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[PSIHOLOGIA CA TIIN]
Toate traducerile din englez sunt fcute de autorul acestei lucrri. Cuvintele n italice aparin textului original.
Termenul a fost utilizat pentru prima oar de ctre Premack i Woodruff ntr-un influent articol de zoopsihologie
(Premack & Woodruf, 1978).
2
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Centur protectoare de
ipoteze i fapte auxiliare
Presupuneri
metafizice i legi
generale
Observaii: Dup Lakatos, ntruct toate teoriile tiinifice au un nucleu dur de natur metafizic, de altfel
esenial pentru generarea ipotezelor, transformrile tiinifice sunt conectate de revoluiile cataclismice
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metafizice vaste (Lakatos, 1970). n esen, centura protectoare permite supravieuirea nucleului n faa datelor
empirice problematice care infirm anumite predicii teoretice.
n baza celor afirmate anterior, credem c este uor de neles de ce psihologia a fost i
continu s fie privit n mod circumspect de cercettorii altor discipline tiinifice. n
ultima instan, obiectul su de studiu spaiul mintal este unul profund problematic,
deoarece el este empiric inobservabil, subiectiv i inefabil. n completare, natura
psihicului, problema legturii dintre minte i creier, dar i problema reprezentrii, sunt n
continuare dileme filozofice departe de a fi soluionate
Dup cum remarca n mod ndreptit i Mielu Zlate, ntr-un secol i jumtate,
psihologia a parcurs drumul de la negarea ei ca tiin pn la obinerea statului de tiin
central n rndul celorlalte. (Zlate, 2009, p. 23).
Propunnd relaia dintre subiectul i obiectul cunoaterii drept punct de plecare n
clasificarea tiinelor, Jean Piaget concluziona c psihologia ocup o poziie central i
nu numai ca produs al tuturor celorlalte tiine, dar [i] ca surs posibil de explicaie a
formrii i dezvoltrii lor (Piaget, 1966, p. 41).
Concepia lui Piaget, cunoscut drept modelul circular al tiinelor, a primit temporar
susinere i din partea filozofilor, W.V. Quine vorbind la sfritul anilor 60 despre
necesitatea de a fundamenta epistemologia pe metodele empirice ale tiinelor naturale
(Quine, 1969). Dei o asemenea poziie conduce inevitabil la circularitate, epistemologii
contemporani s-au artat deschii propunerii (e.g. Goldman, 1992; Kitcher, 1992;
Kornblith, 1994; 1999), Susan Haack afirmnd chiar c [] rezultatele tiinelor
cogniiei pot fi relevante i pot fi folosite n mod legitim pentru a rezolva probleme
epistemice tradiionale (Haack, 1993: 118).
n afara perspectivei lui Piaget au existat, bineneles, i abordri mai puin apologetice la
adresa psihologiei. Astfel, pentru Karl Bhler iar apoi, P.E. Meehl, dei psihologia se afl
la intersecia tiinelor umaniste, a celor sociale i a celor naturale, ea nu dispune de o
individualitate bine conturat.
Figura 2. Modelul triunghiular al tiinelor (apud Zlate, 2000, p. 54)
tiine
umanis
te
Psihologie
Mediu
tiine
sociale
Experien
Comportament
tiine
naturale
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Urmnd o analogie grafic similar, B.M. Kedrov (1961) imagina i el poziia psihologiei
tot n cadrul unui triunghi, dar mai aproape de filozofie dect de tiinele naturii.
Figura 3. Triunghiul tiinelor (dup Kedrov)
tiinele naturii
Psihologie
Matematic
Tehnic
Logic
Psihologie social
tiine sociale
tiine
filozofice
Ceea ce poate fi inferat cu uurin n baza acestor clasificri este, dac nu relevana
deosebit a psihologiei pentru cunoaterea uman, atunci dependena ei de corpul
teoretic i metodologic al altor tiine. n acord cu perspectiva naturalismului
metafizic, psihicul reprezint un produs al naturii, o realitate implementat n dinamica
materiei i, cel mai probabil, o adaptare fundamentat n decursul evoluiei speciilor.
Acest lucru a condus adesea, dup cum remarca i Vasile Pavelcu, la psihologizarea
unor discipline, pe de-o parte i depsihologizarea psihologiei, pe de alta (Pavelcu
apud Zlate, 2000, p. 60).
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