CURSUL Nr.

10
INTERACIA RADIAIEI ELECTROMAGNETICE LUMINOASE CU
CRISTALUL DIELECTRIC
I.Dispersia spaial i dispersia tep!ral a periti"itii diele#tri#e
I$tera#ia radiaiei ele#tr!a%$eti#e l&i$!ase #& diele#tri#&l s!lid' este
apre#ia(il at&$#i #)$d e$er%iile i "e#t!rii de &$d ai #&a$tel!r #)p&l&i li(er'
*!t!$ii' s&$t #!para(ile #& e$er%iile i "e#t!rii de &$d ai ele#tr!$il!r i ai
*!$!$il!r !pti#i' a #r!r di$ai# este s&rsa e*e#tel!r de p!lari+are ,$ d!e$i&l
!pti# -"i+i(il .IR/.
I$ #a+&l diele#tri#&l&i i+!tr!p' #ara#ter&l p&r tra$s"ersal al #)p&l&i
ele#tr!a%$eti# -CE/ se pstrea+' ast*el ,$#)t i$tera#i&$ea #&a$tel!r sale are
l!# $&ai #& *!$!$ii !pti#i tra$s"ersali.
Excitonii: I$ d!e$i&l !pti#' l&$%iea de &$d a CE este &lt ai
are de#)t dista$a i$terat!i#
a
' ast*el ,$#)t este ,$depli$it #!$diia
1
2
<< = a ka

. 0e de alt parte' e$er%iile *!t!$il!r de l&i$'

h
hc
,

este
#!$sta$ta 0la$#1' s&$t &lt ai i#i de#)t lr%iea (e$+ii i$ter+ise'
eV
g
3 >
' a
diele#tri#&l&i '
g
hc

<<
. I$ i$tera#ia *!t!$il!r CE #& ele#tr!$ii di$ at!ii
#ristal&l&i' &$ ele#tr!$ a(s!ar(e &$ *!t!$ i tre#e pe ! stare de e$er%ie ai
are' dar s&( (a$da de #!$d&#ie. I$ a#east stare' ele#tr!$&l r)$e le%at de
at! "ia i$tera#ia #!&l!(ia$ atra#ti" ele#tr!$2at! i!$i+at. E3#itaia
ele#tr!$i# pr!d&s este #!&$ at!il!r di$tr2! l&$%ie de &$d a CE' a")$d
#ara#ter&l de e3#itat,e #!le#ti"' i se $&ete e3#it!$.
Polaritonii: I$ #r4stal' siste&l de ele#tr!$i' &rrete adia(ati# !s#ilaiile
$&#leel!r str&#t&rii' #!$#reti+ate ,$ !s#ilaii OL i OT. Di$ i$tera#ia *!$!$il!r OL
i OT #& e3#itaiile ele#tr!$i#e #!lle#ti"e i$d&se de CE li(er' re+&lt e3#itaii
#!lle#ti"e $!i' #& *re#"e$e #ara#teristi#e' $&ite p!larit!$i. I$ *&$#ie de
"al!area "e#t!r&l&i de &$d al e3#itaiei ele#tr!$i#e i a tip&l&i de *!$!$i' OL
sa& OT' #& #are a#easta i$tera#i!$ea+' p!larit!$ii a& #ara#teristi#i de *!t!$i
sa& de *!$!$i' #are se deplasea+ ,$ #rstal #& ! "ite+ #are depi$de de starea
de p!lari+are a a#est&ia' di*erit de
c
-"ite+a l&i$ii ,$ "id/. De asee$ea'
#)$d *!t!$ii CE li(er a& #ara#teristi#i -*re#"e$ i "e#t!r de &$d/ #!para(ile
#& #ele ale *!$!$il!r OL sa& OT' i$tera#ia #!$d&#e la p!larit!$i a #r!r
*re#"e$ depi$de de "e#t!r&l de &$d al *!t!$il!r i$#ide$i.
I$ a(ele #a+&ri' p!larit!$ii des#ri& starea de p!lari+are a diele#tri#&l&i
,$ CE li(er' iar *re#"e$a l!r depi$de de "e#t!r&l de &$d al CE i$#ide$t. 5&$#ia
de rsp&$s a#r!s#!pi# ,$ p!lari+are' periti"itatea' "a tre(&i s re*le#te
a#east depe$de$. Ast*el' ,$ CE li(er di$ d!e$i&l !pti#' ,$ #)p&l ele#tri#
a#r!s#!pi# [ ] ) ( exp
0
r k t i E E


= ' #& #!$diia
1
2
<< = a ka

' periti"itatea
tre(&ie s ai( le%ea de dispersie ) , ( k

6
2depe$de$a de

de*i$ete dispersia tep!ral' iar

2depe$de$a de k

' de*i$ete dispersia spaial.

Dispersia spaial este dat!rat #ara#ter&l&i #!le#ti" al e3#itaiil!r di$ #r4stal.
i$)$d #!$t de relaia de de*i$iie a periti"itii diele#tri#e' p&te s#rie
e#&aiile
) , (
) , (
1
) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
0
0
k D
k
k E
k E k k D

=
=
0e$tr& k

real' p!lii *&$#iei ) , ( k

#!resp&$d &$!r *re#"e$e ) (k

#e
#ara#teri+ea+ a#ele e3#itaii #!lle#ti"e di$ #r4stal' #are se pr!pa% "ia !s#ilaii
,$ #are #)p&l ele#tri# a#r!s#!pi# 0 ) , ( = k E

' iar 0 ) , ( k D

-a d!&a
e#&aie/. A#estea s&$t !s#ilaii OT' pe$tr& #are 0
int
= E

. I$tera#iile ,$ a#est #a+

s&$t $&ai de $at&r #!&l!(ia$' ast*el ,$ a#east #ate%!rie de !s#ilaii
#!lle#ti"e' p!t *i plasai e3#it!$ii.
0e$tr& k

real' s!l&iile -+er!&rile/ *&$#iei ) , ( k

#!resp&$d e3#itaiil!r
#!lle#ti"e #are se pr!pa% ,$ #ristal "ia !s#ilaii pe$tr& #are 0 ) , ( = k D

-
) , ( ) , (
0
k E k P

= i 0 ) , ( k E

-pria e#&aie/. A#estea s&$t !s#ilaiile
OL' pe$tr& #are
0
int

P
E

=
. E3#itaiile #!lle#ti"e di$ #r4stal' ass!#iate #&
!s#ilaiile OL' se $&es# e3#it!$i l!$%it&di$ali. A#estea s&$t p!si(ile ,$
diele#tri#ii a$i+!tr!pi' ,$ #are CE $& ai are #7ara#ter p&r tra$s"ersal.
E3#itaiile p!larit!$i#e se ate$&ea+ #a &rare a iradierii i tra$s*!rrii
e$er%iei l!r ,$ #ld&r.
II. Legile de dispersie ale polaritonilor
2ipoteze6 dielectricul ideal
0 =
liber

, nemagnetic
1 =
r

, CE incident i CE
macroscopic, cu character pur transversal, 5i%.1.
5i%.1
8ers!rii #)p&ril!r "eri*i# relaia
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
H k E
E k H
o
o


=
=

Ale%)$d #)p&rile
) 0 , 0 , ( ), 0 , 0 , ( ), 0 , , 0 ( ), 0 , 0 , (
x x y x
P P H H E E

' se !(i$e
s!l&ia e#&aiil!r Ma39ell
2 2
2 2
2
0 0
2
) ( ) 0 (

=
k
2n cazul oscilaiilor OT,
T

: &tili+)$d relaia LST' se !(i$e e#&aia
0
) ( ) (
; ) (
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 4
2 2
2 2
2
0 0
2
=

+


=
T L
T
L
c k c k
sau
k

&$de
0 0
2
1

= c
' ale #rei s!l&ii ) (k

repre+i$t le%ile de dispersie

p!larit!$i#e.
I$ #a+&l
2
2 2
) (
), ( 0
L
c k
mari unda de lungimi k <<

: s!l&iile #&
se$i*i#aie *i+i# s&$t6
) 0 (
) (
) (

kc
k
k
L
=
=

+
Ra&ra p!larit!$i#
L
k =
+
) (
des#rie ! !s#ilaie *!$!$i# OL' iar ra&ra
c k
kc
k '
) 0 (
) ( = =

des#rie le%ea de dispersie a &$&i *!t!$' #& "e#t!r&l

de &$d
) 0 (
'

k
k =
.
I$ #ellalt #a+ liit
) (
), int tan , (
2 2
2

<<

c k
eratomice tele dis cu e comparabil mici unda de lungimi k
L

: s!l&iile #& se$i*i#aie *i+i# s&$t6

) (
) (
) (

=
=
+

kc
k
k
T
Ra&ra p!larit!$i#
T
k =

) (
des#rie ! !s#ilaie *!$!$i# OT' iar ra&ra
c k
kc
k '
) (
) ( =

'des#rie le%ea de dispersie a &$&i *!t!$' #& "e#t!r&l de

&$d
) (
'

k
k
.
I$ 5i%.; s&$t repre+e$tate ra&rile p!larit!$i#e.
5i%.;
O a$ali+ #!plet a pr!prietil!r diele#tri#&l&i i a strii de p!lari+are' la
a#i&$ea &$&i CE !pti#' se p!ate *a#e p!r$i$d de la relaia
2
2
2
0 0
2
) ( ) (
) (
) (
1
c
n
c v
r

= = =
i le%ea dispersiei periti"itii !pti#e
2 2
2 2
) ( ) (

=
T
L
.
Se !(i$e dia%raa di$ 5i%.<.
5i%.<
Comentariu
2e3#itaiile p!larit!$i#e $& se pr!d&# pe$tr& *re#"e$e ale CE i$#ide$t la
#are diele#tri#&l este per*e#t re*le#tt!r' ( )
L T
, . Dete#ia re*le3iei t!tale
i$di# e3iste$a p!larit!$il!r: ,$ diele#tri#&l real' parial re*le#tt!r' radiaia
i$#ide$t este a(s!r(it $e#!ere$t' ,$ pr!#ese #are $& #!$d&# la e3#itaii
#!lle#ti"e ale a#est&ia:
2,$ diele#tri#&l real' e3ist &ltiple !s#ilaii OT i OL' #& *re#"e$e
distri(&ite ,$tr2&$ d!e$i& lar% de "al!ri. 0e$tr& a p&$e ,$ e"ide$ e3#itaiile
p!larit!$i#e di$ st&di&l dispersiei periti"itii a#r!s#!pi#e
) (
-partea
st)$% a dia%raei/' tre(&ie #a die$si&$ile li$iare ale ea$ti!$&l&i s *ie &lt
ai ari de#)t

CE i$#ide$t' ast*el ,$#)t edierea s ate$&e+e distri(&ia

a#est!r *re#"e$e:
2st&di&l dispersiei ra&ril!r p!larit!$i#e #!$stit&ie &$ i$str&e$t ,$
#ara#teri+area spe#tr&l&i !s#ilaiil!r i!$il!r str&#t&rii' a #rei #&$!atere
#!$dii!$ea+ i$terpret4area &lt!ra di$ re+&ltatele e3perie$tale !(i$&te ,$
st&diile de #ara#teri+are a aterialel!r.