acea%ta
#,ligatie c#n+#!' legiiH
&9 nee(ec"ta!ea @#ta!1!ii ."&ecat#!e%ti p!in ca!e %:a &i%p"%
!einteg!a!ea -n '"nca a "n"i %ala!iatH
e9 nee(ec"ta!ea @#ta!1!ii ."&ecat#!e%ti p!ivin& plata %ala!iil#! -n
te!'en &e 12 )ile &e la &ata ce!e!ii &e e(ec"ta!e a&!e%ate
anga.at#!"l"i &e cat!e pa!tea inte!e%ataH
+9 ne!e%pecta!ea @#ta!1!il#! ."&ecat#!e%ti p!ivin& %ta,ili!eaB
plataB act"ali)a!ea %i !ecalc"la!ea pen%iil#!H
g9 -'pie&ica!ea "nei pe!%#ane &e a +#l#%iB -n t#t %a" -n pa!teB "n
i'#,il &etin"t -n ,a)a "nei @#ta!1!i ."&ecat#!e%tiB &e cat!e cel
ca!"ia -i e%te #p#)a,ila @#ta!1!eaB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e
&e la * l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
89 n ca)"l +aptel#! p!eva)"te -n lit. &9 4 g9B acti"nea penala %e
p"ne -n 'i%ca!e la pl1nge!ea p!eala,ila a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
C#'enta!i"E C#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii a +#%t
'#&i+icat -n t#talitateH ace%te '#&i+ica!i %:a" i'p"% ca "!'a!e a
c#n%tata!ii +apt"l"i ca !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!a n" !a%p"n&ea
!ealitatil#! %#ciale.
*0
S",iecti activi ai in+!acti"nii p#t +iE
:#!ice pe!%#ana ce %e -'p#t!ive%te la e(ec"ta!ea @#ta!1!iiB
p!in #p"ne!ea &e !e)i%tenta -n +ata #!gan"l"i &e e(ec"ta!eH -n ace%t
ca) n" a!e !elevanta #,iect"l @#ta!1!iiB ci -'p!e."!a!ea ca
+apt"it#!"l #p"ne !e)i%tenta e(ec"ta!ii &e cat!e #!gan"l &e
e(ec"ta!e a,ilitat &e legeH
:#!gan"l &e e(ec"ta!e 8e(ec"t#!"l ."&ecat#!e%cB
!ep!e)entant"l "nei in%tit"tiiB #!gan"l &e p#litie etc.9 c" p!ivi!e la
ca!e %e &i%p"ne p!in acea @#ta!1!e ."&ecat#!ea%ca %a -n&eplinea%ca
acel actH
:pe!%#ana ca!e a!e #,ligatia legala &e a %p!i.ini
#!gan"l &e e(ec"ta!e -n e(ec"ta!ea @#ta!1!ii 8&e a%e'eneaB #!gan
&e p#litieB !ep!e)entant al "nei in%tit"tiiB c1n& a" acea%ta #,ligatie
legala9H
:pe!%#ana !e%p#n%a,ila &in ca&!"l "nei pe!%#ane
."!i&ice ca!e n" e(ec"ta @#ta!1!ea p!in ca!e %:a &i%p"%
!einteg!a!ea -n '"nca a "n"i %ala!iat 8&i!ect#!B !e%p#n%a,il &e
!e%"!%e "'ane etc.9H
:pe!%#ana !e%p#n%a,ila &in ca&!"l anga.at#!"l"i ca!e
n" p"ne -n e(ec"ta!e @#ta!1!ea ."&ecat#!ea%ca p!in ca!e %:a &i%p"%
plata %ala!iil#!H
:pe!%#ana !e%p#n%a,ila &in ca&!"l #!gan"l"i
c#'petent ca!e n" p"ne -n e(ec"ta!e @#ta!1!ea ."&ecat#!ea%ca
p!in ca!e %:a &i%p"% %ta,ili!eaB plataB act"ali)a!ea %a" !ecalc"la!ea
"nei pen%iiH
:acela ca!"ia -i e%te #p#)a,ila # @#ta!1!e
."&ecat#!ea%ca
%i ca!e -'pie&ica +#l#%i!ea "n"i i'#,il &e cat!e
cel ce -l &etine -n ,a)a acelei @#ta!1!i ."&ecat#!e%ti.
Legi"it#!"l a '#&i+icat c#'plet c#nceptia inc!i'ina!iiB
!a%p"n)1n& nev#il#! %#ciale apa!"te -n p!actica%i &ive!%i+ic1n&
ga'a &e %it"atii -n ca!e legea %ancti#nea)a ne!e%pecta!ea "nei
@#ta!1!i ."&ecat#!e%ti.
**>
A!t. $$. NEE?ECUTAREA SANCTIUNILOR PENALE
819 S"%t!age!ea &e la e(ec"ta!e #!i nee(ec"ta!ea c#n+#!' legii a
"nei pe&ep%e c#'ple'enta!e #!i acce%#!ii %a" a 'a%"!ii &e
%ig"!anta p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1>$ lit. ,9 %i lit. c9B &e cat!e pe!%#ana
+i)ica +ata &e ca!e %:a" &i%p"% ace%te %ancti"niB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&aB &aca +apta n"
c#n%tit"ie # in+!acti"ne 'ai g!ava.
89 S"%t!age!ea &e la e(ec"ta!ea "nei 'a%"!i e&"cative p!ivative
&e li,e!tate p!in pa!a%i!ea +a!a &!ept a cent!"l"i e&"cativ %a" a
cent!"l"i &e &etentie #!i p!in nep!e)enta!ea &"pa e(pi!a!ea
pe!i#a&ei -n ca!e %:a a+lat legal -n %ta!e &e li,e!tate %e pe&ep%e%te
c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
8*9 Nee(ec"ta!eaB &e cat!e 'an&ata! %a" a&'ini%t!at#!B a
pe&ep%el#! c#'ple'enta!e aplicate "nei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice &int!e
cele p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1/1 %e pe&ep%e%te c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E Alineat"l / al a!t. <1 &in !egle'enta!ea
ante!i#a!a !e+e!it#! la ne!e%pecta!ea @#ta!1!il#! ."&ecat#!e%ti a +#%t
c#'plet '#&i+icatB &evenin& # in+!acti"ne &i%tinctaB a ca!ei
!egle'enta!e %e i'p"nea ca "!'a!e a c!e%te!ii +!ecventei +aptel#!
&e ace%t gen.
S",iecti activi ai in+!acti"nii p#t +iE
a. # pe!%#ana +i)ica
+ata &e ca!e %:a &i%p"%E
:
pe&eap%a acce%#!ieH
:
pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!aH
:
'a%"!a &e %ig"!anta a inte!na!ii 'e&icaleH
:
'a%"!a &e %ig"!anta a inte!)ice!ii #c"pa!ii "nei
+"nctii %a" e(e!cita!ii "nei p!#+e%ii.
n ace%t ca)B +apta %e c#'ite p!in %"%t!age!e &e la e(ec"ta!e
%a" nee(ec"ta!ea c#n+#!' legiiH nee(ec"ta!ea c#n+#!' legii
p!e%"p"ne ca +apt"it#!"l %a -nceapa e(ec"ta!ea &a! %a n" -%i
-n&eplinea%ca t#ate #,ligatiile p!eva)"te &e lege.
,. 'in#!"l %a" 'in#!"l &evenit 'a.#! +ata &e ca!e %:a
&i%p"% 'a%"!a e&"cativa a inte!na!ii -nt!:"n cent!"
**1
e&"cativ %a" a inte!na!ii -nt!:"n cent!" &e &etentie %i
ca!eE
:
pa!a%e%te +a!a &!ept cent!"l e&"cativ %a" cent!"l &e
&etentieH
:
n" %e p!e)inta la cent!"l e&"cativ #!i la cent!"l &e
&etentie &"pa ce e(pi!a ti'p"l -n ca!e %:a a+lat -n '#&
legal -n %ta!e &e li,e!tate 8%p!e e(e'pl"B -n c"!%"l
-nt!e!"pe!ii e(ec"ta!ii 'a%"!ii9.
c.
'an&ata!"l %a" a&'ini%t!at#!"l "nei %#cietati
c#'e!ciale ca!e n" e(ec"ta pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a
&i)#lva!ii %a" %"%pen&a!ii activitatii aplicata pe!%#anei
."!i&ice.
**
: Capit#l"l ?II :
IN3RACTIUNI 7E CORUPTIE
A!t. $0. LUAREA 7E MITA
819 3apta +"ncti#na!"l"i p",lic ca!eB &i!ect %a" in&i!ectB pent!"
%ine %a" pent!" alt"lB p!etin&e #!i p!i'e%te ,ani %a" alte +#l#a%e
ca!e n" i %e c"vin #!i accepta p!#'i%i"nea "n#! a%t+el &e +#l#a%eB
-n legat"!a c" -n&eplini!eaB ne-n&eplini!ea #!i -nt1!)ie!ea
-n&eplini!ii "n"i act ce int!a -n -n&at#!i!ile %ale &e %e!vici" %a" -n
legat"!a c" -n&eplini!ea "n"i act c#nt!a! ace%t#! -n&at#!i!iB %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea
e(e!cita!ii &!ept"l"i &e a #c"pa # +"nctie p",lica %a" &e a
e(e!cita p!#+e%ia %a" activitatea -n e(ec"ta!ea ca!eia a %av1!%it
+apta.
89 3apta p!eva)"ta -n alin. 819B %av1!%ita &e "na &int!e
pe!%#anele p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1<2 alin.89B c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne
n"'ai c1n& e%te c#'i%a -n legat"!a c" ne-n&eplini!eaB
-nt1!)ie!ea -n&eplini!ii "n"i act p!ivit#! la -n&at#!i!ile %ale
legale %a" -n legat"!a c" e+ect"a!ea "n"i act c#nt!a! ace%t#!
-n&at#!i!i.
8*9 =aniiB val#!ile %a" #!ice alte ,"n"!i p!i'ite %"nt %"p"%e
c#n+i%ca!iiB ia! c1n& ace%tea n" %e 'ai ga%e%cB %e &i%p"ne
c#n+i%ca!ea p!in ec@ivalent.
C#'enta!i"E n ca)"l in+!acti"nil#! &e c#!"ptieB
legi"it#!"l a ap!eciat ca !egle'enta!ea %epa!ata a in+!acti"nii &e
l"a!e &e 'ita%i a aceleia &e p!i'i!e &e +#l#a%e nec"venite n" %e
."%ti+icaB c" at1t 'ai '"lt c" c1t "nica &i+e!enta -nt!e ace%tea e!a
'#'ent"l p!i'i!ii #,iect"l"i 'iteiB ca!e &in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al
pe!ic#l"l"i %#cial n" ."%ti+ica # &i+e!entie!e &e %ancti"ne.
P!in '#&i+ica!ile a&"%e te(t"l"iB legi"it#!"l a -nc#!p#!at
in+!acti"nea &e p!i'i!e &e +#l#a%e nec"veniteB inc!i'inata ante!i#!
-n a!t. 26 C.p.B -n in+!acti"nea &e l"a!e &e 'ita.
A%t+elB ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l c#n%tit"ieE
***
:
p!etin&e!ea &e ,ani %a" alte +#l#a%eH
:
p!i'i!ea &e ,ani %a" alte +#l#a%eH
:
accepta!ea p!#'i%i"nii &e ,ani %a" alte +#l#a%e.
In+!acti"nea p!e)inta%i "n #,iect 'ate!ial 4 ,anii %a"
+#l#a%ele p!etin%eB p!i'ite %a" acceptate &e +apt"it#!B ca!e t!e,"ie
%a -n&eplinea%ca # c#n&itieB %i an"'e aceea &e a n" %e c"veni
+apt"it#!"l"i.
Acti"nea ce c#n%tit"ie ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii
#,iective p#ate +i c#'i%a &i!ect %a" in&i!ectB p!in inte!'e&i"l altei
pe!%#ane.
1. nt!:# ip#te)aB %",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii e%te
cali+icatB %i an"'e "n +"ncti#na! p",lic.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea act"alaB +apta p#ate +i
c#'i%a at1t c" intentie &i!ecta c1t %i c" intentie in&i!ectaB
-nt!"c1t legi"it#!"l a eli'inat c#n&itia !e+e!it#a!e la c#'ite!ea
+aptei -n %c#p"l cali+icat al -n&eplini!ii %a" ne-n&eplini!ii #!i
-nt1!)ie!ii -n&eplini!ii "n"i act 8t#c'ai pent!" a p"tea inc!i'ina -n
acela%i te(t cele &#"a in+!acti"ni &in !egle'enta!ea act"alaB l"a!ea
&e 'ita%i p!i'i!ea &e +#l#a%e nec"venite9.
Ceea ce c#n%tit"ia ante!i#! %c#p"l cali+icat al +aptei a
&evenit -n !egle'enta!ea N.C.p. # ce!inta e%entiala a lat"!ii
#,iectiveB aceea ca acti"nea ce c#n%tit"ie ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al
lat"!ii #,iective %a ai,a l#c -n legat"!a c"E
:
-n&eplini!ea %a" ne-n&eplini!ea "n"i act ce int!a -n
-n&at#!i!ile &e %e!vici" ale +apt"it#!"l"iH
:
-nt1!)ie!ea -n&eplini!ii "n"i act ce int!a -n -n&at#!i!ile
&e %e!vici" ale +apt"it#!"l"iH
:
-n&eplini!ea "n"i act c#nt!a! -n&at#!i!il#! &e %e!vici".
7in p"nct &e ve&e!e %ancti#nat#!B legi"it#!"l a !e%t!1n% a!ia
pe&ep%ei c#'ple'enta!e ce %e p#ate aplica in+!act#!"l"i -n ca)"l
in+!acti"nii &e l"a!e &e 'itaB -nt!"c1t p!eci)ea)a -n '#& e(p!e% ca
ace%t"ia i %e inte!)iceB ca pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!aB -n '#&
alte!nativB -n +"nctie &e ap!ecie!ea in%tanteiE
:
e(e!cita!ea &!ept"l"i &e a #c"pa # +"nctie p",licaH
**/
:
&!ept"l &e a e(e!cita p!#+e%ia %a" activitatea -n
e(ec"ta!ea ca!eia a %av1!%it +apta.
. n cea &e:a &#"a ip#te)a a te(t"l"iB %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii p#ate +i %i "na &int!e pe!%#anele p!eva)"te la a!t.
1<2 alin.0.
n acea%ta ip#te)aB +apta c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne n"'ai &aca
e%te c#'i%a
-n legat"!a c"E
:
ne-n&eplini!ea "n"i act p!ivit#! la -n&at#!i!ile legale
ale +apt"it#!"l"iH
:
-nt1!)ie!ea -n&eplini!ii "n"i act p!ivit#! la
-n&at#!i!ile legale ale +apt"it#!"l"iH
:
-n&eplini!ea "n"i act c#nt!a! -n&at#!i!il#! legale ale
+apt"it#!"l"i.
Se !e'a!ca -'p!e."!a!ea caB -n ca)"l ace%t"i %",iect activB
legi"it#!"l a -ntele% %a n" inc!i'ine)e c#'ite!ea acti"nii ce
c#n%tit"ie ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective &aca acea%ta a!e
l#c -n legat"!a c" -n&eplini!ea "nei -n&at#!i!i legale a
+apt"it#!"l"i.
Te!'in#l#gia "tili)ata &e legi"it#! e%te &i+e!ita 4 -n ca)"l
%",iect"l"i activ F+"ncti#na! p",licGB +apta t!e,"ie %a ai,a l#c -n
legat"!a c" -n&at#!i!ile %ale &e %e!vici"B ia! -n ca)"l a%i'ilatil#!B -n
legat"!a c" -n&at#!i!ile legale ale ace%t#!aH celelalte ele'ente
c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"nii %"nt -n%a i&entice -n a',ele ip#te)e.
*. n cea &e:a t!eia ip#te)aB p#t!ivit a!t. *>$B &i%p#)itiile
a!t. $0 p!ivit#a!e la +"ncti#na!ii p",lici %e aplica -n '#&
c#!e%p"n)at#! %i +aptel#! %av1!%ite &e cat!e %a" -n legat"!a c"
pe!%#anele ca!e e(e!citaB pe!'anent %a" te'p#!a!B c" %a" +a!a
# !e'"ne!atieB # -n%a!cina!e &e #!ice nat"!a -n %e!vici"l "nei
pe!%#ane +i)ice &int!e cele p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1<2 alin. %a" -n
0 P#t!ivit a!t. 1<2 alin.B e%te c#n%i&e!at +"ncti#na! p",licB -n %en%"l legii
penaleB pe!%#ana ca!e e(e!cita "n %e!vici" &e inte!e% p",lic pent!" ca!e a +#%t
-nve%tita &e a"t#!itatile p",lice %a" ca!e e%te %"p"%a c#nt!#l"l"i #!i
**2
%"p!aveg@e!ii ace%t#!a c" p!ivi!e la -n&eplini!ea !e%pectiv"l"i %e!vici" p",lic.
ca&!"l #!ica!ei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice.
n acea%ta %it"atieB li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei %e !e&"c
c" # t!ei'e.
7in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al 'a%"!ii &e %ig"!anta a c#n+i%ca!ii
%pecialeB legi"it#!"l a '#&i+icat te(t"l -n %en%"l ca n" %e p#t
c#n+i%ca &ec1t ,aniiB val#!ile %a" ,"n"!ile p!i'ite &e +apt"it#!B ia!
n" %i acelea ce n" i:a" +#%t !e'i%e 8%p!e e(e'pl"B -n ca)"l
c#'ite!ii in+!acti"nii -n '#&alitatea p!etin&e!ii9.
Ma%"!a &e %ig"!anta a c#n+i%ca!ii %peciale e%te aplica,ila
-n t#ate cele t!ei ip#te)eB in&i+e!ent &e calitatea %",iect"l"i activ al
in+!acti"nii.
O alta '#&i+ica!e vi)ea)a pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a
inte!)ice!ii &!ept"l"i &e a #c"pa # +"nctie p",licaB a ca!ei
aplica!e e%te #,ligat#!ie.
A!t. 0. CUMPARAREA 7E IN3LUENTA
819 P!#'i%i"neaB #+e!i!ea %a" &a!ea &e ,ani %a" alte +#l#a%eB
&i!ect %a" in&i!ectB "nei pe!%#ane ca!e a!e in+l"enta %a" la%a %a
%e c!ea&a ca a!e in+l"enta a%"p!a "n"i +"ncti#na! p",licB pent!"
a:l &ete!'ina pe ace%ta %a -n&eplinea%caB %a n" -n&eplinea%caB %a
"!gente)e #!i %a -nt1!)ie -n&eplini!ea "n"i act ce int!a -n
-n&at#!i!ile %ale &e %e!vici" %a" %a -n&eplinea%ca "n act c#nt!a!
ace%t#! -n&at#!i!iB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani %i
inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
89 3apt"it#!"l n" %e pe&ep%e%te &aca &en"nta +apta 'ai -nainte
ca #!gan"l &e "!'a!i!e penala %a +i +#%t %e%i)at c" p!ivi!e la
acea%ta.
8*9 =aniiB val#!ile %a" #!ice alte ,"n"!i %e !e%tit"ie pe!%#anei
ca!e le:a &atB &aca a" +#%t &ate &"pa &en"nt"l p!eva)"t -n alin.
89.
8/9 =aniiB val#!ile %a" #!ice alte ,"n"!i &ate %a" #+e!ite %"nt
%"p"%e c#n+i%ca!iiB ia! &aca ace%tea n" %e 'ai ga%e%cB %e &i%p"ne
c#n+i%ca!ea p!in ec@ivalent.
**6
C#'enta!i"E Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB
legi"it#!"l a ap!eciat nece%a! %a inc!i'ine)e %i +apta pe!%#anei
ca!e c"'pa!a in+l"enta.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%aB alte!nativB p!inE
:p!#'i%i"nea &e ,ani %a" alte +#l#a%eH
:#+e!i!ea &e ,ani %a" alte +#l#a%eH
:&a!ea &e ,ani %a" alte +#l#a%e.
Acti"nile p!in ca!e +apta p#ate +i c#'i%aB -n '#& alte!nativB
p#t avea l#c &i!ect %a" in&i!ectB p!in inte!'e&i"l altei pe!%#ane.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"niiB e%te nece%a! ca acti"nea &e
p!#'ite!eB #+e!i!eB &a!e %a +ie +ac"ta c" p!ivi!e la # pe!%#ana ca!eE
:
a!e in+l"enta a%"p!a "n"i +"ncti#na! p",licH
:
la%a %a %e c!ea&a ca a!e in+l"enta a%"p!a "n"i
+"ncti#na! p",lic.
Sc#p"l "!'a!it &e +apt"it#! e%te &ete!'ina!ea
+"ncti#na!"l"i p",licE
:
%a -n&eplinea%ca %a" %a n" -n&eplinea%ca "n actH
:
%a -nt1!)ie %a" %a "!gente)e -n&eplini!ea "n"i actH
:
%a e+ect"e)e "n act c#nt!a! -n&at#!i!il#! %ale &e
%e!vici".
Av1n& -n ve&e!e +apt"l ca %c#p"l "!'a!it &e +apt"it#! e%te
cali+icatB in+!acti"nea %e c#'ite c" intentie &i!ecta.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii e%te nece%a! ca act"l %a int!e -n
at!i,"tiile +"ncti#na!"l"i p",lic !e%pectiv %a"B &i'p#t!ivaB %a +ie
c#nt!a! ace%t#! -n&at#!i!i.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#ana.
Ca")a &e nepe&ep%i!e p!eva)"ta &e lege inte!vine at"nci
c1n& &en"nta!ea +aptei &e cat!e +apt"it#! a!e l#c -nainte &e
%e%i)a!ea #!ganel#! ."&icia!e.
**<
: Capit#l"l ?III :
IN3RACTIUNI 7E SER5ICIU
A!t. 02. 7ELAPI7AREA
819 n%"%i!eaB +#l#%i!ea %a" t!a+ica!ea &e cat!e "n +"ncti#na!
p",licB -n inte!e%"l %a" #!i pent!" alt"lB &e ,aniB val#!i %a" alte
,"n"!i pe ca!e le ge%ti#nea)a %a" le a&'ini%t!ea)a %e pe&ep%e%te
c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la < ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii &!ept"l"i
&e a #c"pa # +"nctie p",lica.
89 Tentativa %e pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E 7elapi&a!ea -%i pa%t!ea)a -n t#talitate
c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"niiB '#&i+ica!ile inte!venite
ne+iin& &e %",%tanta.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i "n +"ncti#na! p",lic.
n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e a!t. *>$ N.C.p.B %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii p#ate +i # pe!%#ana ca!e e(e!citaB pe!'anent %a"
te'p#!a!B c" %a" +a!a # !e'"ne!atieB # -n%a!cina!e &e #!ice
nat"!a -n %e!vici"l "nei pe!%#ane +i)ice &int!e cele p!eva)"te -n
a!t. 1<2 alin. %a" -n ca&!"l #!ica!ei pe!%#ane ."!i&iceH -n ace%t
ca)B li'itele &e pe&eap%a %e !e&"c c" # t!ei'e.
A &#"a '#&i+ica!e vi)ea)a pe&eap%a c#'ple'enta!a a
inte!)ice!ii &!ept"l"i &e a #c"pa # +"nctie p",licaB a ca!ei
aplica!e e%te #,ligat#!ie.
Se pa%t!ea)a%i %ancti#na!ea in+!acti"nii &e &elapi&a!e c"
c#n%ecinte &e#%e,it &e g!aveB !egle'entata -n%a &e a!t. *>0B ca!e
p!eve&e ca pent!" in+!acti"nea &e &elapi&a!e ce a p!#&"%
c#n%ecinte &e#%e,it &e g!ave li'itele &e pe&eap%a %e 'a.#!ea)a c"
."'atate.
A!t. 0<. A=U6UL N SER5ICIU
819 3apta +"ncti#na!"l"i p",lic ca!eB -n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e
%e!vici"B n" -n&epline%te "n act %a" -l -n&epline%te -n '#&
&e+ect"#% %i p!in acea%ta ca")ea)a # pag",a #!i # vata'a!e a
&!ept"!il#! %a" inte!e%el#! legiti'e ale "nei pe!%#ane +i)ice %a" ale
**$
"nei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la la <
ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii &!ept"l"i &e a #c"pa # +"nctie
p",lica.
89 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a%i +apta +"ncti#na!"l"i
p",lic ca!eB -n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici"B -ng!a&e%te
e(e!cita!ea "n"i &!ept al "nei pe!%#ane #!i c!eea)a pent!" acea%ta
# %it"atie &e in+e!i#!itate pe te'ei &e !a%aB nati#nalitateB #!igine
etnicaB li',aB !eligieB %e(B #!ienta!e %e("alaB apa!tenenta p#liticaB
ave!eB v1!%taB &i)a,ilitateB ,#ala c!#nica nec#ntagi#a%a %a" in+ectie
AI5CSI7A.
C#'enta!i"E Regle'enta!ea in+!acti"nii &e a,") -n
%e!vici" a +#%t c#ncent!ata -nt!:"n %ing"! a!tic#lB -nt!"c1t
%ancti#na!ea aceleia%i +apte -n t!ei te(te &e lege &i%tincte n" %e
."%ti+icaH &e a%e'eneaB n" %e ."%ti+ica %ancti#na!ea &i%tincta a
a,")"l"i -n %e!vici" c#nt!a inte!e%el#! p",lice.
n ace%t %en%B legi"it#!"l a p!eci)at -n '#& e(p!e% ca
%",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i at1t # pe!%#ana +i)ica c1t %i
# pe!%#ana ."!i&ica.
In+!acti"nea &e a,") -n %e!vici" p!in -ng!a&i!ea "n#!
&!ept"!i a &evenit alin. al a!tic#l"l"iB pa%t!1n&":%i ap!#ape -n
t#talitate c#ntin"t"l.
A%t+elB ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l p#ate
c#n%tit"iE
:
ne-n&eplini!ea "n"i act %a" -n&eplini!ea l"i
&e+ect"#a%aH
:-ng!a&i!ea e(e!cita!ii "n"i &!ept.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i "n +"ncti#na! p",lic.
Pent!" a',ele +#!'e ale in+!acti"niiB e%te nece%a! ca +apta
%a +ie c#'i%a
-n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici".
n va!ianta c#'i%a p!in -ng!a&i!ea "n#! &!ept"!iB
legi"it#!"l a c#!ectat ina&ve!tentele &e e(p!i'a!e &in act"al"l
C.p.E
:
-ng!a&i!ea t!e,"ie %a p!ivea%ca
e(e!cita!ea "n#!
&!ept"!i 8act"al"l C.p. %e !e+e!a%i la +#l#%i!ea
**0
&!ept"!il#!B &e%i te!'en"l &e e(e!cita!e incl"&e %i
+#l#%i!ea9H
:
te!'en"l &e FetnieG a +#%t -nl#c"it c" %intag'a
F#!igine etnicaG.
Aplica!ea pe&ep%ei c#'ple'enta!e a inte!)ice!ii "n#!
&!ept"!i a &evenit #,ligat#!ie.
n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e a!t. *>$ N.C.p.B %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii p#ate +i # pe!%#ana ca!e e(e!citaB pe!'anent %a"
te'p#!a!B c" %a" +a!a # !e'"ne!atieB # -n%a!cina!e &e #!ice
nat"!a -n %e!vici"l "nei pe!%#ane +i)ice &int!e cele p!eva)"te -n
a!t. 1<2 alin.1> %a" -n ca&!"l #!ica!ei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice.
S:a !en"ntat a%t+el la n#ti"nea &e I+"ncti#na!G e(i%tenta -n
!egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB &a! %:a pa%t!at inc!i'ina!ea pe!%#anei
ca!eB +iin& -n %e!vici"l "nei pe!%#ane +i)ice %a" ."!i&iceB c#'ite
in+!acti"nea &e negli.enta -n %e!vici".
P#t!ivit a!t. *>0B -n ca)"l a,")"l"i -n %e!vici" ca!e a p!#&"%
c#n%ecinte &e#%e,it &e g!aveB li'itele &e pe&eap%a %e 'a.#!ea)a
c" ."'atate.
A!t. 0$. NEGLI;ENTA N SER5ICIU
ncalca!ea &in c"lpa &e cat!e "n +"ncti#na! p",lic a "nei -n&at#!i!i
&e %e!vici"B p!in ne-n&eplini!ea ace%teia %a" p!in -n&eplini!ea ei
&e+ect"#a%aB &aca p!in acea%ta %e ca")ea)a
# pag",a #!i #
vata'a!e a &!ept"!il#! %a" inte!e%el#! legiti'e ale "nei
pe!%#ane +i)ice %a" ale "nei pe!%#ane ."!i&iceB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la * ani %a" c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E Ca %i -n %it"atia a,")"l"i -n %e!vici"B
legi"it#!"l a %i'pli+icat c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii p!in
!en"nta!ea la # e(p!i'a!e e(age!at &e e(plicativa.
1> P#t!ivit a!t. 1<2 alin.B e%te c#n%i&e!at +"ncti#na! p",licB -n %en%"l legii
penaleB pe!%#ana ca!e e(e!cita "n %e!vici" &e inte!e% p",lic pent!" ca!e a +#%t
-nve%tita &e a"t#!itatile p",lice %a" ca!e e%te %"p"%a c#nt!#l"l"i #!i
*/>
%"p!aveg@e!ii ace%t#!a c" p!ivi!e la -n&eplini!ea !e%pectiv"l"i %e!vici" p",lic.
7e a%e'eneaB %:a !en"ntat la &i+e!enta ne."%ti+icata -nt!e
pe!%#ana vata'ata in%tit"tie p",lica%i alte pe!%#ane.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i "n +"ncti#na! p",lic.
n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e a!t. *>$ N.C.p.B %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii p#ate +i # pe!%#ana ca!e e(e!citaB pe!'anent %a"
te'p#!a!B c" %a" +a!a # !e'"ne!atieB # -n%a!cina!e &e #!ice
nat"!a -n %e!vici"l "nei pe!%#ane +i)ice &int!e cele p!eva)"te -n
a!t. 1<2 alin. %a" -n ca&!"l #!ica!ei pe!%#ane ."!i&iceH -n
acea%ta %it"atieB li'itele %peciale &e pe&eap%a %e !e&"c c" #
t!ei'e.
Negli.enta -n %e!vici" ca!e a p!#&"% c#n%ecinte &e#%e,it
&e g!ave a!e &!ept c#n%ecinta 'a.#!a!ea li'itel#! %peciale &e
pe&eap%a c" ."'atateB p#t!ivit a!t. *>0 N.C.p..
U!'a!ea i'e&iata
# c#n%tit"ieE
:p!#&"ce!ea "nei pag",eH
:p!#&"ce!ea "nei vata'a!i a &!ept"!il#! %a" inte!e%el#!
legiti'e.
S",iect"l pa%iv al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i # pe!%#ana +i)ica
%a" # pe!%#ana ."!i&ica.
A!t. 00. 3OLOSIREA A=U6I5A A 3UNCTIEI N SCOP
SE?UAL
819 3apta +"ncti#na!"l"i p",lic ca!eB -n %c#p"l &e a -n&epliniB a
n" -n&epliniB a "!genta #!i a -nt1!)ia -n&eplini!ea "n"i act
p!ivit#! la -n&at#!i!ile %ale &e %e!vici" %a" -n %c#p"l &e a +ace "n
act c#nt!a! ace%t#! -n&at#!i!iB p!etin&e #!i #,tine +av#!"!i &e
nat"!a %e("ala &e la # pe!%#ana inte!e%ata &i!ect %a" in&i!ect &e
e+ectele acel"i act &e %e!vici" %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la
6 l"ni la * ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii &!ept"l"i &e a #c"pa #
+"nctie p",lica %a" &e a e(e!cita p!#+e%ia #!i activitatea -n
e(ec"ta!ea ca!eia a %av1!%it +apta.
89 P!etin&e!ea %a" #,tine!ea &e +av#!"!i &e nat"!a %e("ala &e
cat!e "n +"ncti#na! p",lic ca!e %e p!evalea)a %a" p!#+ita &e #
%it"atie &e a"t#!itate #!i &e %"pe!i#!itate a%"p!a victi'eiB ce
&ec"!ge &in +"nctia &etin"taB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la *
*/1
l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a%i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii &!ept"l"i
&e a #c"pa # +"nctie p",lica %a" &e a e(e!cita p!#+e%ia %a"
activitatea -n e(ec"ta!ea ca!eia a %av1!%it +apta.
C#'enta!i"E A%a c"' a' a!atatB @a!t"i!ea %e("ala &in
legea vec@e a c"n#%c"t # n#"a %i%te'ati)a!eB p!in c!ea!ea a &#"a
te(te. P!i'"lB ca!e c"p!in&e @a!t"i!ea p!#p!i":)i%aB c#'i%a p!in
acte !epetate %i ca!e c!eea)a pent!" victi'a # %it"atie inti'i&anta
%a" "'ilit#a!eB a +#%t incl"% -n capit#l"l in+!acti"nil#! -'p#t!iva
integ!itatii %i li,e!tatii %e("ale 8a!t. 19.
Celalalt te(tB !e+e!it#! la +aptele ce p!e%"p"n @a!t"i!ea p!in
a,") &e a"t#!itateB a +#%t incl"% -n categ#!ia in+!acti"nil#! &e
%e!vici". n ace%t +el %e p"ne capat &i%p"tel#! &in &#ct!ina%i
p!actica !e+e!it#a!e la ca!acte!"l &e #,icei al in+!acti"nii 8ca!acte!
p!e)entB p#t!ivit N.C.p.B in ca)"l a!t. 1 &a! a,%ent -n ca)"l a!t.
009B p!ec"' %i nec#!ela!il#! &int!e te(t"l ca!e inc!i'inea)a
@a!t"i!ea -n legea -n vig#a!e %i alte in+!acti"ni 8%anta."lB %p!e
e(e'pl"9.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l c#n%tit"ieB
alte!nativB acti"neaE
:
&e a p!etin&e +av#!"!i &e nat"!a %e("alaH
:&e a #,tine +av#!"!i &e nat"!a %e("ala.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i "n +"ncti#na! p",lic.
n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e a!t. *>$ N.C.p.B %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii p#ate +i # pe!%#ana ca!e e(e!citaB pe!'anent %a"
te'p#!a!B c" %a" +a!a # !e'"ne!atieB # -n%a!cina!e &e #!ice
nat"!a -n %e!vici"l "nei pe!%#ane +i)ice &int!e cele p!eva)"te -n
a!t. 1<2 alin. %a" -n ca&!"l #!ica!ei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i # pe!%#ana
inte!e%ata &i!ect %a" in&i!ect &e e+ectele "n"i act &e %e!vici".
3apta e%te c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ectaB -n %c#p"l cali+icatE
:
&e a -n&eplini #!i &e a n" -n&eplini "n act p!ivit#! la
-n&at#!i!ile %ale &e %e!vici"H
*/
:
&e a "!genta #!i a -nt1!)ia -n&eplini!ea "n"i act p!ivit#!
la -n&at#!i!ile %ale &e %e!vici"H
:
&e a +ace "n act c#nt!a! ace%t#! -n&at#!i!i.
E%te %ancti#nata c" # pe&eap%a 'ai !e&"%a +apta
+"ncti#na!"l"i p",licB ca!e p!etin&e +av#!"!i &e nat"!a %e("ala #!i
#,tine +av#!"!i &e nat"!a %e("alaB +a!a -n%a a "!'a!i %c#p"l
p!eva)"t la alineat"l 1B &eci +a!a legat"!a c" e+ect"a!ea "n"i
an"'e actB &a! ca!e %e p!evalea)a %a" p!#+ita &e # %it"atie &e
a"t#!itate #!i &e %"pe!i#!itate a%"p!a victi'ei.
Ce!inta legii e%te ca acea%ta %it"atie &e a"t#!itate %a" &e
%"pe!i#!itate %a &ec"!ga &in +"nctia &etin"taB ia! n" &in alte
-'p!e."!a!i. C" alte c"vinteB calitatea pe ca!e # a!e %",iect"l activ
%a i'p"naB %a &ete!'ine # %it"atie &e %"p"ne!e #!i &e in+e!i#!itate
a pe!%#anei vata'ate.
Sp!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB e%te
#,ligat#!ie aplica!ea pe&ep%ei c#'ple'enta!e a inte!)ice!ii
e(e!cita!ii &!ept"l"i &e a #c"pa # +"nctie p",lica %a" &e a
e(e!cita p!#+e%ia %a" activitatea -n e(ec"ta!ea ca!eia a %av1!%it
+apta.
A!t. *>>. U6URPAREA 3UNCTIEI
3apta +"ncti#na!"l"i p",lic ca!eB -n ti'p"l %e!vici"l"iB
-n&epline%te "n act ce n" int!a -n at!i,"tiile %aleB &aca p!in
acea%ta %:a p!#&"% "na &int!e "!'a!ile p!eva)"te -n a!t. 0<B %e
pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la "n" la 2 ani %a" c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea e%te n#" int!#&"%a -n C.p. %i
inc!i'inea)a %it"atiile -n ca!e "n +"ncti#na! p",lic e+ect"ea)a acte
ce n" int!a -n at!i,"tiile %aleB &aca ace%tea a" p!#&"% an"'ite
c#n%ecinte.
In+!acti"nea e%te &i%tincta &e in+!acti"nea &e a,") -n
%e!vici"B ca!e p!e%"p"ne ca act"l c" p!ivi!e la ca!e %e %av1!%e%te
+apta %a int!e -n at!i,"tiile &e %e!vici" ale +apt"it#!"l"i.
*/*
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea
&e e+ect"a!eB &e -n&eplini!e a "n"i act &e %e!vici". C#n&itiile
pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii %"nt ca ace%t act %a +ie e+ect"atE
:
-n ti'p"l %e!vici"l"iH
:
%a n" int!e -n at!i,"tiile +apt"it#!"l"i.
U!'a!ea i'e&iata
a in+!acti"nii # c#n%tit"ieB alte!nativB
"na &int!e c#n%ecintele p!eva)"te &e a!t. 0< !e+e!it#! la a,")"l -n
%e!vici"E
:
# pag",a %a" # vata'a!e a &!ept"!il#! %a" inte!e%el#!
legiti'e ale "nei pe!%#ane +i)ice %a" ."!i&iceH
:
-ng!a&i!ea e(e!cita!ii "n"i &!ept al "nei pe!%#aneH
:
c!ea!ea pent!" # pe!%#ana a "nei %it"atii &e
in+e!i#!itate pe te'ei &e !a%aB nati#nalitateB #!igine
etnicaB li',aB !eligieB %e(B #!ienta!e %e("alaB
apa!tenenta p#liticaB ave!eB v1!%taB &i)a,ilitateB ,#ala
c!#nica nec#ntagi#a%a %a" in+ectie AI5CSI7A.
3apta n" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne &aca n" a p!#&"% "na &int!e
c#n%ecintele la ca!e +ace !e+e!i!e a!t. 0<.
S",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii e%te cali+icatB p"t1n& +i "n
+"ncti#na! p",lic.
n va!ianta p!eva)"ta &e a!t. *>$ N.C.p.B %",iect activ al
in+!acti"nii p#ate +i # pe!%#ana ca!e e(e!citaB pe!'anent %a"
te'p#!a!B c" %a" +a!a # !e'"ne!atieB # -n%a!cina!e &e #!ice
nat"!a -n %e!vici"l "nei pe!%#ane +i)ice &int!e cele p!eva)"te -n
a!t. 1<2 alin. %a" -n ca&!"l #!ica!ei pe!%#ane ."!i&ice.
n ca)"l -n ca!e %",iect activ al in+!acti"nii e%te "na &int!e
pe!%#anele p!eva)"te la a!t. *>$B li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei %e
!e&"c c" # t!ei'e.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a at1t c" intentie &i!ecta c1t %i c"
intentie in&i!ecta.
P#t!ivit a!t. *>0B &aca +apta a p!#&"% c#n%ecinte &e#%e,it
&e g!aveB li'itele %peciale ale pe&ep%ei p!eva)"te &e lege %e
'a.#!ea)a c" ."'atate.
*//
: Capit#l"l ?I5 :
3ALSURI N NSCRISURI
A!t. *>. 3ALSUL MATERIAL N NSCRISURI O3ICIALE
819 3al%i+ica!ea "n"i -n%c!i% #+icialB p!in c#nt!a+ace!ea %c!ie!ii #!i a
%",%c!ie!ii %a" p!in alte!a!ea l"i -n #!ice '#&B &e nat"!a %a p!#&"ca
c#n%ecinte ."!i&iceB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 6 l"ni la *
ani.
89 3al%"l p!eva)"t -n alin. 819B %av1!%it &e "n +"ncti#na! p",lic -n
e(e!citi"l at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici"B %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e
la "n" la 2 ani %i inte!)ice!ea e(e!cita!ii "n#! &!ept"!i.
8*9 S"nt a%i'ilate -n%c!i%"!il#! #+iciale ,ileteleB tic@etele %a" #!ice
alte i'p!i'ate p!#&"cat#a!e &e c#n%ecinte ."!i&ice.
8/9 Tentativa %e pe&ep%e%te.
A!t. *1. 3ALSUL INTELECTUAL
819 3al%i+ica!ea "n"i -n%c!i% #+icial c" p!ile."l -nt#c'i!ii ace%t"iaB
&e cat!e "n +"ncti#na! p",lic a+lat -n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e
%e!vici"B p!in ate%ta!ea "n#! +apte %a" -'p!e."!a!i
nec#!e%p"n)at#a!e a&eva!"l"i #!i p!in #'i%i"nea c" %tiinta &e a
in%e!a "nele &ate %a" -'p!e."!a!iB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e
la "n" la 2 ani.
89 Tentativa %e pe&ep%e%te.
C#'enta!i"E At1t in+!acti"nea &e +al% 'ate!ial -n
-n%c!i%"!i #+iciale c1t %i in+!acti"nea &e +al% intelect"al -%i
pa%t!ea)a -n t#talitate c#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tivB %ing"!a '#&i+ica!e
+iin& ca
%",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i n"'ai +"ncti#na!"l
p",licB %p!e &e#%e,i!e &e !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB -n ca!e +apta
p"tea +i c#'i%a &e #!ice +"ncti#na!.
Ce!inta e%entiala a lat"!ii #,iective e%te ca +apta %a +ie
c#'i%a
-n e(e!cita!ea at!i,"tiil#! &e %e!vici".
*/2
A!t. */. 3ALSI3ICAREA UNEI NREGISTRARI TEANICE
819 3al%i+ica!ea "nei -n!egi%t!a!i te@nice p!in c#nt!a+ace!eB
alte!a!e #!i p!in &ete!'ina!ea ate%ta!ii "n#! -'p!e."!a!i
nec#!e%p"n)at#a!e a&eva!"l"i %a" #'i%i"nea -n!egi%t!a!ii "n#!
&ate %a" -'p!e."!a!iB &aca a +#%t "!'ata &e +#l#%i!ea &e cat!e
+apt"it#! a -n!egi%t!a!ii #!i &e -nc!e&inta!ea ace%teia "nei alte
pe!%#ane %p!e +#l#%i!e -n ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii "nei c#n%ecinte
."!i&iceB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la 6 l"ni la * ani %a" c"
a'en&a.
89 C" aceea%i pe&eap%a %e %ancti#nea)a +#l#%i!ea "nei
-n!egi%t!a!i te@nice +al%i+icate -n ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii "nei
c#n%ecinte ."!i&ice.
8*9 P!in -n!egi%t!a!e te@nicaB -n %en%"l p!e)ent"l"i a!tic#lB %e
-ntelege ate%ta!ea "nei val#!iB g!e"tatiB 'a%"!i #!i a &e%+a%"!a!ii
"n"i eveni'entB !eali)ataB -n t#t %a" -n pa!teB -n '#& a"t#'atB
p!in inte!'e&i"l "n"i &i%p#)itiv te@nic #'#l#gat %i ca!e e%te
&e%tinata a p!#,a "n an"'it +aptB -n ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii &e
c#n%ecinte ."!i&ice.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea e%te n#" int!#&"%a &e N.C.p.B
pent!" a !a%p"n&e !ealitatii p!actice %i -n c#n&itiile -n ca!e
a%e'enea -n!egi%t!a!i %"nt "tili)ate e(t!e' &e +!ecventB n" n"'ai
-n ca")ele penale.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l c#n%tit"ie
acti"nea &e +al%i+ica!eB c#'i%a p!inE
:
c#nt!a+ace!eH
:
alte!a!eH
:
&ete!'ina!ea ate%ta!ii "n#! -'p!e."!a!i
nec#!e%p"n)at#a!e a&eva!"l"iH
:#'i%i"nea -n!egi%t!a!ii "n#! &ate %a" -'p!e."!a!i.
Ce!inta e%entiala pent!" e(i%tenta lat"!ii #,iective e%te ca
+apta %a +ie "!'ataB alte!nativB &eE
:
+#l#%i!ea -n!egi%t!a!ii &e cat!e +apt"it#! -n ve&e!ea
p!#&"ce!ii &e c#n%ecinte ."!i&iceH
:
-nc!e&inta!ea ace%teia %p!e +#l#%i!e "nei alte pe!%#ane
*/6
-n ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii &e c#n%ecinte ."!i&ice.
7in c#ntin"t"l te(t"l"i !e)"lta ca +#l#%i!ea -n!egi%t!a!ii &e
cat!e +apt"it#!B -n %c#p"l p!eva)"t &e legeB n" c#n%tit"ie #
in+!acti"ne &i%tincta ci # c#n&itie e%entiala pent!" e(i%tenta
in+!acti"nii &e +al%i+ica!e a "nei -n!egi%t!a!i te@nice.
Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"niiB -n va!ianta -nc!e&inta!ii
-n!egi%t!a!ii "nei alte pe!%#aneB n" e%te nece%a! ca acea pe!%#ana
%a +#l#%ea%ca -n!egi%t!a!ea. 7i'p#t!ivaB &aca +apt"it#!"l
-nc!e&intea)a -n!egi%t!a!ea +al%i+icata "nei alte pe!%#ane %i acea%ta
# +#l#%e%te -n %c#p"l p!eva)"t &e legeB pe!%#ana ca!eia i:a +#%t
-nc!e&intata c#'ite in+!acti"nea p!eva)"ta &e alin. al te(t"l"i.
3apta a!e %i "n #,iect 'ate!ialB !e%pectiv %"p#!t"l pe
ca!e %e a+la acea -n!egi%t!a!e.
Ulti'"l alineat al te(t"l"i c#ntine &e+initia n#ti"nii &e
I-n!egi%t!a!e te@nicaG.
n!egi%t!a!ea te@nica p#ate +i n" n"'ai -n!egi%t!a!ea "n"i
eveni'ent 8a"&i#B vi&e#9B ci %i -n!egi%t!a!ea "nei val#!iB g!e"tati
%a" 'a%"!i 8%p!e e(e'pl"B val#a!ea alc##le'iei9.
n!egi%t!a!ea t!e,"ie %a +ie !eali)ataB -n t#t %a" -n pa!teB -n
'#& a"t#'atB &eci +a!a inte!ventie "'anaB p!in inte!'e&i"l "n"i
&i%p#)itiv te@nic #'#l#gat.
Pent!" e(i%tenta ele'entel#! c#n%tit"tive ale in+!acti"niiB
-n!egi%t!a!ea te@nica t!e,"ie %a +ie &e%tinata a p!#,a "n an"'it
+aptB -n ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii &e c#n%ecinte ."!i&ice. n c#n%ecintaB #
-n!egi%t!a!e te@nica ca!e n" a!e &!ept %c#p p!#,a!ea "n"i an"'e
+apt %i ca!e n" e%te &e%tinata p!#&"ce!ii &e c#n%ecinte ."!i&ice n"
p#ate +ace #,iect"l in+!acti"nii.
A!t. *2. 3ALSUL IN3ORMATIC
3apta &e a int!#&"ceB '#&i+ica %a" %te!geB +a!a &!eptB &ate
in+#!'atice #!i &e a !e%t!icti#naB +a!a &!eptB acce%"l la ace%te
&ateB !e)"lt1n& &ate nec#!e%p"n)at#a!e a&eva!"l"iB -n %c#p"l &e
a +i "tili)ate -n ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii "nei c#n%ecinte ."!i&iceB
c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne %i %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n"
la 2 ani.
*/<
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea a +#%t int!#&"%a &in Legea
161C>>*B -n%a !egle'enta!ea a +#%t &e)v#ltata -n N.C.p. %i a" +#%t
+ac"te p!eci)a!i !elative la lat"!a %",iectiva a ca")ei.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective -l c#n%tit"ie
acti"nea &e aE
:int!#&"ce &ateH
:'#&i+ica &ateH
:%te!ge &ateH
:!e%t!icti#na acce%"l la &ate.
Ce!inta e%entiala a lat"!ii #,iective e%te ca ace%te acti"ni
%a +ie c#'i%e +a!a &!eptB &eci &e cat!e # pe!%#ana ca!e n" a!e
&!ept"l &e a int!#&"ceB '#&i+ica %a" %te!ge &ate #!i &e a
!e%t!icti#na acce%"l la ace%tea.
U!'a!ea i'e&iata # c#n%tit"ie p!#&"ce!ea &e &ate
nec#!e%p"n)at#a!e a&eva!"l"iB +ie p!in alte!a!ea c#ntin"t"l"i
ace%t#!a 8int!#&"ce!eB '#&i+ica!eB %te!ge!e9B +ie p!in
i'p#%i,ilitatea &e a avea acce% la an"'ite &ate.
Ele'ent"l &e n#"tate e%te acela ca +apta %e c#'ite c"
intentie &i!ectaB %c#p"l +iin& cali+icat 4 "tili)a!ea ace%t#!a -n
ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii &e c#n%ecinte ."!i&ice. Pent!" e(i%tenta
in+!acti"nii n" e%te nece%a! ca ace%t %c#p %a +ie atin%.
A!t. *<. 3ALSUL PRI5IN7 I7ENTITATEA
819 P!e)enta!ea %", # i&entitate +al%a #!i at!i,"i!ea "nei a%e'enea
i&entitati altei pe!%#aneB +ac"ta "nei pe!%#ane &int!e cele
p!eva)"te -n a!t. 1<2 %a" t!an%'i%a "nei "nitati -n ca!e acea%ta
-%i &e%+a%#a!a activitateaB p!in +#l#%i!ea +!a"&"l#a%a a "n"i act
ce %e!ve%te la i&enti+ica!eB legiti'a!e #!i la &#ve&i!ea %ta!ii civile
%a" a "n"i a%t+el &e act +al%i+icatB pent!" a in&"ce %a" a 'entine
-n e!#a!e "n +"ncti#na! p",licB -n ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii "nei
c#n%ecinte ."!i&iceB pent!" %ine #!i pent!" alt"lB %e pe&ep%e%te c"
-nc@i%#a!ea &e la 6 l"ni la * ani.
89 C1n& p!e)enta!ea %:a +ac"t p!in -nt!e,"inta!ea i&entitatii
!eale a "nei pe!%#aneB pe&eap%a e%te -nc@i%#a!ea &e la "n" la 2
ani.
*/$
8*9 nc!e&inta!ea "n"i act ce %e!ve%te la i&enti+ica!eB legiti'a!e #!i
la &#ve&i!ea %ta!ii civile %p!e a +i +#l#%it +a!a &!ept %e pe&ep%e%te
c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E C#ntin"t"l c#n%tit"tiv al in+!acti"nii a
c"n#%c"t '#&i+ica!i -n +"nctie &e p!#,le'ele apa!"te -n p!actica
."&icia!a.
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al in+!acti"nii -l c#n%tit"ie acti"nea &eE
:
p!e)enta!e %", # i&entitate +al%aH
:
at!i,"i!e &e i&entitate +al%a "nei alte pe!%#aneH
:
-nc!e&inta!ea "n"i act ce %e!ve%te la i&enti+ica!eB
legiti'a!e #!i la &#ve&i!ea %ta!ii civile %p!e a +i +#l#%it
+a!a &!ept.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#ana.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii p#ate +iB -n n#"a !egle'enta!e
# pe!%#ana &int!e cele p!eva)"te la a!t. 1<2 8+"ncti#na!i
p",lici9E
:
-n +ata ca!eia a!e l#c p!e)enta!ea %", # i&entitate +al%aB
at!i,"i!ea &e i&entitate +al%aH
:
ca!eia i %e t!an%'ite at!i,"i!ea &e i&entitate +al%a.
3al%"l p!ivin& i&entitatea +iin& # in+!acti"ne &e pe!ic#lB
+"ncti#na!"l n" a!e calitatea &e pe!%#ana vata'ataB +iin& &#a! "n
!ep!e)entant al a"t#!itatii. Sc#p"l p!eci)a!ii -n lege e%te &e a
-nlat"!a c#nt!#ve!%ele !e+e!it#a!e la ca!acte!"l a"t#!itatii -n +ata
ca!eia p#ate +i c#'i%a # a%e'enea in+!acti"ne.
Ele'ent"l &e n#"tate e%te caB -n !e)#lva!ea "nei alte
c#nt!#ve!%e e(i%tente ante!i#! -n p!acticaB legi"it#!"l a p!eci)at
e(p!e% ca +apta %e c#'ite p!in p!e)enta!ea %", # i&entitate +al%a
%a" at!i,"i!ea "nei a%e'enea i&entitati "nei alte pe!%#ane. n
c#n%ecintaB %i'pla p!e)enta!e %", # i&entitate +al%aB &a! +a!a
"tili)a!ea "n"i act ce %e!ve%te la i&enti+ica!eB legiti'a!e #!i la
&#ve&i!ea %ta!ii civileB !eal %a" +al%i+icatB n" 'ai c#n%tit"ie
in+!acti"ne.
*/0
Ce!inta e%entiala a lat"!ii #,iective e%teB -n c#n%ecintaB ca
acti"nea ce !ep!e)inta ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective %a +ie
%av1!%ita p!in +#l#%i!ea +!a"&"l#a%a aE
:
"n"i act ce %e!ve%te la i&enti+ica!eB legiti'a!e #!i la
&#ve&i!ea %ta!ii civile 8ca!e p#ate +i !eal9H
:
%a" a "n"i act ce %e!ve%te la i&enti+ica!eB legiti'a!e
#!i la &#ve&i!ea %ta!ii civile +al%i+icat.
7in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al lat"!ii %",iectiveB +apta %e c#'ite
c" intentie &i!ectaB %c#p"l "!'a!it +iin& &",l" cali+icatE 19
in&"ce!ea %a" 'entine!ea -n e!#a!e a "n"i +"ncti#na! p",lic %i
9 -n ve&e!ea p!#&"ce!ii &e c#n%ecinte ."!i&ice.
3apta %e c#'ite c" intentie &i!ectaB &eci +apt"it#!"l
"!'a!e%te p!#&"ce!ea &e c#n%ecinte ."!i&iceB ca!e p#t +i pent!"
%ine %a" pent!" alt"l. N" e%te nece%a!B pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"niiB
ca ace%te c#n%ecinte %a %e p!#&"ca e+ectiv.
5a!ianta ag!avata
a in+!acti"nii e(i%ta -n %it"atia -n ca!e
p!e)enta!ea %", # i&entitate +al%a %:a +ac"t p!in -nt!e,"inta!ea
i&entitatii !eale a "nei pe!%#ane.
5a!ianta aten"ata a in+!acti"nii e(i%ta at"nci c1n& #
pe!%#ana -nc!e&intea)a "n act ce %e!ve%te la i&enti+ica!eB
legiti'a!e #!i la &#ve&i!ea %ta!ii civileB %p!e a +i +#l#%it +a!a &!ept
8va!ianta a in+!acti"nii e(i%tenta%i -n !egle'enta!ea ante!i#a!aB -n
ca!e e!a %ancti#nata c" aceea%i pe&eap%a9. n acea%ta %it"atieB +apta
%e c#'ite t#t c" intentie &i!ectaB %c#p"l "!'a!it +iin& cali+icat 4
+#l#%i!ea +a!a &!ept a act"l"i. Pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"niiB n"
e%te nece%a! ca act"l %a +ie e+ectiv +#l#%it.
*2>
: Capit#l"l ?5 :
IN3RACTIUNI PRI5ITOARE LA REGIMUL STA=ILIT
PENTRU ALTE ACTI5ITATI REGLEMENTATE 7E
LEGE
A!t. *21.CAMATA.
7a!ea &e ,ani c" &#,1n&aB ca -n&eletnici!eB &e cat!e # pe!%#ana
nea"t#!i)ataB %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!ea &e la 6 l"ni la 2 ani.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea e%te int!#&"%a &e N. C.p. %i
!a%p"n&e "n#! !ealitati -n +ata ca!#!a act"al"l C.p. e%te &epa%it.
3apta c#n%ta -n &a!ea &e ,aniB ceea ce p!e%"p"ne !e'ite!ea
"nei %"'e &e ,aniB c" %a" +a!a e(i%tenta "nei c#nventii %c!i%eB
!e'ite!e ce t!e,"ie %a -n&eplinea%ca "!'at#a!ele ce!inteE
:
+apt"it#!"l %a %#licite plata "nei &#,1n)iH
:
+apt"it#!"l %a n" +ie a"t#!i)at p#t!ivit legii %a
e+ect"e)e -'p!"'"t"!i c" &#,1n&a.
In+!acti"nea e%te "na &e #,iceiH +apta e%te inc!i'inata -n
%it"atia -n ca!e e%te %av1!%ita
ca -n&eletnici!eB &eci -n '#&
c#n%tantB !epetat %i pent!" #,tine!ea &e venit"!i. Ca ata!eB n"
#!ice -'p!"'"t c" &#,1n&a p#ate +i a%i'ilat "nei a%e'enea
in+!acti"niB ci n"'ai %it"atiile -n ca!e +apt"it#!"l p!actica -n '#&
c#n%tant ac#!&a!ea &e -'p!"'"t"!i c" &#,1n&aB &in ca!e -%i
a%ig"!a cel p"tin # pa!te &in venit"!i. 7aca -'p!"'"t"l e%te +a!a
&#,1n&a #!i +apt"it#!"l e%te a"t#!i)at %a e+ect"e)e a%e'enea
-'p!"'"t"!iB +apta n" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#anaB ce!inta
e%entiala p!eva)"ta &e lege +iin& aceea ca +apt"it#!"l %a n" +ie
a"t#!i)at -n ace%t %en% &e in%tit"tiile a,ilitate.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ecta %a" in&i!ecta.
*21
: Capit#l"l ?5I :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA OR7INII SI LINISTII PU=LICE
A!t. *<>. NCERCAREA 7E A 7ETERMINA SA5RSIREA
UNEI IN3RACTIUNI
nce!ca!ea &e a &ete!'ina # pe!%#anaB p!in c#n%t!1nge!e %a"
c#!"pe!eB %a c#'ita # in+!acti"ne pent!" ca!e legea p!eve&e
pe&eap%a &etenti"nii pe viata %a" pe&eap%a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!e
&e 1> ani %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la "n" la 2 ani %a" c"
a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E nce!ca!ea &e a &ete!'ina %av1!%i!ea "nei
in+!acti"niB ca in+!acti"ne &i%tinctaB a +#%t int!#&"%a p!in N. C.p.B
legi"it#!"l !en"nt1n& la inc!i'ina!ea in%tiga!ii ne"!'ata &e
e(ec"ta!e -n pa!tea gene!ala a N.C.p.
Sc#p"l !egle'enta!ii -l c#n%tit"ie %ancti#na!ea cel#! ca!e
-ncea!ca %a &ete!'ine alte pe!%#ane %a c#'ita in+!acti"ni c"
ca!acte! g!avB -n an"'ite c#n&itiiB +a!a a !e"%i. 3apta n" c#n%tit"ie
pa!ticipatie penala -n +#!'a p!eva)"ta &e a!t. /< &in N.c.p.B
-nt!"c1t in+!acti"nea la ca!e %:a p!#&"% in%tiga!ea n" a +#%t
%av1!%ita &e +apt"it#!. n %it"atia -n ca!e pe!%#ana &ete!'inata -n
ace%t '#& %a c#'ita in+!acti"nea p"ne -n e(ec"ta!e actele ce
c#n%tit"ie ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iectiveB va e(i%ta
pa!ticipatie p!#p!ie %a" i'p!#p!ieB &"pa ca)B +apta +iin&
%ancti#nata p#t!ivit !eg"lil#! p!eva)"te &e a!t. /0 4 pe&eap%a -n
ca)"l pa!ticipantil#!.
In%tiga!ea ne"!'ata &e e(ec"ta!e a &evenit a%t+el
in+!acti"ne &i%tincta -n pa!tea %peciala a N.C.p.B -n ca)"l "n#!
in+!acti"ni &e # an"'e g!avitate. Legi"it#!"l a ap!eciat ca %e
i'p"ne %ancti#na!ea "nei a%e'enea in%tiga!i n"'ai -n an"'ite
+#!'e %i n"'ai &aca in+!acti"nea c" p!ivi!e la ca!e %:a p!#&"%
in%tiga!ea p!e)inta # an"'e g!avitate.
*2
A%t+elB pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii %e ce!e -n&eplini!ea
"!'at#a!el#! ce!inteE
:
acti"nea &e &ete!'ina!e a c#'ite!ii "nei in+!acti"ni %a
+ie c#'i%a
p!in c#n%t!1nge!e %a" c#!"pe!e 8%i'pl"l
-n&e'n la c#'ite!ea "nei in+!acti"niB ne"!'at &e
p"ne!ea -n e(ec"ta!eB n" c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne9H
:
in+!acti"nea ce +ace #,iect"l c#n%t!1nge!ii %a"
c#!"pe!ii %a +ie pe&ep%ita &e lege c" pe&eap%a
&etenti"nii pe viata %a" a -nc@i%#!ii 'ai 'a!i &e 1>
ani.
7aca +apta c" p!ivi!e la ca!e %:a !eali)at -nce!ca!ea &e
&ete!'ina!e a %av1!%i!ii e%te %ancti#nata &e lege c" # pe&eap%a &e
cel '"lt 1> aniB +apt"it#!"l n" %e pe&ep%e%te.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#ana.
Ap!ecie' ca +apta p#ate +i c#'i%a n"'ai c" intentie
&i!ectaB &in '#'ent ce %e "!'a!e%te "n an"'e %c#pB acela ca
pe!%#ana &ete!'inata p!in c#n%t!1nge!e %a" c#!"pe!e %a c#'ita #
an"'ita in+!acti"ne.
A!t. *<1. TUL=URAREA OR7INII SI LINISTII PU=LICE
3apta pe!%#anei ca!eB -n p",licB p!in vi#lente c#'i%e -'p#t!iva
pe!%#anel#! %a" ,"n"!il#! #!i p!in a'eninta!i %a" atinge!i
g!ave a&"%e &e'nitatii pe!%#anel#!B t"l,"!a #!&inea %i lini%tea
p",lica %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la * l"ni la ani %a" c"
a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea &e "lt!a. c#nt!a ,"nel#!
'#!av"!i %i t"l,"!a!ea lini%tii p",lice a +#%t c#'plet '#&i+icata &e
legi"it#!B +iin& inc!i'inate &i%tinct t"l,"!a!ea #!&inii %i lini%tii
p",lice 8a!t. *<1 N. C.p.9 %i "lt!a."l c#nt!a ,"nel#! '#!av"!i 8a!t.
*<2 N. C.p.9.
3apta c#n%ta -nt!:# t"l,"!a!e a #!&inii %i lini%tii p",lice
%av1!%ita p!inE
:
vi#lente c#'i%e -'p#t!iva ,"n"!il#! %a" pe!%#anel#!H
:
a'eninta!i -'p#t!iva pe!%#anel#!H
*2*
:atinge!i g!ave a&"%e &e'nitatii pe!%#anel#!.
A'eninta!ea %e p#ate c#'ite -n '#&alitatile p!eva)"te &e
a!t. >6 N. C.p. 4 a'eninta!ea c" %av1!%i!ea "nei in+!acti"ni #!i a
"nei +apte pag",it#a!e -n&!eptate -'p#t!iva "nei pe!%#ane.
Ap!ecie' ca -n %it"atia -n ca!e +apta -nt!"ne%te ele'entele
c#n%tit"tive ale "nei alte in+!acti"ni 4 %p!e e(e'pl"B l#vi!i %a"
vata'a!e c#!p#!ala #!i a'eninta!e : %"nt aplica,ile &i%p#)itiile
c#nc"!%"l"i &e in+!acti"ni.
Atinge!i g!ave a&"%e &e'nitatii pe!%#anei p#t +i %i in."!ii
a&"%e ace%t#!aB c@ia! &aca -n N.C.p. in%"lta %i cal#'nia n" 'ai
%"nt inc!i'inateB -n%a t!e,"ie %a ai,a "n ca!acte! &e g!avitate.
O p!i'a ce!inta e%entiala e%te ca acti"nea ce c#n%tit"ie
ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective %a +ie c#'i%a
-n p",lic.
Acti"nea +apt"it#!"l"i t!e,"ie %a ai,a &!ept "!'a!e
i'e&iata # %ta!e &e t"l,"!a!e a #!&inii %i lini%tii p",liceH %i'pla
a'eninta!e %a" vi#lenta la a&!e%a "nei pe!%#aneB c@ia! c#'i%a -n
p",licB n" e%te %"+icienta pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii. E%te
nece%a! ca +apta %a %t1!nea%ca # !eactie a p",lic"l"i.
S",iect activ p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#anaB ia! %",iect"l pa%iv al
in+!acti"nii e%te p",lic"lB %#cietatea.
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie in&i!ecta %a" &i!ecta.
A!t.*<2. ULTRA;UL CONTRA =UNELOR MORA5URI
3apta pe!%#anei ca!eB -n p",licB e(p"ne %a" &i%t!i,"ie +a!a &!ept
i'agini ce p!e)inta e(plicit # activitate %e("alaB alta &ec1t cea la
ca!e %e !e+e!a a!t. *</B #!i %av1!%e%te acte &e e(@i,iti#ni%' %a"
alte acte %e("ale e(plicite %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e &e la *
l"ni la ani %a" c" a'en&a.
C#'enta!i"E In+!acti"nea &e "lt!a. c#nt!a ,"nel#!
'#!av"!i %i t"l,"!a!ea lini%tii p",lice a +#%t c#'plet '#&i+icata &e
legi"it#!B +iin& inc!i'inate &i%tinct t"l,"!a!ea #!&inii %i lini%tii
p",lice 8a!t. *<1 N. C.p.9 %i "lt!a."l c#nt!a ,"nel#! '#!av"!i 8a!t.
*<2 N. C.p.9B ace%ta &in "!'a p!el"1n&B -n pa!teB #,iect"l n#!'ei
*2/
&e inc!i'ina!e a in+!acti"nii &e !a%p1n&i!e &e 'ate!iale #,%ceneB
p!eva)"ta &e a!t. *2 &in act"al"l C.p.
3apta c#n%ta -nt!:# atinge!e a&"%a ,"nel#! '#!av"!i
%av1!%ita p!inE
:
e(p"ne!ea %a" &i%t!i,"i!ea &e i'agini c" c#ntin"t
%e("alH
:
acte &e e(@i,iti#ni%' %a" alte acte %e("ale e(plicite.
1. n %it"atia -n ca!e in+!acti"nea e%te c#'i%a p!in e(p"ne!e
%a" &i%t!i,"i!e &e i'agini c" c#ntin"t %e("alB acea%ta t!e,"ie %a
-n&eplinea%ca
pat!" ce!inte e%entiale pent!" e(i%tenta
in+!acti"niiB ce!inte ce %e i'p"n a +i -n&eplinite c"'"lativE
:acti"nea ce !ep!e)inta ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii
#,iective %a ai,a l#c +a!a &!eptB +a!a a"t#!i)atie e'i%a &e
#!ganele c#'petente %i -n a+a!a ca&!"l"i p!eva)"t &e lege 8p#t
e(i%ta &i%t!i,"it#!i a"t#!i)ati &e a%e'enea p!#&"%eB a ca!#!
c#'e!ciali)a!e %a %e e+ect"e)e -n 'aga)ine %peciali)ate etc.9H
:i'aginile e(p"%e %a" &i%t!i,"ite %a p!e)inte e(plicit #
activitate %e("ala 8"n act %e("al &e #!ice nat"!a9H
:actele %e("ale %a n" +ie &int!e cele p!eva)"te la a!t. *</
N. C.p. 8-nt!"c1t ace%tea c#n%tit"ie # in+!acti"ne &i%tincta ce n"
int!a -n c#nc"!% c" in+!acti"nea &e "lt!a. c#nt!a ,"nel#! '#!av"!i9H
:e(p"ne!ea %a" &i%t!i,"i!ea &e i'agini %a ai,a l#c -n
p",lic.
. Legi"it#!"l a !en"ntat la in+!acti"nea &e Ipe!ve!%i"ne
%e("alaG -nt!"c1t acea%ta n#ti"ne a %t1!nit n"'e!#a%e inte!p!eta!i
%i c#nt!#ve!%eB c" at1t 'ai '"lt c" c1t catal#ga!ea "n#! acte
%e("ale ca +iin& Ipe!ve!%i"niG e%te 'ai &eg!a,a # c@e%ti"ne '#!ala
&ec1t legala.
Legi"it#!"l c#ntin"a -n%a %a inc!i'ine)e actele &e nat"!a
%e("ala %av1!%ite -n p",licB !e%pectiv actele &e e(@i,iti#ni%' 8&e
e(p"ne!e a #!ganel#! genitale9 %a" #!ice alte acte &e nat"!a
%e("ala.
*22
Ce!intele pent!" e(i%tenta in+!acti"nii t!e,"ie -n&eplinite
c"'"lativE
:+apta %a +ie %av1!%ita
-n p",licH
:actele %e("ale %a +ie e(plicite.
S",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i #!ice pe!%#anaB ia!
+apta %e c#'ite c" intentie in&i!ecta %a" &i!ecta.
*26
: Capit#l"l ?5II :
IN3RACTIUNI CONTRA 3AMILIEI
A!t. *$>. MPIE7ICAREA ACCESULUI LA
N5ATAMNTUL GENERAL O=LIGATORIU
819 Pa!intele %a" pe!%#ana ca!eia i:a +#%t -nc!e&intatB p#t!ivit
legiiB "n 'in#! %i ca!eB -n '#& ne."%ti+icatB -l !et!age %a" -l
-'pie&ica p!in #!ice 'i.l#ace %a "!'e)e c"!%"!ile
-nvata'1nt"l"i gene!al #,ligat#!i" %e pe&ep%e%te c" -nc@i%#a!e
&e la * l"ni la "n an %a" c" a'en&a.
89 3apta n" %e pe&ep%e%te &aca -nainte &e te!'ina!ea "!'a!i!ii
penale inc"lpat"l a%ig"!a !el"a!ea +!ecventa!ii c"!%"!il#! &e
cat!e 'in#!.
8*9 7aca p1na la !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii &e
c#n&a'na!e inc"lpat"l a%ig"!a !el"a!ea +!ecventa!ii c"!%"!il#!
&e cat!e 'in#!B in%tanta &i%p"neB &"pa ca)B a'1na!ea aplica!ii
pe&ep%ei %a" %"%pen&a!ea e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei %", %"p!aveg@e!eB
c@ia! &aca n" %"nt -n&eplinite c#n&itiile p!eva)"te &e lege
pent!" acea%ta.
C#'enta!i"E T#t ca # c#n%ecinta a !ealitatil#! &in
%#cietatea !#'1nea%ca p!ec"' %i ca # c#'p#nenta a p!#tectiei
&!ept"!il#! 'in#!il#!B aceea &e a a%ig"!a &!ept"l c#pil"l"i la
e&"catieB legi"it#!"l a ap!eciat nece%a!a %ancti#na!ea pa!intil#! %a"
a #c!#tit#!il#! 'in#!il#! ca!e -'pie&ica acce%"l ace%t#!a la
-nvata'1nt"l gene!al #,ligat#!i".
Ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii #,iective c#n%ta -nE
:acti"nea &e !et!age!e a 'in#!"l"i &e la c"!%"!i 8ca!e
p!e%"p"ne !et!age!ea "n"i 'in#! -n%c!i% ante!i#! la c"!%"!i
%c#la!e9H
:#!ice acti"ne %a" inacti"ne p!in ca!e 'in#!"l e%te
-'pie&icat %a pa!ticipe la c"!%"!i 8-n acea%ta %it"atieB 'in#!"l
p#ate %a n" +ie ante!i#! -n%c!i% la c"!%"!i %c#la!eH %p!e e(e'pl"B
p!in !e+")"l &e a:i pe!'ite 'in#!"l"i %a plece &e aca%a %p!e %c#alaB
*2<
!e+")"l &e a p!#c"!a ace%t"ia !ec@i)ite %a" alte 'ate!ialeB &e%i
venit"!ile -i pe!'it pa!intel"i ac@i)iti#na!ea ace%t#!a9.
S",iect"l activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +iE
:
pa!inteleH
:
pe!%#ana ca!eia 'in#!"l i:a +#%t -nc!e&intat p#t!ivit
legii.
7in p"nct"l &e ve&e!e al ce!intel#! e%entialeB !et!age!ea
%a" -'pie&ica!ea 'in#!"l"i &e a pa!ticipa la c"!%"!i t!e,"ie %a ai,a
l#c -n '#& ne."%ti+icatB ceea ce p!e%"p"ne !ea:c!e&inta. N"
c#n%tit"ie in+!acti"ne +apta pa!intel"i %a" a #c!#tit#!"l"i legal ca!e
!et!age 'in#!"l &e la %c#ala &in '#tive #,iectiveB c"' a! +i
&#!inta &e a a%ig"!a 'in#!"l"i # e&"catie 'ai ,"na -nt!:# alta
"nitate &e -nvata'1nt %a" &in '#tive &e ,#ala a 'in#!"l"i.
Acti"nea %a" inacti"nea ce !ep!e)inta ele'ent"l 'ate!ial al lat"!ii
#,iective t!e,"ie %a p!ivea%ca c"!%"!ile &e -nvata'1nt gene!al
#,ligat#!i"B ia! n" alte +#!'e &e -nvata'1nt a ca!#! +!ecventa!e &e
cat!e 'in#! n" e%te #,ligat#!ieB p#t!ivit legii.
Ap!ecie' ca %",iect activ al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i #!ica!e
&int!e pa!intiB in&i+e!ent &aca 'in#!"l %e a+la %a" n" -n -ng!i.i!ea
%a ca "!'a!e a -nc!e&inta!ii &e cat!e a"t#!itati %a" &aca 'in#!"l %e
a+la -n -ng!i.i!ea %a -n +apt.
nt!"c1t te(t"l %e !e+e!a la pe!%#ana ca!eia 'in#!"l i:a +#%t
-nc!e&intat p#t!ivit legiiB !e)"lta ca %",iect activ al in+!acti"nii
p#ate +i n"'ai pe!%#ana ca!eia 'in#!"l i:a +#%t -nc!e&intat ca
"!'a!e a "nei &eci)ii a a"t#!itatil#!B ia! n" aceea -n a ca!ei
-ng!i.i!e %e a+la 'in#!"l -n +apt.
S",iect pa%iv al in+!acti"nii p#ate +i "n 'in#!B in&i+e!ent
&e v1!%ta %aB at1ta v!e'e c1t n" a a,%#lvit c"!%"!ile -nvata'1nt"l"i
gene!al #,ligat#!i".
3apta p#ate +i c#'i%a c" intentie &i!ecta %a" in&i!ecta.
Legi"it#!"l a p!eva)"t %i # ca")a &e nepe&ep%i!e a
+apt"it#!"l"i ca!e a%ig"!a !el"a!ea +!ecventa!ii c"!%"!il#! &e cat!e
'in#! -nainte &e te!'ina!ea "!'a!i!ii penale.
n ca)"l -n ca!e p1na la !a'1ne!ea &e+initiva a @#ta!1!ii
&e c#n&a'na!e +apt"it#!"l a%ig"!a !el"a!ea +!ecventa!ii c"!%"!il#!
*2$
&e cat!e 'in#!B in%tanta e%te #,ligata %a &i%p"naB &"pa ca)B
a'1na!ea aplica!ii pe&ep%ei %a" %"%pen&a!ea e(ec"ta!ii pe&ep%ei
%", %"p!aveg@e!eB c@ia! &aca n" %"nt -n&eplinite c#n&itiile
p!eva)"te &e lege pent!" acea%ta 8%p!e e(e'pl"B c@ia! -n %it"atia -n
ca!e inc"lpat"l a c#'i% +apta -n %ta!e &e !eci&iva9.
*20