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dect asupra formei mesajului, transfer cuvinte dintr-o limb n alta: In affective
speech, when the speaker's attention is almost completely diverted from the form of
the message to its topic, the transfer of words is particulary common 34.
The Bilingual Individual
Vorbind despre caracteristicile vorbitorului bilingv i ale controlului
trecerii de la o limb la alta (code switching), Weinreich subliniaz diferenele
dintre indivizii care stpnesc schimbarea i meninerea codului i cei care au
dificulti n trecerea de la o limb la alta conform necesitilor de comunicare;
aceste dou cazuri par sa stabileasc dou modele de deviere de la norm: primul o aderen rigid la o limb, cel de-al doinea o o insuficient aderen la o limb
ntr-o situaie de vorbire constant: Theoretically, one could visualize two types of
deviation from the norm: one in the direction of excessively rigid adherence to a
language, the other in the direction of insuficient adherence to one language in a
constant speech situation35. Exemplificarea acestei situaii de code switching vine
din Rosetti36 care citeaz cazul unei femei care, n satul su din Transilvania, a
nvaat romna i maghiara n copilrie, dar care era incapabil s traduc o
propoziie dintr-o limb n alta37.
n acelai context al controlului trecerii de la o limb la alta n acelai
context de comunicare, Weinreich se sprijin pe observaia lui Al.Graur 38 care
sugereaz c exist o legtura ntre capacitatea schimbrii codului i gradul de
cunoatere (proficiency) a acestuia: As his (Al.Graur, n.n.) fluency in French
decreased with lack of practice scrie Weinreich -, so did his switching facilty: he
found himself continuing in French whenever he had occasion to introduce a single
French name into a Rumanian utterance39.
Dei aprut acum mai bine de 50 de ani, lucrarea Languages in Contact
reprezint i acum un model de analiz sociolingvistic a fenomenului
interferenelor lingvistice i ale schimbrilor n limb provocate de acestea n
comunitile multietnice dar i la nivelul indivizilor bilingvi. ntrebat despre
influena pe care mentorul sua exercitat-o asupra activitii sale lingvistice,
William Labov vorbete despre diversitatea preocuprilor lui Uriel Weinreich care
a anticipat multe dintre direciile pe care lingivstica (sociolingvistica dar i
geografia lingvistic) avea s le urmeze n anii de dup dispariia lingvistului
evreu. If Weinreich had lived spune Labov I think two things would have
happened. Studies of languages in contact would be pursued much more vigorously
as part of sociolinguistics. And, most important, dialect geography would have
advanced much more strongly in the past forty years 40. Cred c aceste cuvinte se
pot aplica cu rigurozitate studiului contactului lingvistic n cercetarea lingvistic
romneasc care ar fo fost mult mai extins dac aceast lucrare ar fi fost tradus
i, deci, mai bine cunoscut, n spaiul sociolingvisticii romneti.
NOTE
1
Ronald Kim, Uriel Weinreich and the birth of modern contact linguistics n vol.
Languages in Contact 2010, PHILOLOGICAL SCHOOL OF HIGHER
EDUCATION IN WROCAW PUBLISHING, p. 100.
2
Ibidem.
5
Ibidem.
William Labov, How I got into linguistuics and what I got out, in Historiographia
linguistica,
28
(3),
p.455-466,
reluat
n
1997
pe
site-ul
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/HowIgot.html.
5
Cu o prefa de Andr Martinet, Publications of Linguistic Circle of New York,
No.1, 1953; o a doua ediie revizuit este publicat n 1963 de Mouton Publishers
cu o not din partea autorului. Aceasta ediie este urmat de nenumrate retipriri
la aceeai editur (toate avnd anul 1968 ca an de referin).
6
Elisabetta Carpitelli, Repenser la linguistique de contact: propos de Uriel
Weinreich, Lingue in contatto, Premesa di Vincenzo Orioles, Introduzione di
Giorgio Raimondo Cardona, Torino, UTET (Unione Tipografico Editrice Torinese),
2008 in Journal of Language Contact VARIA 3 (2010), p. 119-128), www.jlcjournal.org.
7
Ibidem, p. 123.
8
Caroline Juillard, Le plurilinguisme, objet de la sociolinguistique descriptive, in
Language et socit no 121-122, 2007, p. 235-245.
9
Ibidem, p. 235.
10
Ronald Kim, op.cit.,p.102.
11
Ibidem.
12
Uriel Weinreich, Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems, Mouton de
Gruyter, 1968, p. 126.
13
Ibidem, p.129.
14
Ibidem.
15
Ibidem, p.131.
16
Ibidem, p.137.
17
Ibidem.
18
Ibidem, p.138.
19
Uriel Weinreich, op.cit., p.2.
20
Al. Graur, Langues mles, Facult de Lettres de Bucarest, Bulletin linguistique,
15.8-19, 1947.
21
Uriel Weinreich, op.cit., nota 2 p.2.
22
Ibidem, p.30.
23
Ibidem.
24
Ibidem, p.32.
25
Ibidem, p.34.
26
C.Racovi, Notes sur le bilinguisme, Facult de Lettres de Bucarest, Bulletin
linguistique 6.238-42, 1938.
27
Ibidem, p.34.
28
Pericle Papahagi, Parallele Ausdrcke und Redensarten im Rumnischen,
Albanesischen, Neugriechischen und Bulgarischen, Jahresbericht des Insituts fr
rumnische Sprache zu Leipzig 14.113-70, 1908.
29
Uriel Weinreich, op.cit, p.50 nota 40.
30
Ibidem, nota 97, p. 58.
31
Emil Petrovici, Bilinguisme, mots d'emprunts et calques linguistiques d'aprs
l'Atlas linguistique roumain, la International Congress of Linguists, 5th (230), 35f.
32
C.Racovi, art.cit.
33
Ibidem, p.60-61, nota 111.
34
Ibidem, p.60.
4
35
Ibidem, p.73-74.
Al.Rosetti, Langue mixte et mlange des langues, Acta Linguistica 5.73-9, 19451949.
37
Uriel Weinreich, op.cit, p.74, nota 11.
38
Al.Graur, Notes sur le bilinguisme, Facult de Lettres de Bucarest, Bulletin
linguistique, 7.179f, 1939.
39
Uriel Weinreich, op.cit, p.74, nota 11.
4
cf.Ronald Kim, op.cit.,p.101.
36
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Elisabetta Carpitelli, Repenser la linguistique de contact: propos de
Uriel Weinreich, Lingue in contatto, Premesa di Vincenzo Orioles,
Introduzione di Giorgio Raimondo Cardona, Torino, UTET (Unione
Tipografico Editrice Torinese), 2008 in Journal of Language Contact
VARIA 3 (2010), p. 119-128), www.jlc-journal.org.
2. Caroline Juillard, Le plurilinguisme, objet de la sociolinguistique
descriptive, in Language et socit no 121-122, 2007, p. 235-245.
3. Ronald Kim, Uriel Weinreich and the birth of modern contact linguistics n
vol.
Languages in Contact 2010, PHILOLOGICAL SCHOOL OF
HIGHER EDUCATION IN WROCAW PUBLISHING, p. 99-111.
4. William Labov, How I got into linguistuics and what I got out, in
Historiographia linguistica, 28 (3), p.455-466, reluat n 1997 pe site-ul
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/HowIgot.html.
5. Uriel Weinreich, Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems, Mouton
de Gruyter, 1968.
Cuvinte-cheie: Weinreich, sociolingvistic, contact lingvistic, limba romn.